356:
and to insure the objectivity of research. The
Federal Judicial Center’s board consists of the Chief Justice, a rotating group of judges selected by the Judicial Conference, and the director of the Administrative Office; no member of the Judicial Conference was to serve on the Center’s board. The statute authorizes the Center to conduct and support research on the operation of the courts, to offer education and training for judges and court personnel, and to assist and advise the Judicial Conference on matters related to the administration and management of the courts. Later legislation expanded the Center’s mandate to include programs related to the history of the federal judiciary.
140:
243:
131:
344:
programs had no permanent staff or funding. Support for an institutionalized program of judicial research and education increased after the establishment of 60 new district judgeships in 1961 demonstrated that the number of judges alone would not solve all of the problems of overworked courts. A growing number of judges and members of the bar urged the judiciary to establish a formal means to bring improved research and education to the courts.
376:
25:
352:
adopted the recommendation. Bills to create the Center were soon submitted in both houses of
Congress. With broad support for the concept of a research and education center for the judiciary, discussion in the House and Senate hearings centered on questions about the proper institutional form and leadership for the Center.
443:
is responsible for the Center's overall management and its relations with other organizations. Its Office of
Systems Innovation and Development (OSID) provides technical support for Center education and research. Communications Policy and Design (CPD) edits, produces, and distributes all Center print
355:
The Reed
Committee and the director of the Administrative Office, among others, advocated an independent agency with its own governing board to which the Center director would report. The goal was to protect the research and education resources from being absorbed into strictly administrative duties
493:
carries out the Center's statutory mission to provide information about federal courts to officials of foreign judicial systems and to acquire information about foreign judicial systems that will help the Center perform its other missions. The office administers the Center's
International Visitor
302:
In addition to these major provisions, §620 (b)(4)(5)(6) sets forth the additional provisions that the FJC will (i) provide staff and assistance to the
Judicial Conference and component bodies, (ii) coordinate programs and research on the administration of justice with the State Justice Institute,
343:
In the 1950s and early 1960s, the
Judicial Conference and the Administrative Office increasingly commissioned research projects to examine problems of judicial administration and organized educational programs to help judges manage growing and complicated caseloads. These research and educational
351:
agreed to Warren’s request to chair the committee. As the Reed committee formulated its recommendation for establishment of a
Federal Judicial Center, President Johnson, at Warren’s request, included the proposal in his highly publicized message on crime in February 1967. The Judicial Committee
335:
and other members of the judiciary who hoped that regular programs of research and education would improve the efficiency of the federal courts and help to relieve the backlog of cases in the lower courts. Governed by its own board, the
Federal Judicial Center offered the courts the benefits of
303:
and (iii) cooperatively assist other government agencies in providing advice, and receiving advice, regarding judicial administration in foreign countries, in each of these cases, to the extent it is "consistent with the performance of the other functions set forth" earlier.
641:
Specifically, the Code states that this third stipulation includes, "but is not limited to, judges, United States magistrate judges, clerks of court, probation officers, and persons serving as mediators and arbitrators." See 28 U.S.C. §620 (b)(3) (on p. 1, op.
314:
and seven federal judges elected by the
Judicial Conference. The Board appoints the Center's director and deputy director; the director appoints the Center's staff. Since its founding in 1967, the Center has had eleven directors. The current director is
471:
and its committees, the courts themselves, or other groups in the federal system. Elizabeth Wiggins is the current director of the research division. She is the third research division director in the history of the Federal Judicial Center.
297:
through all means available, see to conducting programs for the "continuing education and training for personnel" of the U.S. judiciary, for all employees in the justice system, from judges through probation officers and
1406:
1687:
445:
347:
At the suggestion of Chief Justice Warren, the Judicial Conference in 1966 authorized a committee to examine the research and education requirements of the judiciary. Former Justice
1622:
1682:
1655:
1167:
763:
1118:
1511:
976:
1437:
463:
on federal judicial processes, federal court rules, judicial resources, court administration and case management, federal-state jurisdiction and cooperation, and
990:
1633:
1480:
1130:
294:
developing "recommendations for improvement of the administration and management of courts," and presenting these to the Judicial Conference of the U.S.; and
1463:
1447:
1202:
291:
conducting and promoting "research and study of the operation of the courts of the United States," and to act to encourage and coordinate the same by others;
1377:
1260:
603:. Washington, DC: Office of the Law Revision Counsel (LRC), U.S. House of Representatives, and the Government Printing Office (GPO). pp. §§ 620–629
46:
39:
548:
1573:
1196:
1067:
932:
562:
311:
1750:
1745:
1335:
1025:
1735:
1092:
938:
756:
316:
208:
1161:
1086:
320:
1740:
1497:
1019:
969:
1614:
1031:
175:
1486:
1469:
1565:
1474:
1055:
749:
89:
61:
1595:
1522:
1173:
1138:
962:
773:
397:
273:
222:
448:, and through the Information Services Office maintains a specialized library collection of materials on judicial administration.
1643:
1225:
1190:
1041:
598:
1706:
1505:
1317:
1124:
68:
1392:
1280:
479:
develops programs relating to the history of the judicial branch and assists courts with their own judicial history program.
1268:
1078:
1649:
1541:
1103:
986:
75:
954:
1661:
1417:
788:
307:
280:
1555:
1329:
423:
108:
405:
57:
1323:
741:
1692:
1578:
1530:
1400:
1584:
401:
1549:
1457:
1309:
1254:
1233:
1049:
1603:
1248:
165:
1007:
256:
554:
Magistrate Judge Tim Baker, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana (Mar. 2017–present)
1297:
260:
1346:
1274:
1061:
139:
82:
628:
1242:
1219:
901:
386:
390:
35:
1674:
570:
331:
The Federal Judicial Center was established by Congress on the recommendation of Chief Justice
1354:
527:
1149:
891:
871:
851:
534:
8:
1303:
984:
866:
846:
558:
506:
468:
348:
242:
1154:
861:
821:
796:
616:
310:
is the permanent Chair of the Center's board, and that it includes the director of the
1425:
1144:
896:
876:
928:
886:
831:
771:
269:
179:
1407:
National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research
921:
881:
836:
811:
806:
699:
520:
284:
916:
911:
906:
826:
816:
801:
676:
464:
340:
research and educational programs designed to improve judicial administration.
337:
130:
544:, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Mar. 2020–present)
530:, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (Mar. 2019–present)
1729:
856:
736:
486:
plans and organizes educational sessions for federal judges and court staff.
841:
784:
573:, the Federal Judicial Center Foundation, solicits support for the Center.
513:
359:
687:
652:
332:
541:
537:, U.S. District Court for the District of Wyoming (Mar. 2019–present)
456:
494:
briefing program and the Visiting Foreign Judicial Fellows Program.
375:
24:
460:
362:
was the Director of the Federal Judicial Center from 1977 to 1987.
516:, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (Mar. 2018–present)
1623:
Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development
523:, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (Mar. 2020–present)
509:, Chief Justice of the United States, chair (Sept. 2005–present)
1431:
1656:
Networking and Information Technology Research and Development
1371:
1168:
United States Army Medical Research and Development Command
1013:
287:, the main areas of responsibility for the Center include:
1470:
Food and Drug Administration science and research programs
1688:
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
16:
Education and research agency of the U.S. federal courts
729:
551:, U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Puerto Rico
233:
1481:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
1131:
Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center
1464:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1203:
Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity
1068:
United States Forest Service Research and Development
1032:
Smithsonian Institution research centers and programs
1378:
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
502:
As of February 2021 the Center's board consists of:
436:The Center includes several offices and divisions.
688:Federal Judicial Center, Board Members, March 2020
467:and its consequences, often at the request of the
261:
1683:House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology
1574:Research and Innovative Technology Administration
312:Administrative Office of the United States Courts
1727:
1336:Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center
1026:Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity
600:U.S.C. Title 28—Judiciary and Judicial Procedure
1093:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1087:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1014:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
970:
757:
596:
1512:Coast Guard Research and Development Center
1119:Army Combat Capabilities Development Command
255:is the education and research agency of the
176:Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building
144:Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building
1487:Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation
404:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1475:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
1056:National Institute of Food and Agriculture
977:
963:
764:
750:
592:
590:
588:
586:
444:and electronic publications, operates the
241:
138:
129:
1372:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
424:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1432:Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy
1174:Engineer Research and Development Center
774:Judicial Conference of the United States
653:"Senior Staff — Federal Judicial Center"
563:Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts
274:Judicial Conference of the United States
223:Judicial Conference of the United States
1751:1967 establishments in Washington, D.C.
1746:Government agencies established in 1967
1644:Office of Science and Technology Policy
1261:Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance
1191:Marine Corps Combat Development Command
583:
491:International Judicial Relations Office
1736:Federal judiciary of the United States
1728:
1581:Research, Engineering, and Development
1318:Air Force Life Cycle Management Center
272:in 1967, at the recommendation of the
45:Please improve this article by adding
1281:Operational Test and Evaluation Force
958:
745:
306:The Code also states (§621) that the
1741:Legal education in the United States
1269:Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake
497:
402:adding citations to reliable sources
369:
18:
1650:U.S. Global Change Research Program
1197:Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory
700:"The Federal Judicial Center Board"
446:Federal Judicial Television Network
13:
1662:National Nanotechnology Initiative
1506:Science and Technology Directorate
1022:Office of Research and Development
737:Federal Judicial Center Foundation
308:Chief Justice of the United States
266:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
1762:
1556:FBI Science and Technology Branch
1330:Air Force Institute of Technology
987:research and development agencies
721:
1324:Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center
374:
23:
1693:Office of Technology Assessment
1579:Federal Aviation Administration
1531:United States Geological Survey
1401:Institute of Education Sciences
1020:Environmental Protection Agency
477:Federal Judicial History Office
365:
1585:Federal Highway Administration
692:
681:
670:
645:
635:
1:
1550:National Institute of Justice
1458:National Institutes of Health
1310:Air Force Research Laboratory
1234:Naval Medical Research Center
1050:Agricultural Research Service
576:
47:secondary or tertiary sources
1604:Office of Financial Research
257:United States federal courts
7:
1162:Test and Evaluation Command
1008:National Science Foundation
10:
1767:
1298:Air Force Materiel Command
326:
1705:
1673:
1632:
1613:
1594:
1564:
1540:
1521:
1496:
1446:
1416:
1391:
1364:
1345:
1290:
1275:Naval Postgraduate School
1226:Naval Research Laboratory
1212:
1183:
1111:
1102:
1077:
1062:Economic Research Service
1040:
998:
780:
319:. The deputy director is
228:
218:
201:
193:
185:
171:
161:
153:
148:
137:
128:
58:"Federal Judicial Center"
1220:Office of Naval Research
1125:Army Research Laboratory
259:. It was established by
1715:Federal Judicial Center
1587:Research and Technology
943:Federal Judicial Center
772:Current members of the
547:Chief Bankruptcy Judge
253:Federal Judicial Center
166:United States Judiciary
124:Federal Judicial Center
1239:Naval Warfare Centers
989:of the United States (
597:Office of LRC (1967).
571:nonprofit organization
34:relies excessively on
1438:National Laboratories
1355:Space Systems Command
1139:CCDC Armaments Center
933:Administrative Office
528:Raymond Alvin Jackson
611:– via GPO.gov.
535:Nancy D. Freudenthal
398:improve this section
1304:Air Armament Center
565:(Feb. 2021–present)
559:Roslynn R. Mauskopf
507:John G. Roberts Jr.
469:Judicial Conference
197:$ 27 million (2016)
125:
1675:Legislative branch
1155:Watervliet Arsenal
1150:Benét Laboratories
561:, Director of the
484:Education Division
123:
1723:
1722:
1498:Homeland Security
1426:Office of Science
1387:
1386:
1145:Picatinny Arsenal
952:
951:
498:Board and funding
453:Research Division
441:Director's Office
434:
433:
426:
249:
248:
157:December 20, 1967
119:
118:
111:
93:
1758:
1636:of the President
1634:Executive Office
1615:Veterans Affairs
1109:
1108:
979:
972:
965:
956:
955:
766:
759:
752:
743:
742:
733:
732:
730:Official website
715:
714:
712:
710:
696:
690:
685:
679:
674:
668:
667:
665:
663:
649:
643:
639:
633:
632:
626:
622:
620:
612:
610:
608:
594:
459:and exploratory
429:
422:
418:
415:
409:
378:
370:
267:
263:
245:
240:
237:
235:
202:Agency executive
180:Washington, D.C.
142:
133:
126:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1707:Judicial branch
1701:
1669:
1658:Program (NITRD)
1635:
1628:
1609:
1590:
1560:
1536:
1517:
1492:
1449:
1442:
1412:
1383:
1360:
1341:
1286:
1208:
1179:
1098:
1073:
1036:
1000:
994:
983:
953:
948:
776:
770:
728:
727:
724:
719:
718:
708:
706:
698:
697:
693:
686:
682:
675:
671:
661:
659:
651:
650:
646:
640:
636:
624:
623:
614:
613:
606:
604:
595:
584:
579:
521:Thomas Hardiman
500:
430:
419:
413:
410:
395:
379:
368:
329:
265:
232:
214:
178:
149:Agency overview
143:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
44:
40:primary sources
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1566:Transportation
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:Human Services
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1004:
1002:
996:
995:
982:
981:
974:
967:
959:
950:
949:
947:
946:
936:
925:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
793:
792:
781:
778:
777:
769:
768:
761:
754:
746:
740:
739:
734:
723:
722:External links
720:
717:
716:
691:
680:
669:
644:
634:
581:
580:
578:
575:
567:
566:
555:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
499:
496:
432:
431:
382:
380:
373:
367:
364:
338:social science
328:
325:
300:
299:
295:
292:
281:28 U.S.C.
247:
246:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
213:
212:
205:
203:
199:
198:
195:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
146:
145:
135:
134:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1763:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
997:
992:
988:
980:
975:
973:
968:
966:
961:
960:
957:
944:
940:
937:
934:
930:
927:
926:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
790:
789:Chief Justice
786:
783:
782:
779:
775:
767:
762:
760:
755:
753:
748:
747:
744:
738:
735:
731:
726:
725:
705:
701:
695:
689:
684:
678:
673:
658:
654:
648:
638:
630:
618:
602:
601:
593:
591:
589:
587:
582:
574:
572:
564:
560:
556:
553:
550:
549:Mildred Cabán
546:
543:
540:Senior Judge
539:
536:
532:
529:
525:
522:
518:
515:
511:
508:
505:
504:
503:
495:
492:
487:
485:
480:
478:
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
442:
437:
428:
425:
417:
414:February 2017
407:
403:
399:
393:
392:
388:
383:This section
381:
377:
372:
371:
363:
361:
357:
353:
350:
345:
341:
339:
334:
324:
322:
318:
317:John S. Cooke
313:
309:
304:
296:
293:
290:
289:
288:
286:
282:
279:According to
277:
275:
271:
264:
258:
254:
244:
239:
231:
227:
224:
221:
219:Parent agency
217:
210:
209:John S. Cooke
207:
206:
204:
200:
196:
194:Annual budget
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
141:
136:
132:
127:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1714:
1696:
1184:Marine Corps
942:
707:. Retrieved
703:
694:
683:
672:
660:. Retrieved
656:
647:
637:
605:. Retrieved
599:
568:
514:Duane Benton
501:
490:
488:
483:
481:
476:
474:
452:
450:
440:
438:
435:
420:
411:
396:Please help
384:
366:Organization
360:A. Leo Levin
358:
354:
349:Stanley Reed
346:
342:
336:independent
330:
321:Clara Altman
305:
301:
278:
252:
250:
172:Headquarters
162:Jurisdiction
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
33:
1347:Space Force
1042:Agriculture
999:Independent
709:February 1,
662:November 3,
657:www.fjc.gov
625:|work=
607:February 1,
455:undertakes
333:Earl Warren
1730:Categories
1448:Health and
1283:(OPTEVFOR)
907:Srinivasan
872:Livingston
577:References
542:Carol Amon
465:sentencing
298:mediators.
285:§ 620
211:, Director
189:128 (2015)
99:April 2010
69:newspapers
36:references
1697:(defunct)
1508:(S&T)
1409:(NIDILRR)
1393:Education
1291:Air Force
1170:(USAMRDC)
1141:(CCDCAC)
1121:(CCDCOM)
1070:(R&D)
892:Pryor Jr.
867:Kobayashi
627:ignored (
617:cite book
457:empirical
385:does not
186:Employees
1652:(USGCRP)
1596:Treasury
1523:Interior
1514:(CG RDC)
1434:(ARPA-E)
1428:(DOE SC)
1338:(AFOTEC)
1320:(AFLCMC)
1263:(NCCOSC)
1255:Undersea
1205:(MCOTEA)
1133:(CCDCSC)
1079:Commerce
1001:agencies
985:Federal
852:Goldberg
842:DeGuilio
837:Colloton
832:Chagares
817:Boasberg
797:Anderson
461:research
1646:(OSTP)
1542:Justice
1483:(BARDA)
1466:(NIOSH)
1374:(DARPA)
1300:(AFMC)
1249:Surface
1193:(MCCDC)
1104:Defense
1028:(IARPA)
922:Tunheim
897:Richman
887:Proctor
882:Murguia
862:Johnson
807:Barnett
785:Roberts
704:fjc.gov
677:Faculty
406:removed
391:sources
327:History
262:Pub. L.
229:Website
83:scholar
1695:(OTA)
1533:(USGS)
1489:(CMMI)
1477:(AHRQ)
1418:Energy
1332:(AFIT)
1312:(AFRL)
1271:(NAWS)
1257:(NUWC)
1251:(NSWC)
1245:(NAWC)
1236:(NMRC)
1222:(ONR)
1199:(MCWL)
1176:(ERDC)
1164:(ATEC)
1095:(NOAA)
1089:(NIST)
1058:(NIFA)
1016:(NASA)
929:Conrad
912:Sutton
857:Holmes
822:Brodie
812:Barron
802:Bailey
642:cit.),
557:Judge
533:Judge
526:Judge
519:Judge
512:Judge
283:
270:90–219
268:
154:Formed
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1664:(NNI)
1625:(ORD)
1606:(OFR)
1552:(NIJ)
1460:(NIH)
1403:(IES)
1380:(USU)
1365:Other
1357:(SSC)
1326:(NWC)
1306:(AAC)
1277:(NPS)
1228:(NRL)
1127:(ARL)
1064:(ERS)
1052:(ARS)
1010:(NSF)
939:Cooke
917:Sykes
902:Smith
877:Moore
827:Brown
90:JSTOR
76:books
1213:Navy
1112:Army
991:list
847:Diaz
711:2017
664:2018
629:help
609:2017
489:The
482:The
475:The
451:The
439:The
389:any
387:cite
251:The
238:.gov
236:.fjc
62:news
1243:Air
400:by
234:www
38:to
1732::
702:.
655:.
621::
619:}}
615:{{
585:^
569:A
323:.
276:.
49:.
993:)
978:e
971:t
964:v
945:)
941:(
935:)
931:(
791:)
787:(
765:e
758:t
751:v
713:.
666:.
631:)
427:)
421:(
416:)
412:(
408:.
394:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
