288:
27:
246:
193:, which segregated and strictly regulated the movement of black and coloured people. Other issues expressed were rising food and transportation costs. Furthermore, a rise in the price of bread in mid-1953 had mobilized women in Cape Town to organize politically, further stimulating an interest in the establishment of a women's interest lobby. FEDSAW was thus created as the first attempt at a broad-based and multi-racial women's organization to help meet women's basic needs and those of their family.
312:. Although FEDSAW was allowed to continue operating, they were forced to continue their meetings in secret to avoid police surveillance, intimidation and harassment of its members. Furthermore, the arrest of several key leaders of FEDSAW made it extremely difficult to continue operations. A combination of government pressures and issues funding the organization made it impossible for FEDSAW to continue running. By the mid-1960s, FEDSAW had ceased to exist.
601:
1513:
370:"For the development of every child through free compulsory education for all; for the protection of mother and child through maternity homes, welfare clinics, creches and nursery schools, in countryside and towns; through proper homes for all, and through the provision of water, light, transport, sanitation and the amenities of modern civilization
335:
and participated in the national liberation movement. It was committed to the liberation of the black majority in South Africa from white minority rule, by a process of peaceful change. White South
African women generally abstained from participating in FEDSAW activism, with the exception of those in
275:
Throughout 1957 and into 1958, the women's anti-pass campaign continued to generate wide scale support and attention from the international media. However, increasing pressures from the
Apartheid state ultimately shut down the protests. Police violence also became increasingly violent. In November
784:
Jodi O'Brien
Encyclopedia of Gender and Society 1452266026- 2008 - "Founded initially as an individual membership organization, in time FEDSAW became a federation of affiliate organizations. At FEDSAW's inaugural conference, a Women's Charter was adopted. Although feminist in its orientation, the
675:
In 1989, the United Women's
Congress, The Federation of Transvaal, The Natal Organization of Women and the Port Elizabeth Women's organization revived FEDSAW. Although a much smaller organization by this time, they continued to organize conferences and protests regarding women's issues, including
225:
One of the first protests that FEDSAW coordinated took place on
October 27, 1955, outside the Pretoria Union Buildings, which form the official seat of the South African government as well as the offices of the President of South Africa. This was in response to discriminative policies such as the
667:
Between March and August 1956, FEDSAW planned to host a mass protest at the Union
Buildings in Pretoria, South Africa. Held on August 9, 1956, the protest mobilized "between 6,000 to 20,000 women" from all over the country, including places such as "Cape Town, Bloemfontein, and Port Elizabeth."
348:
FEDSAW's
Charter was drafted at the inaugural conference in 1954. It states the names of the new organization. The Charter asserted that an "intimate relationship" existed between women's inferior status in society and the inferior status assigned to people by "discriminatory laws and colour
271:
in August 1956. This has been considered to be the largest mass gathering of women in South
African History to date as 20,000 women protested at the Pretoria Union buildings. For supporters of the apartheid system, the attendance of white people at these protests was especially unnerving.
774:
Margaret J. Daymond Women
Writing Africa: The Southern Region 2003- Page 236 "Federation of South African Women, Women's Charter South Africa 1954 English The inaugural conference of the Federation of South African Women was held in the Trades Hall in Johannesburg in April
141:
Whilst South Africa had many forms of societal segregation prior to
Apartheid, its institutionalization through governmental policy led its founders to organize against several issues, such as rising costs and the pass law system. As a result, FEDSAW became part of the
189:(ANCWL) in the Eastern Cape, organized an informal gathering of women at the Port Elizabeth Annual Trades and Labour council conference. During this informal meeting, a clear concern for issues regarding women and the welfare of their families were expressed -
1462:
1444:
328:, who argued that women's struggles for emancipation were necessary as part of a wider struggle for liberation in the struggle for a socialist state. There are also parallels in their Charter and objectives with the Communist Party objectives.
671:
The song "Wathint' Abafazki, Wathint' Imbokotho", or "You Have Tampered With The Women, You Have Struck a Rock" was created and popularized by the 1956 protest. In 2016, a monument was also created to memorialize the Women's March Leaders.
280:, a crowd of 7000 marched to the police station in the South African Township of Sharpeville. The South African police opened fire on the crowd, killing 69 and injuring 180; many were shot in the back as they fled, this was known as the
1463:
English: Federation of South African Women: African, Hindu and Christian women gathered near Apartheid era prison to protest against Apartheid in 1955. The Hindu women can be seen in traditional sari.(Violet Weinberg is third from the
373:"For the removal of all laws that restrict free movement, that prevent or hinder the right of free association, and activity in democratic organizations, and the right to participate in the work of these organizations
258:
Between 1956 and 1958, a number of Anti-Pass protests were organized across South Africa. From January–July 1956, approximately 50,000 members attended 38 demonstrations. In particular, many were upset about the
242:' people. During the protest, a group of 2000 women of all races and some men attended the protest. The scale, and the multi-racial attendance of the protest helped FEDSAW rise to national prominence.
217:
and trade unionists. At the conference, the aims and philosophy of the organization were established and recorded through the Women's Charter. A National Executive Committee was also selected.
668:
Reported by the Cape Times as the "largest mass gathering of women in history", the demonstration led to the official annual commemoration of 'Women's Day' in South Africa, as August 9.
276:
1956, police opened fire on a crowd of 1000 people in Lichtenburg. Two Africans were killed and an additional two were injured. In 1960, after a day of demonstrations against the
206:
267:, which enforced Africans to carry paper documentation with them at all time and subjected many to forcible removal without appeal. During this time, FEDSAW coordinated the
230:, which legitimized many parts of the Apartheid act, with its major provision being the racial separation of schools, as well as new requirements for African women to carry
376:"To build and strengthen women's sections in the National Liberation Movements, the organization of women in the trade unions, and through the people's varied organizations
349:
prejudices". It made clear that the struggle to emancipate women from discriminatory laws and conventions should be an intrinsic part of any general liberatory struggle.
403:
and the Coloured Women's Organization. While individual membership was not permitted, being a member of one of these organizations meant automatic membership in FEDSAW.
60:
105:
African National Congress Women's League, Coloured People's Organization, Congress of Democrats, Food and Canning Workers Union, South African Indian Congress
291:
Sharpeville Massacre row of graves: 69 people were killed by police on March 21st, 1960, during an anti-pass protest at the Sharpeville Police Station.
367:"Equal rights with men in relation to property, marriage and children, and for the removal of all laws and customs that deny women such equal rights
1578:
1534:
1563:
201:
The first FEDSAW conference took place on April 17, 1954. Approximately 150 delegates attended the conference, including representatives of the
118:) was a political lobby group formed in 1954. At FEDSAW's inaugural conference, a Women's Charter was adopted. Its founding was spear-headed by
26:
264:
997:
English: The row of graves of the 69 people killed by police during an anti-pass protest at the Sharpeville Police Station on 21 March 1960.
1583:
1568:
1445:
English: The row of graves of the 69 people killed by police during an anti-pass protest at the Sharpeville Police Station on 21 March 1960
1392:"Chapter 41: Women's Charter and Aims - Federation of South African Women." In Feminist Manifestos: A Global Documentary Reader, edited by
287:
690:
486:
475:
464:
442:
392:
202:
186:
1573:
161:
FEDSAW is notable because of its achievement in creating one of the first broad-based women's organizations in the country's history.
651:
In 1956, the top leadership of the Congress Alliance were arrested and prosecuted in the mammoth Treason trial. Amongst them were
1593:
740:
1588:
304:, the apartheid state declared a national emergency and outlawed hundreds of activist groups. Amongst those banned was the
1397:
832:
659:
National, Secretary and President of FEDSAW at the time. The two were acquitted and had their charges withdrawn in 1961.
563:
505:
396:
361:"The right to vote and to be elected to all state bodies, without restriction or discrimination (i.e. universal suffrage)
337:
210:
134:(FEDSAW) was a multi-racial women's organization and lobby group which organized and protested against the institutional
834:
Women in Twentieth Century South African Politics: the Federation of South African Women, Its Roots, Growth and Decline
534:
431:
420:
235:
932:
Lesotho women protesting violence against women at a National Women's Day protest at National University of Lesotho.
364:"The right to full opportunities for employment with equal pay and possibilities of promotion in all spheres of work
1598:
1473:
Lesotho women protesting violence against women at a National Women's Day protest at National University of Lesotho
1472:
1451:
1420:
735:
268:
260:
249:
National Women's Day protest at the National University of Lesotho, where women protested violence against women.
151:
676:
sexual violence and homelessness. In addition, they "made a contribution towards training women in leadership".
1412:
804:
700:
573:
400:
357:
In addition to their official Charter, FEDSAW adopted eight specific aims at the 1954 inaugural conference:
1530:
379:"To cooperate with all other organizations that have similar aims in South Africa and throughout the world
1169:
English: A younger Lilian Ngoyi smiling awkwardly for the camera during the difficult years of Apartheid.
1404:
English: A younger Lilian Ngoyi smiling awkwardly for the camera during the difficult years of Apartheid
305:
227:
147:
1523:
1455:
406:
FEDSAW was composed of over 130 delegates from various local, national, and foreign organizations:
214:
1263:
1371:
1353:
1335:
745:
301:
281:
8:
1479:
Kuumba, M. Bahati (2006). "African Women, Resistance Cultures and Cultural Resistances".
1130:
Kuumba, M. Bahati (2006). "African Women, Resistance Cultures and Cultural Resistances".
1023:
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Massacre Graves, Phelindaba Cemetery, Sharpeville, Vereeniging, South Africa.jpg
930:
636:
321:
1393:
1557:
1410:"Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) | South African History Online".
730:
725:
705:
656:
631:
621:
611:
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325:
178:
174:
119:
56:
805:"Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) | South African History Online"
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710:
652:
626:
720:
715:
245:
1480:
1437:
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1219:
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331:
FEDSAW oriented itself from the beginning towards the policies of the
750:
277:
239:
231:
190:
155:
135:
220:
994:
177:, trade unionist and member of the South African Communist Party,
1512:
150:(ANC). The organization is also most notable for organizing the
600:
320:
FEDSAW's ideology was heavily influenced by the works of
1460:
India, Nagarjun Kandukuru from Bangalore (2013-04-14),
1496:"The Women's Charter | South African History Online".
1240:. New Haven : Yale University Press. p. 646.
71:
Anti-Apartheid Group; Women's Interest Group; Activist
1537:
to it so that it can be listed with similar articles.
181:, of the African Food and Canning Workers Union, and
1396:, 204–8. New York: New York University Press, 2018.
885:"The Women's Charter | South African History Online"
382:"To strive for permanent peace throughout the world"
295:
1555:
1489:Nelson, Barbara J., and Caudhurī Nājamā (1994).
253:
221:Protests of the Union Building in Pretoria, 1955
1426:Govender, Pregs (1987). "Re-Launching FEDSAW".
1206:Govender, Pregs (1987). "Re-Launching FEDSAW".
1423:", Knowledge, 2017-12-03, retrieved 2020-03-12
1232:
564:South African Coloured People's Organization
196:
1493:. Delhi: New Haven: Yale University Press.
1482:Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity
1429:Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity
1336:"Fatima Meer South African History Online"
1282:"African National Congress Women's League"
1208:Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity
1132:Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity
138:that was present throughout South Africa.
25:
646:
146:, an anti-apartheid coalition led by the
1205:
691:African National Congress Women's League
599:
487:African National Congress Women's League
476:African National Congress Women's League
467:, Retreat Women's Vigilance Association
465:African National Congress Women's League
443:African National Congress Women's League
286:
244:
79:Women's Rights Advocacy; Gender Equality
31:FEDSAW members in anti-Apartheid meeting
1579:1960s disestablishments in South Africa
928:
489:, Nyanga Women's Vigilance Association
391:FEDSAW was made up of members from the
1564:Feminist organisations in South Africa
1556:
1165:
1129:
1035:
1033:
958:
956:
830:
478:, Langa Women's Vigilance Association
432:African Food and Canning Workers Union
421:African Food and Canning Workers Union
1249:
1247:
970:
968:
879:
877:
858:
856:
154:, one of the largest protests of the
112:The Federation of South African Women
1506:
1438:https://www.jstor.org/stable/4547919
992:
906:
904:
826:
824:
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1584:Organisations based in Johannesburg
1569:1954 establishments in South Africa
1253:Nelson & Caudhurī 1994, pp. 649
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953:
741:National Women's Day (South Africa)
13:
1522:needs additional or more specific
1244:
965:
874:
853:
343:
14:
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1574:Organizations established in 1954
901:
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132:Federation of South African Women
20:Federation of South African Women
1511:
296:Downfall/End of the Organization
1421:File:ANC Womens League logo.svg
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518:Cape Factory Workers Committee
261:Native Laws Amendment Act, 1952
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547:Garment Workers' Union, No. 2
535:Food and Canning Workers Union
238:, which sought to reclassify '
1:
1594:Multiracial affairs in Africa
831:Walker, Cherryl Jane (1978).
761:
701:South African Indian Congress
574:South African Indian Congress
458:Port Elizabeth, South Africa
401:South African Indian Congress
386:
352:
254:Anti-Pass Protests, 1956-1958
1589:Anti-apartheid organisations
1499:South African History Online
1491:Women and Politics Worldwide
1486:no. 68: 112–121 – via JSTOR.
1401:Dayile, Azola (2017-09-07),
1238:Women and Politics Worldwide
1166:Dayile, Azola (2017-09-07),
889:South African History Online
586:Transvaal All-Women's Union
541:East London, United Kingdom
497:African Women's Association
452:Johannesburg, South Africa;
169:
158:to take place in the 1950s.
7:
1454:by Egui_ is licensed under
1442:Hall, Andrew (2017-02-08),
1236:; Caudhurī, Nājamā (1994).
993:Hall, Andrew (2017-02-08),
679:
595:
589:Johannesburg, South Africa
580:Johannesburg, South Africa
550:Johannesburg, South Africa
512:Johannesburg, South Africa
315:
236:Population Registration Act
207:Transvaal All Women's Union
10:
1615:
1470:Kendall, K. (2008-08-04),
1386:
929:Kendall, K. (2008-08-04),
164:
87:Johannesburg, South Africa
1264:"Treason Trial 1956-1961"
662:
539:Cape Town, South Africa;
510:Cape Town, South Africa;
455:Kimberlay, South Africa;
397:The Congress of Democrats
197:FEDSAW Conference of 1954
148:African National Congress
101:
91:
83:
75:
67:
52:
44:
36:
24:
1120:Walker 1978, pp. 197-198
1057:Walker 1978, pp. 302-309
568:Cape Town, South Africa
558:Cape Town, South Africa
555:Guardian Christmas Club
529:Cape Town, South Africa
526:Cape Housewives' League
521:Cape Town, South Africa
492:Cape Town, South Africa
481:Cape Town, South Africa
470:Cape Town, South Africa
437:Cape Town, South Africa
426:Cape Town, South Africa
234:, and amendments to the
1599:Electoral reform groups
1476:., retrieved 2020-03-12
1448:., retrieved 2020-03-12
1416:. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
1407:., retrieved 2020-03-12
1372:"Lilian Masediba Ngoyi"
1354:"Manonmoney Ama Naidoo"
1286:womensleague.anc.org.za
447:Cradock, South Africa;
16:Political lobbing group
1467:, retrieved 2020-03-12
647:Persecution of Leaders
608:
578:Durban, South Africa;
449:Durban, South Africa;
292:
250:
1503:Retrieved 2020-03-11.
637:Hilda Watts Bernstein
603:
506:Congress of Democrats
500:Durban, South Africa
412:Name of Organization
338:Congress of Democrats
322:Hilda Watts Bernstein
290:
248:
211:Congress of Democrats
61:Hilda Watts Bernstein
1436:: 79–80 –via JSTOR.
1413:www.sahistory.org.za
1378:. 22 September 2011.
1376:www.sahistory.org.za
1360:. 16 September 2011.
1358:www.sahistory.org.za
1322:www.sahistory.org.za
1304:www.sahistory.org.za
1268:www.sahistory.org.za
1196:Walker 1978, pp. 233
1187:Walker 1978, pp. 232
1156:Walker 1978, pp. 350
1111:Walker 1978, pp. 195
1102:Walker 1978, pp. 196
1093:Walker 1978, pp. 179
1084:Walker 1978, pp. 198
1075:Walker 1978, pp. 174
1066:Walker 1978, pp. 203
1048:Walker 1978, pp. 312
1039:Walker 1978, pp. 202
983:Walker 1978, pp. 246
974:Walker 1978, pp. 238
962:Walker 1978, pp. 235
950:Walker 1978, pp. 231
919:Walker 1978, pp. 224
910:Walker 1978, pp. 223
871:Walker 1978, pp. 172
862:Walker 1978, pp. 183
850:Walker 1978, pp. 171
809:www.sahistory.org.za
746:Sharpeville Massacre
604:Photograph of young
282:Sharpeville Massacre
1340:v1.sahistory.org.za
1324:. 17 February 2011.
1306:. 17 February 2011.
228:Bantu Education Act
185:, president of the
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1234:Nelson, Barbara J.
736:Women's March 1956
686:1956 Treason Trial
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393:ANC Women's League
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187:ANC Women's League
152:Women's March 1956
93:Official language
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1552:
1551:
1535:adding categories
696:Congress Alliance
642:Lilian Diedericks
617:Florence Matomela
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310:Congress Alliance
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183:Florence Matomela
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1270:. 31 March 2011.
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1394:Penny A. Weiss
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1318:"Helen Joseph"
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840:. p. 165.
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126:Introduction
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102:Affiliations
84:Headquarters
37:Abbreviation
1543:August 2021
1138:(68): 116.
721:Amma Naidoo
716:Fatima Meer
1558:Categories
1524:categories
1175:2020-03-12
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1003:2020-03-12
938:2020-03-12
894:2020-03-11
814:2020-03-11
762:References
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278:pass laws
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170:Formation
156:pass laws
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680:See also
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316:Ideology
308:and the
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838:(PDF)
203:ANCWL
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