Writing - Knowledge

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monitoring documents to make, evaluate, and provide accountability for decisions and operations; the creation and maintenance of records; internal written communications within departments to coordinate work; written communications that comprise work products presented to other departments and to clients; and external communications to clients and the public. Business and financial organizations also rely on many written legal documents, such as contracts, reports to government agencies, tax records, and accounting reports. Financial institutions and markets that hold, transmit, trade, insure, or regulate holdings for clients or other institutions are particularly dependent on written records (though now often in digital form) to maintain the integrity of their roles.

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placing these tokens inside large, hollow clay containers (bulla, or globular envelopes) which were then sealed. The quantity of tokens in each container came to be expressed by impressing, on the container's surface, one picture for each instance of the token inside. They next dispensed with the tokens, relying solely on symbols for the tokens, drawn on clay surfaces. To avoid making a picture for each instance of the same object (for example: 100 pictures of a hat to represent 100 hats), they counted the objects by using various small marks. In this way the Sumerians added "a system for enumerating objects to their incipient system of symbols".

1003: 300: 1109: 4807: 1676: 882:. Thus, a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling. However, as languages often evolve independently of their writing systems, and writing systems have been borrowed for languages they were not designed for, the degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to another and even within a single language. 635:

them, international geopolitical events, including conflicts, but also sports, entertainment, books, and other leisure activities. While news and newspapers have grown rapidly from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries, the changing economics and ability to produce and distribute news have brought about radical and rapid challenges to journalism and the consequent organization of citizen knowledge and engagement. These changes have also created challenges for

5152: 969:. Writing most likely began as a consequence of political expansion in ancient cultures, which needed reliable means for transmitting information, maintaining financial accounts, keeping historical records, and similar activities. Around the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration outgrew the power of memory, and writing became a more dependable method of recording and presenting transactions in a permanent form. 583:, which can present further written regulations specifying the laws and how they are carried out. Governments at different levels also typically maintain written records on citizens concerning identities, life events such as births, deaths, marriages, and divorces, the granting of licenses for controlled activities, criminal charges, traffic offenses, and other penalties small and large, and tax liability and payments. 64: 817:, typically a consonant followed by a vowel, or just a vowel alone. In some scripts more complex syllables (such as consonant-vowel-consonant, or consonant-consonant-vowel) may have dedicated glyphs. Phonetically similar syllables are not written similarly. For instance, the syllable "ka" may look nothing like the syllable "ki", nor will syllables with the same vowels be similar. 1049:, but by the 29th century BC also for phonetic elements. Around 2700 BC, cuneiform began to represent syllables of spoken Sumerian. About that time, Mesopotamian cuneiform became a general purpose writing system for logograms, syllables, and numbers. This script was adapted to another Mesopotamian language, the East Semitic 1021:

determined the link between previously uncategorized clay "tokens", the oldest of which have been found in the Zagros region of Iran, and cuneiform, the first known writing. Around 8000 BC, Mesopotamians began using clay tokens to count their agricultural and manufactured goods. Later they began

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has yet to be deciphered. The sequence and the geographical spread of the three overlapping, but distinct writing systems can be summarized as follows (beginning date refers to first attestations, the assumed origins of all scripts lie further back in the past): Cretan hieroglyphs were used in Crete

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In most of the alphabets of the Middle East, it is usually only the consonants of a word that are written, although vowels may be indicated by the addition of various diacritical marks. Writing systems based primarily on writing just consonants phonemes date back to the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt.

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Formal education is the social context most strongly associated with the learning of writing, and students may carry these particular associations long after leaving school. Alongside the writing that students read (in the forms of textbooks, assigned books, and other instructional materials as

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at the national and sometimes state or other organizational levels. Written rules and procedures typically guide the operations of the various branches, departments, and other bodies of government, which regularly produce reports and other documents as work products and to account for their actions.

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Writing permeates everyday commerce. For example, in the course of an afternoon, a wholesaler might receive a written inquiry about the availability of a product line, then communicate with suppliers and fabricators through work orders and purchase agreements, correspond via email to affirm shipping

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A previously unknown civilisation was using writing in Central Asia 4,000 years ago, hundreds of years before Chinese writing developed, archaeologists have discovered. An excavation near Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan, revealed an inscription on a piece of stone that seems to have been used

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Publication does not establish the claims or findings of work as being authoritatively true, only that they are worth the attention of other specialists. As the work appears in review articles, handbooks, textbooks, or other aggregations, and others cite it in the advancement of their own research,

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News and news reporting are central to citizen engagement and knowledge of many spheres of activity people may be interested in about the state of their community, including the actions and integrity of their governments and government officials, economic trends, natural disasters and responses to

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explains, the "marking of signs on stones, clay, paper, and now digital memories—each more portable and rapidly traveling than the previous—provided means for increasingly coordinated and extended action as well as memory across larger groups of people over time and space." For example, around the

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have resulted in software capable of producing certain forms of formulaic writing (e.g., weather forecasts and brief sports reporting) without the direct involvement of humans after initial configuration or, more commonly, to be used to support writing processes such as generating initial drafts,

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script was used from about 2500 to 331 BC, and was adapted from the Akkadian cuneiform. At any given point within this period, the Elamite cuneiform script consisted of about 130 symbols, and over this entire period only 206 total signs were used. This is far fewer than most other cuneiform

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company, write an invoice, and request proof of receipt in the form of a written signature. At a much larger scale, modern systems of finances, banking, and business rest on many forms of written documents—including written regulations, policies, and procedures; the creation of reports and other

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in Central Egypt. Based on hieroglyphic prototypes, but also including entirely new symbols, each sign apparently stood for a consonant rather than a word: the basis of an alphabetic system. It was not until the 12th to 9th centuries, however, that the alphabet took hold and became widely used.

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A block with a hitherto unknown system of writing has been found in the Olmec heartland of Veracruz, Mexico. Stylistic and other dating of the block places it in the early first millennium before the common era, the oldest writing in the New World, with features that firmly assign this pivotal

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style. In 2015, the epigrapher Bryan Wells estimated there were around 694 distinct signs. This is above 400, so scholars accept the script to be logo-syllabic (typically syllabic scripts have about 50–100 signs whereas logographic scripts have a very large number of principal signs). Several

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Writing technologies from different eras coexist easily in many homes and workplaces. During the course of a day or even a single episode of writing, for example, a writer might instinctively switch among a pencil, a touchscreen, a text-editor, a whiteboard, a legal pad, and adhesive notes as

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appears to have been developed by Canaanite turquoise miners in the Sinai desert around the mid-19th century BC. Around 30 crude inscriptions have been found at a mountainous Egyptian mining site known as Serabit el-Khadem. This site was also home to a temple of Hathor, the "Mistress of

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is a writing system attested in a few monumental inscriptions in Iran. It was used for a very brief period during the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BC. It is often claimed that Linear Elamite is a syllabic writing system derived from Proto-Elamite, although this cannot be proven since

1183:. Only people from certain backgrounds were allowed to train to become scribes, in the service of temple, pharaonic, and military authorities. The hieroglyph system was always difficult to learn, but in later centuries was purposely made even more so, as this preserved the scribes' status. 1036:

from this method of keeping accounts. By the end of the 4th millennium BC, the Mesopotamians were using a triangular-shaped stylus pressed into soft clay to record numbers. This system was gradually augmented with using a sharp stylus to indicate what was being counted by means of

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or writing have played a special role. For example, some religious text compilations have been some of the earliest popular texts, or even the only written texts in some languages, and in some cases are still highly popular around the world. The first books printed widely using the

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In general, writing systems do not constitute languages in and of themselves, but rather a means of encoding language such that it can be read by others across time and space. While not all languages use a writing system, those that do can complement and extend the capacities of

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Any instance of writing involves a complex interaction among available tools, intentions, cultural customs, cognitive routines, genres, tacit and explicit knowledge, and the constraints and limitations of the writing system(s) deployed. Inscriptions have been made with

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of potential publications may also be presented at academic or disciplinary conferences or on publicly accessible web servers to gain peer feedback and build interest in the work. Prior to official publication, these documents are typically read and evaluated by

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has made writing an increasingly important feature of daily life, where these systems mix with older technologies like paper, pencils, whiteboards, printers, and copiers. Substantial amounts of everyday writing characterize most workplaces in

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Some professions are typically associated with writing, such as literary authors, journalists, and technical writers, but writing is pervasive in most modern forms of work, civic participation, household management, and leisure activities.

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Sterponi, Laura; Zucchermaglio, Cristina; Alby, Francesca; Fatigante, Marilena (October 2017). "Endangered Literacies? Affordances of Paper-Based Literacy in Medical Practice and Its Persistence in the Transition to Digital Technology".

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at Abydos, which dates from the Second Dynasty (28th or 27th century BC). There are around 800 hieroglyphs dating back to the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom Eras. By the Greco-Roman period, there are more than 5,000.

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Rodríguez Martínez, Maria del Carmen; Ceballos, Ponciano Ortíz; Coe, Michael D.; Diehl, Richard A.; Houston, Stephen D.; Taube, Karl A.; Calderón, Alfredo Delgado (15 September 2006). "Oldest Writing in the New World".

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A stone slab bearing 3,000-year-old writing previously unknown to scholars has been found in the Mexican state of Veracruz, and archaeologists say it is an example of the oldest script ever discovered in the Western

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or other public records). Writing can also have knowledge-transforming effects, since it allows humans to externalize their thinking in forms that are easier to reflect on, elaborate on, reconsider, and revise.

1235:. The earliest inscription identified as Maya dates to the 3rd century BC. Maya writing used logograms complemented by a set of syllabic glyphs, somewhat similar in function to modern Japanese writing. 599:. Arguments, experiments, observational data, and other evidence collated in the course of research is represented in writing, and serves as the basis for later work. Data collection and drafting of 995:. It is generally agreed that Sumerian writing was an independent invention; however, it is debated whether Egyptian writing was developed completely independently of Sumerian, or was a case of 402:

for recording historical and environmental events. Further innovations included more uniform, predictable, and widely dispersed legal systems, the distribution of accessible versions of

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and claims, it is as yet undeciphered. The term 'Indus script' is mainly applied to that used in the mature Harappan phase, which perhaps evolved from a few signs found in early

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may be supported by grants, which usually require proposals establishing the value of such work and the need for funding. The data and procedures are also typically collected in

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are generally considered the earliest writing systems, both emerging out of ancestral proto-writing systems between 3400 and 3300 BC, with earliest coherent texts from

1100:(911–609 BC), Old Aramaic was also adapted to Mesopotamian cuneiform. The last cuneiform scripts in Akkadian discovered thus far date from the 1st century AD. 927:, are learned by children as syllabaries, and so are often called "syllabics". However, unlike true syllabaries, there is not an independent glyph for each syllable. 4018:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. pp. 59–66, 235s. 2174: 720: 525:), written documentation is not only the main deliverable but also the mode of work itself. Even in occupations not typically associated with writing, routine 1551:

was adapted from the Proto-Canaanite script sometime before the 14th century BC, which in turn borrowed principles of representing phonetic information from

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well as self-selected books) students do much writing within schools at all levels, on subject exams, in essays, in taking notes, in doing homework, and in

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Syllabaries are best suited to languages with a relatively simple syllable structure, such as Japanese. Other languages that use syllabic writing include

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Christiansen, M. Sidury (2017). "Creating a Unique Transnational Place: Deterritorialized Discourse and the Blending of Time and Space in Online Media".

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dating back to the 7th millennium BC, but whether or not these symbols are related to the characters of the later oracle bone script is disputed.

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component (Chinese "radicals", hieroglyphic "determiners"). In Chinese, about 90% of characters are compounds of a semantic (meaning) element called a

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outgrew human memory, and writing became a more dependable method for creating permanent records of transactions. On the other hand, writing in both

4049: 3108: 4050:"Signs – Books – Networks", virtual exhibition of the German Museum of Books and Writing i.a. with a thematic module on sounds, symbols and script 4609: 2226:

O'Hara, Kenton P.; Taylor, Alex; Newman, William; Sellen, Abigail J. (2002). "Understanding the materiality of writing from multiple sources".

1350: 3709: 940: 3227: 1326:), clay tablets with Proto-Elamite writing have been found at different sites across Iran, with the majority having been excavated at 4040: 3488: 3258: 2196: 5487: 5320: 3400: 3461: 972:

The invention of the first writing systems is roughly contemporary with the emergence of civilisations and the beginning of the

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Lipson, Carol (2004). "Ancient Egyptian Rhetoric: It All Comes Down to Maat". In Lipson, Carol S.; Binkley, Roberta A. (eds.).

4023: 3997: 3909: 3881: 3862: 3841: 3778: 3740: 3703: 3676: 3530: 3437: 3185: 3160: 2954: 2747: 2723: 2695: 2639: 2576: 2551: 2526: 2430: 2292: 2262: 2067: 2016: 1948: 1923: 1890: 1865: 1840: 1811: 1780: 2036: 1555:. This writing system was an odd sort of syllabary in which only consonants are represented. This script was adapted by the 3952: 92: 655:. Some of this is explicitly directed toward the learning of writing, but much is focused more on subject learning. 4896: 4602: 3978: 419: 2166: 5310: 5257: 5188: 2092: 711: 703:), though these are still associated by readers with their given pronunciations in the corresponding spoken language. 4480: 4082: 3501:

Signs carved into 8,600-year-old tortoise shells found in China may be the earliest written words, say archaeologists

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are about 5,200 years old, such as the clay labels of a Predynastic ruler called "Scorpion I" (Naqada IIIA period,

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Textual Dynamics of the Professions: Historical and Contemporary Studies of Writing in Professional Communities

1406:(early-to-mid-2nd millennium BC, MM I to MM III, overlapping with Linear A from MM IIA at the earliest). 669:

Writing systems may be broadly classified according to what units of language are represented by its symbols:

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Linear-Elamite has not been deciphered. Several scholars have attempted to decipher the script, most notably

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from appropriate experts, who determine whether the work is of sufficient value and quality to be published.

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Jakobs, Eva-Maria; Perrin, Daniel (2014). "Introduction and research roadmap: Writing and text production".

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Schmandt-Besserat, Denise; Erard, Erard (2007). "Origins and Forms of Writing". In Bazerman, Charles (ed.).

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Anderson, Jack (2008). "The Collection and Organization of Written Knowledge". In Bazerman, Charles (ed.).

1338:(proto-cuneiform). The Proto-Elamite script consists of more than 1,000 signs and is thought to be partly 913:, vowels are indicated through diacritics or modification of the shape of the consonant. These are called 4881: 4866: 4699: 4694: 4689: 2542:

Jakobs, Eva-Marie; Spinuzzi, Clay (2014). "Professional Domains: Writing as Creation of Economic Value".

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and between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers. The Proto-Elamite script is thought to have developed from early

1187: 414:, all of which were largely reliant on portable and easily reproducible forms of inscribed language. The 288: 284: 4806: 3104: 1041:. Round and sharp styluses were gradually replaced for writing by wedge-shaped styluses (hence the term 5315: 4654: 551: 425:

Individual motivations for writing include improvised additional capacity for the limitations of human

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Ancient civilisations in Mexico developed a writing system as early as 900 BC, new evidence suggests.

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Devitt, Amy J. (1991). "Intertextuality in Tax Accounting: Generic, Referential, and Functional".

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Boltz, William (1999). "Language and Writing". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.).

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Software Development, Design and Coding: With Patterns, Debugging, Unit Testing, and Refactoring

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Conboy, M. (2008). "Writing and Journalism: Politics, Social Movements, and the Public Sphere".

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Wingate, Ursula (2012). "'Argument!' helping students understand what essay writing is about".

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Tardy, Christine M. (January 2003). "A Genre System View of the Funding of Academic Research".

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Winsor, Dorothy A. (1994). "Invention and Writing in Technical Work: Representing the Object".

1700: 762:. However, such phonetic elements complement the logographic elements, rather than vice versa. 328: 142: 55: 3693: 1231:, the one that appears to have been best developed, and the only one to be deciphered, is the 331:

were driven by pragmatic exigencies like keeping track of produce and other wealth, recording

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Green, M. W. (1981). "The Construction and Implementation of the Cuneiform Writing System".

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is believed to have been first written, is attested as far back as the 19th century BC. The

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By Joel M. Hoffman, 2004. Chapter 3 covers the invention of writing and its various stages.

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have recently become widespread writing tools, and studies have compared the ways in which

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Robinson, Andrew (2003). "The Origins of Writing". In Crowley, David; Heyer, Paul (eds.).

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is ongoing, the current consensus is that it first evolved from economic necessity in the

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have framed the experience of writing with such tools as compared with the pen or pencil.

8: 5630: 5569: 5442: 5346: 5289: 5282: 5211: 5072: 5047: 3203:. "How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs", Biblical Archaeology Review, Mar/Apr 2010 2711: 1730: 1653: 1208:, a stone slab with 3,000-year-old proto-writing, was discovered in the Mexican state of 1097: 1054: 592: 510: 293: 3484: 3356: 3297: 3254: 2856:

Shaping written knowledge: The genre and activity of the experimental article in science

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whenever the pronunciation of a logogram needed to be indicated. Many logograms have an

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Structuring the Information Age: Life Insurance and Technology in the Twentieth Century

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period. A small number of bronze inscriptions from the same period have also survived.

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and is an example of the oldest script in the Western Hemisphere, preceding the oldest

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Smith, Dorothy E. (2001). "Texts and the ontology of organizations and institutions".

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Cushman, Ellen (2011). "The Cherokee Syllabary: A Writing System in its Own Right".

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Justeson, John S. (1986). "The Origin of Writing Systems: Preclassic Mesoamerica".

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uses a set of symbols and rules to encode aspects of spoken language, such as its

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Bazerman, Charles; Russell, David, eds. (1994). "Writing as a mode of learning".

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after 3500 BC. The script is written from right to left, and sometimes follows a

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by creating durable forms of language that can be transmitted across space (e.g.

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Olivier, J.-P. (February 1986). "Cretan writing in the second millennium B.C.".

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Many modern systems of government are organized and sanctified through written

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Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text,

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Writing the economy: Activity, genre and technology in the world of banking.

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Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text

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Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text

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Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text

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historically supported or enabled large-scale warfare between modern humans

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Globular envelope with a cluster of accountancy tokens, Uruk period, from

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Comparative evolution from pictograms to abstract shapes, in Mesopotamian

5387: 5077: 4684: 4292: 4262: 4129: 3943:: UK Museum of Writing with information on writing history and implements 3151:(1981). "The Origin and Development of the Cuneiform System of Writing". 2970:

Williams C, Beam S (2019). "Technology and writing: review of research".

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Klein, Perry D.; Arcon, Nina; Baker, Samanta (2016). "Writing to Learn".

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which were used for divination—date from around 1200 BC, during the

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Control through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management

2197:"AI Writing Assistants: A Cure for Writer's Block or Modern-Day Clippy?" 1652:. Such texts enabled rapid spread and maintenance of societal cohesion, 141:. The outcome of this activity, also called "writing", and sometimes a " 122:

may take on characteristics distinct from those of any spoken language.

5341: 4754: 4709: 4704: 4545: 4413: 4408: 4346: 4302: 4282: 4146: 1735: 1720: 1559:, who adapted certain consonantal signs to represent their vowels. The 1293: 973: 769:, used with some modification for the various languages or dialects of 629: 600: 514: 269: 258: 250: 230: 2407: 2364: 2278:

Bazerman, Charles (2013). "Literacy and the Organization of Society".

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4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration in

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symbols. The interpreter or activator of a text is called a "reader".

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The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

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is typically published as articles in journals or within book-length

470: 454: 340: 254: 238: 202: 170: 126: 3933: 3155:(3rd ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 381–383. 1502:

Indus script refers to short strings of symbols associated with the

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The earliest surviving examples of writing in China—inscriptions on

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In 2001, archaeologists discovered that there was a civilization in

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Saturno, William A.; Stuart, David; Beltrán, Boris (3 March 2006).

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is the oldest known writing system from Iran. In use only briefly (

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alphabet, the letters would correspond perfectly to the language's

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with an existing character to indicate the pronunciation, called a

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Observing Writing: Insights from Keystroke Logging and Handwriting

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and lists of texts deemed to contain foundational knowledge (e.g.

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Language, Writing and Alphabet: An Interview with Christophe Rico

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turquoise". A later, two line inscription has also been found at

1093: 1069: 950: 915: 879: 845: 682: 558: 478: 438: 336: 332: 226: 111: 3648: 2831:

Disciplinary Discourses: Social Interactions in Academic Writing

1595:, among others. The Phoenician system was also adapted into the 292:

producing feedback with the help of a rubric, copy-editing, and

63: 4774: 4769: 4425: 4401: 4235: 4008:

Merleau-Ponty And Derrida: Intertwining Embodiment And Alterity

3153:

History Begins at Sumer: Thirty-Nine Firsts in Recorded History

2110:"Poor English skills? New AIs help researchers to write better" 1657: 1478: 1331: 1180: 790: 501: 446: 434: 426: 398:

may have evolved through the political necessity to manage the

358: 277: 234: 206: 194: 190: 130: 115: 1311:

Over the centuries, three distinct Elamite scripts developed.

353:), organizing and governing societies through texts including 5539: 4528: 4367: 4199: 4116: 3990:

Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization

3733:

Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization

2716:

Rulemaking: How Government Agencies Write Law and Make Policy

1466: 1443: 1439: 1403: 1217: 893: 871: 490: 450: 310:

representing Writing, above exterior of main entrance doors,

262: 242: 198: 177: 4054: 2225: 1534: 620:

does it become codified as contingently reliable knowledge.

579:

that draft and pass laws, these laws are administered by an

418:

is co-extensive with uses of writing and the elaboration of

102:

is the act of creating a persistent representation of human

5166: 4430: 4362: 3513:

Dahl, Jacob L. (2018). "The proto-Elamite writing system".

2672:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 336–357. 2571:. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 221–237. 1631: 1572: 1327: 1179:, and literacy was concentrated among an educated elite of 1148:) recovered at Abydos (modern Umm el-Qa'ab) in 1998 or the 1007: 735: 696: 462: 366: 327:

As human societies emerged, collective motivations for the

71:(196 BC) bears writing using three different scripts: 3432:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–123. 2833:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 1–19. 2335:

Ray, John D. (1986). "The Emergence of Writing in Egypt".

1941:

Naming What We Know: Threshold Concepts of Writing Studies

1858:

Writing technology: Studies on the Materiality of Literacy

1563:, a variant of the early Greek alphabet, gave rise to the 961:

While research into the development of writing during the

445:, the proper sequence for a complicated task or important 4242: 3927:

In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language.

3624: 1939:

Adler-Kassner, Linda; Wardle, Elizabeth A., eds. (2015).

793:

system is mainly used. Other logographic systems include

742:. For example, in Mayan, the glyph for "fin", pronounced 645: 442: 370: 210: 1527:

scholars maintain that structural analysis indicates an

3949:

Writing Instruction: Current Practices in the Classroom

3038: 3825:

Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society

3085: 2963: 2949:(2nd ed.). New York: Guilford. pp. 245–246. 1943:. Logan: Utah State University Press. pp. 55–56. 1880: 1775:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 185. 529:

has most employees writing at least some of the time.

3327:

development to the Olmec civilization of Mesoamerica.

2806:

Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts

2567:

Beaufort, Anne (2008). "Writing in the Professions".

2257:. New York: L. Erlbaum Associates. pp. 177–190. 1514:) used between 2600 and 1900 BC. Despite attempts at 3546:

Hinz, Walther (1975). "Problems of Linear Elamite".

3338: 1831:

Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word

1671: 4016:

Global communication without universal civilization

3902:

A History of Writing: From Hieroglyph to Multimedia

3636: 1938: 949:"Writings" redirects here. Not to be confused with 681:

generally represent a language's sounds of speech (

91:. These correspondences proved instrumental in the 3975:Writing Instruction: Changing Views over the Years 3851:Stiebing, William H. Jr.; Helft, Susan N. (2018). 2287:. Vol. 2. Anderson, SC: Parlor. p. 193. 1828: 1163:with phonetic adjuncts that included an effective 897:, derived from the Arabic word for 'alphabet', or 3137:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 48–57. 3024:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 59. 2690:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2634:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1908:Landmark Essays: On Writing Across the Curriculum 1802:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1799:Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People 449:), dissemination of ideas and coordination (e.g. 5693: 4090: 2594:Studies in Cultures, Organizations and Societies 2057: 1614:script (Berber languages) is descended from the 1299:In 2003, archaeologists reported discoveries of 1216:by approximately 500 years. It is thought to be 639:that have been developed over the past century. 3900:Christin, Anne-Marie; Bacon, Josephine (2002). 2944: 2228:International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 1905: 1885:. New York: L. Erlbaum Associates. p. 21. 1618:, which is assumed to be of Phoenician origin. 734:—written characters which represent individual 217:; surfaces used for these inscriptions include 3874:The Archaeology and Epigraphy of Indus Writing 3341:"Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala" 2872:New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc. pp. 201–216. 2541: 1628:History of writing § Writing and religion 1175:Writing was very important in maintaining the 5182: 4603: 4488: 4076: 3899: 3850: 3654: 3218:"Writing May Be Oldest in Western Hemisphere" 3019: 2803: 2710: 4502: 3787: 3630: 2969: 2445: 2085:Building Natural Language Generation Systems 2006: 1461:to 1450 BC; and Linear B was used in Crete ( 765:The main logographic system in use today is 54:"Write" redirects here. For other uses, see 4055:Writing Across the Curriculum Clearinghouse 3332: 3020:Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). 941:List of languages by first written accounts 866:is a set of written symbols that represent 813:is a set of written symbols that represent 322: 15: 5189: 5175: 4610: 4596: 4495: 4481: 4083: 4069: 3692:Johnston, Sarah Iles (30 September 2007). 3615: 2107: 2082: 1899: 746:, was also used to represent the syllable 586: 178:Tools, materials, and motivations to write 16: 4617: 3805: 3364: 2858:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 2133: 2058:Lindgren, E.; Sullivan, K., eds. (2019). 1535:Phoenician writing system and descendants 695:represent a language's units of meaning ( 422:that give rise to and circulate writing. 3854:Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture 3822: 3691: 3091: 2912:Journal of English for Academic Purposes 2853: 2566: 2420: 2377: 2277: 2252: 1107: 1001: 976:during the late 4th millennium BC. 710: 298: 261:. The Incas used knotted cords known as 62: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 5321:National Council of Teachers of English 3580: 3574: 3397:"Ancient writing found in Turkmenistan" 3212: 3135:The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age 3129: 3123: 3056: 2909: 2544:Handbook of Writing and Text Production 2009:Handbook of writing and text production 541: 14: 5694: 4013: 3987: 3834:Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach 3831: 3788:Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali (2019). 3760: 3730: 3666: 3482: 3429:The Cambridge History of Ancient China 3252: 3175: 3147: 3044: 2900:. New York: Columbia University Press. 2881: 2828: 2804:Latour, Bruno; Woolgar, Steve (1986). 2667: 2516: 2164: 1971: 1770: 1330:, an ancient city located east of the 930: 909:In most of the alphabets of India and 646:Education and educational institutions 5170: 4591: 4476: 4064: 3871: 3735:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 12. 3642: 3425: 3178:Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2768: 2750:from the original on 24 February 2023 2682: 2626: 2591: 2307: 2177:from the original on 10 February 2023 1860:. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates. 1795: 1567:and its own descendants, such as the 1426:to 1500 BC; Linear A was used in the 565: 51:Persistent representation of language 3545: 3512: 3464:from the original on 26 October 2018 3403:from the original on 7 December 2008 2207:from the original on 23 January 2023 1855: 532: 93:decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs 3485:"'Earliest writing' found in China" 3253:Briggs, Helen (14 September 2006). 2334: 2108:Katsnelson, Alla (29 August 2022). 2083:Reiter, Ehud; Dale, Robert (2000). 1826: 1380: 653:formative and summative assessments 48: 5311:International Literacy Association 5258:List of countries by literacy rate 3892: 3712:from the original on 26 April 2023 3491:from the original on 20 March 2012 3255:"'Oldest' New World writing found" 3111:from the original on 11 March 2022 2998: 2546:. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 360. 2011:. De Gruyter / Mouton. p. 8. 1656:, motivations, justifications and 1621: 1306: 658: 485:regarding goods and services, and 49: 5733: 4034: 3261:from the original on 3 April 2008 3230:from the original on 27 July 2018 2039:from the original on 22 July 2011 513:. In many occupations (e.g. law, 272:and subsequently various digital 83:, while an equivalent passage in 5151: 5150: 4805: 3669:The History and Power of Writing 3616:Whitehouse, David (4 May 1999). 3454:"Archaeologists Rewrite History" 1674: 1301:isolated tortoise-shell carvings 265:(or khipu) for keeping records. 4670:Computer-mediated communication 3724: 3685: 3671:. University of Chicago Press. 3660: 3609: 3539: 3506: 3476: 3446: 3419: 3389: 3276: 3246: 3206: 3194: 3169: 3141: 3097: 3050: 2938: 2903: 2890: 2875: 2862: 2847: 2822: 2797: 2762: 2732: 2704: 2676: 2661: 2648: 2620: 2585: 2560: 2535: 2510: 2474: 2439: 2414: 2371: 2328: 2301: 2271: 2246: 2219: 2189: 2158: 2101: 2076: 2051: 2025: 1531:language underlies the script. 1491: 1238: 706: 5488:Occupational Safety and Health 3753: 3483:Rincon, Paul (17 April 2003). 2884:The linguistics of newswriting 2808:. Princeton University Press. 2521:. Cambridge University Press. 2087:. Cambridge University Press. 2000: 1965: 1932: 1874: 1849: 1820: 1789: 1764: 1199: 956: 804: 730:A logography is written using 406:, and furthering practices of 349:) or artistic value (e.g. the 339:, codifying knowledge through 95:during the early 19th century. 13: 1: 3918:"The Art of Writing" (1974). 3595:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979977 2984:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.024 2392:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979981 2349:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979972 2165:Dzieza, Josh (20 July 2022). 1757: 1575:. Other descendants from the 1482: 1455: 1420: 1316: 1248: 1153: 1142: 1128: 1068:, and then to others such as 1062: 1030: 989: 925:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics 623: 496:The global spread of digital 169:) and stored over time (e.g. 5196: 4792:Text and conversation theory 3698:. Harvard University Press. 2947:Handbook of Writing Research 2898:Journalism and the new media 2886:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 2714:; Furlong, Scott R. (2019). 2425:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2033:"The Khipu Database Project" 1414:, has been deciphered while 1410:, the writing system of the 1119:representing unification of 1096:as the lingua franca of the 851: 607:or other preliminary files. 79:record the same text in the 7: 3992:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 3857:(3rd ed.). Routledge. 3667:Martin, Henri-Jean (1994). 3022:The World's Writing Systems 2281:A Theory of Literate Action 2167:"Can AI write good novels?" 1986:10.1177/0741088394011002003 1667: 1146: 32nd century BC 1029:writing system was derived 904: 481:and other social networks, 289:natural language generation 285:natural language processing 10: 5738: 5316:International Literacy Day 3872:Wells, B. K. (2015). 3618:"'Earliest writing' found" 3105:"Where did writing begin?" 2924:10.1016/j.jeap.2011.11.001 2854:Bazerman, Charles (1988). 2135:10.1038/d41586-022-02767-9 1796:Smith, Dorothy E. (2005). 1625: 1506:(which spanned modern-day 1495: 1402:are found on artifacts of 1384: 1269: 948: 934: 855: 662: 627: 552:Professional communication 545: 319:different purposes arise. 181: 53: 5608: 5380: 5334: 5303: 5250: 5204: 5146: 4935: 4814: 4803: 4643: 4625: 4538: 4511: 4439: 4355: 4329: 4220: 4109: 4102: 3988:Powell, Barry B. (2009). 3922:23 no 3 (autumn):319–338. 3836:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 3807:10.1057/s41599-019-0274-1 3771:10.1007/978-1-4842-3153-1 3731:Powell, Barry B. (2009). 3655:Stiebing & Helft 2018 3560:10.1017/S0035869X00132782 2972:Computers & Education 2606:10.1080/10245280108523557 1549:Phoenician writing system 1504:Indus Valley Civilization 1375: 919:. Some abugidas, such as 885: 312:Thomas Jefferson Building 5326:No Child Left Behind Act 4750:Nonviolent communication 4680:History of communication 4570:Optical mark recognition 3876:. Oxford: Archaeopress. 3765:(2nd ed.). Apress. 3761:Dooley, John F. (2017). 3523:10.4324/9781315658032-20 3071:10.1177/0741088311410172 2783:10.1177/0741088303253569 2517:Brandt, Deborah (2015). 2496:10.1177/0741088317723304 2460:10.1177/0741088317693996 2421:Hutchins, Edwin (1995). 1856:Haas, Christina (1996). 1265: 1103: 1019:Denise Schmandt-Besserat 891:Such systems are called 323:Motivations and purposes 151:mechanically transferred 31:latest accepted revision 4745:Nonverbal communication 4735:Models of communication 4457:List of writing systems 4168:Broussonetia papyrifera 4155:Folding-book manuscript 4138:Bamboo and wooden slips 4010:, Ohio University Press 3366:10.1126/science.1121745 3306:10.1126/science.1131492 2882:Perrin, Daniel (2013). 1092:. With the adoption of 858:History of the alphabet 591:Research undertaken in 587:Science and scholarship 483:business correspondence 314:, Washington D.C., 1896 5500:Information literacies 3832:Rogers, Henry (2005). 2896:Pavlik, J. V. (2001). 2718:(5th ed.). Sage. 2240:10.1006/ijhc.2001.0525 1701:Composition (language) 1134: 1014: 727: 329:development of writing 315: 167:written correspondence 96: 56:Write (disambiguation) 5722:Written communication 5666:Post-literate society 5626:Children's literature 5505:Information and media 5227:Functional illiteracy 4897:Mediated cross-border 4619:Communication studies 4181:Corypha umbraculifera 4014:Ankerl, Guy (2000) . 4006:Reynolds, Jack 2004. 3968:15 April 2004 at the 3939:24 April 2006 at the 3904:. Paris: Flammarion. 3216:(15 September 2006). 3059:Written Communication 2771:Written Communication 2484:Written Communication 2448:Written Communication 2423:Cognition in the Wild 1974:Written Communication 1916:10.4324/9781003059219 1696:Collaborative writing 1385:Further information: 1270:Further information: 1254:. An excavation near 1188:oldest known alphabet 1111: 1045:), at first only for 1005: 721:EEgyptian hieroglyphs 714: 346:The Canon of Medicine 302: 213:, and many styles of 155:digitally represented 66: 4832:Communication theory 4827:Communication design 3981:4 March 2016 at the 3955:4 March 2016 at the 3517:. pp. 383–396. 3399:. BBC. 15 May 2001. 2829:Hyland, Ken (2004). 2712:Kerwin, Cornelius M. 1827:Ong, Walter (1982). 1771:Harris, Roy (2000). 1616:Libyco-Berber script 1553:Egyptian hieroglyphs 986:Egyptian hieroglyphs 689:respectively)—while 593:academic disciplines 557:availability with a 548:Professional writing 542:Business and finance 412:knowledge management 147:physically inscribed 5712:Human communication 5631:Composition studies 5347:Ruth Johnson Colvin 5212:Adolescent literacy 3962:Writing Development 3357:2006Sci...311.1281S 3351:(5765): 1281–1283. 3298:2006Sci...313.1610R 3292:(5793): 1610–1614. 3214:Wilford, John Noble 3149:Kramer, Samuel Noah 3107:. British Library. 2519:The Rise of Writing 2126:2022Natur.609..208K 1835:. London: Methuen. 1731:Textual scholarship 1654:collective identity 1459: 18th century 1324: 2900 BC 1284:, usually tortoise 1252: 2000 BC 1157: 3100 BC 1137:The earliest known 1132: 3100 BC 1098:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1066: 2600 BC 1034: 3200 BC 993: 2600 BC 931:History and origins 836:creole language of 777:, and sometimes in 511:developed countries 294:helping translation 133:activity involving 21:Page version status 4862:Discourse analysis 4787:Telecommunications 4730:Meta-communication 4504:Paper data storage 4452:History of writing 3920:The Book Collector 3827:. Allyn and Bacon. 3657:, p. 104–105. 3223:The New York Times 2746:. 15 August 2016. 2654:Smart, G. (2006). 1773:Rethinking Writing 1660:that e.g. notably 1638:history of writing 1400:Cretan hieroglyphs 1387:Cretan hieroglyphs 1272:Oracle bone script 1247:that used writing 1135: 1015: 1010: – 997:cultural diffusion 980:used to write the 945:History of writing 767:Chinese characters 728: 725:Chinese characters 566:Governance and law 527:records management 473:), creativity and 416:history of writing 408:scientific inquiry 316: 145:", is a series of 139:physical processes 135:neuropsychological 97: 27: 5689: 5688: 5651:Media consumption 5217:Emergent literacy 5164: 5163: 4585: 4584: 4564:Edge-notched card 4470: 4469: 4325: 4324: 4268:Photographic film 4025:978-2-88155-004-1 3999:978-1-4051-6256-2 3946:On ERIC Digests: 3934:Museum of Writing 3911:978-2-08-010887-6 3883:978-1-78491-046-4 3864:978-1-134-88083-6 3843:978-0-631-23463-0 3780:978-1-4842-3152-4 3742:978-1-4051-6256-2 3705:978-0-674-26477-9 3695:Ancient Religions 3678:978-0-226-50836-8 3631:Mukhopadhyay 2019 3583:World Archaeology 3532:978-1-315-65803-2 3515:The Elamite World 3439:978-0-521-47030-8 3187:978-0-7914-6099-3 3162:978-0-8122-7812-5 3047:, pp. 13–15. 2956:978-1-4625-2243-9 2744:National Archives 2725:978-1-48335-281-7 2697:978-0-8018-8086-5 2641:978-0-8018-3757-9 2578:978-0-805-84870-0 2553:978-3-11-022063-6 2528:978-1-107-46211-3 2432:978-0-262-58146-2 2380:World Archaeology 2337:World Archaeology 2294:978-1-602-35477-7 2264:978-0-8058-4870-0 2120:(7925): 208–209. 2069:978-90-04-39251-9 2062:. Leiden: Brill. 2018:978-3-11-022063-6 1950:978-0-87421-989-0 1925:978-1-003-05921-9 1892:978-1-135-25111-6 1867:978-0-8058-1306-7 1842:978-0-415-02796-0 1813:978-0-7591-0502-7 1782:978-0-253-33776-4 1599:, from which the 1565:Etruscan alphabet 1543:script, in which 1465:), and mainland ( 1369:Elamite cuneiform 1276:Bronzeware script 1258:, the capital of 982:Sumerian language 967:ancient Near East 874:. In a perfectly 637:journalism ethics 533:Contemporary uses 259:enameled surfaces 184:Writing implement 81:Egyptian language 39:28 September 2024 18: 5729: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5168: 5167: 5154: 5153: 4809: 4760:Public relations 4655:Biocommunication 4612: 4605: 4598: 4589: 4588: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4474: 4473: 4462:Written language 4380:Electronic media 4337:Electronic paper 4310:Textile printing 4107: 4106: 4096:writing material 4085: 4078: 4071: 4062: 4061: 4029: 4003: 3915: 3887: 3868: 3847: 3828: 3819: 3809: 3784: 3747: 3746: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3460:. 12 June 2003. 3450: 3444: 3443: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414:as a stamp seal. 3410: 3408: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3368: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3237: 3235: 3210: 3204: 3201:Goldwasser, Orly 3198: 3192: 3191: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3131:Rudgley, Richard 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3017: 2996: 2995: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2907: 2901: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2879: 2873: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2665: 2659: 2658:London: Equinox. 2652: 2646: 2645: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2310:Visible Language 2305: 2299: 2298: 2286: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2137: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1834: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1768: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1583:, used to write 1487: 1484: 1460: 1457: 1425: 1422: 1412:Mycenaean Greeks 1381:Crete and Greece 1359: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1253: 1250: 1158: 1155: 1147: 1144: 1133: 1130: 1067: 1064: 1035: 1032: 994: 991: 581:executive branch 500:systems such as 420:activity systems 383:Charles Bazerman 375:trade agreements 304:Olin Levi Warner 283:Advancements in 225:, bamboo slats, 120:written language 5737: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5661:Oral literature 5604: 5520:Multiliteracies 5376: 5330: 5299: 5246: 5222:Family literacy 5200: 5195: 5165: 5160: 5142: 4931: 4810: 4801: 4648: 4646: 4639: 4621: 4616: 4586: 4581: 4534: 4507: 4501: 4471: 4466: 4447:Writing systems 4435: 4356:Carrier objects 4351: 4321: 4221:Other materials 4216: 4210:Cyperus papyrus 4123:Trema micrantha 4098: 4089: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4000: 3983:Wayback Machine 3970:Wayback Machine 3957:Wayback Machine 3941:Wayback Machine 3912: 3895: 3893:Further reading 3890: 3884: 3865: 3844: 3781: 3756: 3751: 3750: 3743: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3706: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3614: 3610: 3579: 3575: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3511: 3507: 3494: 3492: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3424: 3420: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3337: 3333: 3281: 3277: 3264: 3262: 3251: 3247: 3233: 3231: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3146: 3142: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3018: 2999: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2943: 2939: 2908: 2904: 2895: 2891: 2880: 2876: 2867: 2863: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2827: 2823: 2816: 2802: 2798: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2740:"Vital Records" 2738: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2681: 2677: 2666: 2662: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2625: 2621: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2515: 2511: 2479: 2475: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2419: 2415: 2376: 2372: 2333: 2329: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2251: 2247: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2163: 2159: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2005: 2001: 1970: 1966: 1951: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1879: 1875: 1868: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1680: 1673: 1670: 1642:religious texts 1634: 1624: 1622:Religious texts 1607:are descended. 1545:Proto-Canaanite 1537: 1524:boustrophedonic 1500: 1494: 1485: 1458: 1423: 1397: 1383: 1378: 1353: 1323: 1319: 1309: 1307:Elamite scripts 1278: 1268: 1251: 1241: 1214:Zapotec writing 1202: 1177:Egyptian empire 1156: 1145: 1131: 1115:, with the two 1106: 1065: 1033: 992: 959: 954: 947: 935:Main articles: 933: 907: 888: 860: 854: 822:Mycenaean Greek 807: 789:, the phonetic 709: 667: 661: 659:Writing systems 648: 642: 632: 626: 589: 575:In addition to 568: 554: 544: 535: 523:human resources 519:software design 325: 274:word processors 186: 180: 163:spoken language 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 5735: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5681:Writing system 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5621:Asemic writing 5618: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5362:Griffith Jones 5359: 5357:James Paul Gee 5354: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5242:Whole language 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5194: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5171: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4902:Organizational 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4852:Cross-cultural 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4700:Intrapersonal 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4615: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4592: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4526: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4500: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4440:Related topics 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4394: 4382: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4202: 4197: 4185: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4164: 4161:Streblus asper 4152: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4126: 4113: 4111: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4052: 4047: 4036: 4035:External links 4033: 4031: 4030: 4024: 4011: 4004: 3998: 3985: 3944: 3931: 3923: 3916: 3910: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3882: 3869: 3863: 3848: 3842: 3829: 3820: 3785: 3779: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3723: 3704: 3684: 3677: 3659: 3647: 3635: 3623: 3608: 3589:(3): 377–389. 3573: 3554:(2): 106–115. 3538: 3531: 3505: 3475: 3445: 3438: 3418: 3388: 3331: 3275: 3245: 3205: 3193: 3186: 3180:. SUNY Press. 3168: 3161: 3140: 3122: 3096: 3084: 3065:(3): 255–281. 3049: 3037: 3030: 2997: 2962: 2955: 2937: 2918:(2): 145–154. 2902: 2889: 2874: 2861: 2846: 2839: 2821: 2814: 2796: 2761: 2731: 2724: 2703: 2696: 2675: 2660: 2647: 2640: 2619: 2584: 2577: 2559: 2552: 2534: 2527: 2509: 2490:(4): 359–386. 2473: 2454:(2): 135–164. 2438: 2431: 2413: 2386:(3): 437–458. 2370: 2343:(3): 307–316. 2327: 2316:(4): 345–372. 2300: 2293: 2270: 2263: 2245: 2234:(3): 269–305. 2218: 2188: 2157: 2100: 2094:978-0511519857 2093: 2075: 2068: 2050: 2024: 2017: 1999: 1980:(2): 227–250. 1964: 1949: 1931: 1924: 1898: 1891: 1873: 1866: 1848: 1841: 1819: 1812: 1788: 1781: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1746:Writing circle 1743: 1741:Writer's block 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1682:Writing portal 1669: 1666: 1647:printing press 1623: 1620: 1605:Arabic scripts 1597:Aramaic script 1577:Greek alphabet 1569:Latin alphabet 1561:Cumae alphabet 1541:Proto-Sinaitic 1536: 1533: 1496:Main article: 1493: 1490: 1448:Greek mainland 1428:Aegean Islands 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1346:Linear Elamite 1308: 1305: 1267: 1264: 1240: 1237: 1206:Cascajal Block 1201: 1198: 1150:Narmer Palette 1113:Narmer Palette 1105: 1102: 1017:Archaeologist 958: 955: 932: 929: 911:Southeast Asia 906: 903: 899:consonantaries 887: 884: 853: 850: 806: 803: 781:, although in 708: 705: 665:Writing system 663:Main article: 660: 657: 647: 644: 628:Main article: 625: 622: 588: 585: 567: 564: 543: 540: 534: 531: 477:, maintaining 369:of ownership, 351:literary canon 335:, maintaining 324: 321: 179: 176: 108:writing system 89:Greek alphabet 77:Demotic script 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5734: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5646:Literacy test 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5636:Dick and Jane 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5590:Transliteracy 5588: 5586: 5585:Technological 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5555:Psychological 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5483:Mental health 5481: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5413:Computational 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5367:Frank Laubach 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5295:United States 5293: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5237:Post-literacy 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5187: 5185: 5180: 5178: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5157: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4892:Media studies 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4882:International 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4867:Environmental 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4857:Developmental 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4837:Communicology 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4725:Media ecology 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4695:Interpersonal 4693: 4691: 4690:Intercultural 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4665:Communication 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4601: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4527: 4525:(c. 3000 BCE) 4524: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4486: 4484: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4081: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4027: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3758: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3688: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3651: 3645:, p. 13. 3644: 3639: 3632: 3627: 3619: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3502: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3441: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3422: 3415: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3272: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3164: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3094:, p. 36. 3093: 3092:Robinson 2003 3088: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3033: 3031:0-19-507993-0 3027: 3023: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2958: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2899: 2893: 2885: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2857: 2850: 2842: 2840:0-472-03024-8 2836: 2832: 2825: 2817: 2815:0-691-02832-X 2811: 2807: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2727: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2699: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2684:Yates, JoAnne 2679: 2671: 2664: 2657: 2651: 2643: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628:Yates, JoAnne 2623: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2580: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2555: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2434: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2296: 2290: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2266: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2153: 2149: 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Routledge. 1909: 1902: 1894: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1869: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1844: 1838: 1833: 1832: 1823: 1815: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1792: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1763: 1752: 1751:Writing slate 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1672: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1532: 1530: 1529:agglutinative 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516:decipherments 1513: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1489: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1373: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1362:Piero Meriggi 1357: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1314: 1313:Proto-Elamite 1304: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1246: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225:pre-Columbian 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1169:Seth-Peribsen 1166: 1162: 1151: 1140: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1028: 1025:The original 1023: 1020: 1013: 1012:Louvre Museum 1009: 1004: 1000: 998: 987: 983: 979: 975: 970: 968: 964: 952: 946: 942: 938: 937:Proto-writing 928: 926: 922: 918: 917: 912: 902: 900: 896: 895: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 859: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 818: 816: 812: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 726: 722: 718: 713: 704: 702: 698: 694: 693: 688: 684: 680: 679: 674: 673: 666: 656: 654: 643: 640: 638: 631: 621: 617: 615: 610: 606: 605:lab notebooks 602: 598: 594: 584: 582: 578: 573: 572:constitutions 563: 560: 553: 549: 539: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 503: 499: 498:communication 494: 493:or journal). 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 437:, reminders, 436: 432: 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 392:ancient Egypt 389: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 347: 342: 338: 334: 330: 320: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 295: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 266: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 219:stone tablets 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 185: 175: 172: 168: 164: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 125:Writing is a 123: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 69:Rosetta Stone 65: 61: 57: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 5675: 5468:Geo-literacy 5393:Agricultural 5372:Brian Street 5352:Paulo Freire 5304:Institutions 5279:New Zealand 4796: 4675:Conversation 4660:Broadcasting 4558:Punched card 4552:Punched tape 4518: 4389: 4385: 4227:Animal skin 4208: 4191: 4179: 4166: 4159: 4147: 4128: 4121: 4091: 4015: 4007: 3989: 3974: 3961: 3948: 3926: 3919: 3901: 3873: 3853: 3833: 3824: 3797: 3793: 3762: 3732: 3726: 3714:. 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