541:
247:
360:
566:
346:
504:
42:
2585:
540:
1364:
379:, in 1660. The latter was the fruit of a brief reconciliation, as after the birth of Cosimo, the two became estranged; Vittoria caught Ferdinando in bed with a page, Count Bruto della Molera. In fact, Ferdinando sexual preferences went largely to men, and his lovers may have included the scientist and Ferdinando's personal
390:
The first calamity of
Ferdinando's reign was an outbreak of the plague that swept through Florence in 1630 and took 10% of the population with it. Unlike the Tuscan nobility, Ferdinando and his brothers stayed in the city to try to ameliorate the general suffering, traveling through the city on foot
482:
from leading to a full-fledged hearing and kept
Galileo in Florence until December 1632, when the Roman Inquisitors finally threatened to bring Galileo to Rome in chains if he would not come voluntarily. In June 1633, the Roman Inquisition convicted the astronomer for "vehement suspicion of heresy"
458:
by sealing the glass tip of a tube filled to a certain height with colored alcohol. Small glass bubbles filled with air at varying pressures hovered trapped within the liquid, changing positions as the temperature rose or fell. Marked off with 360 divisions, like the gradations or "degrees" of a
546:
The family of
Ferdinand II, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1622-1623), from left to right: Mattias, Gian Carlo, Francesco and the Grand Duke Ferninand with the cross of Saint Etienne; the Duchess-mother Maria Magdalena of Austria, Marie-Christine, Marguerite, Anne and the young Leopold,
402:
in 1643. The treasury was so empty that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. The interest rate was lowered by 0.75%. The economy became so decrepit that
2523:
483:
and sentenced him to imprisonment for life. After this was commuted to house arrest, Ferdinando came to visit the elderly scientist at his villa, where he lived out the remainder of his life.
2454:
2513:
17:
2644:
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246:
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2749:
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1681:
591:
287:
2795:
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2815:
2739:
2724:
2709:
459:
circle, this type of device was called a "spirit thermometer", because it was filled with "spirit of wine" (distilled alcohol), or a "Florentine thermometer". In 1657,
2729:
302:
Ferdinando was only 10 years of age when his father Cosimo II died. Because he had not yet reached maturity, his mother Maria
Maddalena and paternal grandmother,
2744:
2699:
2528:
342:. One year later, his regency ended and his personal rule began. The dowager Grand Duchess Christina was the power behind the throne until her death in 1636.
2664:
1368:
314:, in 1633, in hopes of acquiring the Duchy. However, their political weakness prevented them from securing Urbino, and it was subsequently conquered by the
3174:
2862:
1401:
1130:
2087:
1957:
1640:
570:
2836:
2800:
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2429:
2103:
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1702:
1697:
1593:
661:
359:
2063:
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1963:
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372:
171:
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1951:
1740:
1614:
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719:
263:
215:
2055:
635:
3268:
1410:
1173:
3263:
2570:
2281:
2263:
1945:
278:. His 49-year rule was punctuated by the beginning of Tuscany's long economic decline, which was further exacerbated by his successor,
3273:
1752:
1542:
2242:
1969:
1655:
3258:
1758:
961:
565:
267:
225:
2247:
1898:
1793:
1333:
2810:
2127:
2028:
1916:
1904:
1781:
2497:
2151:
1975:
1910:
1881:
1875:
1863:
3117:
1922:
3283:
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2424:
2139:
1869:
1846:
1817:
1787:
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1350:
1316:
1023:
419:
585:
2714:
2187:
1805:
3308:
2734:
2021:
877:
1416:
I MEDICI VISTI DA DIETRO: Ferdinando II (1610–1670) e Giovan
Gastone (o Giangastone) de' Medici (1671–1737) (IT)
1398:
1212:
I Medici Visti da Dietro: Ferdinando II (1610–1670) e Giovan
Gastone (o Giangastone) de' Medici (1671–1737) (IT)
470:
Ferdinand, like his father before him, was a patron, ally, and friend of
Galileo Galilei. Galileo dedicated his
3303:
2518:
2434:
2119:
2044:
1775:
1746:
1619:
1388:
1134:
3293:
3050:
2449:
2222:
2111:
1939:
1734:
755:
398:, the last time Medicean Tuscany was involved in a military conflict and inflicted a defeat on the forces of
376:
175:
1282:
Bolton, Henry C. (1900). Evolution of the
Thermometer, 1592–1743 (Ferdinand, p. 33). Chemical Publishing Co.
1535:
286:, a first cousin, with whom he had two children who reached adulthood: the aforementioned Cosimo III, and
2976:
2887:
2770:
2614:
1055:
935:
270:. He was remembered by his contemporaries as a man of culture and science, actively participating in the
3278:
2704:
2549:
2334:
2314:
1829:
2619:
2544:
2309:
1823:
997:
584:, (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723), Grand Duke of Toscany following his father's death, married to
511:
548:
3288:
2882:
2624:
2329:
1811:
279:
89:
3225:
3087:
2775:
2629:
2439:
2350:
2319:
1645:
1528:
345:
79:
3298:
3122:
3003:
2444:
2413:
2304:
2296:
2286:
2258:
1660:
1499:
1465:
1415:
1211:
1110:
595:
460:
291:
275:
259:
113:
3034:
2922:
2780:
2554:
2232:
2227:
1650:
1563:
903:
781:
557:
503:
464:
307:
303:
283:
271:
135:
59:
41:
3253:
3248:
3008:
2983:
2966:
2956:
2805:
2217:
2180:
1992:
1624:
1598:
1588:
335:
467:. It was set up to attract scientists from all over Tuscany to Florence for mutual study.
8:
3215:
3169:
2355:
455:
3220:
2841:
2462:
1377:
693:
2584:
2482:
2988:
2961:
2649:
2477:
2467:
1384:
1346:
1329:
1312:
364:
353:
235:
158:
50:
3210:
3200:
3159:
2669:
2492:
2407:
2376:
2273:
2252:
813:
3071:
3055:
2487:
2196:
2173:
1429:
1405:
1338:
594:(12 November 1660 – 3 February 1711), Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, married to
451:
399:
318:. In his seventeenth year, Ferdinando embarked on a tour of Europe, traveling to
311:
205:
3195:
3190:
3013:
2908:
2867:
2719:
2472:
1483:
1321:
395:
384:
3242:
2785:
2606:
447:
3154:
2971:
2929:
2917:
2790:
2754:
1566:. Later generations are included but the grand duchy was abolished in 1860.
1304:
404:
315:
105:
1395:(see index, v.1, for information about Ferdinando as a patron of the arts)
3164:
3138:
3092:
2903:
2418:
2381:
2013:
475:
439:
2872:
274:, the first scientific society in Italy, formed by his younger brother,
2998:
2401:
2371:
2237:
560:, Ferdinand II had four children, of which only two reached adulthood:
431:
2857:
3112:
3029:
2993:
575:
Cosimo, Grand-Prince of
Tuscany (19 December 1639 – 21 December 1639)
474:
to him. This work led to
Galileo's second set of hearings before the
443:
435:
380:
363:
Portrait of Ferdinando II de' Medici Dressed in Oriental Costume by
516:
479:
411:
306:, acted as joint regents. His two regents arranged a marriage with
109:
2165:
3205:
1520:
327:
323:
200:
1363:
415:
339:
331:
430:
Ferdinando was obsessed with new technology and had several
319:
288:
Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro
371:
With his wife, Vittoria, he had two surviving children:
569:
Cosimo III, second son of Ferdinando II, engraving by
463:, the grand duke's youngest brother, established the
18:
Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1625:
Prince Filippo "Filippino", Grand Prince of Tuscany
1379:
Flemish paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
1376:
1374:
478:. Ferdinand attempted to keep the concerns of the
3240:
840:Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
495:Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
472:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
1558:Generations are numbered from the children of
662:Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
125:Pitti Palace, Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2181:
2029:
1536:
1230:
1228:
1383:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1131:"HISTORICAL FIGURE FERDINANDO II DE' MEDICI"
578:A nameless daughter who died at birth (1640)
350:Equestrian portrait of Ferdinando de' Medici
262:from 1621 to 1670. He was the eldest son of
47:Ferdinando II de' Medici in Coronation Robes
1234:Historical Figure Ferdinando II De' Medici
720:Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
2571:Genealogical tables of the House of Medici
2188:
2174:
2043:
2036:
2022:
1543:
1529:
1399:HISTORICAL FIGURE FERDINANDO II DE' MEDICI
1242:
1240:
1225:
636:Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
40:
1326:The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance
425:
407:became prevalent in rural market places.
564:
358:
344:
1237:
258:(14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670) was
27:Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1621 to 1670
14:
3241:
1794:Alexander Leopold, Palatine of Hungary
1759:Maximilian Francis, Elector of Cologne
977:
857:
853:
843:
735:
625:
621:
454:, he is reported to have invented the
2169:
2017:
1524:
1053:
1043:
1039:
1027:
1021:
1011:
995:
985:
981:
965:
959:
949:
933:
923:
919:
907:
901:
891:
875:
865:
861:
837:
827:
811:
801:
797:
785:
779:
769:
753:
743:
739:
723:
717:
707:
691:
681:
677:
665:
659:
649:
633:
629:
611:Ancestors of Ferdinando II de' Medici
1782:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1641:Ferdinando II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1369:Ferdinando II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
391:to help and encourage his subjects.
70:28 February 1621 – 23 May 1670
3269:17th-century grand dukes of Tuscany
2195:
1864:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1703:Gian Gastone, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1698:Ferdinando, Grand Prince of Tuscany
1594:Ferdinando I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
24:
3118:Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany
2950:Painters, sculptors and architects
1753:Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Breisgau
1579:Francesco I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1550:
410:Ferdinando died on 23 May 1670 of
25:
3320:
3264:17th-century Italian LGBTQ people
1847:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1677:Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1356:
172:Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3274:Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
3023:Poets and other literary figures
2583:
1615:Cosimo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1362:
539:
502:
245:
1682:Francesco Maria, Duke of Rovere
1620:Cardinal Carlo, Bishop of Ostia
1510:Cosimo di Ferdinando de' Medici
1493:Cosimo di Ferdinando de' Medici
1328:, Vintage books, London, 2003,
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
878:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
176:Francesco Maria, Duke of Rovere
147:
1776:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
1216:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1123:
310:, a granddaughter of the last
13:
1:
3259:17th-century Italian nobility
3201:Stories set to music: "opera"
2005:* also an archduke of Austria
1735:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
1425:Ferdinando II de' Medici
1345:, Orion books, London, 1977,
1298:
756:Charles III, Duke of Lorraine
556:From his unhappy marriage to
1500:Hereditary Prince of Tuscany
1116:
394:Tuscany participated in the
7:
2977:Michelangelo and the Medici
2821:Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano
2771:Casino Mediceo di San Marco
1800:Joseph, Palatine of Hungary
1661:Leopoldo, Governor of Siena
1375:Liedtke, Walter A. (1984).
1311:, Macmillan, London, 1980,
1104:
936:Anna of Bohemia and Hungary
602:
586:Marguerite Louise d'Orléans
10:
3325:
3044:Humanists and philosophers
2796:Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci
1970:Prince Franz Karl Salvator
1651:Mattias, Governor of Siena
971:
962:Maria Magdalena of Austria
855:
729:
623:
377:Francesco Maria de' Medici
268:Maria Maddalena of Austria
226:Maria Maddalena of Austria
164:
3183:
3147:
3131:
3105:
3080:
3064:
3043:
3022:
2949:
2942:
2896:
2850:
2829:
2763:
2605:
2598:
2581:
2563:
2545:Giovanni delle Bande Nere
2537:
2506:
2390:
2364:
2343:
2295:
2272:
2228:Lorenzo "The Magnificent"
2210:
2203:
2051:
2002:
1985:
1932:
1891:
1856:
1839:
1768:
1727:
1711:
1690:
1669:
1633:
1607:
1571:
1556:
1506:
1497:
1489:
1482:
1472:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1423:
1041:
1033:
1005:
998:Albert V, Duke of Bavaria
983:
979:
943:
921:
913:
885:
863:
859:
821:
799:
791:
763:
741:
737:
701:
679:
671:
643:
627:
522:
510:
501:
488:
450:. In 1654, influenced by
418:. He was interred in the
241:
231:
221:
211:
199:
190:
185:
181:
157:
129:
119:
99:
95:
85:
75:
65:
58:
39:
34:
3284:Grand princes of Tuscany
1899:Prince Leopold Ferdinand
1788:Charles, Duke of Teschen
532:
456:sealed-glass thermometer
297:
256:Ferdinando II de' Medici
2776:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
2507:Bishops and archbishops
1917:Prince Leopold Salvator
1905:Prince Joseph Ferdinand
1343:Florence and the Medici
420:Basilica of San Lorenzo
3309:Nobility from Florence
3123:Order of Saint Stephen
3004:Antonio del Pollaiuolo
2297:Grand Dukes of Tuscany
2045:Grand dukes of Tuscany
1976:Prince Hubert Salvator
1911:Prince Peter Ferdinand
1882:Prince Johann Salvator
1876:Prince Ludwig Salvator
1111:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
596:Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga
573:
549:Musée Ingres Bourdelle
426:Ferdinando and science
422:, the Medicis' crypt.
368:
356:
114:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3304:LGBTQ Roman Catholics
2923:Cappella dei Principi
2830:Fountains and gardens
2282:Alessandro "The Moor"
2264:Alessandro "The Moor"
1923:Prince Franz Salvator
1818:Prince Rainier Joseph
1741:Prince Charles Joseph
1646:Cardinal Giovan Carlo
1564:Grand Duke of Tuscany
1476:Cosimo III de' Medici
1466:Grand Duke of Tuscany
1024:Maria Anna of Bavaria
904:Charles II of Austria
782:Christina of Lorraine
568:
558:Vittoria Della Rovere
465:Accademia del Cimento
362:
348:
308:Vittoria della Rovere
304:Christina of Lorraine
284:Vittoria della Rovere
280:Cosimo III de' Medici
272:Accademia del Cimento
260:grand duke of Tuscany
191:Ferdinando de' Medici
136:Vittoria della Rovere
123:23 May 1670 (aged 59)
60:Grand Duke of Tuscany
3294:LGBTQ heads of state
3088:Emilio de' Cavalieri
3051:Pico della Mirandola
3009:Jacopo della Quercia
2984:Bernardo Buontalenti
2967:Filippo Brunelleschi
2957:Bartolomeo Ammannati
2806:Palazzo delle Vedove
2238:Giovanni, Pope Leo X
1952:Prince Leopold Maria
1870:Prince Karl Salvator
1560:Francesco de' Medici
1459:Cosimo II de' Medici
1404:9 April 2022 at the
1371:at Wikimedia Commons
264:Cosimo II de' Medici
216:Cosimo II de' Medici
3113:Medici coat of arms
3035:Niccolò Machiavelli
2498:Vincenzo II Gonzaga
1958:Prince Franz Joseph
1806:Prince Anton Victor
461:Leopoldo de' Medici
276:Leopoldo de' Medici
2842:Villa di Pratolino
2218:Cosimo "The Elder"
694:Eleonora di Toledo
574:
369:
357:
3279:Deaths from edema
3236:
3235:
3175:Arazzeria Medicea
3101:
3100:
2989:Leonardo da Vinci
2962:Sandro Botticelli
2938:
2937:
2878:San Piero a Sieve
2579:
2578:
2478:Bernardo Salviati
2468:Giovanni Salviati
2274:Dukes of Florence
2233:Piero "The Brief"
2223:Piero "The Gouty"
2211:Lords of Florence
2163:
2162:
2112:Francesco Stefano
2011:
2010:
1584:Cardinal Giovanni
1516:
1515:
1507:Succeeded by
1473:Succeeded by
1367:Media related to
1334:978-0-09-952297-3
1193:Strathern, p. 375
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
530:
529:
446:installed in the
365:Justus Sustermans
354:Justus Sustermans
253:
252:
236:Roman Catholicism
195:
194:
51:Justus Sustermans
16:(Redirected from
3316:
3211:Pazzi conspiracy
3170:Venus de' Medici
3160:Medici porcelain
3030:Agnolo Poliziano
2947:
2946:
2705:Poggio Imperiale
2603:
2602:
2593:
2587:
2519:Bernardo Antonio
2493:Ferrante Gonzaga
2344:Queens of France
2208:
2207:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2014:
1964:Prince Karl Pius
1940:Prince Gottfried
1656:Prince Francesco
1545:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1504:1610–1621
1490:Preceded by
1470:1621–1670
1456:Preceded by
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1439:
1421:
1420:
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1171:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1155:Strathern, p 381
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1133:. Archived from
1127:
814:Claude of Valois
617:
616:
608:
607:
571:Adriaen Haelwegh
543:
506:
496:
491:
486:
485:
249:
183:
182:
168:
151:
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71:
44:
32:
31:
21:
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3323:
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3314:
3313:
3289:House of Medici
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3179:
3143:
3127:
3097:
3076:
3072:Galileo Galilei
3060:
3056:Marsilio Ficino
3039:
3018:
2934:
2892:
2846:
2837:Medici fountain
2825:
2759:
2645:Poggio a Caiano
2594:
2589:
2588:
2575:
2559:
2533:
2502:
2488:Lorenzo Strozzi
2483:Niccolò Ridolfi
2463:Luigi de' Rossi
2457:
2450:Francesco Maria
2386:
2360:
2339:
2291:
2268:
2199:
2197:House of Medici
2194:
2164:
2159:
2047:
2042:
2012:
2007:
1998:
1986:13th generation
1981:
1933:12th generation
1928:
1892:11th generation
1887:
1857:10th generation
1852:
1835:
1830:Cardinal Rudolf
1764:
1723:
1707:
1686:
1665:
1629:
1603:
1567:
1552:
1549:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1495:
1484:Italian royalty
1478:
1469:
1461:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1430:House of Medici
1426:
1406:Wayback Machine
1391:
1359:
1322:Strathern, Paul
1309:The Last Medici
1301:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1254:
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1245:
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1233:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1210:
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1201:
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1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1137:on 9 April 2022
1129:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1107:
1102:
1056:Anna of Austria
605:
598:, without issue
592:Francesco Maria
552:
544:
535:
512:Reference style
494:
492:
489:
452:Galileo Galilei
428:
400:Pope Urban VIII
375:, in 1642, and
300:
206:House of Medici
174:
162:
161:
153:
150: 1632)
145:
141:
138:
124:
104:
69:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3208:
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3198:
3196:Galilean moons
3193:
3191:Medici giraffe
3187:
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2737:
2735:Montevettolini
2732:
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2137:
2128:Ferdinando III
2125:
2117:
2109:
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2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1993:Prince Dominic
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1929:
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1895:
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1879:
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1843:
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1840:9th generation
1837:
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1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
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1769:8th generation
1766:
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1756:
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1728:7th generation
1725:
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1721:
1715:
1713:
1712:6th generation
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1691:5th generation
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1670:4th generation
1667:
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1572:1st generation
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1357:External links
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3:
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3299:LGBTQ royalty
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2786:Palazzo Pitti
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2410:(Clement VII)
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2325:Ferdinando II
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2152:Ferdinando IV
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1946:Prince Rainer
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1589:Prince Garzia
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1411:Treccani (IT)
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1351:1-84212-456-0
1348:
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1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:0-333-29315-0
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:Acton, Harold
1303:
1302:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1264:Acton, p. 108
1261:
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1199:
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1184:Treccani (IT)
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631:
619:
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583:
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536:
526:Your Highness
525:
521:
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468:
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448:Palazzo Pitti
445:
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293:
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285:
282:. He married
281:
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68:
64:
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
38:
35:Ferdinando II
33:
30:
19:
3155:Medici lions
3132:Institutions
2972:Michelangelo
2930:Old Sacristy
2918:New Sacristy
2791:Villa Medici
2715:L'Ambrogiana
2700:Arena Metato
2590:
2550:Don Giovanni
2458:
2440:Giovan Carlo
2430:Ferdinando I
2397:
2335:Gian Gastone
2324:
2315:Ferdinando I
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2104:Gian Gastone
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2072:Ferdinando I
2066:
2058:
2004:
1824:Prince Louis
1718:
1517:
1498:
1464:
1442:
1438:14 July 1610
1435:
1428:
1378:
1342:
1325:
1308:
1291:Acton, p. 38
1287:
1278:
1273:Acton, p. 27
1269:
1260:
1255:Hale, p. 181
1251:
1222:Hale, p. 179
1218:
1207:
1202:Acton, p. 30
1198:
1189:
1180:
1169:
1164:Hale, p. 178
1160:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:the original
1125:
839:
588:, with issue
555:
523:Spoken style
517:His Highness
493:
469:
440:thermometers
429:
409:
405:barter trade
393:
389:
370:
367:, circa 1640
349:
316:Papal States
301:
255:
254:
163:
106:Pitti Palace
103:14 July 1610
46:
29:
3254:1670 deaths
3249:1610 births
3165:Medici Vase
3139:Medici Bank
3093:Jacopo Peri
2913:San Lorenzo
2904:Magi Chapel
2538:Condottieri
2459:female line
2377:Clement VII
2310:Francesco I
2147:(1849–1859)
2143:(1824–1849)
2140:Leopoldo II
2135:(1814–1824)
2131:(1790–1801)
2123:(1765–1790)
2115:(1737-1765)
2107:(1723–1737)
2099:(1670–1723)
2091:(1621–1670)
2083:(1609–1621)
2075:(1587–1609)
2067:(1574-1587)
2064:Francesco I
2059:(1569–1574)
1812:Prince John
1445:23 May 1670
1246:Hale, p.180
476:Inquisition
432:hygrometers
76:Predecessor
3243:Categories
3216:Savonarola
3065:Scientists
2999:Michelozzo
2851:Fortresses
2695:Marignolle
2675:Camugliano
2670:La Petraia
2665:Spedaletto
2655:Mezzomonte
2615:Cafaggiolo
2419:Alessandro
2330:Cosimo III
2248:Lorenzo II
2120:Leopoldo I
2096:Cosimo III
1390:0870993569
1339:Hale, J.R.
1299:References
582:Cosimo III
444:telescopes
436:barometers
90:Cosimo III
3221:TV series
3081:Musicians
2994:Donatello
2943:Patronage
2750:Seravezza
2685:La Topaia
2635:La Quiete
2599:Buildings
2564:Genealogy
2455:Francesco
2398:male line
2391:Cardinals
2320:Cosimo II
2080:Cosimo II
1747:Leopold I
1141:17 August
1117:Citations
490:Styles of
381:physician
242:Signature
86:Successor
80:Cosimo II
3226:episodes
3106:Heraldry
2888:Volterra
2868:Piombino
2863:Grosseto
2816:Materdei
2740:Artimino
2720:La MĂ gia
2650:Castello
2524:Giuliano
2445:Leopoldo
2425:Giovanni
2421:(Leo XI)
2414:Ippolito
2402:Giovanni
2351:Caterina
2305:Cosimo I
2287:Cosimo I
2259:Ippolito
2243:Giuliano
2056:Cosimo I
1562:, first
1402:Archived
1105:See also
603:Ancestry
480:Holy See
412:apoplexy
292:cardinal
232:Religion
110:Florence
3206:Albizzi
3184:Related
2897:Chapels
2873:Pistoia
2801:Livorno
2764:Palaces
2730:Coltano
2725:Liliano
2710:Lapeggi
2680:Stabbia
2630:Fiesole
2625:Careggi
2620:Trebbio
2555:Mattias
2514:Filippo
2404:(Leo X)
336:Austria
328:Ferrara
324:Bologna
152:
144:
140:
2858:Arezzo
2755:Madama
2660:Agnano
2607:Villas
2529:Zanobi
2408:Giulio
2382:Leo XI
2253:Giulio
2204:People
2155:(1859)
2145:&
2133:&
1441:
1387:
1349:
1332:
1315:
416:dropsy
373:Cosimo
340:Prague
332:Venice
222:Mother
212:Father
165:Detail
130:Spouse
2883:Siena
2435:Carlo
2372:Leo X
2365:Popes
2356:Maria
1443:Died:
1436:Born:
533:Issue
298:Reign
201:House
186:Names
159:Issue
146:(
142:
66:Reign
2811:Pisa
2745:Buti
1719:None
1385:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1143:2020
1054:15.
996:14.
934:13.
876:12.
812:11.
754:10.
442:and
414:and
338:and
320:Rome
290:, a
266:and
120:Died
100:Born
3148:Art
1022:7.
960:3.
902:6.
838:1.
780:5.
718:2.
692:9.
660:4.
634:8.
352:by
49:by
3245::
2911:,
2461::
2400::
1341::
1324::
1307::
1239:^
1227:^
438:,
434:,
387:.
383:,
330:,
326:,
322:,
294:.
148:m.
112:,
108:,
2189:e
2182:t
2175:v
2037:e
2030:t
2023:v
1995:*
1978:*
1972:*
1966:*
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1954:*
1948:*
1942:*
1925:*
1919:*
1913:*
1907:*
1901:*
1884:*
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1872:*
1866:*
1849:*
1832:*
1826:*
1820:*
1814:*
1808:*
1802:*
1796:*
1790:*
1784:*
1778:*
1761:*
1755:*
1749:*
1743:*
1737:*
1544:e
1537:t
1530:v
1393:.
1145:.
551:.
53:.
20:)
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