20:
622:
554:
255:
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220:. Animals and humans can obtain the necessary iron from foods that contain it in assimilable form, such as meat. Other organisms must obtain their iron from the environment. However, iron tends to form highly insoluble iron(III) oxides/hydroxides in aerobic (
629:
Iron(III) is a d center, meaning that the metal has five "valence" electrons in the 3d orbital shell. The number and type of ligands bound to iron(III) determine how these electrons arrange themselves. With so-called "strong field ligands" such as
247:
The insolubility of iron(III) compounds is also responsible for the low levels of iron in seawater, which is often the limiting factor for the growth of the microscopic plants (
240:
that form soluble complexes with iron(III), that can be reabsorbed into the cell. (The other plants instead encourage the growth around their roots of certain bacteria that
533:
While iron(III) aquo complexes tend to convert to polymeric oxy-hydroxides, iron(III) complexes with other ligands form stable solutions. The complex with
613:, rust flakes off, because it is bulkier than the metal that formed it. Therefore, unprotected iron objects will in time be completely turned into rust.
817:
Boyd PW, Watson AJ, Law CS, et al. (October 2000). "A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar
Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization".
476:
The aquo ligands on iron(III) complexes are labile. This behavior is visualized by the color change brought about by reaction with thiocyanate:
746:
461:
compounds prevent the polymerization. These same ligands can even dissolve iron(III) oxides and hydroxides. One of these ligands is
469:
also solubilizes ferric ion at neutral pH, although its complexes are less stable than those of EDTA. Many chelating ligands - the
465:, which is often used to dissolve iron deposits or added to fertilizers to make iron in the soil available (soluble) to plants.
877:
781:
674:. Tetrahedral complexes are high spin. The magnetism of ferric complexes can show when they are high or low spin.
119:, that naked ion does not exist except under extreme conditions. Iron(III) centres are found in many compounds and
666:
has only five unpaired electrons. It is high-spin. With chloride, iron(III) forms tetrahedral complexes, e.g. (
899:
205:. Many organisms, from bacteria to humans, store iron as microscopic crystals (3 to 8 nm in diameter) of
185:
All known forms of life require iron, which usually exists in Fe(II) or Fe(III) oxidation states. Many
597:
is a mixture of iron(III) oxide and oxide-hydroxide that usually forms when iron metal is exposed to
583:
206:
747:"Iron integral to the development of life on Earth – and the possibility of life on other planets"
19:
602:
23:
646:
has only one unpaired electron. It is low-spin. With so-called "weak field ligands" such as
153:
ions surrounding the Fe core. Relative to lower oxidation states, ferric is less common in
826:
750:
357:
154:
120:
8:
331:
830:
850:
719:
691:
534:
271:
76:
873:
842:
777:
796:
H. Marschner and V. Römheld (1994): "Strategies of plants for acquisition of iron".
854:
834:
801:
258:
68:
61:
711:
705:
683:
569:
225:
123:, where Fe(III) is bonded to several ligands. A molecular ferric complex is the
326:
ions. In these complexes, the protons are acidic. Eventually these solutions
190:
108:
893:
621:
248:
194:
625:
d-orbital splitting scheme for low- and high spin octahedral Fe(III) complex
846:
697:
651:
635:
557:
275:
254:
127:
340:
that further converts to polymeric oxide-hydroxide via the process called
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470:
345:
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98:
805:
327:
202:
198:
838:
458:
147:
47:
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631:
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88:
537:
is soluble and can sustain reduction to it iron(II) derivative:
221:
217:
236:
can thrive in such environments by secreting compounds called
189:
in living beings contain iron(III) centers. Examples of such
647:
241:
124:
103:
867:
594:
561:
462:
64:
564:, is a very complicated material that contains iron(III).
348:
out of the solution as solids. That reaction liberates
702:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
688:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
473:- are produced naturally to dissolve iron(III) oxides.
568:
Iron(III) is found in many minerals and solids, e.g.,
548:
634:, the five electrons pair up as best they can. Thus
716:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
605:oxide layers that are formed by other metals, like
728: – The element iron in its +2 oxidation state
891:
314:. Iron(III) nitrate dissolved in water to give
265:
872:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
772:Berg, Jeremy Mark; Lippard, Stephen J. (1994).
776:. Sausalito, Calif: University Science Books.
816:
251:) that are the basis of the marine food web.
213:, from which it can be recovered as needed.
244:iron(III) to the more soluble iron(II).)
216:Insufficient iron in the human diet causes
96:salts, containing the cation Fe. The word
16:The element iron in its +3 oxidation state
650:, the five electrons are unpaired. Thus
589:are extremely insoluble reflecting their
620:
552:
539:
253:
18:
868:Earnshaw, A.; Greenwood, N. N. (1997).
790:
180:
892:
800:, volume 165, issue 2, pages 261–274.
356:lowering the pH of its solutions. The
270:Typically iron(III) salts, like the "
774:Principles of bioinorganic chemistry
861:
549:Iron(III) minerals and other solids
13:
14:
911:
209:, inside a shell of the protein
26:contains the iron(III) complex
810:
765:
739:
115:Although often abbreviated as
1:
732:
535:1,10-phenanthrolinebipyridine
266:Iron(III) salts and complexes
224:) environment, especially in
7:
677:
75:is an alternative name for
10:
916:
686: – Inorganic compound
616:
489:] + SCN ⇌ [Fe(SCN)(H
870:Chemistry of the elements
714: – chemical compound
700: – Chemical compound
584:iron(III) oxide-hydroxide
207:iron(III) oxide hydroxide
626:
565:
545:
262:
121:coordination complexes
107:
43:
24:Potassium ferrioxalate
624:
556:
543:
518:is nearly colorless,
257:
22:
751:University of Oxford
344:. These hydroxides
181:Iron(III) in biology
155:organoiron chemistry
112:, meaning "iron".
102:is derived from the
92:is used instead for
900:Iron(III) compounds
831:2000Natur.407..695B
544:Redox reaction of .
394:OH] ⇌ [Fe(H
332:iron(III) hydroxide
806:10.1007/BF00008069
720:Iron(III) fluoride
692:Iron(III) chloride
627:
566:
560:, commonly called
546:
278:with the formulas
263:
77:iron(III) chloride
44:
825:(6805): 695–702.
753:. 7 December 2021
601:air. Unlike the
86:). The adjective
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884:
883:
865:
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665:
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447:
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382:
373:] ⇌ [Fe(H
360:are elaborate:
355:
339:
325:
313:
300:], and [Fe(H
259:Pourbaix diagram
226:calcareous soils
176:
145:
85:
41:
915:
914:
910:
909:
908:
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905:
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766:
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712:Ferric fluoride
706:Iron(III) oxide
701:
687:
684:Ferric chloride
680:
671:
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663:
659:
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582:(hematite) and
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500:
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261:of aqueous iron
191:metalloproteins
183:
177:is well known.
174:
170:
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143:
139:
135:
131:
84:
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73:Ferric chloride
69:oxidation state
39:
35:
31:
27:
17:
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11:
5:
913:
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902:
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885:
878:
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729:
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661:
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520:[Fe(SCN)(H
513:
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498:
494:
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455:
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436:
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288:Cl], [Fe(H
285:
281:
276:aquo complexes
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182:
179:
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60:refers to the
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530:is deep red.
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146:, with three
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755:. Retrieved
741:
698:Ferric oxide
652:aquo complex
636:ferricyanide
628:
567:
558:Ferric oxide
532:
505:
475:
471:siderophores
456:
346:precipitates
269:
246:
238:siderophores
215:
184:
128:ferrioxalate
116:
114:
97:
87:
72:
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51:
45:
668:[Fe(Cl)
640:[Fe(CN)
603:passivating
593:structure.
411:2 [Fe(H
203:cytochromes
159:ferrocenium
733:References
358:equilibria
330:producing
222:oxygenated
201:, and the
199:ferredoxin
157:, but the
67:in its +3
656:[Fe(H
591:polymeric
508:[Fe(H
481:[Fe(H
459:chelating
386:[Fe(H
381:OH] + H
365:[Fe(H
328:hydrolyze
316:[Fe(H
280:[Fe(H
163:[Fe(C
148:bidentate
132:[Fe(C
52:iron(III)
48:chemistry
28:[Fe(C
894:Category
847:11048709
678:See also
611:aluminum
607:chromium
506:Whereas
457:Various
350:hydrogen
272:chloride
230:Bacteria
211:ferritin
193:include
187:proteins
94:iron(II)
855:4368261
827:Bibcode
726:Ferrous
632:cyanide
617:Bonding
587:FeO(OH)
467:Citrate
406:] + H
342:olation
234:grasses
161:cation
151:oxalate
89:ferrous
62:element
876:
853:
845:
819:Nature
780:
335:Fe(OH)
274:" are
242:reduce
218:anemia
109:ferrum
99:ferric
57:ferric
851:S2CID
757:9 May
648:water
599:humid
570:oxide
497:] + H
448:+ 2 H
352:ions
125:anion
106:word
104:Latin
874:ISBN
843:PMID
778:ISBN
759:2022
609:and
595:Rust
562:rust
463:EDTA
435:(OH)
419:(OH)
402:(OH)
232:and
81:FeCl
65:iron
835:doi
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802:doi
71:.
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