1176:
rotation and a better body position for landing". When they execute a toe jump, they must use their skate's toe pick to complete a pole-vaulting-type motion off the ice, which along with extra horizontal speed, helps them store more energy in their leg. As they rotate over their leg, their horizontal motion converts into tangential velocity. King, who believes quintuple jumps are mathematically possible, says that in order to execute more rotations, they could improve their rotational momentum as they execute their footwork or approach into their takeoff, creating torque about the rotating axis as they come off the ice. She also says that if skaters can increase their rotational momentum while "still exploding upward" they can rotate faster and increase the number of revolutions they perform. Sports writer Dvora Meyers, reporting on
Russian coaching techniques, says female skaters executing more quadruple jumps in competition use what experts call pre-rotation, or the practice of twisting their upper bodies before they take off from the ice, which allows them to complete four revolutions before landing. Meyers also says the technique depends on the skater's being small, light, and young, and that it puts more strain on the back because they do not use as much leg strength. As a skater ages and goes through puberty, however, they tend to not be able to execute quadruple jumps because "the technique wasn't sound to start with". They also tend to retire before the age of 18 due to the increase of back injuries.
1142:
quadruple jumps, but their angular momentum at the start of triples and quadruples is slightly higher than it is for double jumps. The key to completing higher-rotation jumps is how they control the moment of inertia. Richards also found that many skaters, although they were able to gain the necessary angular momentum for takeoff, had difficulty gaining enough rotational speed to complete the jump. King agrees, saying skaters must be in the air long enough, have enough jump height to complete the required revolutions, and the amount of vertical velocity they are able to gain as they jump off the ice, although different jumps require different patterns of movement. Skaters performing quadruple jumps tend to be in the air longer and have more rotational speed. King also found that most skaters "actually tended to skate slower into their quads as compared to their triples", although the differences in the speed in which they approached triples and quadruples were small. King conjectured that slowing their approach into the jumps were due to skaters' "confidence and a feeling of control and timing for the jump", rather than any difference in how they executed them. Vertical takeoff velocity, however, was higher for both quadruple and triple toe loops, resulting in "higher jumps and more time in the air to complete the extra revolution for the quadruple toe-loop". As Tanya Lewis of
1087:
Axel, the throw
Salchow, the throw toe loop, the throw loop, the throw flip, and the throw Lutz. The throw triple Axel is a difficult throw to accomplish because the woman must perform three-and-one-half revolutions after being thrown by the man, a half-revolution more than other triple jumps, and because it requires a forward takeoff. The speed of the team's entry into the throw jump and the number of rotations performed increases its difficulty, as well as the height and/or distance they create. Pair teams must perform one throw jump during their short programs; senior teams can perform any double or triple throw jump, and junior teams must perform a double or triple toe loop. If the throw jump is not done correctly, including if it has the wrong number of revolutions, it receives no value. A well-balanced Free Skating program must contain a maximum of 2 different Throw Jumps (different name and/or different number of revolutions). A throw jump is judged as a jump with a higher number of revolution if it is over-rotated more than a quarter revolution; for example, if a pair attempts a double throw jump but over-rotates it, the judges record it as a downgraded triple throw jump.
135:; many jumps were named after the skaters who invented them or from the figures from which they were developed. It was not until the early part of the 20th century, well after the establishment of organized skating competitions, when jumps with the potential of being completed with multiple revolutions were invented and when jumps were formally categorized. In the 1920s Austrian skaters began to perform the first double jumps in practice. Skaters experimented with jumps, and by the end of the period, the modern repertoire of jumps had been developed. Jumps did not have a major role in free skating programs during international competitions until the 1930s. During the post-war period and into the 1950s and early 1960s, triple jumps became more common for both male and female skaters, and a full repertoire of two-revolution jumps had been fully developed. In the 1980s men were expected to complete four or five difficult triple jumps, and women had to perform the easier triples. By the 1990s, after compulsory figures were removed from competitions, multi-revolution jumps became more important in figure skating.
1180:
edge's rotational edge and will rotate faster, a principle that is also used to create faster spins. The inherent force of the edge and the force generated by a skater's upper body, arms, and free leg tend to increase rotation, so successful jumping requires precise control of these forces. Leaning into the curvature of the edge is how skaters regulate the edge's inherent angular momentum. Their upper body, arms, and free leg are controlled by what happens at the time of preparation for the jump and its takeoff, which are designed to produce the correct amount of rotation on the takeoff. If they do not have enough rotation, they will not be at the correct position at the takeoff; if they rotate too much, their upper body will not be high enough in the air. Skaters must keep track of the many different movements and body positions, as well as the timing of those movements relative to each other and to the jump itself, which requires hours of practice but once mastered, becomes natural.
1184:
possibilities going into subsequent jumps. Rotational momentum tends to increase during combination jumps, so skaters should control rotation at the landing of each jump; if a skater does not control rotation, they will over-rotate on subsequent jumps and probably fall. The way skaters control rotation differs depending upon the nature of the landing and takeoff edges, and the way they use their arms, which regulate their shoulders and upper body position, and free leg, which dictates the positioning of their hips. If the landing on one jump leads directly into the takeoff of the jump that follows it, the bend on the landing leg of the first jump serves as preparation for the spring of the takeoff of the subsequent jump. If some time elapses between the completion of the first jump and the takeoff of the subsequent one, or if a series of movements serve as preparation for the subsequent jump, the leg bend for the spring can be separated from the bend of the landing leg.
1083:
jump combination or sequence. A jump sequence consists of two or three jumps of any number of revolutions, in which the second and/or the third jump is an Axel type jump. Jumps during the short program which do not satisfy the requirements (including the wrong number of revolutions) will have no value. In the Free Skate, in case of unequal number of revolutions of partners in a jump performed as a solo jump or part of a combo or a sequence, this jump will be called as a jump with the lesser number of revolutions executed by the partners. The Judges will reflect the mistake in their GOE. In the Free Skate, all jumps executed with more than 2 revolutions (double Axel and all triple and quadruple jumps) must be of a different nature (different name); however the jump combination or sequence can include two same such jumps. The Short
Program for the season 2023β24 must include one solo jump.
173:(ISU), jumps must have the following characteristics to earn the most points: they must have "very good height and very good length"; they must be executed effortlessly, including the rhythm demonstrated during jump combinations; and they must have good takeoffs and landings. The following are not required, but also taken into consideration: there must be steps executed before the beginning of the jump, or it must have either a creative or unexpected entry; the jump must match the music; and the skater must have, from the jump's takeoff to its landing, a "very good body position". A jump combination is executed when a skater's landing foot of the first jump is also the takeoff foot of the following jump. All jumps are considered in the order they are completed. Pair teams, both juniors and seniors, must perform one solo jump during their short programs.
1007:
1067:
268:, were named after the skaters who invented them. It was not until the early part of the 20th century, well after the establishment of organized skating competitions, when jumps with the potential of being completed with multiple revolutions were invented and when jumps were formally categorized. These jumps became elements in athletic free skating programs, but they were not worth more points than no-revolution jumps and half-jumps. In the 1920s Austrian skaters began to perform the first double jumps in practice and refine rotations in the Axel. Skaters experimented with jumps, and by the end of the period, the modern repertoire of jumps had been developed.
1003:
be no weight transfer on it and if the skater makes one full revolution between the jumps, the element continues to be deemed a jump sequence and receives their full value. Prior to the 2022-23 rule changes, the skater received only 80% of the base value of the jumps executed in a jump sequence. Both a jump combination and jump sequence can "consist of the same or another single, double, triple or quadruple jump". In their free skating programs, skaters can include up to three jump combinations in their free skating programs; one jump combination or jump sequence can include up to three jumps, while the other two can include up to two jumps each.
958:
1164:
1617:
1575:
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1510:
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1236:
293:, who "intentionally tried to bring a greater athleticism to men's skating", performed the first double Axel in competition in 1948 and the first triple jump, a triple loop, in 1952. Triple jumps, especially triple Salchows, became more common for male skaters during the 1950s and early 1960s, and female skaters, especially in North America, included a full repertoire of two-revolution jumps. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, men commonly performed triple Salchows and women regularly performed double Axels in competitions. Men would also include more difficult multi-revolution jumps like triple
1312:
1704:
1590:
1719:
773:
because a skater can turn his or her body towards the assisting foot at takeoff, which slightly reduces the rotation needed in the air. It is often added to more difficult jumps during combinations, and is the most common second jump performed in combinations. It is also the most commonly attempted jump, as well as "the most commonly cheated on take off jump", or a jump in which the first rotation starts on the ice rather than in the air. Adding a toe loop to combination jumps does not increase the difficulty of skaters' short or free skating programs.
1346:
1792:
1746:
1031:. Writer Ellyn Kestnbaum says the ISU established the rule "in order to encourage variety and balance rather than allowing a skater to rack up credit for demonstrating the same skill over and over". Kestnbaum also says that as rotations in jumps for both men and women have increased skaters have increased the difficulty of jumps by adding more difficult combinations and by adding difficult steps immediately before or after their jumps, resulting in "integrating the jumps more seamlessly into the flow of the program".
1468:
863:, in 1909. The Salchow is accomplished with a takeoff from the back inside edge of one foot and a landing on the back outside edge of the opposite foot. It is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple". Timing is critical because both the takeoff and the landing must be on the backward edge. A Salchow is deemed cheated if the skate blade starts to turn forward before the takeoff, or if it has not turned completely backward when the skater lands back on the ice.
1434:
1048:
repeat the same two triple or quadruple jumps only in their free skating programs. They could repeat four-revolutions jumps only once, and the base value of the triple Axel and quadruple jumps were "reduced dramatically". As of 2022, jump sequences consisted of two or three jumps, but the second or third jump had to be an Axel. Jump sequences began to be counted for their full value and skaters could include single jumps in their step sequences as choreographic elements without incurring a penalty.
1994:
1952:
1834:
824:
1113:
relying on their arms. It also demonstrates their back strength and technical ability to complete the rotation without relying on their arms. Unusual entries into jumps demonstrate that skaters are able to control both the jump and, with little preparation, the transition from the previous move to the jump. Skaters rotate more quickly when their arms are pulled in tightly to their bodies, which requires strength to keep their arms being pulled away from their bodies as they rotate.
999:
following are not required, but also taken into consideration: there must be steps executed before the beginning of the jump, or it must have either a creative or unexpected entry; the jump must match the music; and the skater must have, from the jump's takeoff to its landing, a "very good body position". Somersault-type jumps, like the back flip, are not allowed. The back flip has been banned by the ISU since 1976 because it was deemed too dangerous and lacked "aesthetic value".
1666:
1632:
305:. In the 1980s men were expected to complete four or five difficult triple jumps, and women had to perform the easier triples such as the loop jump. By the 1990s, after compulsory figures were removed from competitions, multi-revolution jumps became more important in figure skating. According to Kestnbaum, jumps like the triple Lutz became more important during women's skating competitions. The last time a woman won a gold medal at the Olympics without a triple jump was
325:
4986:
202:
1395:
1380:
1677:
1285:
1270:
1967:
1925:
1807:
1910:
1876:
1849:
1761:
1152:
4996:
705:, which was known as a half-loop before 2018, is an edge jump. Toe jumps tend to be higher than edge jumps because skaters press the toe pick of their skate into the ice on takeoff. Both feet are on the ice at the time of takeoff, and the toe-pick in the ice at takeoff acts as a pole vault. It is impossible to add a half-revolution to toe jumps.
166:, which was known as a half-loop before 2018, is an edge jump. Jumps are also classified by the number of revolutions. Pair skaters perform two types of jumps: side-by-side jumps, in which jumps are accomplished side by side and in unison, and throw jumps, in which the woman performs the jump when assisted and propelled by her partner.
827:
826:
709:
leg, and of how well he or she leans into the takeoff edge. The preparation going into the jump and its takeoff, as well as controlling the rotation of the preparation and takeoff, must be precisely timed. When a skater executes an edge jump, they must extend their leg and use their arms more than when they execute toe jumps.
831:
830:
825:
832:
1052:
skaters must include a "maximum of seven jump elements (one of which must be an Axel type jump)" in their free skating programs. Both junior and senior skaters receive no points for jumps performed during their short programs that do not satisfy the requirements, including completing the wrong number of revolutions.
713:
technical and athletic ability, with attention paid to clean takeoffs and landings". Pair skaters perform two types of jumps: side-by-side jumps, in which jumps are accomplished side by side and in unison, and throw jumps, in which the woman performs the jump when assisted and propelled by her partner.
285:
from
Austria was well known for his athletic jumps, which were the longest and highest in the history of figure skating. Hines reported that his Axel measured four feet high and 25 feet from takeoff to landing. Both men and women, including women skaters from Great Britain, were doubling Salchows and
1183:
The number of possible combinations jumps are limitless; if a turn or change of feet is permitted between combination jumps, any number of sequences is possible, although if the landing of one jump is the takeoff of the next, as is the case in loop combinations, how the skater lands will dictate the
1095:
According to
Kestbaum, jumps are divided into eight parts: the set-up, load, transition, pivot, takeoff, flight, landing, and exit. All jumps, except for the Axel, are taken off while skating backward; Axels are entered into by skating forward. Skaters travel in three directions simultaneously while
998:
Also according to the ISU, jumps must have the following characteristics to earn the most points: they must have "very good height and very good length"; they must be executed effortlessly, including the rhythm demonstrated during jump combinations; and they must have good takeoffs and landings. The
936:
The Axel has an extra half-rotation which, as figure skating expert Hannah
Robbins says, makes a triple Axel "more a quadruple jump than a triple". Sports reporter Nora Princiotti says, about the triple Axel, "It takes incredible strength and body control for a skater to get enough height and to get
712:
Jumps are also classified by the number of revolutions. For example, all single jumps, except for the Axel, include one revolution, double jumps include two revolution, and so on. More revolutions earn skaters earn more points. Double and triple versions have increased in importance "as a measure of
1179:
Since the tendency of an edge is toward the center of the circle created by that edge, a skater's upper body, arms, and free leg also have a tendency to be pulled along by the force of the edge. If the upper body, arms, and free leg are allowed to follow passively, they will eventually overtake the
1082:
Pair teams, both juniors and seniors, must perform one solo jump during their short programs; it can include a double Lutz or double Axel for juniors, or any kind of double or triple jump for seniors. In the free skating program, for both juniors and seniors, skaters are limited to a maximum of one
1034:
In the Short
Program and Free Skating of Single Skating the Base Values (but not the GOEs) for jump Elements started in the second half of the program will be multiplied by a special factor 1.1 in order to give credit for even distribution of difficulties in the program. However, only the last jump
1002:
A jump sequence consists of "two or three jumps of any number of revolutions, in which the second and/or the third jump is an Axel type jump with a direct step from the landing curve of the first/second jump in to the take-off curve of the Axel jump". The free foot can touch the ice, but there must
772:
The toe loop is considered the simplest jump because not only do skaters use their toe-picks to execute it, their hips are already facing the direction in which they will rotate. The toe loop is the easier jump to add multiple rotations to because the toe-assisted takeoff adds power to the jump and
819:
from Vienna, Austria, who first performed it in 1913. In competition the base value of a single Lutz is 0.60; the base value of a double Lutz is 2.10; the base value of a triple Lutz is 5.90; and the base value of a quadruple Lutz is 11.50. A "cheated" Lutz jump without an outside edge is called a
1112:
Skaters add variations or unusual entries and exits to jumps to increase difficulty. For example, they will perform a jump with one or both arms overhead or extended at the hips, which demonstrates that they are able to generate rotation from the takeoff edge and from their entire body instead of
1051:
Junior men and women single skaters are not allowed to perform quadruple jumps in their short programs. Senior and junior men and senior women must complete either a double or triple Axel jump in their short programs, but junior women must complete a double axel. Male and female junior and senior
791:
as "a toe jump that takes off from a back inside edge and lands on the back outside edge of the opposite foot". It is executed with assistance from the toe of the free foot. In competition the base value of a single flip is 0.50; the base value of a double flip is 1.80; the base value of a triple
708:
Skaters accomplish edge jumps by leaving the ice from any of their skates' four possible edges; lift is "achieved from the spring gained by straightening of a bent knee in combination with a swing of the free leg". They require precise rotational control of the skater's upper body, arms, and free
220:
According to figure skating historian James R. Hines, jumping in figure skating is "relatively recent". Jumps were viewed as "acrobatic tricks, not as a part of a skater's art" and "had no place" in the skating practices in
England during the 19th century, although skaters experimented with jumps
176:
Jumps are divided into eight parts: the set-up, load, transition, pivot, takeoff, flight, landing, and exit. All jumps except the Axel and waltz jumps are taken off while skating backward; Axels and waltz jumps are entered into by skating forward. A skater's body absorbs up to 13β14 g-forces each
1141:
says successful jumps depend upon "how much angular momentum do you leave the ice with, how small can you make your moment of inertia in the air, and how much time you can spend in the air". Richards found that a skater tends to spend the same amount of time in the air when performing triple and
1086:
Throw jumps are "partner-assisted jumps in which the woman is thrown into the air by the man on the takeoff and lands without assistance from her partner on a backward outside edge". Skate Canada says, "The male partner assists the female into flight." The types of throw jumps include: the throw
1047:
by "backloading" her free skating program, or placing all her jumps in the second half of the program in order to take advantage of the rule in place at the time that awarded a ten percent bonus to jumps performed during the second half of the program. Also starting in 2018, single skaters could
1175:
For example, a skater could successfully complete a jump by making small changes to their arm position partway through the rotation, and a small bend in the hips and knees allows a skater "to land with a lower center of mass than they started with, perhaps seeking out a few precious degrees of
829:
280:
II, double jumps by both men and women had become commonplace, and all jumps, except for the Axel, were being doubled. According to writer Ellyn
Kestnbaum the development of rotational technique required for Axels and double jumps continued, especially in the United States and Czechoslovakia.
892:, the loop jump is "the most fundamental of all the jumps". The skater executes it by taking off from the back outside edge of the skating foot, turning one rotation in the air, and landing on the back outside edge of the same foot. It is often performed as the second jump in a combination.
739:. The Euler is executed when a skater takes off from the back outside edge of one skate and lands on the opposite foot and edge. It is most commonly done prior to the third jump during a three-jump combination, and serves as a way to put a skater on the correct edge in order to attempt a
921:, is an edge jump. It is figure skating's oldest and most difficult jump. The Axel jump is the most studied jump in figure skating. It is the only jump that begins with a forward takeoff, which makes it the easiest jump to identify. A double or triple Axel is required in the
225:("Tracing on the Ice"), "a monumental publication describing the state of skating in Vienna", briefly mentioned jumps, describing three jumps in two pages. Jumping on skates was a part of the athletic side of free skating, and was considered inappropriate for female skaters.
1136:
determines if a jump is successfully completed. Unlike jumping from dry land, which is fundamentally a linear movement, jumping on the ice is more complicated because of angular momentum. For example, most jumps involve rotation. Scientist James
Richards from the
1096:
executing a jump: vertically (up off the ice and back down); horizontally (continuing along the direction of travel before leaving the ice); and around. They travel in an up and across, arc-like path while executing a jump, much like the projectile motion of a
1018:
All jumps are considered in the order they are completed. If an extra jump or jumps are executed, the extra jump(s) not in accordance with requirements will have no value. The limitation on the number of jumps skaters can perform in their programs, called the
2078:
According to the 2023β24 ISU Media Guide, Petra Burka can be credited as the first woman to do a triple Salchow, but a report from the 1961 European Championships noted that Helli Sengstschmid (AUT) and Jana Mrazkova (CZE) landed a triple Salchow
810:
as "a toe-pick assisted jump with an entrance from a back outside edge and landing on the back outside edge of the opposite foot". It is the second-most difficult jump in figure skating and "probably the second-most famous jump after the
271:
Jumps did not have a major role in free skating programs during international competitions until the 1930s. Athleticism in the sport increased between the world wars, especially by women like Norwegian world and Olympic champion
2069:, Jacqueline du Bief, in 1952, was the first woman to do a double Lutz in international competition, but it was a controversial win, and that she later wrote in her book Thin Ice, that American Sonya Klopfer deserved the title.
1104:
and its length is determined by vertical and horizontal velocity. The trajectory of the jump is established during takeoff, so the shape of the arc cannot be changed once a skater is in the air. Their body absorbs up to 13β14
3442:
4168:
2212:
828:
769:. In competition the base value of a single toe loop is 0.40; the base value of a double toe loop is 1.30; the base value of a triple toe loop is 4.20; and the base value of a quadruple toe loop is 9.50.
4520:
888:, and is known as the Rittberger in Russian and German. It also gets its name from the shape the blade would leave on the ice if the skater performed the rotation without leaving the ice. According to
944:
In competition the base value of a single Axel is 1.10; the base value of a double Axel is 3.30; the base value of a triple Axel is 8.00; and the base value of a quadruple Axel is 12.50. According to
866:
In competition the base value of a single Salchow is 0.40; the base value of a double Salchow is 1.30; the base value of a triple Salchow is 4.30; and the base value of a quadruple Salchow is 9.70.
221:
from the ice during the last 25 years of the 1800s. Hops, or jumps without rotations, were done for safety reasons, to avoid obstacles, such as hats, barrels, and tree logs, on natural ice. In 1881
177:
time he or she lands from a jump, which may contribute to overuse injuries and stress fractures. Skaters add variations or unusual entries and exits to jumps to increase difficulty. Factors such as
2949:
King, Deborah; Smith, Sarah; Higginson, Brian; Muncasy, Barry; Scheirman, Gary (2004). "Characteristics of Triple and Quadruple Toe-Loops Performed during The Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics".
895:
In competition the base value of the single loop jump is 0.50; the base value of a double loop is 1.70; the base value of a triple loop is 4.90; and the base value of a quadruple loop is 10.50.
2823:
747:. It can be accomplished only as a single jump. The Euler has a base point value of 0.50 points, when used in combination between two listed jumps, and also becomes a listed jump.
950:, the triple Axel has become more common for male skaters to perform; however, as of 2022, the quadruple Axel has been landed at two international competitions by American skater
1148:
puts it, executing quadruple jumps, which as of 2022, has become more common in both male and female single skating competitions, requires "exquisite strength, speed and grace".
2116:
3240:
735:(ISU) regulations prior to the 2018β2019 season, when the name was changed. In Europe, the Euler is also called the ThorΓ©n jump, after its inventor, Swedish figure skater
281:
Post-war skaters, according to Hines, "pushed the envelope of jumping to extremes that skaters of the 1930s would not have thought possible". For example, world champion
260:, which was named after him, at the first international competition in 1882, as a special figure. Jumps were also related to their corresponding figure; for example, the
4918:
937:
into the jump fast enough to complete all the rotations before landing with a strong enough base to absorb the force generated." According to American skater
4113:
2505:
4908:
4510:
3266:
276:, who popularized short skirts which allowed female skaters to maneuver and perform jumps. When international competitions were interrupted by World War
3988:
ISU Communication 2258 Single and Pair SkatingβLevels of Difficulty and Guidelines for marking Grade of Execution and Program Components Season 2023/24
4239:
1027:, has been in effect since 1983, after Zayak performed six triple jumps, four toe loop jumps, and two Salchows in her free skating program at the
4913:
4811:
1109:
each time they land from a jump, which sports researchers Lee Cabell and Erica Bateman say contributes to overuse injuries and stress fractures.
5025:
4045:
3933:
3610:
2535:
4505:
4449:
4124:
4878:
4718:
1035:
element executed in the second half counts for the 1.1 factor in the Short Program, and the last three jump elements for Free Skating.
310:
4873:
4479:
4474:
4180:
3479:
3329:
3304:
2886:
2626:
4903:
4893:
4366:
4209:
4174:
2927:
1006:
3322:
4469:
3987:
3415:
2166:
1028:
3995:
3868:
2693:
3360:
2566:
3962:
2796:
1120:, there are basic physics common to all jumps, regardless of the skating techniques required to execute them. Factors such as
4883:
4444:
4244:
4151:
4013:
3978:
4032:
3814:
4898:
4434:
17:
4888:
4458:
4439:
4103:
4080:
1066:
3969:
Cabell, Lee; Bateman, Erica (2018). "Biomechanics in Figure Skating". In Vescovi, Jason D.; VanHeest, Jaci L. (eds.).
4852:
4837:
4581:
3160:
2044:
1020:
5020:
4454:
4269:
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Russell, Susan D. (December 2019). "Talent and Tenacity: Next Gen Makes History on the Junior Grand Prix Circuit".
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4556:
3908:
3212:
237:
4114:"Characteristics of Triple and Quadruple Toe-Loops Performed during The Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics"
3736:
765:
is the simplest jump in figure skating. It was invented in the 1920s by American professional figure skater
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4202:
3789:
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4759:
4488:
4229:
2093:
980:
732:
170:
3133:
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4713:
4294:
1061:
4274:
3186:
1192:
The following table lists first recorded jumps in competition for which there is secure information.
991:
disciplines as "an individual jump, a jump combination or a jump sequence". Jumps are not allowed in
697:
The six most common jumps can be divided into two groups: toe jumps (the toe loop, the flip, and the
3502:
4832:
3843:[Figure skater Adelia Petrosyan performed a quadruple loop for the first time in history].
1163:
957:
5030:
4989:
4195:
3420:
4774:
4551:
4403:
4095:
3615:
2718:
1138:
233:
1472:
4484:
4464:
4299:
2024:
314:
4827:
4571:
4566:
4340:
1129:
1044:
241:
186:
3965:(20 September 2023). (Media Guide) International Skating Union. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
2719:"How to Tell the Difference Between the 6 Figure Skating Jumps You'll See at the Olympics"
2213:"Special Regulations & Technical Rules Single & Pair Skating & Ice Dance 2022"
8:
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4289:
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4169:"Special Regulations & Technical Rules Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2022".
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Coach AimΓ©e Skating Academy - Learn to Ice Skate - PSA Excellence on Ice Awarded Program
317:
in women's figure skating" of the early 21st century began in 2018, when Russian skater
4361:
4304:
4135:
4112:
King, Deborah; Smith, Sarah; Higginson, Brian; Muncasy, Barry; Scheirman, Gary (2004).
3217:
2974:
946:
245:
128:
2066:
4157:
4147:
4099:
4076:
4057:
4028:
4009:
3974:
3882:
3100:
2966:
2089:
1971:
1929:
1811:
1316:
1125:
1071:
885:
837:
318:
182:
3368:
2978:
127:. Jumping in figure skating is "relatively recent". They were originally individual
4942:
4388:
3112:
2958:
1723:
1636:
1438:
1121:
178:
3909:"As it Happened: Wins for Kostornaia and Chen on Last Day of Competition in Turin"
4935:
4373:
3873:
3305:"The Rebellious, Back-Flipping Black Figure Skater Who Changed the Sport Forever"
2723:
2119:(Press release). Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union. 30 June 2021
2043:
Women were referred to as ladies in ISU regulations and communications until the
1289:
249:
132:
1171:, the first skater to successfully complete a quad Axel in competition, in 2022
4658:
4632:
4393:
4325:
4218:
3775:
The Winter Olympics: An Insider's Guide to the Legends, the Lore, and the Games
1838:
1467:
1433:
1274:
1133:
1117:
1040:
1011:
984:
930:
860:
321:
began performing a quadruple Salchow when she was still competing as a junior.
306:
256:, whom Hines calls "progressive", performed the first jump in competition, the
190:
116:
112:
4177:(PDF). International Skating Union. 12 July 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
3996:
ISU Communication 2475 Single and Pair SkatingβScale of Values Seasons 2022-24
3161:"What is a Triple Axel? And Why is it So Hard for Figure Skaters to Pull Off?"
2962:
5014:
4627:
4576:
4183:(PDF). International Skating Union. 8 July 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
4161:
3886:
3841:"Π€ΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅Ρ"
3213:"Mirai Nagasu Lands Triple Axel, a First by an American Woman at an Olympics"
1993:
1951:
1833:
1796:
1681:
1670:
1616:
1574:
1540:
1509:
1494:
1235:
756:
612:
302:
139:
50:
4171:
International Skating Union. 14 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
3187:"Why Mirai Nagasu's Historic Triple Axel at the Olympics Is Such a Big Deal"
2117:"Results of Proposals in replacement of the 58th Ordinary ISU Congress 2021"
736:
4956:
4949:
4847:
4764:
4708:
4698:
4693:
4653:
4648:
4622:
4398:
4383:
4345:
4330:
4279:
3117:
2970:
2824:"Figure Skating β Breakdown of Quadruple Lumps, Highest Scores and Judging"
1998:
1956:
1880:
1676:
1665:
1631:
1384:
1168:
1075:
1024:
988:
951:
938:
926:
918:
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282:
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120:
80:
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1594:
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1514:
1499:
1399:
1240:
766:
290:
273:
138:
The six most common jumps can be divided into two groups: toe jumps (the
124:
4181:"ISU Judging System: Technical Panel Handbook: Single Skating 2023/2024"
3934:"Ilia Malinin (USA) lands first quad Axel β International Skating Union"
4970:
4688:
4670:
4602:
4309:
3878:
3737:"Brian Orser Heads List of World Figure Skating Hall of Fame inductees"
1765:
1350:
1097:
962:
884:
is an edge jump. It was believed to be created by German figure skater
816:
722:
702:
654:
324:
163:
40:
4175:"ISU Judging System: Technical Panel Handbook: Pair Skating 2023/2024"
4123:
Mazurkiewicz, Anna, Dagmara TwaΕsak, and CzesΕaw Urbanik (July 2018).
1151:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4597:
4335:
3445:. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union. 14 October 2022
1914:
1853:
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698:
529:
484:
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298:
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201:
159:
155:
147:
143:
100:
90:
70:
60:
3099:
Mazurkiewicz, Anna; TwaΕsak, Dagmara; Urbanik, CzesΕaw (July 2018).
4801:
4665:
3005:
2881:
2879:
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1101:
2922:
2920:
2918:
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2912:
2910:
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4738:
4187:
3840:
1345:
1311:
1284:
2876:
2901:
1966:
1924:
1806:
1791:
1745:
1703:
1589:
1394:
1379:
1269:
1039:
magazine called this regulation the "Zagitova Rule", named for
792:
flip is 5.30; and the base value of a quadruple flip is 11.00.
3241:"Malinin's quad axel lifts 17-year-old to Skate America title"
3267:"Ice Dancing is More than pairs Figure Skating Without Jumps"
2231:
2229:
2088:
Not performed by women internationally. Domestically done by
1909:
1875:
1848:
1760:
352:
Classification and distinction of basic figure skating jumps
3680:
3668:
3416:"In Figure Skating, Russia's (Perfectly Legal) Secret Sauce"
701:) and edge jumps (the Salchow, the loop, and the Axel). The
3845:
3630:
3583:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3535:
3064:
3062:
3037:
3035:
2846:
2844:
2649:
2647:
4144:
Sports Illustrated Figure Skating: Championship Techniques
3525:
3523:
3098:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2449:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2383:
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2841:
2759:
2757:
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2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2694:"ISU Communication 2475 Single and Pair Skating 2022-24"
2644:
2597:
2585:
2478:
2268:
338:
Anomalies in the takeoff and landing are highlighted in
3520:
3395:
3284:
2627:"How Olympic Figure Skaters Break Records with Physics"
2461:
2408:
2378:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2280:
2181:
1159:, first female skater to land a quadruple jump, in 2009
731:
is an edge jump. It was known as the half-loop jump in
4125:"Biomechanics of the Axel Paulsen Figure Skating Jump"
4056:. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press.
3383:
3101:"Biomechanics of the Axel Paulsen Figure Skating Jump"
2536:"A GIF Guide to Figure Skaters' Jumps at the Olympics"
2393:
2246:
2244:
2138:
2136:
2134:
3777:. Seattle, Wash.: The Mountaineer Books. p. 100.
3754:
3716:
3704:
3482:. International Skating Union. 8 July 2020. p. 3
3361:"New Season New Rules β International Figure Skating"
2887:"ISU Technical Panel Handbook Single Skating 2023-24"
2738:
3047:
3020:
2659:
2506:"How Quad Jumps Have Changed Women's Figure Skating"
2437:
2425:
2354:
2333:
965:, first female skater to land a triple Axel, in 1989
347:
All basic figure skating jumps are landed backwards.
4054:
Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning
3907:Griffiths, Rachel; Jiwani, Rory (6 December 2019).
3611:"How Physics Keeps Figure Skaters Gracefully Aloft"
2928:"ISU Technical Panel Handbook Pair Skating 2023-24"
2309:
2297:
2256:
2241:
2131:
2067:
https://olympics.com/en/athletes/jacqueline-du-bief
4073:Technical Merit: A History of Figure Skating Jumps
4008:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
3821:. Associated Press. 26 March 1988. p. 1001057
2366:
859:is an edge jump. It was named after its inventor,
313:. According to sports reporter Dvora Meyers, the "
4075:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Independently published.
4044:(PDF). (USFS) U.S. Figure Skating. Archived from
3443:"New Rules for New Development in Figure Skating"
941:, "Falling on the triple Axel is really brutal."
5012:
3355:
3353:
3351:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2167:"ISU Communication 2258 Single and Pair Skating"
301:, and loops; women included triple Salchows and
193:determines if a jump is successfully completed.
4812:World Professional Figure Skating Championships
3906:
3134:"Triple Axel New Ladies' Figure Skating Staple"
2822:Sarkar, Pritha; Fallon, Clare (28 March 2017).
4146:(1st ed.). New York: Sports Illustrated.
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
1062:Pair skating Β§ Solo jumps and throw jumps
4203:
3968:
3636:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3348:
3074:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2235:
2193:
3790:"Button Has Never Been Known to Zip His Lip"
3232:
2821:
2712:
2710:
1100:. A jump's height is determined by vertical
289:During the post-war period, American skater
3661:
3659:
3657:
3330:"What You Need to Know About the New Rules"
2985:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2490:
1043:from Russia, who won the gold medal at the
4210:
4196:
3595:
3158:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2609:
2534:Abad-Santos, Alexander (5 February 2014).
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
1014:, namesake of the "Zagitova Rule", in 2019
4141:
4051:
3686:
3674:
3648:
3529:
3500:
3401:
3204:
3116:
3068:
3041:
2869:
2867:
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2850:
2707:
2653:
2603:
2591:
2484:
2472:
2455:
2419:
2387:
2327:
2291:
2187:
1187:
1116:According to scientist Deborah King from
917:for its creator, Norwegian figure skater
4048:on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
3963:"ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24"
3654:
2797:"ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24"
2671:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2524:
1162:
1150:
1065:
1005:
969:
956:
822:
323:
264:. Other jumps, such as the Axel and the
200:
4070:
4025:Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating
3973:. New York: Routledge. pp. 13β34.
3760:
3734:
3710:
3698:
3463:
3413:
3264:
3238:
3131:
3125:
2810:
2148:
244:, and jumps were originally individual
14:
5013:
4089:
3210:
3184:
3140:. Tulsa, Oklahoma: University of Tulsa
3083:
2856:
2565:Cornetta, Katherine (1 October 2018).
2503:
392:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
5026:Figure skating records and statistics
4191:
4027:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
4022:
4003:
3787:
3722:
3389:
3302:
3290:
3185:Calfas, Jennifer (12 February 2018).
3159:Princiotti, Nora (12 February 2018).
3053:
3026:
2665:
2624:
2553:
2443:
2431:
2402:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2315:
2303:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2142:
361:
356:
286:loops in their competition programs.
4995:
3869:"Hanyu First to Nail Quadruple Loop"
3833:
3772:
3608:
3265:Samuels, Robert (18 February 2018).
3132:Robbins, Hannah (11 February 2018).
3004:. Skate Canada. 2015. Archived from
2716:
1218:
1201:
357:
111:are an element of three competitive
4129:Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
3501:Henderson, John (26 January 2006).
3367:. 19 September 2018. Archived from
3303:Brown, Stacia L. (18 August 2015).
3211:Victor, Daniel (12 February 2018).
3105:Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
2210:
840:performing a quadruple Lutz in 2019
815:". It is named after figure skater
24:
4217:
4090:Milton, Steve (1 September 2009).
3414:Germano, Sara (21 February 2018).
25:
5042:
4853:World Figure Skating Hall of Fame
4582:Competition elements in ice dance
4230:International Skating Union (ISU)
3735:Elliott, Helene (13 March 2009).
3239:Skretta, Dave (22 October 2022).
2625:Lewis, Tanya (14 February 2022).
2504:Meyers, Dvora (3 February 2022).
2092:in 2021 which is not ratified by
974:
332:
4994:
4985:
4984:
4919:Highest historical junior scores
4120:. 3 (1). Retrieved 20 July 2022.
3609:Lamb, Evelyn (7 February 2018).
2717:Park, Alice (22 February 2018).
1992:
1965:
1950:
1923:
1908:
1874:
1847:
1832:
1805:
1790:
1759:
1744:
1717:
1702:
1675:
1664:
1630:
1615:
1588:
1573:
1539:
1508:
1493:
1466:
1432:
1393:
1378:
1344:
1310:
1283:
1268:
1234:
983:defines a jump element for both
252:. For example, Norwegian skater
4092:Figure Skating's Greatest Stars
3926:
3900:
3861:
3807:
3788:Pucin, Diane (7 January 2002).
3781:
3766:
3728:
3494:
3472:
3457:
3435:
3407:
3296:
3258:
3178:
3152:
3092:
2942:
2082:
2072:
2059:
2050:
1078:performing a throw jump in 1983
1055:
925:and an Axel is required in the
669:
664:
616:
581:
576:
498:
493:
488:
461:
453:
448:
419:
408:
4142:Petkevich, John Misha (1988).
3955:
2109:
2037:
117:men's singles, women's singles
13:
1:
4450:Four Continents Championships
3971:The Science of Figure Skating
2102:
210:
3503:"Duo Throws Caution to Wind"
3466:International Figure Skating
3365:International Figure Skating
2030:
1090:
1037:International Figure Skating
7:
4136:DOI: 10.2478/pjst-2018-0007
2018:
981:International Skating Union
750:
733:International Skating Union
171:International Skating Union
10:
5047:
4889:Figure skaters (ice dance)
4858:World Figure Sport Society
4516:Junior World Challenge Cup
4511:World Junior Championships
4480:World Junior Championships
1059:
933:in all ISU competitions.
902:
873:
848:
844:
799:
780:
754:
720:
196:
123: – but not
4980:
4927:
4909:Highest historical scores
4866:
4820:
4792:
4747:
4679:
4641:
4590:
4544:
4533:
4498:
4425:
4416:
4354:
4318:
4262:
4253:
4225:
4138:. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
4052:Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003).
4006:Figure Skating: A History
3815:"A Quadruple Jump on Ice"
3637:Cabell & Bateman 2018
3590:Cabell & Bateman 2018
3578:Cabell & Bateman 2018
3566:Cabell & Bateman 2018
3554:Cabell & Bateman 2018
3542:Cabell & Bateman 2018
2963:10.1080/14763140408522833
2236:Cabell & Bateman 2018
2211:ISW (14 September 2022).
1776:
1525:
1410:
650:
608:
565:
525:
480:
440:
397:
31:
4833:Doping in figure skating
4023:Hines, James R. (2011).
4004:Hines, James R. (2006).
3480:"Communication No. 2334"
2567:"Breaking Down an Euler"
1029:1982 World Championships
716:
205:Norwegian figure skater
5021:Figure skating elements
3421:The Wall Street Journal
1155:Japanese figure skater
961:Japanese figure skater
898:
869:
795:
776:
4884:Figure skaters (pairs)
4879:Figure skaters (women)
4552:Choreographic sequence
4445:European Championships
4245:Records and statistics
4096:Richmond Hill, Ontario
4071:Stevens, Ryan (2023).
3118:10.2478/pjst-2018-0007
2056:Outside of competition
1188:History of first jumps
1172:
1160:
1139:University of Delaware
1079:
1070:Canadian pair skaters
1023:after American skater
1015:
1010:Russian figure skater
966:
929:for junior and senior
841:
836:Russian figure skater
329:
217:
209:created the Axel jump
150:) and edge jumps (the
4914:Highest junior scores
4098:: Firefly Books Ltd.
3773:Judd, Ron C. (2001).
3245:Associated Press News
2573:. U.S. Figure Skating
2025:Quad (figure skating)
1166:
1154:
1069:
1009:
970:Rules and regulations
960:
835:
327:
204:
4874:Figure skaters (men)
4828:Adult figure skating
4499:Synchronized skating
4341:Synchronized skating
4235:National federations
1130:angular acceleration
1045:2018 Winter Olympics
806:The ISU defines the
328:Figure skating edges
187:angular acceleration
109:Figure skating jumps
4506:World Championships
4475:Youth Olympic Games
4440:World Championships
4118:Sports Biomechanics
4042:"Identifying Jumps"
3689:, pp. 271β272.
3677:, pp. 193β194.
3665:King et al., p. 120
2951:Sports Biomechanics
2631:Scientific American
1145:Scientific American
1132:, and the skater's
890:U.S. Figure Skating
386:Change of direction
353:
223:Spuren Auf Dem Eise
189:, and the skater's
18:Figure skating jump
4748:Moves in the field
4367:Demise and revival
4362:Compulsory figures
4305:ISU Judging System
3881:. 1 October 2016.
3819:The New York Times
3371:on 24 October 2018
3336:. 26 February 2007
3293:, pp. 29, 91.
3218:The New York Times
3002:"Skating Glossary"
2277:, p. 131β132.
1781:Quadruple toe loop
1173:
1161:
1080:
1016:
967:
947:The New York Times
913:, also called the
842:
787:The ISU defines a
351:
330:
246:compulsory figures
232:movements such as
218:
129:compulsory figures
32:ISU abbreviations
5008:
5007:
4788:
4787:
4682:and basic strokes
4545:Required elements
4529:
4528:
4521:Challenger Series
4485:Junior Grand Prix
4470:World Team Trophy
4465:Challenger Series
4412:
4411:
4270:Glossary of terms
4153:978-1-4616-6440-6
4015:978-0-252-07286-4
3980:978-1-138-22986-0
3794:Los Angeles Times
3741:Los Angeles Times
3080:Kestnbaum, p. 285
2458:, pp. 93β95.
2330:, pp. 91β92.
2090:Adeliia Petrosian
2016:
2015:
1972:Alexandra Trusova
1930:Alexandra Trusova
1823:Quadruple Salchow
1812:Alexandra Trusova
1317:Werner Rittberger
1126:moment of inertia
1072:Barbara Underhill
915:Axel Paulsen jump
886:Werner Rittberger
838:Alexandra Trusova
833:
695:
694:
681:Backward outside
634:Backward outside
549:Backward outside
530:Loop (Rittberger)
470:Backward outside
319:Alexandra Trusova
183:moment of inertia
169:According to the
106:
105:
16:(Redirected from
5038:
4998:
4997:
4988:
4987:
4943:The Cutting Edge
4729:
4704:
4542:
4541:
4423:
4422:
4389:Compulsory dance
4260:
4259:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4189:
4188:
4165:
4109:
4086:
4067:
4038:
4034:978-0-81087-0857
4019:
3984:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3701:, p. 21-22.
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
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3593:
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3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
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3518:
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3513:
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3489:
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3476:
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3469:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3392:, p. xxvii.
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3357:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3309:The New Republic
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3008:on 6 August 2020
2998:
2983:
2982:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2924:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2883:
2874:
2871:
2854:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2819:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2793:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2690:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2622:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2562:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2501:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2406:
2405:, p. xxxii.
2400:
2391:
2385:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2239:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2208:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2163:
2146:
2140:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2113:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2041:
1997:
1996:
1970:
1969:
1955:
1954:
1928:
1927:
1913:
1912:
1879:
1878:
1852:
1851:
1837:
1836:
1810:
1809:
1795:
1794:
1764:
1763:
1749:
1748:
1724:Denise Biellmann
1722:
1721:
1707:
1706:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1668:
1637:Gabriele Seyfert
1635:
1634:
1620:
1619:
1593:
1592:
1580:Ronnie Robertson
1578:
1577:
1544:
1543:
1513:
1512:
1498:
1497:
1471:
1470:
1439:Cecilia Colledge
1437:
1436:
1398:
1397:
1383:
1382:
1349:
1348:
1315:
1314:
1288:
1287:
1273:
1272:
1239:
1238:
1220:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1122:angular momentum
834:
359:
354:
350:
279:
248:, and sometimes
215:
212:
179:angular momentum
131:, and sometimes
29:
28:
21:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4976:
4936:Blades of Glory
4923:
4862:
4838:Country changes
4816:
4794:
4784:
4743:
4727:
4702:
4681:
4675:
4637:
4586:
4537:
4535:
4525:
4494:
4427:
4426:Singles, pairs
4418:
4408:
4374:Special figures
4350:
4314:
4255:
4249:
4240:World Standings
4221:
4216:
4186:
4154:
4106:
4083:
4064:
4035:
4016:
3981:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3913:Olympic Channel
3905:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3874:The Japan Times
3867:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3786:
3782:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3733:
3729:
3725:, p. xxiv.
3721:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3607:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3507:The Denver Post
3499:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3424:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3359:
3358:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3271:Washington Post
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3193:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3130:
3126:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2986:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2857:
2849:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2820:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2715:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2623:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2563:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2532:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2510:FiveThirtyEight
2502:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2409:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2169:. 26 April 2023
2165:
2164:
2149:
2141:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2021:
1991:
1964:
1949:
1922:
1907:
1873:
1846:
1831:
1804:
1789:
1758:
1743:
1716:
1701:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1629:
1614:
1587:
1572:
1538:
1530:Triple toe loop
1507:
1492:
1465:
1431:
1392:
1377:
1343:
1309:
1290:Margarete Klebe
1282:
1267:
1233:
1225:Single toe loop
1190:
1093:
1064:
1058:
977:
972:
907:
901:
878:
872:
853:
847:
823:
804:
798:
785:
779:
759:
753:
725:
719:
691:
690:(opposite foot)
672:
667:
659:
646:
619:
604:
603:(opposite foot)
584:
579:
561:
521:
520:(opposite foot)
501:
496:
491:
476:
475:(opposite foot)
464:
456:
451:
436:
435:(opposite foot)
422:
411:
387:
382:
381:Change of curve
377:
372:
367:
341:bold and italic
335:
315:quad revolution
277:
250:special figures
213:
199:
133:special figures
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5044:
5034:
5033:
5031:Jumping sports
5028:
5023:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4992:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4904:Highest scores
4901:
4896:
4894:Olympic venues
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4659:Biellmann spin
4656:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4633:Quadruple jump
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4539:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4394:Original dance
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4326:Single skating
4322:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4219:Figure skating
4215:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4192:
4185:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4152:
4139:
4121:
4110:
4105:978-1554073245
4104:
4087:
4082:979-8374044348
4081:
4068:
4062:
4049:
4039:
4033:
4020:
4014:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3966:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3925:
3899:
3860:
3832:
3806:
3780:
3765:
3753:
3727:
3715:
3703:
3691:
3687:Petkevich 1988
3679:
3675:Petkevich 1988
3667:
3653:
3651:, p. 193.
3649:Petkevich 1988
3641:
3629:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3530:Kestnbaum 2003
3519:
3493:
3471:
3456:
3434:
3406:
3402:Kestnbaum 2003
3394:
3382:
3347:
3321:
3295:
3283:
3257:
3231:
3203:
3177:
3151:
3124:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3071:, p. 285.
3069:Kestnbaum 2003
3058:
3056:, p. 150.
3046:
3044:, p. 284.
3042:Kestnbaum 2003
3031:
3029:, p. 193.
3019:
2984:
2941:
2930:. 12 July 2023
2900:
2875:
2855:
2853:, p. 287.
2851:Kestnbaum 2003
2840:
2809:
2737:
2706:
2670:
2668:, p. 222.
2658:
2656:, p. 282.
2654:Kestnbaum 2003
2643:
2608:
2606:, p. 199.
2604:Petkevich 1988
2596:
2594:, p. 237.
2592:Petkevich 1988
2584:
2552:
2523:
2489:
2487:, p. 138.
2485:Kestnbaum 2003
2477:
2473:Kestnbaum 2003
2460:
2456:Kestnbaum 2003
2448:
2446:, p. 103.
2436:
2434:, p. 102.
2424:
2420:Kestnbaum 2003
2407:
2392:
2388:Kestnbaum 2003
2377:
2365:
2363:, p. 100.
2353:
2351:, p. 132.
2332:
2328:Kestnbaum 2003
2320:
2308:
2296:
2292:Kestnbaum 2003
2279:
2267:
2265:, p. 131.
2255:
2253:, p. 101.
2240:
2225:
2192:
2190:, p. 289.
2188:Kestnbaum 2003
2180:
2147:
2145:, p. 131.
2130:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2081:
2071:
2058:
2049:
2045:2021β22 season
2035:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1989:
1984:
1983:Quadruple Axel
1980:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1962:
1959:
1947:
1942:
1941:Quadruple Lutz
1938:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1920:
1917:
1905:
1900:
1899:Quadruple flip
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1871:
1866:
1865:Quadruple loop
1862:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1844:
1841:
1839:Timothy Goebel
1829:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1802:
1799:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1756:
1753:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1714:
1711:
1709:Donald Jackson
1699:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1627:
1624:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1585:
1582:
1570:
1565:
1564:Triple Salchow
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1505:
1502:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:Alena VrzΓ‘ΕovΓ‘
1463:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1415:Double Salchow
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1390:
1387:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1280:
1277:
1275:Ulrich Salchow
1265:
1260:
1259:Single Salchow
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1189:
1186:
1134:center of mass
1118:Ithaca College
1092:
1089:
1060:Main article:
1057:
1054:
1041:Alina Zagitova
1012:Alina Zagitova
985:single skating
976:
975:Single skating
973:
971:
968:
931:single skaters
903:Main article:
900:
897:
874:Main article:
871:
868:
861:Ulrich Salchow
849:Main article:
846:
843:
800:Main article:
797:
794:
781:Main article:
778:
775:
755:Main article:
752:
749:
721:Main article:
718:
715:
693:
692:
689:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
657:
652:
648:
647:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
615:
610:
606:
605:
602:
599:
591:
588:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
567:
563:
562:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
527:
523:
522:
519:
516:
508:
505:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
482:
478:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
460:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
442:
438:
437:
434:
431:
423:
420:
418:
415:
412:
409:
407:
404:
399:
395:
394:
391:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
376:Change of edge
375:
373:
371:Change of foot
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
349:
348:
345:
334:
333:Types of jumps
331:
307:Dorothy Hamill
198:
195:
191:center of mass
113:figure skating
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5043:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5001:
4993:
4991:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:Film & TV
4926:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4791:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:Toe loop jump
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:Step sequence
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4532:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4435:Olympic Games
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:and ice dance
4424:
4421:
4417:International
4415:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4379:Short program
4377:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4208:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3990:26 April 2023
3989:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3769:
3763:, p. 83.
3762:
3757:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3713:, p. 51.
3712:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3688:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3650:
3645:
3639:, p. 27.
3638:
3633:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3592:, p. 22.
3591:
3586:
3580:, p. 38.
3579:
3574:
3568:, p. 20.
3567:
3562:
3556:, p. 19.
3555:
3550:
3544:, p. 21.
3543:
3538:
3532:, p. 27.
3531:
3526:
3524:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3481:
3475:
3468:. p. 23.
3467:
3460:
3444:
3438:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3410:
3404:, p. 99.
3403:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3207:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3139:
3138:The Collegian
3135:
3128:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3086:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3023:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2889:. 8 July 2023
2888:
2882:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2711:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2475:, p. 96.
2474:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2422:, p. 93.
2421:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2390:, p. 92.
2389:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2318:, p. 68.
2317:
2312:
2306:, p. 66.
2305:
2300:
2294:, p. 91.
2293:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2238:, p. 35.
2237:
2232:
2230:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2075:
2068:
2065:According to
2062:
2053:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2007:none ratified
2005:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1889:none ratified
1887:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Kurt Browning
1793:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:Manuela Ruben
1678:
1672:
1671:Katarina Witt
1667:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
964:
959:
955:
953:
949:
948:
942:
940:
934:
932:
928:
924:
923:short program
920:
916:
912:
906:
896:
893:
891:
887:
883:
877:
867:
864:
862:
858:
852:
839:
821:
818:
814:
809:
803:
793:
790:
784:
774:
770:
768:
764:
763:toe loop jump
758:
757:Toe loop jump
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
724:
714:
710:
706:
704:
700:
688:
687:
683:
680:
677:
674:
661:
656:
653:
649:
644:
643:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
614:
611:
607:
600:
598:
597:
592:
589:
586:
573:
571:
568:
564:
559:
558:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
531:
528:
524:
517:
515:
514:
509:
506:
503:
486:
483:
479:
472:
469:
466:
458:
446:
443:
439:
432:
429:
428:
424:
416:
413:
405:
403:
400:
396:
393:Landing edge
390:Takeoff edge
355:
346:
343:
342:
337:
336:
326:
322:
320:
316:
312:
311:1976 Olympics
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
284:
275:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:spread eagles
235:
231:
226:
224:
208:
203:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
174:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:disciplines:
114:
110:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
52:
49:
46:
45:
42:
39:
36:
35:
30:
27:
19:
4969:
4962:
4957:Spinning Out
4955:
4950:Ice Princess
4948:
4941:
4934:
4899:Competitions
4848:Kiss and cry
4793:Professional
4780:Spread eagle
4765:Hydroblading
4739:Twizzle turn
4709:Counter turn
4699:Choctaw turn
4694:Bracket turn
4680:Steps, turns
4654:Layback spin
4649:Upright spin
4623:Salchow jump
4561:
4557:Death spiral
4419:competitions
4399:Rhythm dance
4384:Free skating
4346:Four skating
4331:Pair skating
4280:Figure skate
4143:
4131:
4128:
4117:
4091:
4072:
4053:
4046:the original
4024:
4005:
3970:
3943:16 September
3941:. Retrieved
3937:
3928:
3916:. Retrieved
3912:
3902:
3890:. Retrieved
3872:
3863:
3851:. Retrieved
3849:(in Russian)
3844:
3835:
3823:. Retrieved
3818:
3809:
3797:. Retrieved
3793:
3783:
3774:
3768:
3761:Stevens 2023
3756:
3744:. Retrieved
3740:
3730:
3718:
3711:Stevens 2023
3706:
3699:Stevens 2023
3694:
3682:
3670:
3644:
3632:
3620:. Retrieved
3614:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3510:. Retrieved
3506:
3496:
3484:. Retrieved
3474:
3465:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3437:
3425:. Retrieved
3419:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3369:the original
3364:
3338:. Retrieved
3333:
3324:
3312:. Retrieved
3308:
3298:
3286:
3274:. Retrieved
3270:
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3244:
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3216:
3206:
3194:. Retrieved
3190:
3180:
3168:. Retrieved
3164:
3154:
3142:. Retrieved
3137:
3127:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3049:
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3006:the original
2954:
2950:
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2891:. Retrieved
2831:. Retrieved
2827:
2800:. Retrieved
2728:. Retrieved
2722:
2697:. Retrieved
2661:
2634:. Retrieved
2630:
2599:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2570:
2543:. Retrieved
2540:The Atlantic
2539:
2514:. Retrieved
2509:
2480:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2375:, p. 5.
2368:
2356:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2270:
2258:
2218:28 September
2216:. Retrieved
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2121:. Retrieved
2111:
2084:
2074:
2061:
2052:
2039:
2006:
1999:Ilia Malinin
1986:
1957:Brandon Mroz
1944:
1902:
1888:
1881:Yuzuru Hanyu
1868:
1826:
1784:
1738:
1696:
1656:
1651:
1609:
1567:
1553:
1533:
1487:
1458:
1453:
1423:
1418:
1385:Axel Paulsen
1372:
1358:
1338:
1324:
1304:
1262:
1248:
1228:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:Ilia Malinin
1143:
1115:
1111:
1098:pole-vaulter
1094:
1085:
1081:
1076:Paul Martini
1056:Pair skating
1050:
1036:
1033:
1025:Elaine Zayak
1021:"Zayak Rule"
1017:
1001:
997:
989:pair skating
978:
952:Ilia Malinin
945:
943:
939:Mirai Nagasu
935:
927:free program
919:Axel Paulsen
914:
910:
908:
894:
881:
879:
865:
857:Salchow jump
856:
854:
851:Salchow jump
807:
805:
788:
786:
771:
762:
760:
741:Salchow jump
728:
726:
711:
707:
696:
685:
684:
641:
640:
595:
594:
556:
555:
512:
511:
426:
425:
340:
339:
288:
283:Felix Kasper
270:
254:Axel Paulsen
230:free skating
227:
222:
219:
207:Axel Paulsen
175:
168:
137:
121:pair skating
108:
107:
26:
4964:Yuri on Ice
4807:Ice theatre
4755:Besti squat
4734:Rocker turn
4724:Mohawk turn
4319:Disciplines
4295:Competition
4254:Competitive
3956:Works cited
3853:19 December
3616:Smithsonian
3449:13 December
2571:Fanzone.com
1751:Vern Taylor
1735:Triple Axel
1693:Triple Lutz
1648:Triple flip
1622:Dick Button
1606:Triple loop
1595:Petra Burka
1546:Thomas Litz
1515:Carol Heiss
1500:Dick Button
1484:Double Axel
1450:Double Lutz
1400:Sonja Henie
1369:Single Axel
1335:Single Lutz
1301:Single loop
1241:Bruce Mapes
767:Bruce Mapes
658:(half-loop)
291:Dick Button
274:Sonia Henie
228:Hines says
214: 1895
125:ice dancing
5015:Categories
4971:Zero Chill
4843:Grand Slam
4760:Cantilever
4689:Three turn
4671:Camel spin
4603:Euler jump
4455:Grand Prix
4404:Free dance
4310:6.0 system
4063:0819566411
3998:4 May 2022
3879:Kyodo News
3723:Hines 2011
3390:Hines 2006
3375:15 October
3340:12 October
3291:Hines 2006
3250:7 November
3165:Boston.com
3089:USFS, p. 1
3054:Hines 2011
3027:Hines 2011
2957:(1): 112.
2934:12 October
2893:12 October
2873:USFS, p. 2
2802:12 October
2699:12 October
2666:Hines 2011
2512:. ABC News
2444:Hines 2006
2432:Hines 2006
2403:Hines 2011
2373:Hines 2006
2361:Hines 2006
2349:Hines 2011
2316:Hines 2011
2304:Hines 2011
2275:Hines 2011
2263:Hines 2006
2251:Hines 2006
2173:12 October
2143:Hines 2011
2103:References
1766:Midori Ito
1351:Alois Lutz
963:Midori Ito
817:Alois Lutz
737:Per ThorΓ©n
723:Euler jump
703:Euler jump
366:Toe assist
164:Euler jump
158:, and the
146:, and the
41:Euler jump
4802:Ice shows
4770:Ina Bauer
4719:Loop turn
4714:Crossover
4618:Lutz jump
4613:Loop jump
4608:Flip jump
4598:Axel jump
4536:and other
4336:Ice dance
4162:815289537
4134:(2):3-9.
3887:0447-5763
3746:9 October
2031:Footnotes
1915:Shoma Uno
1854:Miki Ando
1167:American
1157:Miki Ando
1091:Execution
993:ice dance
911:Axel jump
905:Axel jump
882:loop jump
876:Loop jump
820:"flutz".
808:Lutz jump
802:Lutz jump
789:flip jump
783:Flip jump
745:flip jump
642:same foot
593:Backward
557:same foot
510:Backward
303:toe loops
262:loop jump
4990:Category
4666:Sit spin
4534:Elements
4355:Segments
3111:(2): 3.
2979:14116488
2971:15079991
2019:See also
1107:g-forces
1102:velocity
751:Toe loop
637:Outside
613:Toe loop
601:Outside
552:Outside
518:Outside
473:Outside
433:Outside
430:outside
140:toe loop
51:Toe loop
5000:Commons
4795:skating
4275:History
4263:General
4256:skating
4116:(PDF).
3938:isu.org
3918:22 July
3892:21 July
3825:22 July
3799:21 July
3622:21 July
3512:21 July
3486:21 July
3427:21 July
3314:21 July
3276:21 July
3224:21 July
3196:21 July
3170:21 July
3144:21 July
3012:20 July
2833:20 July
2828:Reuters
2730:20 July
2636:22 July
2577:20 July
2545:20 July
2516:23 July
2123:20 July
845:Salchow
570:Salchow
427:Forward
309:at the
266:Salchow
234:spirals
197:History
162:). The
152:Salchow
81:Salchow
4775:Spiral
4728:
4703:
4300:Season
4160:
4150:
4102:
4079:
4060:
4031:
4012:
3977:
3885:
2977:
2969:
1279:1900's
1212:Ladies
1124:, the
686:Inside
596:inside
513:inside
299:Lutzes
278:
181:, the
154:, the
142:, the
119:, and
4867:Lists
4821:Other
4730:step)
4705:step)
4642:Spins
4591:Jumps
4572:Spins
4567:Lifts
4562:Jumps
4538:moves
4489:Final
4459:Final
2975:S2CID
2079:then.
1443:1930s
1428:1920s
1404:1920s
1245:1920s
1202:Abbr.
743:or a
729:Euler
717:Euler
655:Euler
362:Jump
358:Abbr.
295:flips
242:spins
4290:Club
4285:Rink
4158:OCLC
4148:ISBN
4100:ISBN
4077:ISBN
4058:ISBN
4029:ISBN
4010:ISBN
3975:ISBN
3945:2022
3920:2022
3894:2022
3883:ISSN
3855:2021
3846:TASS
3827:2022
3801:2022
3748:2022
3624:2022
3514:2022
3488:2022
3451:2022
3429:2022
3377:2023
3342:2023
3316:2022
3278:2022
3252:2022
3226:2022
3198:2022
3191:Time
3172:2022
3146:2022
3014:2022
2967:PMID
2936:2023
2895:2023
2835:2022
2804:2023
2732:2022
2724:Time
2701:2023
2638:2022
2579:2022
2547:2022
2518:2022
2220:2023
2175:2023
2125:2022
2003:2022
1976:2018
1961:2011
1934:2019
1919:2016
1885:2016
1858:2002
1843:1998
1816:2018
1801:1988
1770:1988
1755:1978
1728:1978
1713:1962
1686:1981
1641:1968
1626:1952
1599:1962
1584:1955
1550:1964
1519:1953
1504:1948
1477:1949
1389:1882
1355:1913
1321:1910
1294:1917
1219:Ref.
1215:Year
1209:Year
1198:Jump
1074:and
987:and
979:The
909:The
899:Axel
880:The
870:Loop
855:The
813:Axel
796:Lutz
777:Flip
761:The
727:The
699:Lutz
485:Flip
445:Lutz
402:Axel
258:Axel
160:Axel
156:loop
148:Lutz
144:flip
101:Axel
91:Loop
71:Lutz
61:Flip
3113:doi
2959:doi
2094:ISU
1945:4Lz
1869:4Lo
1697:3Lz
1657:n/a
1610:3Lo
1554:n/a
1459:n/a
1454:2Lz
1424:n/a
1359:n/a
1339:1Lz
1325:n/a
1305:1Lo
1249:n/a
1206:Men
651:Eu
526:Lo
441:Lz
37:1Eu
5017::
4726:(C
4701:(S
4156:.
4132:25
4127:.
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2646:^
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2492:^
2463:^
2410:^
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2380:^
2335:^
2282:^
2243:^
2228:^
2195:^
2150:^
2133:^
1987:4A
1903:4F
1827:4S
1785:4T
1739:3A
1652:3F
1568:3S
1534:3T
1488:2A
1419:2S
1373:1A
1263:1S
1229:1T
1128:,
995:.
954:.
678:β
675:β
662:β
631:β
628:β
625:β
622:β
609:T
590:β
587:β
574:β
566:S
546:β
543:β
540:β
537:β
534:β
507:β
504:β
481:F
467:β
459:β
417:β
414:β
406:β
398:A
297:,
240:,
236:,
211:c.
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87:Lo
67:Lz
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455:β
450:β
421:β
410:β
344:.
216:.
97:A
77:S
57:F
47:T
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