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Temperature estimates from oxygen isotope measurements on the north
Greenland ice core, NGRIP, interpreted using the simple procedure of Johnsen et al (1989). (There are more modern and complex procedures which would yield slightly different interpretations.) Like the EPICA Dome C record, this record
564:
Temperature estimates from stable hydrogen isotope measurements from the EPICA Dome C ice core from central
Antarctica These temperature anomaly estimates are polar, not global, and are here divided by a standard polar amplification factor (2.0, as for example in Hansen et al (2013)) to approximately
521:
Because the Royer and Veizer results are indicative of the temperature of the shallow tropical and subtropical seas where the organisms lived, they are unlikely to be fully representative of global average surface air temperature variation. The anomalies are plotted here expanded by a factor of two,
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The panel 1 data is from stable oxygen isotope measurements from the shells of macroscopic marine organisms, collected by Veizer et al (1999), as re-interpreted by Royer et al (2004). The graph effectively reproduces the upper panel of Royer et al's figure 4, but with an expanded range (see below).
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Eon, since the first major proliferation of complex life forms on our planet. A substantial achievement of the last 30 years of climate science has been the production of a large set of actual measurements of temperature history (from physical proxies), replacing much of the earlier geological
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537:, a close analogue of surface air temperature. Hansen et al describe it as a "first estimate", meaning an approximate one, but limited independent corroboration (e.g. Zachos et al (2006) for the Eocene optimum) indicates that it is substantially more quantitative than panel 1.
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Veizer, J., Ala, D., Azmy, K., Bruckschen, P., Buhl, D., Bruhn, F., Carden, G.A.F., Diener, A., Ebneth, S., Godderis, Y., Jasper, T., Korte, C., Pawellek, F., Podlaha, O. and
Strauss, H. (1999) 87Sr/86Sr, d13C and d18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical Geology 161,
453:
Time is plotted forward to the present, taken as 2015 CE. It joins five separate linearly scaled segments, expanding by about an order of magnitude at each vertical break. The breaks are not evenly distributed; rather they are positioned at geologically relevant times:
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Zachos, J. C., Schouten, S., Bohaty, S., Quattlebaum, T., Sluijs, A., Brinkhuis, H., Gibbs, S. & Bralower, T. J. (2006). Extreme warming of mid-latitude coastal ocean during the
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Inferences from TEX86 and isotope data. Geology, 34(9),
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Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G., Falourd, S., Hoffmann, G., ... & Wolff, E. W. (2007). EPICA Dome C ice core 800kyr deuterium data and temperature estimates. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for
Paleoclimatology data contribution series, 91,
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Andersen, K. K., Azuma, N., Barnola, J. M., Bigler, M., Biscaye, P., Caillon, N., ... & White, J. W. C. (2004). High-resolution record of
Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period. Nature, 431(7005),
440:
Because many proxy temperature reconstructions indicate local, not global, temperature -- or ocean, not air, temperature -- substantial approximation may be involved in deriving these global temperature estimates. As a result, the
928:– You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
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At this scale, the Zachos et al stack (which also covers this interval) is virtually indistinguishable from the
Lisiecki and Raymo stack. This is a direct estimate of global average sea surface temperature.
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The orange band shows the effect of extreme assumptions in application of the GEOCARB reconstruction to interpretation, and is not representative of the full uncertainly (which would be much larger).
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Surface air temperature is plotted as anomalies (differences) from the average over the reference interval 1960–1990 (which is about 14°C / 57°F), in both
Celsius (left) and Fahrenheit (right).
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as a very approximate conversion. Multiple confounding factors affect interpretation of samples this old, so panel 1 is best viewed as a qualitative indication of temperature (warmer/colder).
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Marcott, S. A., Shakun, J. D., Clark, P. U., & Mix, A. C. (2013). A reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11,300 years. Science, 339(6124), 1198-1201.
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This data is from the
Lisiecki and Raymo (2005) global stack of oxygen isotope data from microscopic marine organisms interpreted using the Hansen et al (2013) prescription.
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This data is from the Hansen et al (2013) interpretation of the global collection of oxygen isotope data from microscopic marine organisms of Zachos et al (2008).
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Lisiecki, L. E.; Raymo, M. E. (May 2005). Correction to "A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records". Paleoceanography: PA2007.
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Hansen, J., Mki. Sato, G. Russell, and P. Kharecha, 2013: Climate sensitivity, sea level, and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 371, 20120294.
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Johnsen, S. J., Dansgaard, W., & White, J. W. C. (1989). The origin of Arctic precipitation under present and glacial conditions. Tellus B, 41(4), 452-468.
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Lisiecki, L. E., & Raymo, M. E. (2005). A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography, 20(1).
1161:"}},"text\/plain":{"en":{"P275":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported"}}}}": -->
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Zachos JC, Dickens GR, Zeebe RE. 2008 An Early
Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics. Nature 451, 279–283.
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One million years ago, near the onset of the current, 100,000 year-dominated, glaciation cycle (previous glaciations were shorter).
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is polar, and is shown divided by a polar amplification factor of 2.0. The difference between this and dataset 1. illustrates the
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Instrumental (not proxy) data since 1850 from the Berkeley Earth project land-ocean dataset (2014), plotted as decadal means.
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This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it.
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induction (i.e. informed guesses). The graph shows selected proxy temperature estimates, which are detailed below.
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Royer, Dana L. and Robert A. Berner, Isabel P. Montañez, Neil J. Tabor, David J. Beerling (2004) CO
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This shows estimates of global average surface air temperature over the ~540 My of the
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The Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that produced this image is available here:
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from the multi-proxy collection and interpretation of Marcott et al (2013).
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Global average temperature estimates for the last 540 My
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Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
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Commons is a freely licensed media file repository.
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1948:Климат на границе мелового и палеогенового периодов
1586:font -> Liberation sans, several glitches fixed
666:10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:CAAPDO>2.0.CO;2
599:Projected temperatures for 2050 and 2100 from the
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657:July 2004, volume 14, number 3, pages 4-10,
533:This is a direct estimate of global average
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653:as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate
570:Panel 5: 20,000 years ago to present (2015)
378:Panel 5: 20,000 years ago to present (2015)
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1270:4b308529cc52c484ada963323b0f059562569721
831:Berkeley Earth land-ocean dataset (2014)
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526:Panel 2: 65 to 5.3 million years ago
513:Panel 1: 540 to 65 million years ago
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338:Panel 1: 540 to 65 million years ago
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574:Five datasets are plotted:
485:boundary, ~5.3 My ago.
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1999:Usage on www.wikidata.org
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1829:Usage on cs.wikipedia.org
1819:Usage on ca.wikipedia.org
1809:Usage on bs.wikipedia.org
1790:User:Gergyl/Climate graphs
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557:Two datasets are plotted:
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1928:Interglaciațiunea Eem
1823:Història de Luxemburg
1770:Late Cenozoic Ice Age
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1684:23:29, 21 March 2014
1654:23:38, 21 March 2014
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614:All_palaeotemps.xlsx
493:last glacial maximum
472:Cretaceous–Paleogene
227:SVG development
1624:04:38, 3 April 2014
1594:19:12, 7 April 2014
917:– to adapt the work
734:10.1038/nature06588
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154:All palaeotemps.svg
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1893:Палеоклиматологија
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948:CC BY-SA 3.0
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678:Royer, Dana (
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83:Original file
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1693:1,766 × 514
1663:1,766 × 514
1633:1,765 × 512
1603:1,766 × 514
1573:1,760 × 513
1543:1,760 × 513
1513:1,760 × 513
1483:1,760 × 513
1445:
1442:File history
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443:relativities
442:
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265:vector image
160:
135:You can help
125:
81:
22:File history
1738:Glen Fergus
1731:Glen Fergus
1701:Glen Fergus
1671:Glen Fergus
1641:Glen Fergus
1581:Glen Fergus
1141:copyrighted
1115:copyrighted
1096:Glen Fergus
1067:Glen Fergus
1012:Glen Fergus
932:share alike
926:attribution
688:RealClimate
608:Open source
586:hypothesis.
434:Phanerozoic
390:Open source
207:png version
188:Glen Fergus
152:Description
1746:File usage
1646:Fix fonts.
1459:Dimensions
1209:media type
1199:media type
1049:some value
624:References
618:3 May 2014
449:Time scale
400:References
308:Time scale
96:Malay (ms)
27:File usage
1938:Фанерозой
1635:(1.93 MB)
1611:Perhelion
1551:Perhelion
1456:Thumbnail
1453:Date/Time
1318:data size
1304:data size
869:Licensing
655:GSA Today
491:Near the
420:Licensing
229:InfoField
161:English:
2011:Metadata
1725:(349 KB)
1695:(380 KB)
1665:(349 KB)
1616:fix font
1605:(151 KB)
1575:(388 KB)
1545:(126 KB)
1515:(126 KB)
1491:Hakimi97
1485:(136 KB)
1333:129,509
1255:checksum
1237:checksum
969:Captions
915:to remix
909:to share
900:license.
857:See also
800:147-151.
747:737-740.
591:Holocene
483:Pliocene
464:Cenozoic
460:Mesozoic
410:See also
284:Contents
269:Inkscape
246:code is
174:Own work
37:Metadata
1983:Eemiyan
1470:current
1465:Comment
1034:creator
1004:creator
993:depicts
973:English
479:Miocene
477:At the
458:At the
428:Summary
298:Summary
85:
2032:Height
1968:Klimat
1873:Éémien
1423:1,760
1363:height
1349:height
637:59-88.
263:This
261:
240:
184:Author
170:Source
2024:Width
1425:pixel
1408:width
1398:pixel
1394:width
1380:pixel
1353:pixel
1289:SHA-1
1245:SHA-1
789:2007.
249:valid
178:below
2027:1760
1462:User
1378:513
1335:byte
1308:byte
957:true
954:true
508:Data
328:Data
242:The
17:File
2035:513
1074:URL
1016:URL
771:doi
729:doi
708:doi
682:).
661:doi
620:..
468:K-T
375:4.5
365:4.4
355:4.3
345:4.2
335:4.1
244:SVG
1285::
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695:↑
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642:↑
481:–
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