Filibuster in the United States Senate

538:"To give a minority a negative upon the majority (which is always the case where more than a majority is requisite to a decision), is, in its tendency, to subject the sense of the greater number to that of the lesser. The necessity of unanimity in public bodies, or something approaching it, has been founded upon a supposition that it would contribute to security. But its real operation is to embarrass the administration, destroy the government's energy, and substitute the pleasure, caprice, or artifices of an insignificant, turbulent, or corrupt junto, to the regular deliberations and decisions of a respectable majority. In those emergencies of a nation, in which the goodness or badness, the weakness or strength of its government, is of the greatest importance, there is commonly a necessity for action. The public business must, in some way or other, go forward. If a pertinacious minority can control the opinion of a majority, respecting the best mode of conducting it, the majority, so that something may be done, must conform to the views of the minority; thus the sense of the smaller number will overrule that of the greater, and give a tone to the national proceedings—hence, tedious delays; continual negotiation and intrigue; contemptible compromises of the public good. And yet, in such a system, it is even happy when such compromises can take place: for upon some occasions things will not admit of accommodation; then the measures of government must be injuriously suspended, or fatally defeated. It is often, by the impracticability of obtaining the concurrence of the necessary number of votes, kept in a state of inaction. Its situation must always savor of weakness, sometimes border upon anarchy." 1780:'s veto, generally requires the President to withdraw troops committed overseas within 60 days, which the President may extend once for 30 additional days, unless Congress has declared war, otherwise authorized the use of force, or is unable to meet as a result of an armed attack upon the United States. In the Senate, if a concurrent resolution authorizing forces, or requiring that forces be removed, has not been reported by the committee of jurisdiction within 15 calendar days, then the committee is discharged and the concurrent resolution immediately becomes the pending business, thus preventing a filibuster on the motion to proceed. Consideration of the concurrent resolution is then time-limited to three days (whether the Senate is actively debating the resolution or not), after which the Senate must vote on agreeing to the concurrent resolution. 802:, to set aside the measure being filibustered and consider other business. If no senator objects, the Senate can have two or more pieces of legislation or nominations pending on the floor simultaneously by designating specific periods during the day when each one will be considered. The notable side effect of this change was that by no longer bringing Senate business to a complete halt, filibusters became politically easier for the minority to sustain. As a result, the number of filibusters began increasing rapidly, eventually leading to the modern era in which an effective supermajority requirement exists to pass legislation, with no practical requirement that the minority party actually hold the floor or extend debate. 883:

offer amendments. Postcloture debate time on district judge nominations was limited to two hours, and postcloture debate time on executive nominations, other than those at Level I of the Executive Schedule, was limited to eight hours. Permanent changes to the Standing Rules of the Senate provided for a simplified cloture procedure for bipartisan motions to proceed and for compound motions to go to conference. Despite these modest changes, 60 votes were still required to overcome a filibuster, and the "silent filibuster"—in which a senator can, in practice, delay a bill even if they leave the floor—remained unaffected.

1320:, the Senate Minority Leader, threatened to filibuster the resolution unless it included language committing to a 60-vote threshold to invoke cloture. As a result of this delay, committee memberships were held over from the 116th Congress, leaving some committees without a chair, some committees chaired by Republicans, and new senators without committee assignments. After a stalemate that lasted a week, McConnell received assurances from two Democratic senators that they would continue to support the 60-vote threshold. Because of those assurances, on January 25, 2021, McConnell abandoned his threat of a filibuster. 1764:, enacted in 1976, formalizes the emergency powers of the president. In the Senate, if a joint resolution terminating a national emergency has not been reported by the committee of jurisdiction within 15 calendar days, then the committee is automatically discharged and the joint resolution immediately becomes the pending business, thus preventing a filibuster on the motion to proceed. Consideration of the joint resolution is then time-limited to three days (whether the Senate is actively debating the joint resolution or not), after which the Senate must vote on passage of the joint resolution. 610: 1937:, but senators routinely use them to waste time while waiting for the next speaker to come to the floor or for leaders to negotiate off the floor. As a courtesy to other senators, senators suggest the absence of a quorum after their speeches even if no business has intervened since a quorum was established. This prevents the chair from fulfilling their duty to put the pending question to a vote and means that senators do not need to hold the floor to filibuster a measure. When the next senator arrives on the floor, the senator asks unanimous consent to dispense with the quorum call. 54: 516:, including conviction on impeachment (two-thirds of senators present), agreeing to a resolution of advice and consent to ratification of a treaty (two-thirds of senators present), expelling a member of Congress (two-thirds of members voting in the house in question), overriding presidential vetoes (two-thirds of members voting of both houses), and proposing constitutional amendments (two-thirds of members voting of both houses), Through negative textual implication, the Constitution also gives a simple majority the power to set procedural rules. 1499:

debatable for two hours; second-degree amendments are debatable for one hour; after time for general debate has expired, amendments are nondebatable. Any debatable motions and appeals are debatable for one hour; after time for general debate has expired, such motions are nondebatable. A conference report on a budget resolution or reconciliation bill is debatable for ten hours. The requirement that any amendments be germane also reduces the prospect of a filibuster by amendment. All these restrictions obviate the usual need for cloture.

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presiding officer would put to the Senate the question, "Is it the sense of the Senate that the debate shall be brought to a close?" If two-thirds of senators present and voting voted in favor of cloture, the measure would become unfinished business to the exclusion of all other business; no dilatory motions or amendments would be allowed; all amendments would be required to have been submitted before the cloture vote; and each senator would be limited to one hour of debate (which must be relevant to the clotured measure).

17: 1818:" authority for the President to negotiate international trade agreements. After the president submits a bill implementing a trade agreement, Congress can approve or deny the agreement, but cannot amend the bill. In both the House and the Senate, if the bill is not reported by the committee of jurisdiction within 45 session days, the committee is automatically discharged. A motion to proceed to the bill is then privileged and nondebatable. Debate on the bill is then limited to 20 hours, equally divided. 1389:(D-IA) advocated for steadily reducing the cloture threshold each time a cloture vote fails. The number of votes required would be reduced by three on each vote (e.g., from 60 to 57, 54, 51) until a simple majority was required. Harkin envisioned that this rule would still allow the minority to bring visibility to and slow down a bill, and since the whole process would take eight days the majority would have incentive to compromise with the minority. The Senate defeated the idea by voice vote in 2013. 1794:

president to remove forces. If the committee of jurisdiction has not reported such a joint resolution within ten days of its introduction, then a motion to discharge the committee is privileged and debatable for one hour. If that motion is agreed to, a motion to proceed is privileged and is nondebatable. Then, debate on the joint resolution is limited to ten hours, equally divided. Such joint resolutions are not privileged in the House, and are subject to the president's approval or veto.

559:, this motion was itself debatable, so it could not be used as an effective cloture mechanism. Rather, it was used by the Senate to reverse its decision to consider a measure (much like today's motion to postpone). Beginning in 1811, the House of Representatives set a series of precedents to make the previous question a way of limiting debate, and throughout the 19th century, some senators unsuccessfully attempted to introduce this version of the previous question into the Senate's rules. 1752:. In the Senate, if a joint resolution of disapproval is introduced within 60 days in the case of a law amending the Criminal Code, or within 30 days in the case of any other law, then if it has not been reported by the committee of jurisdiction after 20 calendar days, a motion to discharge is privileged and debatable for one hour. If that motion is agreed to, a nondebatable motion to proceed is in order. The joint resolution is then debatable for ten hours, equally divided. 1919:

objecting to the request. In many cases, an objection to a request for unanimous consent will compel a vote of one kind or another (perhaps requiring cloture). While forcing a single vote may not be an effective delaying tool, the cumulative effect of several votes, which take at least 15 minutes apiece (in practice, most take 45 minutes), can be substantial. If a senator announces to their leadership that they intend to object to a request (known as a

1067: 1180:, was unable to pass, in part due to the filibuster and the limitations of budget reconciliation. As early as April 1993, a memo to the task force noted, "While the substance is obviously controversial, there is apparently great disquiet in the Capitol over whether we understand the interactivity between reconciliation and health, procedurally, and in terms of timing and counting votes for both measures." 1476:

through one of these methods, especially reconciliation. These laws generally provide that after a certain period of time, the committee of jurisdiction shall be discharged (either automatically or by privileged motion) from further consideration of the measure; that a motion to proceed shall be privileged and nondebatable; and that debate on the measure be limited to a certain period of time.

3792: 1402:(D-CA) proposed a "minority bill of rights" for the House of Representatives that would have guaranteed the minority the right to offer its own alternatives to bills under consideration. The House Republican majority did not endorse her proposal, and Pelosi in turn did not grant those rights when Democrats took control of the House in 2007. 814:

all senators, rather than a proportion of those present and voting, the change also made any filibusters easier to sustain on the floor by a small number of senators from the minority party without requiring the presence of their minority colleagues. This further reduced the majority's leverage to force an issue through extended debate.

754:. Although the 1949 rule had eliminated cloture on rules changes themselves, the resolution was not successfully filibustered, and on January 5, 1959, the resolution was agreed to by a 72–22 vote. The 1959 change also eliminated the 1949 exemption for amendments to the rules, allowing cloture to once again be invoked on future changes. 894:, at a simple majority of senators present and voting. All Republicans and three Democrats voted in favor of sustaining the decision of the chair. The Democrats' stated motivation was what they saw as an expansion of filibustering by Republicans during the Obama administration, especially with respect to nominations for the 1467:(respectively). Section 3 of each of those standing orders limited debate on a motion to discharge following a tie vote in committee to four hours, allowing such motions to be decided by a simple majority (ordinarily, they would be fully debatable unless the Senate voted to invoke cloture by a 60-vote majority). 1906:

A new precedent was thus established allowing for cloture to be invoked by a simple majority on executive nominations, excluding those to the Supreme Court of the United States. (On April 6, 2017, Senate Republicans again used the nuclear option to remove the exception for Supreme Court nominations.)

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Despite the supermajority requirements described above, any senator may attempt to nullify a Senate rule by raising a point of order that is contrary to the existing rules and precedents. An appeal in connection with a nondebatable question (such as cloture procedure) is itself nondebatable, so there

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advised that certain provisions of the House bill must be stricken (as extraneous non-budgetary matter) under the Byrd rule before proceeding under reconciliation. Senate Republicans were unable to obtain a simple majority for any health care reconciliation bill before the end of the fiscal year, and

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in areas that had traditionally been handled through legislation. For example, Barack Obama effected major changes in immigration policy by issuing work permits to some undocumented workers, while Donald Trump issued several significant executive orders after taking office in 2017, along with undoing

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The Senate votes on the cloture motion by the yeas and nays. A majority of three-fifths of senators duly chosen and sworn (60 votes if there is no more than one vacancy in the Senate) is required for most questions. A two-thirds majority of senators present and voting is required to invoke cloture on

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In 1975, the Senate revised its cloture rule so that three-fifths of senators duly chosen and sworn could limit debate (except for measures amending the Standing Rules, on which a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is still needed to invoke cloture). By returning to an absolute number of

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to set a series of precedents that reduced the threshold for cloture on nominations to a simple majority. Since then, nominations can be confirmed without the support of 60 senators, though they may nonetheless be delayed by a filibuster. Moreover, a number of rulemaking statutes have been enacted to

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The Senate was previously particularly vulnerable to serial filibusters when it and the House had passed different versions of the same bill and want to go to conference (i.e., appoint a conference committee of both chambers to merge the bills). Normally, the majority would ask for unanimous consent

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While extended debate is the traditional form of a filibuster in the Senate, other means of delaying and killing legislation are available. Because the Senate routinely conducts business by unanimous consent, one member can create at least some delay, and in many cases effectively kill a measure, by

1724:, enacted in 1995, allows Congress to review and repeal certain administrative regulations adopted by the executive branch. This procedure will most typically be used successfully shortly after a party change in the presidency. It was first used in 2001 to repeal an ergonomics rule promulgated under 1475:

A number of laws limit the time for debate on certain bills, eliminating the need for cloture and effectively exempting those bills from the 60-vote requirement, allowing the Senate to pass such bills by a simple majority. As a result, many major legislative actions in recent decades have been taken

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declared that cloture had been invoked. However, the Senate voted 45–53 against sustaining the decision of the chair, thus setting a precedent that there is no exception to the cloture rule at the beginning of a Congress. Furthermore, in 1975, the Senate affirmed by a vote of 53–43 that the ordinary

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On January 20, 2022, the Senate voted 52–48 against overturning a ruling of the chair to block all motions, points of order and amendments to a voting rights bill, which would have allowed a talking filibuster on the bill without any hindrances. Every Republican senator voted against this use of the

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The implied threat of a filibuster—and the resulting 60-vote requirement in the modern era—has had major impacts on the ability of recent majorities to enact their top legislative priorities into law. The effects of the 60-vote requirement are most apparent in periods where the president

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on it; in this case, the leadership will generally not attempt to advance the measure unless cloture is invoked on it (usually by a 60-vote majority). In particular, as a courtesy to senators who have holds on a bill or nomination, senators generally suggest the absence of a quorum after they finish

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allows the Senate to vote to limit debate by invoking cloture on the pending question. In most cases, however, this requires a majority of three-fifths of the senators duly chosen and sworn (60 votes if there is no more than one vacancy), so a minority of senators can block a measure, even if it has

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to delay or block a vote on a measure by preventing debate on it from ending. The Senate's rules place few restrictions on debate; in general, if no other senator is speaking, a senator who seeks recognition is entitled to speak for as long as they wish. Only when debate concludes (whether naturally

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Under the Congressional Budget Act, a budget resolution is debatable for 50 hours, equally divided and controlled by the majority and minority managers. A reconciliation bill is debatable for 20 hours, equally divided and controlled by the majority and minority managers. First-degree amendments are

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Senate rules can be changed by a simple majority vote. Nevertheless, under current Senate rules, an amendment to the rules could itself be filibustered, with a vote of two-thirds of the senators present and voting needed to invoke cloture on a measure amending the Standing Rules. Several methods of

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The Supreme Court's caseload has declined significantly, with various commenters suggesting that the decline in major legislation has been a major cause. Meanwhile, more policy issues are resolved judicially without action by Congress—despite the existence of potential simple majority support

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As the filibuster has evolved from a rare practice that required holding the floor for extended periods into a routine 60-vote supermajority requirement, Senate leaders have increasingly used cloture motions as a regular tool to manage the flow of business, often even in the absence of a threatened

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as part of a reform of the congressional budget process. In brief, the annual budget process begins with adoption of a budget resolution, a concurrent resolution that recommends overall funding levels for the government. Congress may then consider a budget reconciliation bill, subject to expedited

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by a vote of 78–16. That resolution established a standing order, for the 113th Congress only, restricting filibusters on motions to proceed and on nominations. In certain circumstances, debate on a motion to proceed would be limited to four hours, equally divided between the majority and minority

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would require that if between 51 and 59 senators support a cloture motion, debate would continue only until there is no opposing senator speaking. At that point, another cloture vote would be triggered with only a simple majority required. Currently, senators can prevent the chair from putting the

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pursued a strategy to use a reconciliation bill to repeal the Affordable Care Act, followed by another reconciliation bill in the next fiscal year to pass tax reform. A budget reconciliation strategy was pursued since nearly all Democrats were expected to oppose these policies, making a filibuster

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In 1977, during a filibuster on the Natural Gas Policy Act, the Senate set a series of precedents to restrict filibusters after cloture has been invoked. For instance, the Senate held that if cloture has been invoked on a measure, the presiding officer must take the initiative in ruling nongermane

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In the Senate, if the committee of jurisdiction has not reported a joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval of a rule within 20 days, then the joint resolution can be discharged by a petition signed by 30 senators. A motion to proceed to the joint resolution is then privileged and

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Generally, motions to proceed are debatable and can be filibustered. However, on March 5, 1980, the Senate voted 38–54 against sustaining a decision of the chair and thus set a precedent that a nondebatable motion to proceed to executive session to consider a specific nomination (or treaty) is in

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The most effective methods of delay are those that force the majority to invoke cloture multiple times on the same measure. The most common example is to filibuster the motion to proceed to a bill, then filibuster the bill itself. This forces the majority to go through the entire cloture process

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by a vote of 59–35 (after first invoking cloture by a vote of 64–36), which would allow the Senate to consider, under expedited procedures, one joint resolution in a specified form raising the debt limit. After the majority leader introduced such a joint resolution, the joint resolution would be

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raised a point of order that no motions, points of order and amendments be in order to a voting rights bill pending at that time, which would have allowed a talking filibuster on the bill without any hindrances. The chair overruled the point of order, and the Senate sustained the decision of the

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Some reformers argue that the filibuster should be returned to its origins, in which senators were required to hold the floor and speak at length to delay a bill. Since obstruction would be more visible, the reform might benefit major bills that the minority "is willing to block covertly but not

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A budget resolution for fiscal year 2017 that included reconciliation instructions for tax reform was agreed to by the Senate by a 51–49 vote on October 19, 2017, and by the House on a 216–212 vote on October 26, 2017. It permitted raising the deficit by $ 1.5 trillion over ten years. The Senate

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Shifting majorities of both parties—and their supporters—have often been frustrated as major policy priorities articulated in political campaigns are unable to obtain passage following an election. Despite the Democratic Party holding a substantial majority in the 111th Congress, the

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During the 113th Congress, two packages of procedural changes were adopted, one temporary for that Congress and one permanent. Firstly, during the 113th Congress, debate on certain motions to proceed to bills would be limited to four hours, and the minority would be guaranteed the opportunity to

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raised a parliamentary inquiry on how many votes were required to appeal the chair's ruling in that instance. The presiding officer replied, "A majority of those Senators voting, a quorum being present, is required." Reid's appeal was sustained by a 48–52 vote, and the Senate thus established a

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Under the new rule, at any time while a measure was pending, a senator could present a cloture motion signed by 16 senators. One hour after the Senate convened on the second calendar day of session following the filing of the cloture motion, the business then pending would be set aside, and the

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If the minority objects, those motions are debatable (and therefore subject to a filibuster). Additionally, after the first two motions are agreed to, but before the third is, senators can offer an unlimited number of motions to instruct conferees, which are themselves debatable, amendable and

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leaders or their designees, after which the motion to proceed could be decided by simple-majority vote. Postcloture time on district judges would be limited to two hours, equally divided, and postcloture time on subcabinet executive nominations would be limited to eight hours, equally divided.

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was unconstitutional, doubt has arisen as to whether this course of action is constitutional. In response, in 1983, Congress amended the International Security Assistances and Arms Export Control Act of 1976 to provide for expedited procedures in the Senate for joint resolutions directing the

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Under rule XXII, paragraph 3, added on January 24, 2013, a cloture motion signed by 16 senators (including the majority leader, minority leader, 7 other majority senators and 7 other minority senators) presented on a motion to proceed ripens one hour after the Senate convenes on the following

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In 1949, in response to filibusters of amendments to the Journal and motions to proceed to the consideration of bills, the cloture rule was amended to allow cloture to be filed on "any measure, motion, or other matter pending before the Senate, or the unfinished business". However, the Senate

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filibuster. Thus, the presence or absence of cloture attempts is not necessarily a reliable indicator of the presence or absence of a threatened filibuster. Because filibustering does not depend on the use of any specific rules, whether a filibuster is present is always a matter of judgment.

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Even once cloture has been invoked, in most cases debate can continue for a further 30 hours, and most major bills are subject to two or three filibusters before the Senate can vote on passage. Even bills supported by 60 or more senators (as well as nominations) may therefore be delayed by a

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No amendment may be proposed unless it had been submitted in writing to the journal clerk by 1 o'clock p.m. on the day following the filing of the cloture motion in the case of a first-degree amendment or one hour prior to the beginning of the cloture vote in the case of a second-degree

1335:(who, at the time, was a Democrat) expressed her opposition to filibuster reform, claiming that ending the filibuster would lead to "repeated radical reversals in federal policy, cementing uncertainty, deepening divisions, and further eroding Americans’ confidence in our government". 547:

Originally, the Senate's rules did not provide for a procedure for the Senate to vote to end debate on a question so that it could be voted on, which opened the door to filibusters. Indeed, a filibuster took place at the very first session of the Senate. On September 22, 1789, Senator

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Once postcloture time has expired, the only motions in order to be offered are motions to reconsider and motions to table. One quorum call may also be demanded by a senator. Any senator who has not used nor yielded back ten minutes is guaranteed such time to speak to the

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raised a point of order that "the vote on cloture under rule XXII for all nominations other than for the Supreme Court of the United States is by majority vote". The presiding officer overruled the point of order, and Reid appealed the ruling. Minority Leader

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On October 6, 2011, in a further effort to restrict the postcloture filibuster, the Senate voted 48–51 against sustaining a decision of the chair in order to set a precedent that motions to suspend the rules are not in order after cloture has been invoked.

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One hour after the Senate convenes on the second calendar day of session following the filing of the cloture motion (or at a time designated by unanimous consent), the cloture motion ripens, and the presiding officer directs the clerk to report the cloture

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No senator may speak for more than one hour. A senator may yield part or all of their one hour to a floor manager or leader, who may in turn yield that time to other senators. (No manager nor leader may have more than two hours yielded to them by another

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At first, the only effect of cloture on the time available for debate was to limit each senator to one hour of debate. In 1979, the Senate imposed a 100-hour limit on the total time available for consideration of a clotured measure. The tactic of using

3244:"Testimony of Mimi Marizani & Diana Lee, Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, Submitted to the U.S. Senate Committee on Rules & Administration for the hearing entitled 'Examining the Filibuster: History of the Filibuster 1789–2008'" 1283:

A budget resolution for fiscal year 2017 that included reconciliation instructions for health care reform was agreed to by the Senate by a 51–48 vote on January 12, 2017, and by the House on a 227–198 vote the following day. The House later passed the

864:". The term thereafter came to refer to the general process of changing the rules by setting a precedent that conflicted with the plain text of the rules. However, a group of 14 senators—seven Democrats and seven Republicans, collectively dubbed the " 1196:

of 2001 and 2003 were each passed using reconciliation, which required that the tax cuts expire within the 10-year budget window to avoid violating the Byrd rule in the Senate. The status of the tax cuts would remain unresolved until the late 2012

1236:, House Democrats decided to pass the Senate bill intact, and it became law. Several House-desired modifications to the Senate bill—those sufficient to pass scrutiny under the Byrd rule—were then made under reconciliation through the 7222: 1964:

However, in 2013, the Senate amended its rules to allow these three motions to be made together as a compound motion and to provide an expedited cloture procedure on this compound motion. Therefore, this is no longer a viable filibuster tactic.

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During periods of single-party control in Congress and the Presidency, reconciliation has increasingly been used to enact major parts of a party's legislative agenda by avoiding the 60-vote rule. Notable examples of such successful use include:

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On April 6, 2017, Senate Republicans eliminated the sole exception to the 2013 change by invoking the nuclear option to extend the 2013 precedent to include Supreme Court nominees. This was done in order to allow a simple majority to confirm

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Note: Senator Robert C. Byrd wrote in 1980 that he and Senator Mike Mansfield instituted the "two-track system" in the early 1970s with the approval and cooperation of Senate Republican leaders while he was serving as Senate Majority Whip.

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The Senate can also set aside a provision of its Standing Rules by agreeing to a resolution to that effect. 60 votes are required to invoke cloture on such a resolution, so this is a more realistic alternative to an amendment to the rules.

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a motion or resolution to amend the Standing Rules of the Senate. Under the precedents set by the Senate on November 21, 2013, and April 6, 2017, a simple majority of senators present and voting is required to invoke cloture on nominations.

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After 30 hours of debate on the measure, the presiding officer puts the question on any pending amendments and the clotured measure. (Under the precedent set on April 3, 2019, postcloture time on all nominations, other than those to the

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During times of unified party control, majorities have attempted (with varying levels of success) to enact their major policy priorities through the budget reconciliation process, resulting in legislation constrained by narrow

1901:*** Under the precedent set by the Senate today, November 21, 2013, the threshold for cloture on nominations, not including those to the Supreme Court of the United States, is now a majority. That is the ruling of the Chair. 955:

A minimum of 16 senators must sign a cloture motion that states, "We, the undersigned Senators, in accordance with the provisions of Rule XXII of the Standing Rules of the Senate, do hereby move to bring to a close debate on

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As an alternative to blocking the majority's agenda, some proposals have focused instead on granting the minority the right to have its own agenda considered on the floor. For example, in 2004 then–House Minority Leader

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their speeches, which has the effect of preventing the presiding officer from putting the pending question to the Senate even though no senator seeks recognition. This is commonly regarded as the "silent filibuster."

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many of Obama's initiatives. As a result, policy in these areas is increasingly determined by executive preference, and is more easily changed after elections, rather than through more permanent legislative policy.

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Under rule XXVIII, paragraph 2, added on January 24, 2013, a cloture motion on a compound motion to go to conference ripens two hours after it is filed. If cloture is invoked, the compound motion is not debatable.

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In short, the Senate's deletion of the previous question motion from its rules did not give rise to filibusters because the 1806 motion was neither used to end debate nor bring the Senate to a vote on the pending

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question even if no senator is on the floor by suggesting the absence of a quorum after their speeches even though a quorum call is not in order if no business has intervened since a quorum was last established.

1923:), the majority leader will not attempt to make that request even if the senator does not come to the floor to object to it; a single senator's objection is therefore enough to force a lengthy cloture process. 1831:

placed on the Calendar, and a motion to proceed would be nondebatable. The joint resolution would be debatable for ten hours, equally divided. After S.610 was signed into law, the Senate considered and passed

1510:, determines whether an item is extraneous, and a 60-vote majority is required either to overrule the decision of the chair or to waive the Byrd rule, and thus include such material in a reconciliation bill 1105:, over 25% of all bills introduced in the Senate were eventually enacted; by 2005, that number had fallen to 12.5%; and by 2010, only 2.8% of introduced bills became law—a 90% decline from 50 years prior. 959:

Any senator (generally the majority leader) may present the cloture motion at any time (including while another senator is speaking) while the question to which the cloture motion is directed is pending.

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At times, senators have argued that, under Article I, Section 5, of the Constitution, the Senate has a constitutional right to change its rules by a simple majority at the beginning of each Congress.

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In addition to reducing the cloture threshold to a simple majority (either wholly or for certain matters), several procedural alternatives have been proposed to modify or reform the filibuster rule.

352: 1217:, President Barack Obama briefly enjoyed an effective 60-vote Democratic majority (including independents caucusing with the Democrats) in the Senate. During that time period, the Senate passed the 6362: 6357: 6352: 1101:

The supermajority rule has made it very difficult, often impossible, for Congress to pass controversial legislation in recent decades. The number of bills passed by the Senate has cratered: in the

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After cloture is invoked, the Senate automatically proceeds to consider the measure on which cloture was invoked (if it was not before the Senate already). The following restrictions then apply:

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to delay legislation because they were not counted as part of the limited time allowed for debate was rendered ineffective by this rule change. In 1986, this time limit was reduced to 30 hours.

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The modern-era filibuster—and the resulting 60-vote supermajority requirement—has had significant policy and political effects on all three branches of the federal government.

5739: 4099: 3287:. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: 100th Congress, 1st Session, S. Con. Res. 18; U.S. Senate Bicentennial Publication; Senate Document 100–20; U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 203. 1927:

twice in a row. If, as is common, the majority seeks to adopt a substitute amendment to the bill, a further cloture procedure is needed for the amendment if the amendment is not germane.

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The presiding officer directs the clerk to call the roll to ascertain the presence of a quorum. In practice, this mandatory quorum call is almost always waived by unanimous consent.

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for 24 hours and 18 minutes, during which he read laws from different states and recited George Washington's farewell address in its entirety, although the bill ultimately passed.

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During most of the pre–Civil War period, the filibuster was seldom used to block measures, as northern senators desired to maintain southern support over fears of disunion and

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threatened an even longer filibuster, saying that Clay "may make his arrangements at his boarding house for the winter". Other senators sided with King, and Clay backed down.

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cloture rules apply to rules changes at the beginning of a Congress. The prevailing precedent is, therefore, that the Senate's rules continue from one Congress to another.

1113:. Meanwhile, public approval for Congress as an institution has fallen to its lowest levels ever, with large segments of the public seeing the institution as ineffective. 4675: 3756: 2689: 7377: 6168: 6043: 1783:

The War Powers Resolution provides for the use of concurrent resolutions, which are not subject to approval by the president. Following the Supreme Court's decision in

5964: 5759: 5218: 872: 151: 3343: 6881: 5241: 2034: 1540: 1248: 589:

from expunging a resolution of censure against him. In 1841, a defining moment came during a filibuster on a bill to charter a new national bank. After Whig Senator

478:

Throughout the Senate's history, senators have frequently made efforts to curtail the use of the Senate's filibuster. Notably, in 2013 and 2017, the Senate used the

2752: 7372: 7335: 6954: 6646: 2875: 1491: 484: 3197: 657:. Although cloture was invoked, the treaty was then rejected against the wishes of the cloture rule's first champion, President Wilson. During the 1930s, Senator 7350: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5727: 1228:

House Democrats did not approve of all aspects of the Senate bill, but after 60-vote Senate control was permanently lost in February 2010 due to the election of

1221:(ACA), commonly known as "Obamacare", on December 24, 2009 by a vote of 60–39 (after invoking cloture by the same margin). However, Obama's proposal to create a 773:. After 60 days of consideration of the bill, cloture was invoked by a 71–29 vote on June 10, 1964. This was only the second successful cloture vote since 1927. 716:

to vote in favor of a cloture motion. Moreover, future proposals to change the Senate rules were themselves specifically exempted from being subject to cloture.

1879:

I raise a point of order that the vote on cloture under rule XXII for all nominations other than for the Supreme Court of the United States is by majority vote.

1243:

The near-60-vote Senate majority that Democrats held throughout the 111th Congress was also critical to passage of other major Obama initiatives, including the

784:

After a series of filibusters in the 1960s over civil-rights legislation, the Senate began to use a two-track system introduced in 1972 under the leadership of

638:

to be used to limit debate on a measure. This took place after a group of twelve anti-war senators managed to kill a bill that would have allowed Wilson to arm

7694: 7320: 6282: 6202: 6139: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5633: 1627: 6949: 6676: 6031: 3370: 2996: 2839: 2719: 1565: 475:

filibuster. A filibuster can also be conducted through the use of other dilatory measures, such as proposing dilatory amendments or making dilatory motions.

5191: 3954: 1736:

nondebatable, and debate on the joint resolution itself is then limited to ten hours, equally divided and controlled by the majority and minority managers.

852:, proposed having the presiding officer rule that a filibuster on judicial nominees was unconstitutional, as it was inconsistent with the president's power 7536: 7003: 6891: 6876: 6619: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6190: 4280: 1652: 1237: 4540: 4490: 4414: 4372: 4347: 3508:"Statement of U.S. Senator Robert C. Byrd, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, 'Examining the Filibuster: History of the Filibuster 1789–2008.'" 7913: 7330: 6287: 6238: 5706: 5681: 4465: 798:. Before this system was introduced, a filibuster would stop the Senate from moving on to any other legislative activity. Tracking allows the Senate, by 792: 4228: 994:

Senators may yield back part or all of their one hour; however, this yielding does not reduce the total time available for consideration of the measure.

7355: 6922: 6218: 5734: 6003: 4653: 6976: 6499: 5959: 291: 147: 4071: 3397: 917:

In 2019, the Senate voted 49–51 to overturn a ruling of the chair to set a precedent that postcloture debate on nominations—other than those to the

570:

in order to avoid confrontation with new states admitted to the Union in pairs to preserve the sectional balance in the Senate, most notably in the

7908: 7655: 6851: 6013: 5991: 5533: 3265: 1835:

under these expedited procedures. This structure allowed Republican senators to vote against the debt limit increase without blocking its passage.

1784: 1495:

procedures in the Senate, that reconciles funding amounts in any annual appropriations bills with the amounts specified in the budget resolution.

6134: 6129: 4880: 232: 4107: 7242: 6971: 6461: 6008: 5643: 2569: 1506:, no non-budgetary "extraneous matter" may be considered in a reconciliation bill. The presiding officer, relying always on the opinion of the 1244: 437: 3092: 6769: 6423: 6078: 3906: 3481:"The Filibuster and Filibuster Reform in the U.S. Senate, 1917–1975; Testimony Prepared for the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration" 776:

From 1917 to 1970, the Senate took a cloture vote nearly once a year (on average); during this time, there were a total of 49 cloture votes.

157: 7304: 6557: 6379: 5952: 3932: 2540: 1503: 210: 171: 141: 3534: 3507: 3480: 7683: 7299: 7015: 6896: 6614: 6567: 6161: 5563: 1507: 1289: 214: 4957: 4254: 2309: 1705:

Climate change funding, Medicare prescription drug price negotiations, and creation of a corporate minimum tax, passed the Senate 51–50.

7465: 7163: 6804: 6243: 2516: 1675: 1218: 467: 328: 5404: 6604: 6530: 6083: 5971: 5696: 1518: 785: 165: 5063: 5036: 2470: 910:

to the Supreme Court. The vote was 48–52 against sustaining the decision of the chair on a point of order raised by Majority Leader

7869: 7813: 7153: 7119: 6901: 6456: 6451: 6266: 5701: 4805: 4729: 3704: 3576: 3427: 3167: 2609: 2266: 972:

The presiding officer puts to the Senate the question, "Is it the sense of the Senate that debate on shall be brought to a close?"

914:. 61 Senators from both parties later wrote a letter to Senate leadership, urging them to preserve the filibuster for legislation. 119: 114: 5361: 5160: 5090: 4984: 3880: 3857: 2789: 53: 7010: 6886: 6779: 6656: 6446: 3243: 3062: 2425: 1811: 1487: 1110: 488: 4931: 4176: 3973: 3767: 1537:

The Clinton budget bill, passed the Senate 51–50. Raised income taxes on those making over $ 115,000, among other tax increases.

7903: 7604: 7508: 7411: 6814: 6113: 5659: 5553: 2697: 1252: 483:

limit the scope of the filibuster by imposing an automatic time limit on Senate debate of certain questions. These include the

339: 79: 4002: 890:, voting 48–52 to overrule a decision of the chair and set the cloture threshold for all nominations, other than those to the 7284: 7269: 7196: 6937: 6829: 6799: 6589: 5676: 5664: 2954: 2301: 1674:

Second portion of Obamacare, passed the Senate 56–43. This law made budget-related amendments to the main Obamacare law, the

1377:

chair by a vote of 52–48, with Senators Joe Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema joining all Republicans in voting against the reform.

1316:' tie-breaking vote, the legislative filibuster became a sticking point for the adoption of a new organizing resolution when 552:

wrote in his diary that the "design of the Virginians was to talk away the time, so that we could not get the bill passed."

549: 228: 101: 86: 3854:

Changes to Senate Procedures at the Start of the 113th Congress Affecting the Operation of Cloture (S.Res. 15 and S.Res. 16)

1137:

Presidents of both parties have increasingly filled the policymaking vacuum with expanded use of executive power, including

7843: 7585: 7274: 5526: 4700: 3347: 1202: 5249: 3145: 7848: 7475: 7279: 7191: 7143: 6966: 6861: 6537: 5947: 3110: 2759: 2384: 2148: 1749: 383: 137: 64: 5323: 4016: 3602: 3205: 2865: 7232: 6478: 5490: 5471: 5112: 4943: 4334: 3818: 3292: 2072: 1745: 1015: 918: 891: 701: 496: 430: 1930:

In addition to objecting to routine requests, senators can make various dilatory motions, such as motions to adjourn.

1304:

President Trump repeatedly called on Senate Republicans to abolish or reform the filibuster throughout 2017 and 2018.

7627: 7481: 7237: 6724: 6233: 6183: 5686: 3636: 513: 129: 91: 5986: 5006: 3991:

Senate Goes Nuclea: McConnell kills the filibuster for Supreme Court nominees to get Trump's court pick over the top

3018: 1973:

Below is a table of the ten longest single-person filibusters to take place in the United States Senate since 1900.

7898: 7781: 7756: 7495: 7294: 7114: 6927: 5671: 4797: 1690: 1285: 1173: 845: 594: 582: 499:. Since debate on such measures ends without cloture being invoked, they are not subject to the 60-vote threshold. 307: 3562:"The Constitutional Option to Change Senate Rules and Procedures: a Majoritarian Means to Overcome the Filibuster" 2988: 2832: 2729: 7776: 7513: 7502: 7455: 7168: 6048: 5583: 5519: 5183: 3990: 2430: 1699: 1019: 922: 830:

order. Therefore, nominations can now be brought up without the threat of a filibuster on the motion to proceed.

4701:"McConnell allows Senate power-sharing deal to advance after fight with Democrats over filibuster - CNNPolitics" 4129: 1961:

divisible. As a result, a determined minority could previously cause a great deal of delay before a conference.

7740: 7721: 7704: 7418: 7406: 7289: 7217: 4905: 4827: 4161: 3431: 1426:, the Senate voted 51–47 to invoke cloture on a resolution amending the cloture rule, whereupon Vice President 1255:, which would have created a cap-and-trade system and established a national renewable electricity standard to 1222: 1118: 899: 563: 406: 396: 389: 5506: 4591: 4397: 4044: 1868:

precedent that cloture on nominations other than those for the Supreme Court requires only a simple majority.

984:

The clotured measure remains the unfinished business to the exclusion of all other business until disposed of.

7786: 7641: 7570: 7084: 6784: 6542: 6468: 6223: 6178: 5271: 4306: 3457: 2337: 1910:

The nuclear option was again used in 2019 to limit postcloture debate on low-level nominations to two hours.

1681: 1590: 1298: 1251:(passed 60–39, with three Republicans voting "Yea" and one Democrat voting "Nay"). However, the House-passed 860:, the former Republican leader, used the word "nuclear" to describe the plan, and so it became known as the " 693: 423: 37: 3757:"'Extraordinary Circumstances': The Legacy of the Gang of 14 and a Proposal for Judicial Nominations Reform" 3282: 7823: 7808: 7766: 7761: 7648: 7591: 7340: 7201: 7131: 6752: 6552: 6547: 5998: 5577: 5573: 5569: 2918: 2408: 1649:

Extended lower rates on capital gains and relief from the alternative minimum tax, passed the Senate 54–44.

1456: 1452: 1276: 1214: 1169: 997:

No senator may propose more than two amendments until every senator has had the opportunity to do the same.

567: 373: 184: 5981: 1832: 1668: 1643: 1606: 7726: 7551: 7435: 7148: 6473: 6195: 6058: 3405: 2897: 1581: 1556: 1102: 401: 7771: 7556: 6483: 6144: 3535:"Statement on Filibusters and Cloture: Hearing before the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration" 2228: 2169: 1656: 1631: 1594: 1569: 1544: 1522: 1198: 578: 2786:

Amending Senate Rules at the Start of a New Congress, 1953–1975: An Analysis with an Afterword to 2015

779: 7833: 7546: 7450: 4855:"Will Senate Democrats' filibuster reform plan change anything? Experts answer a resounding 'Maybe.'" 4763: 3819:"On the Decision of the Chair (Shall the Decision of the Chair Stand as the Judgment of the Senate?)" 1256: 705: 615: 531: 2577: 1728:, and was then used 14 times in 2017 to repeal various regulations adopted in the final year of the 1464: 1444: 1079: 7689: 7126: 5976: 5387: 5297: 3670: 2442: 2190: 2030: 1761: 1721: 1715: 1613: 1460: 1229: 762: 736: 492: 179: 1665: 1640: 1603: 1301:

by a 51–48 vote on December 20, 2017, with the House passing it by a 224–201 vote later that day.

1172:, President Bill Clinton enjoyed Democratic majorities in both chambers of Congress. However, the 7676: 7620: 7430: 7040: 6871: 6729: 6719: 6509: 6436: 6053: 5430: 2402: 1578: 1553: 875:

held a series of monthly public hearings on the history and use of the filibuster in the Senate.

765:

by filibustering for a continuous 75 hours, including a 14-hour-and-13-minute address by Senator

609: 205: 2533: 898:, and out of frustration with filibusters of executive branch nominees for agencies such as the 7662: 7580: 7423: 5542: 2510: 2152: 1827: 1192:

was unable to obtain sufficient Democratic support for his tax cut proposals. As a result, the

7528: 6744: 6671: 6584: 6579: 6088: 4281:"Solicitor General: Supreme Court's shrinking caseload due to fewer laws enacted by Congress" 4152: 1773: 1678:

which had previously passed with 60 votes. It also included significant student loan changes.

1313: 743: 368: 4795: 7732: 7488: 7345: 7136: 7046: 6983: 6917: 6866: 6441: 6105: 5558: 3729: 2753:

The Previous Question – Its Standing as a Precedent for Cloture in the United States Senate

2724: 1225:

was removed from the health care legislation because it could not command 60-vote support.

654: 620: 512:

Only a small number of supermajority requirements were explicitly included in the original

455: 45: 5155:

Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.; Casey, Christopher A.; Davis, Christopher M. (June 21, 2019).

8: 7918: 7838: 7445: 7396: 7158: 7109: 6794: 6661: 5463: 5059: 5032: 4201: 3044: 2466: 2420: 2110: 1331:

expressed support for reforming or abolishing the filibuster. In June 2021, U.S. Senator

1324: 1122: 853: 681: 571: 530:

described supermajority requirements as being one of the main problems with the previous

323: 3435: 3175: 2605: 2539:(Report). United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. November 4, 2013. 712:

simultaneously made invoking cloture more difficult by requiring two-thirds of senators

7828: 7518: 6856: 6774: 6714: 6594: 5598: 5357: 5156: 5133: 5086: 4980: 3853: 2785: 2436: 1815: 1023: 926: 527: 378: 273: 200: 7598: 7562: 7541: 6998: 6734: 6681: 6641: 6626: 6313: 5486: 5467: 5331: 4771: 4737: 4676:"McConnell folds, drops filibuster objection, signals readiness for rules resolution" 3678: 3644: 3610: 3288: 3259: 2960: 2950: 2870: 1807: 1803: 799: 758: 747: 556: 520: 344: 244: 5116: 1007:

Senators may continue to offer amendments even if their time for debate has expired.

7360: 6759: 6609: 6428: 5213: 4072:"Senators Collins, Coons Lead Effort to Preserve 60 Vote Threshold for Legislation" 3048: 2207: 2055: 1790: 1531: 780:

The two-track system, 60-vote rule and rise of the routine filibuster (1970 onward)

249: 21: 5460:

Kill Switch: The Rise of the Modern Senate and the Crippling of American Democracy

4802:"Opinion: Kyrsten Sinema: We have more to lose than gain by ending the filibuster" 1288:

as a budget reconciliation bill by a vote of 217–213 on May 4, 2017. In July, the

1075: 697: 7575: 6525: 6433: 3040: 2944: 1864: 1427: 1317: 1177: 1138: 911: 685: 677: 598: 16: 555:

Although between 1789 and 1806 the Senate's rules provided for a motion for the

7669: 6841: 6764: 6691: 4648: 2013: 2009: 1844: 1344: 1332: 1312:

In January 2021, following a shift to a 50–50 Democratic majority supported by

1189: 887: 861: 839: 823: 788: 732: 728: 723:

set a record by filibustering for 22 hours and 26 minutes while protesting the

670: 631: 586: 479: 265: 107: 5060:

Congressional Disapproval of District of Columbia Laws Under the Home Rule Act

4565: 4515: 4439: 3114: 7892: 6993: 6819: 6599: 6406: 5483:

Defending the Filibuster, Revised and Updated Edition: The Soul of the Senate

5335: 4775: 4741: 3682: 3648: 3614: 3137: 2964: 2051: 1777: 1423: 1373: 1193: 1151:

in the Senate—on topics such as the legalization of same-sex marriage.

1126: 1035:

calendar day. If cloture is invoked, the motion to proceed is not debatable.

930: 770: 689: 639: 3799:. United States Senate Committee on Rules & Administration. June 9, 2010 3541:. United States Senate Committee on Rules & Administration. pp. 5–7 7864: 7088: 6988: 6636: 6631: 4906:"Senate Democrats fail to change rules on filibuster to pass voting rights" 4828:"Senate Democrats fail to change rules on filibuster to pass voting rights" 4466:"Senate parliamentarian: More parts of ObamaCare repeal will need 60 votes" 2354: 2305: 2280: 1729: 1725: 1621: 1479:

60 votes are needed to invoke cloture on a bill creating such a procedure.

1399: 1365: 1272: 907: 534:, and identified several evils which would result from such a requirement: 4730:"Biden gives strongest signal he's ready to move to end Senate filibuster" 3281:

Byrd, Robert C. (1991). "Party Whips, May 9, 1980". In Wendy Wolff (ed.).

6837: 6789: 6696: 6651: 5511: 3514:. United States Senate Committee on Rules & Administration. p. 2 3246:. United States Senate Committee on Rules & Administration. p. 5 3227:

Klein, Ezra (2020). "Chapter 8: When Bipartisanship Becomes Irrational".

2902: 2415: 2380: 2358: 2089: 1920: 1340: 1233: 806: 795: 766: 720: 627: 312: 286: 4764:"Biden Bolsters Filibuster Foes, but a Fight May Wait for a Budget Deal" 3318:"Whatever Happened to the Old-Fashioned Jimmy Stewart-Style Filibuster?" 1160:

and both houses of Congress are controlled by the same political party.

4373:"U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 111th Congress – 2nd Session" 4348:"U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 111th Congress – 1st Session" 4307:"Supreme Court Ruling Makes Same-Sex Marriage a Right Nationwide Image" 2376: 1859: 1386: 1260: 1129:

of Connecticut—threatened to filibuster the bill if it remained.

865: 857: 849: 590: 5324:"Senate Republicans Deploy 'Nuclear Option' to Clear Path for Gorsuch" 5087:

National Emergencies Act: Expedited Procedures in the House and Senate

4100:"Senate Rewrites Rules To Speed Confirmations For Some Trump Nominees" 3955:"U.S. Senate changes rules to stop minority from blocking nominations" 1950:

Insist on the Senate amendments, or disagree with the House amendments

1240:, which was enacted days later, following a 56–43 vote in the Senate. 1074:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

856:

with the advice and consent of a simple majority of senators. Senator

833: 577:

One of the early notable filibusters occurred in 1837 when a group of

7060: 6666: 2249: 2245: 2211: 2173: 1405: 1328: 805:

Since then, a measure could be delayed simply by a senator placing a

724: 673:" during one of his filibusters, which occupied 15 hours of debate. 662: 658: 302: 7635:

First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln

7053: 6504: 5134:

War Powers Resolution: Expedited Procedures in the House and Senate

4981:

The Senate Powersharing Agreement of the 117th Congress (S.Res. 27)

4049: 4045:"Bipartisan pitch to save filibuster gets 61 senators' endorsement" 3793:"Senate Rules Committee Holds Series of Hearings on the Filibuster" 3458:"Resolution to amend Rule XXII of the Standing Rules of the Senate" 3317: 3138:"The art of the filibuster: How do you talk for 24 hours straight?" 3063:"On this day, Wilson's own rule helps defeat the Versailles Treaty" 2127: 1617: 1323:

After Senate Republicans filibustered the motion to proceed to the

934: 896:

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

666: 4644:"McConnell Threatens Senate's Unity Kickoff Over Filibuster Fears" 4616:

Bresnahan, John; Everett, Burgess; Ferris, Sarah (June 26, 2018).

2445:, where Howard Stackhouse filibusters a senate vote in episode 17. 6574: 5480: 3881:"Senate approves modest, not sweeping, changes to the filibuster" 1933:

Quorum calls are meant to establish the presence or absence of a

946: 746:

legislation, the Senate, under the leadership of Majority Leader

635: 460: 223: 3996: 3907:"Liberals irate as Senate passes watered-down filibuster reform" 3371:"How the Filibuster Changed and Brought Tyranny of the Minority" 1748:, enacted in 1973, allows Congress to repeal laws passed by the 1587:

Accelerated and extended Bush tax cuts, passed the Senate 51–50.

619:

of November 16, 1919, reporting the first use of cloture by the

7440: 7035: 2284: 2093: 1934: 1889:

I appeal the ruling of the Chair and ask for the yeas and nays.

1414: 757:

One of the most notable filibusters of the 1960s occurred when

643: 281: 3487:. United States Senate Committee on Rules & Administration 7614:

Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States

4958:"Lesson of energy debate: Majority party controls the agenda" 3539:

Examining the Filibuster: History of the Filibuster 1789–2008

3512:

Examining the Filibuster: History of the Filibuster 1789–2008

3485:

Examining the Filibuster: History of the Filibuster 1789–2008

2433:, where Leslie Knope filibusters a council vote in episode 6. 2131: 1411:

overcoming this supermajority requirement have been devised.

1247:(passed 60–38, with three Republicans voting "Yea"), and the 653:

The first cloture vote occurred in 1919 to end debate on the

5405:"The Longest Filibusters: Where Does Chris Murphy Stack Up?" 4617: 2838:(Report). Congressional Research Service. December 5, 2011. 2606:

The Legislative Process on the Senate Floor: An Introduction

2439:, where Mellie Grant filibusters a senate vote in episode 9. 6686: 5157:

Trade Promotion Authority (TPA): Frequently Asked Questions

4881:"Sen. Jeff Merkley's talking filibuster: How it would work" 2412:, a 1939 film in which a filibuster is a major plot element 1380: 1259:, never received a Senate floor vote, with Majority Leader 868:"—reached an agreement to temporarily defuse the conflict. 750:, restored the cloture threshold to two-thirds of senators 669:

policies. He recited Shakespeare and read out recipes for "

5219:

United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration

3174:. Washington, DC: CQ-Roll Call Group. 2010. Archived from 1858:

The nuclear option was used in 2013, when Majority Leader

1201:," with a portion of the cuts being made permanent by the 951:

The current procedure for invoking cloture is as follows:

6407:

Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media

4789: 4705: 4255:"Here's the Full List of Donald Trump's Executive Orders" 4021: 1853: 1541:

Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001

1249:

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

5214:"Rules Of The Senate: Precedence of Motions (Rule XXII)" 4175:

Marziani, Mimi; Backer, Jonathan; Kasdan, Diana (2012).

2788:(Report). Congressional Research Service. pp. 2–3. 5154: 4618:"Trump to GOP: Dump the filibuster before Schumer does" 3933:"In Landmark Vote, Senate Limits Use of the Filibuster" 2465:

Heitshusen, Valerie; Beth, Richard S. (April 7, 2017).

871:

From April to June 2010, under Democratic control, the

634:, the Senate adopted a rule by a vote of 76–3 to allow 604: 4615: 4017:"61 Senators sign letter to preserve filibuster rules" 2949:(2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 49. 2690:"Aaron Burr is not to blame for the Senate filibuster" 1628:

Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005

1280:

threat insurmountable due to the 60-vote requirement.

4440:"Final Vote Results for Roll Call 58, 115th Congress" 2983: 2981: 2720:"About Filibusters and Cloture | Historical Overview" 1884:

Under the rules, the point of order is not sustained.

1814:, Congress has from time to time provided so-called " 1739: 1566:

Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003

1154: 1057:

Cloture voting in the United States Senate since 1917

7537:

List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex

5033:

The Congressional Review Act (CRA): A Brief Overview

4800:

U.S. Senator representing Arizona) (June 22, 2021).

4229:"Explained: Obama's executive action on immigration" 4174: 2657:

U.S. Constitution, Article I, Sec. 7, Cl. 2 & 3.

1956:

Authorize the presiding officer to appoint conferees

1891:(48–52 vote on sustaining the decision of the chair) 1871:

Procedurally, the events described went as follows:

1653:

Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010

1562:

First set of Bush tax cuts, passed the Senate 58–33.

1238:

Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010

937:

voted against sustaining the decision of the chair.

696:, filibustered a bill (S. 101) proposed by Democrat 3984: 3322:

HNN: George Mason University's History News Network

834:

Simple-majority cloture for nominations: since 2005

7083: 5402: 3974:"G.O.P. Filibuster of 2 Obama Picks Sets Up Fight" 3601:Allen, Mike; Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (May 18, 2005). 2978: 1977:Longest filibusters in the U.S. Senate since 1900 1657: 1632: 1595: 1570: 1545: 1523: 1406:Process for limiting or eliminating the filibuster 1364:overtly". For example, a 2012 proposal by Senator 4151:Beth, Richard; Stanley Bach (December 24, 2014). 3872: 3242:Mariziani, Mimi and Lee, Diana (April 22, 2010). 1327:along party lines on October 20, 2021, President 1010:No dilatory motions or quorum calls are in order. 962:The Senate then often moves on to other business. 940: 7890: 7656:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door 7223:Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations 5381: 5379: 4641: 4150: 3971: 3965: 3878: 3764:American Constitution Society for Law and Policy 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 1953:Request, or agree to a request for, a conference 886:On November 21, 2013, Senate Democrats used the 3952: 3754: 1176:, formulated by a task force led by First Lady 929:—is two hours. All Republicans except Senators 735:broke this record in 1957 by filibustering the 581:senators filibustered to prevent allies of the 5457: 5272:"Raw: Senate Votes to Change Filibuster Rules" 4932:The U.S. Senate Filibuster: Options for Reform 2464: 1940: 1245:American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009 542: 5527: 5376: 5242:"Congressional Record: Senate, Nov. 21, 2013" 5184:"Congress clears Schumer–McConnell debt pact" 4934:, Congressional Institute, September 25, 2017 3600: 2808: 2639:U.S. Constitution, Article II, Sec. 2, Cl. 2. 1850:is no need for a supermajority cloture vote. 431: 5481:Richard A. Arenberg; Robert B. Dove (2014). 5321: 4491:"Roll Call vote on H.Con.Res. 71 as amended" 3755:Gerhardt, Michael; Painter, Richard (2011). 3264:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2648:U.S. Constitution, Article I, Sec. 5, Cl. 2. 2630:U.S. Constitution, Article I, Sec. 3, Cl. 6. 1913: 1797: 1415:Rules changes at the beginning of a Congress 873:Senate Committee on Rules and Administration 7684:Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way 5422: 4337:, February 28, 2014 (visited June 15, 2017) 4042: 4014: 3634: 3460:. The Library of Congress. January 14, 1975 3368: 1968: 1896:The decision of the Chair is not sustained. 1755: 1709: 1050: 7914:Political terminology of the United States 5541: 5534: 5520: 5431:"10 Longest Filibusters in Senate History" 5089:(Report). Congressional Research Service. 5035:(Report). Congressional Research Service. 4727: 4590:Mccaskill, Nolan D. (September 15, 2017). 3948: 3946: 3603:"A Likely Script for The 'Nuclear Option'" 3569:Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 3428:Voting and Quorum Procedures in the Senate 3113:. Strom Thurmond Institute. Archived from 2608:(Report). Congressional Research Service. 2603: 2469:(Report). Congressional Research Service. 1676:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 1443:On January 25, 2013, the Senate agreed to 1392: 1219:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 1022:and those to a position at Level I of the 468:Standing Rules of the United States Senate 438: 424: 4592:"Trump renews call to end the filibuster" 4589: 3241: 1519:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 727:oil legislation. Then-Democratic senator 593:proposed a rules change to limit debate, 7870:United States Capitol cornerstone laying 5386:Gregg, Senator Judd (December 1, 2009), 5181: 5136:(Report). Congressional Research Service 5058:Davis, Christopher M. (April 17, 2023). 4878: 4852: 4415:"Vote on S. Con. Res. 3, 115th Congress" 3702: 3635:Kirkpatrick, David D. (April 23, 2005). 3369:Schlesinger, Robert (January 25, 2010). 3103: 2784:Oleszek, Walter J. (February 23, 2016). 1767: 1696:COVID-19 relief, passed the Senate 50–49 1687:Trump tax cuts, passed the Senate 51–48. 1482: 1451:At the beginning of the equally divided 1381:Gradually lowering the 60-vote threshold 1042: 608: 507: 15: 7909:Terminology of the United States Senate 6637:Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) 5597: 5507:Alfonse D'Amato's filibuster, at C-SPAN 5355: 5206: 5182:Scholtes, Jennifer (December 9, 2021). 5127: 5125: 4978: 4955: 4944:Pelosi Proposes Minority Bill of Rights 4404:, July 22, 2010 (visited June 17, 2017) 4226: 3943: 3931:Peters, Jeremy W. (November 21, 2013). 3851: 3344:"Force a real filibuster, if necessary" 3160: 2863: 2783: 2508: 2426:Reconciliation (United States Congress) 1812:Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015 1350: 24:speaking during an all-night filibuster 7891: 6114:Caucuses of the United States Congress 5303:. November 21, 2013. pp. S8417–18 5131: 5084: 4566:"Final Vote Results for Roll Call 699" 4516:"Final Vote Results for Roll Call 589" 4463: 4396:Coral Davenport and Darren Samuelson, 4304: 4093: 4091: 4089: 3930: 3905:Bolton, Alexander (January 24, 2013). 3904: 3898: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3668: 3395: 3315: 3204:. United States Senate. Archived from 3060: 2916: 2910: 2866:"What the Filibuster Has Cost America" 2750: 1854:Procedure to invoke the nuclear option 1470: 1253:American Clean Energy and Security Act 1125:was removed because one senator— 761:attempted to block the passage of the 57:Great Seal of the United States Senate 7082: 6405: 5596: 5515: 5385: 5356:Oleszek, Mark J. (January 24, 2017). 5278:. Associated Press. November 21, 2013 5194:from the original on January 30, 2023 5085:Greene, Michael (February 21, 2023). 5057: 5031:Carey, Maeve P. (February 27, 2023). 5030: 4979:Rybycki, Elizabeth (April 21, 2021). 4879:Matthews, Dylan (December 13, 2012). 4853:Matthews, Dylan (November 17, 2012). 4761: 4642:Steven T. Dennis (January 21, 2021). 4154:Filibusters and Cloture in the Senate 4097: 3972:Jeremy W. Peters (October 31, 2013). 3953:Kathleen Hunter (November 21, 2013). 3879:Karoun Demirjian (January 24, 2013). 3852:Rybicki, Elizabeth (March 19, 2013). 3559: 3478: 3226: 3148:from the original on October 25, 2022 3135: 3073:from the original on February 3, 2023 2845:from the original on February 2, 2023 2687: 2683: 2681: 2604:Heitshusen, Valerie (July 22, 2019). 2567: 2467:Filibusters and Cloture in the Senate 1372:On January 20, 2022, Majority Leader 1358: 665:used long filibusters to promote his 463:) can the measure be put to a vote. 5403:Cassandra Vinograd (June 16, 2016). 5322:Flegenheimer, Matt (April 6, 2017). 5163:from the original on October 1, 2022 5122: 4956:Pearson, Kathryn (August 12, 2008). 4820: 4335:How Clinton W.H. Bungled Health Care 4144: 3860:from the original on October 1, 2022 3730:"Senators compromise on filibusters" 3705:"Senate filibuster showdown averted" 3532: 3505: 3479:Wawro, Gregory J. (April 22, 2010). 3398:"Filibustering in the Modern Senate" 3341: 3280: 3202:Art & History Historical Minutes 2942: 2936: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2563: 2561: 2528: 2526: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2460: 2458: 1826:In December 2021, the Senate passed 1263:saying, "It's easy to count to 60." 1203:American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 1060: 700:that would have created a permanent 605:The emergence of cloture (1917–1969) 353:Vice presidential tie-breaking votes 5745:Expelled, censured, and reprimanded 4987:from the original on April 23, 2021 4898: 4728:Pilkington, Ed (October 22, 2021). 4086: 3924: 3836: 3637:"Cheney Backs End of Filibustering" 3316:Erlich, Aaron (November 18, 2003). 3061:Bomboy, Scott (November 15, 2017). 2878:from the original on March 25, 2023 2642: 2473:from the original on March 24, 2022 1750:Council of the District of Columbia 1339:nuclear option along with Senators 991:The two-speech rule does not apply. 925:and to positions at Level I of the 676:In 1946, five Democratic senators, 65:History of the United States Senate 13: 5451: 5428: 5364:from the original on April 2, 2023 5093:from the original on March 6, 2023 4130:"Senate Action on Cloture Motions" 3703:Lochhead, Carolyn (May 24, 2005). 3669:Safire, William (March 20, 2005). 3506:Byrd, Robert C. (April 22, 2010). 3396:Bomboy, Scott (December 9, 2021). 2999:from the original on June 23, 2023 2678: 2612:from the original on July 23, 2022 2546:from the original on June 14, 2023 1746:District of Columbia Home Rule Act 1740:District of Columbia Home Rule Act 1662:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1637:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1624:formulas, passed the Senate 51–50. 1600:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1575:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1550:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1528:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1434: 1155:Impact on major policy initiatives 1016:Supreme Court of the United States 919:Supreme Court of the United States 892:Supreme Court of the United States 702:Fair Employment Practice Committee 497:District of Columbia Home Rule Act 471:the support of a simple majority. 52: 14: 7930: 7628:Progress of Civilization Pediment 7482:Congressional Pictorial Directory 6335:By length of service historically 5500: 5132:Greene, Michael (June 22, 2023). 5039:from the original on May 24, 2023 3051:) for a description of the event. 3019:"Senate Thursday, March 8, 1917," 2864:Kilgore, Ed (February 26, 2021). 2688:Koger, Gregory (April 19, 2021). 2592: 2558: 2523: 2485: 2455: 1838: 1459:Congresses, the Senate agreed to 1422:In 1969, at the beginning of the 1183: 848:senators, led by Majority Leader 7496:Official Congressional Directory 7115:Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) 5396: 5349: 5315: 5290: 5264: 5234: 5175: 5148: 5105: 5078: 5066:from the original on May 9, 2023 5051: 4762:Hulse, Carl (October 22, 2021). 4541:"Vote on H.R. 1, 115th Congress" 4261:. NBCUniversal. October 17, 2017 4227:Baddour, Dylan (June 23, 2016). 3560:Gold, Martin B.; Gupta, Dimple. 3533:Bach, Stanley (April 22, 2010). 3434:. March 26, 2020. Archived from 3402:The National Constitution Center 3342:Kemp, Jack (November 15, 2004). 3136:Kelly, Jon (December 12, 2012). 2917:Binder, Sarah (April 22, 2010). 2792:from the original on May 8, 2022 2267:National Industrial Recovery Act 1691:American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 1492:Congressional Budget Act of 1974 1286:American Health Care Act of 2017 1174:Clinton health care plan of 1993 1065: 485:Congressional Budget Act of 1974 7305:Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper 6152:Arab and Middle Eastern members 6049:Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group 5584:Lists of United States Congress 5298:"Congressional Record — Senate" 5024: 4999: 4972: 4949: 4937: 4924: 4872: 4846: 4755: 4721: 4693: 4668: 4635: 4609: 4583: 4558: 4533: 4508: 4483: 4457: 4432: 4407: 4390: 4365: 4340: 4324: 4298: 4285:harvard.edu – Harvard Law Today 4273: 4247: 4220: 4208:. Gallup, Inc. October 12, 2007 4194: 4168: 4122: 4098:Snell, Kelsey (April 3, 2019). 4064: 4036: 4008: 3811: 3785: 3748: 3722: 3696: 3662: 3628: 3594: 3553: 3526: 3499: 3472: 3450: 3420: 3389: 3362: 3335: 3309: 3272: 3235: 3220: 3198:"Civil Rights Filibuster Ended" 3190: 3129: 3085: 3054: 3033: 3011: 2919:"The History of the Filibuster" 2890: 2857: 2777: 2751:Cooper, Joseph (July 9, 1962). 2744: 2712: 2669: 2660: 2431:Parks and Recreation (season 6) 1700:Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 1293:the budget resolution expired. 1266: 1208: 1163: 1020:United States courts of appeals 1004:All amendments must be germane. 923:United States courts of appeals 706:discrimination in the workplace 7407:Congressional Research Service 7154:Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) 6157:Asian Pacific American members 4464:Master, Cyra (July 25, 2017). 4398:Dems pull plug on climate bill 4305:Liptak, Adam (June 26, 2015). 4162:Congressional Research Service 3432:Congressional Research Service 3377:. U.S. News & World Report 3231:. New York: Avid Reader Press. 2651: 2633: 2624: 2570:"7 myths about the filibuster" 1490:is a procedure created by the 1223:public health insurance option 941:Procedure for invoking cloture 900:Federal Housing Finance Agency 1: 7904:Political campaign techniques 7642:Surrender of General Burgoyne 6999:Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) 6162:Asian Pacific American Caucus 5755:Lost re-election in a primary 4570:U.S. House of Representatives 4520:U.S. House of Representatives 4444:U.S. House of Representatives 4043:Elana Schor (April 7, 2017). 4015:Ted Barrett (April 9, 2017). 3575:(1): 205–272 . Archived from 2946:Senate Procedure and Practice 2666:U.S. Constitution, Article V. 2449: 2149:Continuing Appropriations Act 1821: 1682:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 1591:Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 1299:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 1232:to fill the seat of the late 1132: 630:, at the urging of President 7649:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis 7592:The Apotheosis of Washington 7326:Chief Administrative Officer 7164:Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) 5485:. Indiana University Press. 5007:"Senate Legislative Process" 4930:Mark Strand & Tim Lang, 4182:. Brennan Center for Justice 3067:National Constitution Center 2568:Klein, Ezra (May 27, 2015). 2534:Standing Rules of the Senate 2409:Mr. Smith Goes to Washington 1307: 1145: 642:in the face of unrestricted 566:, and made compromises over 138:United States Vice President 7: 7814:Health and Fitness Facility 7606:Declaration of Independence 6375:Killed or wounded in office 6196:Congressional Jewish Caucus 6169:Hispanic and Latino members 4005:Retrieved February 14, 2021 4003:Senate Session | C-SPAN.org 3093:"CQ Almanac Online Edition" 2396: 1941:Motions to go to conference 1802:Beginning in 1975 with the 1096: 742:In 1959, anticipating more 543:Early use of the filibuster 10: 7935: 7228:Interparliamentary Affairs 7149:Congr. Budget Office (CBO) 6785:Riddick's Senate Procedure 6212:Gender and sexual identity 4177:"Curbing Filibuster Abuse" 3346:. Townhall. Archived from 3111:"Strom Thurmond Biography" 2517:Government Printing Office 2512:Riddick's Senate Procedure 2509:Riddick, Floyd M. (1992). 2302:Supreme Court confirmation 2170:Robert M. La Follette, Sr. 1899:The PRESIDENT pro tempore. 1894:The PRESIDENT pro tempore. 1882:The PRESIDENT pro tempore. 1842: 1713: 944: 837: 514:United States Constitution 502: 7857: 7834:Old Supreme Court Chamber 7799: 7749: 7714: 7703: 7547:Congressional Prayer Room 7527: 7464: 7395: 7313: 7262: 7255: 7210: 7184: 7177: 7100: 7096: 7078: 7028: 6994:Congress Hall (1790–1800) 6945: 6936: 6910: 6828: 6707: 6518: 6492: 6416: 6412: 6401: 6340:Current members by wealth 6327: 6275: 6259: 6211: 6122: 6104: 6097: 6071: 6024: 5940: 5933: 5773: 5765:Elected but did not serve 5715: 5652: 5616: 5609: 5605: 5592: 5549: 4202:"Congress and the Public" 2073:Defense Authorization Act 1986: 1914:Other forms of filibuster 1798:Trade promotion authority 818:amendments out of order. 616:The Philadelphia Inquirer 532:Articles of Confederation 7127:Architect of the Capitol 6989:Federal Hall (1789–1790) 6130:African-American members 5554:House of Representatives 5389:To Republican Colleagues 3993:Retrieved April 6, 2017. 2989:"Filibuster and Cloture" 2758:(Report). Archived from 2443:The West Wing (season 2) 2031:Civil Rights Act of 1957 1969:Longest solo filibusters 1806:, and later through the 1762:National Emergencies Act 1756:National Emergencies Act 1722:Congressional Review Act 1716:Congressional Review Act 1710:Congressional Review Act 1051:Frequency of filibusters 763:Civil Rights Act of 1964 737:Civil Rights Act of 1957 644:German submarine warfare 493:Congressional Review Act 454:is a tactic used in the 174:the United States Senate 36:This article is part of 7899:Parliamentary procedure 7677:Washington at Princeton 7621:Apotheosis of Democracy 7041:Congressional Quarterly 6730:Executive communication 6720:Blue slip (U.S. Senate) 6677:Suspension of the rules 6203:Native American members 5629:By shortness of service 5458:Adam Jentleson (2021). 4235:. Hearst Communications 3709:San Francisco Chronicle 1789:, which ruled that the 1776:, enacted in 1973 over 1393:Minority bill of rights 390:Senate office buildings 7844:Webster Page Residence 7819:House Recording Studio 7663:Revolutionary War Door 7424:Register of Copyrights 7005:Biographical Directory 6474:"Necessary and Proper" 6014:Policy Committee Chair 5992:Policy Committee Chair 5543:United States Congress 5222:. United States Senate 4132:. United States Senate 2675:The Federalist, No. 22 1904: 1508:Senate parliamentarian 1290:Senate Parliamentarian 623: 193:Politics and procedure 58: 25: 20:United States Senator 7169:Technology Assessment 6590:Dear Colleague letter 6585:Continuing resolution 6580:Concurrent resolution 6059:Republican Conference 5999:Republican Conference 5960:President pro tempore 5692:Born outside the U.S. 5358:"Holds" in the Senate 3408:on September 27, 2022 3375:Politics & Policy 2943:Gold, Martin (2008). 2732:on September 28, 2022 2229:Debt ceiling increase 1873: 1774:War Powers Resolution 1768:War Powers Resolution 1620:spending and changed 1488:Budget reconciliation 1483:Budget reconciliation 1314:Vice President Harris 1257:combat climate change 1043:Institutional effects 714:duly chosen and sworn 612: 508:Constitutional design 489:budget reconciliation 384:Senate Reception Room 369:United States Capitol 185:Republican Conference 148:President pro tempore 56: 19: 7733:Mountains and Clouds 7489:Congressional Record 7346:Floor Services Chief 7233:Law Revision Counsel 6984:Continental Congress 6479:Power of enforcement 6442:Contempt of Congress 6345:From multiple states 6298:Mormon (LDS) members 6106:Congressional caucus 5750:Served a single term 5682:Expelled or censured 5624:By length of service 5011:United States Senate 3823:United States Senate 3284:The Senate 1789–1989 3023:Congressional Record 2993:United States Senate 2725:United States Senate 2515:. Washington, D.C.: 2191:Aldrich–Vreeland Act 1351:Proposals for reform 844:In 2005, a group of 655:Treaty of Versailles 621:United States Senate 456:United States Senate 46:United States Senate 7757:Building Commission 7238:Legislative Counsel 7159:Library of Congress 7120:Comptroller General 7110:Congressional staff 6795:Senatorial courtesy 6184:Hispanic Conference 5599:Members and leaders 4885:The Washington Post 4859:The Washington Post 4656:on January 21, 2021 3607:The Washington Post 3229:Why We're Polarized 3208:on January 12, 2017 3168:"Changing the Rule" 3097:library.cqpress.com 3045:Profiles in Courage 2833:Senate Cloture Rule 2700:on January 25, 2022 2694:Mischief of Faction 2421:Senatorial courtesy 2111:Submerged Lands Act 1978: 1502:However, under the 1471:Rulemaking statutes 1325:Freedom to Vote Act 1271:In 2017, President 1188:In 2001, President 1123:Affordable Care Act 682:Richard Russell Jr. 572:Missouri Compromise 487:(which created the 324:Senatorial courtesy 172:Party leadership of 130:Women in the Senate 7829:Old Senate Chamber 7695:VP Bust Collection 7519:United States Code 7451:Jefferson Building 7144:Cap. Guide Service 7011:Divided government 6928:Seal of the Senate 6892:Select and special 6857:Discharge petition 6810:Tie-breaking votes 6775:Recess appointment 6715:Advice and consent 6595:Discharge petition 6538:Appropriation bill 6447:Declaration of war 5639:Non-voting members 5392:(Letter), Politico 5328:The New York Times 4912:. January 20, 2022 4834:. January 20, 2022 4768:The New York Times 4709:. January 26, 2021 4311:The New York Times 3978:The New York Times 3937:The New York Times 3675:The New York Times 3641:The New York Times 2906:. August 21, 2018. 2437:Scandal (season 5) 2225:September 28, 1981 2145:September 24, 2013 1976: 1359:Talking filibuster 1024:Executive Schedule 927:Executive Schedule 752:present and voting 704:(FEPC) to prevent 624: 528:Alexander Hamilton 379:Old Senate Chamber 274:Recess appointment 201:Advice and consent 59: 28:Legislative tactic 26: 7886: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7795: 7794: 7599:Statue of Freedom 7563:Statue of Freedom 7542:Brumidi Corridors 7514:Statutes at Large 7468:Publishing Office 7391: 7390: 7251: 7250: 7074: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7024: 7023: 6972:election disputes 6960:speaker elections 6923:Mace of the House 6770:Presiding Officer 6735:Executive session 6682:Unanimous consent 6642:Multiple referral 6627:Lame-duck session 6397: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6323: 6322: 6123:Ethnic and racial 6067: 6066: 6054:Democratic Caucus 5977:Democratic Caucus 5929: 5928: 5429:Fisher, Theresa. 4233:Houston Chronicle 3773:on March 11, 2017 3671:"Nuclear Options" 3582:on March 19, 2023 3142:BBC News Magazine 2956:978-0-7425-6305-6 2871:New York Magazine 2765:on March 17, 2021 2394: 2393: 2379:2578; supporting 2340:(1992), amendment 2269:(1933), amendment 2075:(1987), amendment 1808:Trade Act of 2002 1804:Trade Act of 1974 1612:Slowed growth in 1121:provision in the 1087: 1086: 854:to appoint judges 800:unanimous consent 759:southern senators 748:Lyndon B. Johnson 719:In 1953, Senator 557:previous question 466:Rule XXII of the 448: 447: 345:Unanimous consent 245:Executive session 180:Democratic Caucus 158:Presiding officer 7926: 7712: 7711: 7529:Capitol Building 7503:U.S. Gov. Manual 7456:Madison Building 7419:Copyright Office 7383:Sergeant at Arms 7341:Floor Operations 7260: 7259: 7182: 7181: 7098: 7097: 7080: 7079: 6943: 6942: 6760:Morning business 6647:House procedures 6610:Joint resolution 6414: 6413: 6403: 6402: 6283:Buddhist members 6102: 6101: 5938: 5937: 5760:Switched parties 5707:Switched parties 5644:Unseated members 5634:Youngest members 5614: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5594: 5593: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5496: 5477: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5302: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5252:on July 12, 2019 5248:. 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Archived from 4095: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3849: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3772: 3766:. Archived from 3761: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3581: 3566: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3404:. Archived from 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3350:on June 11, 2011 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3313: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3263: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3058: 3052: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2844: 2837: 2829: 2806: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2728:. Archived from 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2696:. Archived from 2685: 2676: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2601: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2576:. Archived from 2565: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2545: 2538: 2530: 2521: 2520: 2506: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2462: 2369: 2350: 2331: 2323:Alfonse D'Amato 2295: 2260: 2241: 2222: 2208:William Proxmire 2203: 2184: 2165: 2142: 2123: 2104: 2085: 2069:October 17, 1986 2066: 2047: 2024: 2005: 1979: 1975: 1833:S.J.Res. 33 1791:legislative veto 1663: 1659: 1638: 1634: 1601: 1597: 1576: 1572: 1551: 1547: 1529: 1525: 1139:executive orders 1069: 1068: 1061: 1026:, is two hours.) 694:Kenneth McKellar 640:merchant vessels 626:In 1917, during 440: 433: 426: 250:Morning business 33: 32: 22:Warren R. Austin 7934: 7933: 7929: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7874: 7853: 7801: 7791: 7745: 7706: 7699: 7576:Hall of Columns 7523: 7467: 7460: 7398: 7387: 7368:Parliamentarian 7309: 7300:Parliamentarian 7247: 7206: 7173: 7102: 7092: 7085:Capitol Complex 7066: 7020: 7016:Party divisions 6932: 6906: 6824: 6708:Senate-specific 6703: 6558:Closed sessions 6526:Act of Congress 6514: 6488: 6484:Taxing/spending 6408: 6389: 6380:Party switchers 6349:Died in office 6319: 6271: 6255: 6224:Equality Caucus 6207: 6179:Hispanic Caucus 6118: 6093: 6063: 6020: 5925: 5769: 5711: 5648: 5601: 5588: 5545: 5540: 5503: 5493: 5474: 5454: 5452:Further reading 5449: 5439: 5437: 5427: 5423: 5413: 5411: 5401: 5397: 5384: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5279: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5223: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5180: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5083: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5029: 5025: 5015: 5013: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4954: 4950: 4946:, June 24, 2004 4942: 4938: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4910:www.cbsnews.com 4904: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4851: 4847: 4837: 4835: 4832:www.cbsnews.com 4826: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4796:Kyrsten Sinema 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4682: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4474: 4472: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4096: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4074:. April 7, 2017 4070: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3970: 3966: 3959:Concord Monitor 3951: 3944: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3850: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3438:on July 4, 2022 3426: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3314: 3310: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3277: 3273: 3257: 3256: 3249: 3247: 3240: 3236: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3178:on June 7, 2010 3166: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3117:on July 9, 2011 3109: 3108: 3104: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3059: 3055: 3041:John F. Kennedy 3038: 3034: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2987: 2986: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2957: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2915: 2911: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2809: 2795: 2793: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2602: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2580:on June 6, 2022 2566: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2524: 2507: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2463: 2456: 2452: 2399: 2367: 2348: 2334:October 5, 1992 2329: 2293: 2258: 2239: 2220: 2201: 2182: 2163: 2140: 2121: 2102: 2083: 2064: 2052:Alfonse D'Amato 2045: 2027:August 28, 1957 2022: 2003: 1997: 1971: 1943: 1916: 1903: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1865:Mitch McConnell 1856: 1847: 1841: 1824: 1800: 1770: 1758: 1742: 1718: 1712: 1661: 1636: 1599: 1574: 1549: 1527: 1485: 1473: 1437: 1435:Standing orders 1428:Hubert Humphrey 1417: 1408: 1395: 1383: 1361: 1353: 1318:Mitch McConnell 1310: 1269: 1211: 1186: 1178:Hillary Clinton 1166: 1157: 1148: 1135: 1119:"public option" 1111:budgetary rules 1099: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1070: 1066: 1058: 1053: 1045: 1018:, those to the 949: 943: 912:Mitch McConnell 842: 836: 824:points of order 786:Majority Leader 782: 686:Millard Tydings 678:John H. Overton 607: 599:William R. King 545: 510: 505: 444: 413: 412: 349: 333: 317: 296: 270: 254: 238: 176: 173: 162: 134: 126: 125: 108:Hill committees 98: 97: 80:Current members 29: 12: 11: 5: 7932: 7922: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7861: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7824:Senate chamber 7821: 7816: 7811: 7809:Botanic Garden 7805: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7762:office lottery 7759: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7724: 7718: 7716: 7709: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7670:Columbus Doors 7666: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7586:Visitor Center 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7533: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7476:Public Printer 7472: 7470: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7446:Adams Building 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7403: 7401: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7266: 7264: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7214: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7188: 7186: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7129: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7112: 7106: 7104: 7094: 7093: 7076: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7038: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6967:Senate history 6964: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6842:ranking member 6834: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6805:Standing Rules 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6780:Reconciliation 6777: 6772: 6767: 6765:Nuclear option 6762: 6757: 6754:Senate Journal 6750: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6692:Line-item veto 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6657:Reconciliation 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6565: 6555: 6550: 6548:Budget process 6545: 6540: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6469:Naturalization 6466: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6410: 6409: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6310: 6308:Quaker members 6305: 6303:Muslim members 6300: 6295: 6293:Jewish members 6290: 6285: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6191:Jewish members 6188: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6154: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6110: 6108: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6089:Gerrymandering 6086: 6081: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6006: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5974: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5944: 5942: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5618: 5611: 5603: 5602: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5539: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5502: 5501:External links 5499: 5498: 5497: 5492:978-0253016270 5491: 5478: 5473:978-1631497773 5472: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5421: 5395: 5375: 5348: 5314: 5289: 5263: 5233: 5205: 5174: 5147: 5121: 5117:§ 1544(b) 5104: 5077: 5050: 5023: 4998: 4971: 4948: 4936: 4923: 4897: 4871: 4845: 4819: 4788: 4754: 4720: 4692: 4667: 4649:Bloomberg News 4634: 4608: 4582: 4557: 4532: 4507: 4482: 4456: 4431: 4406: 4389: 4377:www.senate.gov 4364: 4352:www.senate.gov 4339: 4323: 4297: 4272: 4246: 4219: 4193: 4167: 4143: 4121: 4085: 4063: 4035: 4007: 3995: 3983: 3964: 3942: 3923: 3897: 3871: 3835: 3810: 3784: 3747: 3736:. May 24, 2005 3721: 3695: 3661: 3627: 3593: 3552: 3525: 3498: 3471: 3449: 3419: 3388: 3361: 3334: 3308: 3294:978-0160063916 3293: 3271: 3234: 3219: 3189: 3159: 3128: 3102: 3084: 3053: 3032: 3029:: 19–45. 1917. 3010: 2977: 2955: 2935: 2909: 2889: 2856: 2807: 2776: 2743: 2711: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2591: 2557: 2522: 2484: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2405: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2352: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2299: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2243: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2205: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2167: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2146: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2125: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2108: 2107:April 24, 1953 2105: 2100: 2097: 2087: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2049: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2010:Strom Thurmond 2007: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1970: 1967: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1942: 1939: 1915: 1912: 1874: 1855: 1852: 1845:Nuclear option 1843:Main article: 1840: 1839:Nuclear option 1837: 1823: 1820: 1799: 1796: 1769: 1766: 1757: 1754: 1741: 1738: 1714:Main article: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1672: 1666:111–152 (text) 1650: 1647: 1641:109–222 (text) 1625: 1610: 1604:109–171 (text) 1588: 1585: 1563: 1560: 1538: 1535: 1484: 1481: 1472: 1469: 1465:S.Res. 27 1445:S.Res. 15 1436: 1433: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1404: 1394: 1391: 1385:In 2013, Sen. 1382: 1379: 1360: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1333:Kyrsten Sinema 1309: 1306: 1277:115th Congress 1268: 1265: 1215:111th Congress 1210: 1207: 1190:George W. Bush 1185: 1184:George W. Bush 1182: 1170:103rd Congress 1165: 1162: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1144: 1134: 1131: 1098: 1095: 1085: 1084: 1073: 1071: 1064: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1041: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 998: 995: 992: 989: 985: 978: 977: 973: 970: 967: 963: 960: 957: 945:Main article: 942: 939: 888:nuclear option 862:nuclear option 840:Nuclear option 835: 832: 789:Mike Mansfield 781: 778: 733:South Carolina 729:Strom Thurmond 632:Woodrow Wilson 606: 603: 587:Andrew Jackson 550:William Maclay 544: 541: 540: 539: 509: 506: 504: 501: 491:process), the 480:nuclear option 446: 445: 443: 442: 435: 428: 420: 417: 416: 415: 414: 411: 410: 404: 399: 392: 388: 386: 381: 376: 374:Senate chamber 371: 363: 362: 358: 357: 356: 355: 350: 348: 347: 342: 336: 334: 332: 331: 329:Standing Rules 326: 320: 318: 316: 315: 310: 305: 299: 297: 295: 294: 289: 284: 278: 276: 271: 269: 268: 266:Nuclear option 263: 257: 255: 253: 252: 247: 241: 239: 237: 236: 226: 220: 218: 211:Closed session 208: 203: 195: 194: 190: 189: 188: 187: 182: 177: 170: 168: 161: 160: 155: 145: 133: 132: 127: 124: 123: 117: 110: 106: 104: 102:Former members 99: 96: 95: 89: 82: 78: 73: 72: 68: 67: 61: 60: 49: 48: 42: 41: 27: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7931: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7798: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7681: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7672: 7671: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7660: 7658: 7657: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7581:Statuary Hall 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7565: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7504: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7436:Poet Laureate 7434: 7432: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7420: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7394: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7378:Reading Clerk 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7254: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7218:Congr. Ethics 7216: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7099: 7095: 7090: 7086: 7081: 7077: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6950:House history 6948: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6902:Subcommittees 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6887:List (Senate) 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6820:Treaty Clause 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6615:Joint session 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6600:Enrolled bill 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6400: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 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4203: 4197: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4156: 4155: 4147: 4131: 4125: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4073: 4067: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3999: 3992: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3947: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3886: 3885:Las Vegas Sun 3882: 3875: 3859: 3855: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3459: 3453: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3275: 3267: 3261: 3245: 3238: 3230: 3223: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3050: 3049:George Norris 3046: 3042: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3014: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2939: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2893: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2841: 2834: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2804: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2761: 2754: 2747: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2715: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2682: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2564: 2562: 2542: 2535: 2529: 2527: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2372:June 15, 2016 2371: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2298:April 4, 2017 2297: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2263:June 12, 1935 2262: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2216: 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Chadha 1781: 1779: 1778:Richard Nixon 1775: 1765: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1598: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1579:108–27 (text) 1573: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1554:107–16 (text) 1548: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1477: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1461:S.Res. 8 1458: 1454: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1424:91st Congress 1420: 1412: 1403: 1401: 1390: 1388: 1378: 1375: 1374:Chuck Schumer 1370: 1367: 1356: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1194:Bush tax cuts 1191: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1152: 1143: 1140: 1130: 1128: 1127:Joe Lieberman 1124: 1120: 1114: 1112: 1106: 1104: 1103:85th Congress 1094: 1081: 1080:MediaWiki.org 1077: 1072: 1063: 1062: 1048: 1040: 1036: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 999: 996: 993: 990: 986: 983: 982: 981: 974: 971: 968: 964: 961: 958: 954: 953: 952: 948: 938: 936: 932: 931:Susan Collins 928: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 880: 876: 874: 869: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 841: 831: 827: 825: 819: 815: 811: 808: 803: 801: 797: 794: 793:Majority Whip 790: 787: 777: 774: 772: 771:West Virginia 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 709: 707: 703: 699: 698:Dennis Chávez 695: 691: 690:Clyde R. Hoey 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 622: 618: 617: 611: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 553: 551: 537: 536: 535: 533: 529: 525: 523: 517: 515: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 481: 476: 472: 469: 464: 462: 457: 453: 441: 436: 434: 429: 427: 422: 421: 419: 418: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 394: 393: 391: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 366: 365: 364: 360: 359: 354: 351: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 335: 330: 327: 325: 322: 321: 319: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 298: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 277: 275: 272: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 256: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 240: 234: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 219: 216: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 197: 196: 192: 191: 186: 183: 181: 178: 175: 169: 167: 166:Party leaders 164: 163: 159: 156: 153: 149: 146: 143: 139: 136: 135: 131: 128: 121: 118: 116: 112: 111: 109: 105: 103: 100: 93: 90: 88: 84: 83: 81: 77: 76: 75: 74: 70: 69: 66: 63: 62: 55: 51: 50: 47: 44: 43: 39: 35: 34: 31: 23: 18: 7865:Capitol Hill 7731: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7597: 7590: 7561: 7501: 7494: 7487: 7480: 7089:Capitol Hill 7059: 7052: 7045: 7004: 6882:List (House) 6877:List (Joint) 6847:Of the Whole 6753: 6746: 6745:Jefferson's 6739: 6632:Magic minute 6385:Slave owners 6368:2000–present 6314:Sikh members 6312: 6219:LGBT members 6145:Black Caucus 5921:118th (2023) 5916:117th (2021) 5911:116th (2019) 5906:115th (2017) 5901:114th (2015) 5896:113th (2013) 5891:112th (2011) 5886:111th (2009) 5881:110th (2007) 5876:109th (2005) 5871:108th (2003) 5866:107th (2001) 5861:106th (1999) 5856:105th (1997) 5851:104th (1995) 5846:103rd (1993) 5841:102nd (1991) 5836:101st (1989) 5831:100th (1987) 5482: 5459: 5440:November 20, 5438:. Retrieved 5435:Van Winkle's 5434: 5424: 5412:. Retrieved 5408: 5398: 5388: 5366:. Retrieved 5351: 5339:. Retrieved 5327: 5317: 5305:. Retrieved 5292: 5282:November 22, 5280:. Retrieved 5275: 5266: 5254:. Retrieved 5250:the original 5245: 5236: 5224:. Retrieved 5217: 5208: 5196:. Retrieved 5187: 5177: 5165:. Retrieved 5150: 5138:. Retrieved 5107: 5095:. Retrieved 5080: 5068:. Retrieved 5053: 5041:. Retrieved 5026: 5016:February 12, 5014:. Retrieved 5010: 5001: 4989:. Retrieved 4974: 4962:. Retrieved 4951: 4939: 4926: 4914:. Retrieved 4909: 4900: 4888:. Retrieved 4884: 4874: 4862:. Retrieved 4858: 4848: 4836:. Retrieved 4831: 4822: 4810:. Retrieved 4806:the original 4791: 4779:. Retrieved 4767: 4757: 4745:. Retrieved 4734:The Guardian 4733: 4723: 4711:. Retrieved 4704: 4695: 4683:. Retrieved 4679: 4670: 4658:. Retrieved 4654:the original 4647: 4637: 4625:. Retrieved 4621: 4611: 4599:. Retrieved 4595: 4585: 4575:December 28, 4573:. Retrieved 4569: 4560: 4550:December 28, 4548:. 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