355:
468:, using bubbles from an air pump rising in a tube to create flow. In a sponge filter, the inlet may only be covered by a simple open-cell block of foam. A corner filter is slightly more complex. These filters are often placed in the corner on the bottom of the aquarium. Water enters slits in the box, passes through a layer of medium, then exits through the airlift tube to return to the aquarium. These filters tend to only be suitable for small and lightly stocked aquaria. The sponge filter is especially useful for rearing fry where the sponge prevents the small fish from entering the filter.
278:, which precisely counterbalance each other. Under these circumstances, the filter pump does not have to spend any effort to lift the water back to the aquarium, regardless of how high the latter is installed above the canister. The pump should only be powerful enough to push the water through the filtering material as well as overcome the drag in the intake and return pipes. This makes canister filter pumps virtually insensitive to the height difference between the aquarium and the filter (although exceeding the manufacturer-specified height limit can lead to leaks).
237:
165:
72:
477:
120:. In most cases, a biological filter is nothing more than a chemically inert porous sponge, which provides a greatly enlarged surface area on which these bacteria can develop. These bacterial colonies take several weeks to form, during which time the aquarium is vulnerable to a condition commonly known as "new tank syndrome" if stocked with fish too quickly. Some systems incorporate bacteria capable of converting nitrates into nitrogen gas.
448:
28:
382:
403:
485:
tubes which force water out of the uplift tube creating negative pressure beneath the undergravel filter plate (also called the plenum). Water then percolates down through the gravel which itself is the filtration material. Greater flow rate of water through the gravel can be achieved via the use of water pump rather than air displacement.
393:
Baffle filters are similar to wet and dry, trickle filters in that they are generally situated below the aquarium. This type of filter consists of a series of baffles that the water must pass through in order to reach the pump which is returning water to the aquarium. These baffles then act much like
290:
Canister filters were initially designed to filter drinking water, under low pressure. Canister filters for aquariums use high water pressure, from a properly powered pump, to force water through the dense filter media. A pump can draw water from an under-gravel filter, and run it into a canister for
260:
Advantages of this type of filter are that they allow for a selection of different types of filter media depending on the tank needs, and that they are easy to clean without disturbing the inhabitants of the tank because they sit on the outside of the fish tank. Disadvantages of power filters include
219:
smaller impurities. These should be changed regularly at suitable intervals. This is particularly important in the case of activated carbon filters, which may re-release their adsorbed contents in large (and therefore harmful) doses if they are allowed to saturate. Activated carbon adsorbs toxins on
495:
Undergravel filters can be detrimental to the health of aquatic plants. Fine substrates such as sand or peat may clog an undergravel filter. Undergravel filters are still effective even if the substrate bed is uneven. In an uneven gravel bed, water will still flow through both portions of the bed,
334:
siphon, or it may be prefiltered by filter wool resting on the perforated plate. The waste laden water from the aquarium spreads over the drip plate, and rains down through a medium. This may be a filter wool/plastic grid rolled into a circular shape (DLS or "Double Layer Spiral") or any number of
123:
Accumulation of toxic ammonia from decomposing wastes is the largest cause of fish mortality in new, poorly maintained, or overloaded aquariums. In the artificial environment of the aquarium, the nitrogen cycle effectively ends with the production of nitrates. In order that the nitrate level does
101:
An aquarium is, however, an imperfect microcosm of the natural world. Aquariums are usually much more densely stocked with fish than the natural environment. This increases the amount of ammonia produced in the relatively small volume of the aquarium. The bacteria responsible for breaking down the
484:
One of the oldest types of filters, the undergravel filters consist of a porous plate which is placed beneath the gravel on the base of the aquarium and one, or more, uplift tubes. Historically, undergravel filters have been driven via air displacement. Air stones are placed at the base of uplift
256:
powered, remove water from the aquarium, usually with a long siphoning tube, which is then pushed (or pulled) through a series of different filter media and returned to the aquarium. These are the most common type of aquarium filter. They are often more suitable for larger tanks than other types.
455:
Internal filters are, by definition, filters within the confines of the aquarium. These include the sponge filter, variations on the corner filter (pictured top right and left), foam cartridge filter and the undergravel filter. An internal filter may have an electric pump and thus be an internal
155:
A final and less common situation requiring filtration involves the desire to sterilize water-borne pathogens. This sterilization is accomplished by passing aquarium water through filtration devices which expose the water to high intensity ultraviolet light and/or exposing the water to dissolved
329:
Alternatively, the wet/dry filter may be placed below the tank. In this design, water is fed by gravity to the filter below the aquarium. Prefiltered water is delivered to a perforated plate (drip plate). Prefiltering may take place in the aquarium via a foam block or sleeve in the overflow, or
281:
Benefits of this type of filter are that they can provide a high volume of filter material without reducing the internal space in the aquarium, and that they can be disconnected from the tank for cleaning/maintenance and replaced without disturbing the aquarium interior or occupants. Also, as a
132:
The process of mechanical filtration removes particulate material from the water column. This particulate matter may include uneaten food, feces or plant or algal debris. Mechanical filtration is typically achieved by passing water through materials which act as a sieve, physically trapping the
62:
produce waste from excrement and respiration. Another source of waste is uneaten food or plants and fish which have died. These waste products collect in the tanks and contaminate the water. As the degree of contamination rises, the risk to the health of the aquaria increases and removal of the
269:
Compared to filters that hang on the back of the aquarium, canister-style external filters offer a greater quantity of filter materials to be used along with a greater degree of flexibility with respect to filter material choice. Water enters the canister filled with the chosen filter material
286:
diffusers. Such equipment can be removed from the tank and installed in-line into the return pipe of the filter. Disadvantages of canister filters include the increased cost and complexity relative to internal filters and difficulties in cleaning the tubes which transfer water to and from the
339:
is given off, oxygen is picked up, and bacteria convert the waste from the tank into less harmful materials. From here the water enters the sump. The sump may contain a number of compartments, each with its own filtration material. Often, heaters and thermostats are placed in the sump.
317:
Trickle filters, also known as wet/dry filters are another water filtration systems for marine and freshwater aquariums. This filter comes in two configurations, one which is placed on top of the aquarium (more rarely seen) and one which is placed below the aquarium (more common).
321:
If the wet/dry filter is placed on top of the aquarium, water is pumped over a number of perforated trays containing filter wool or some other filter material. The water trickles through the trays, keeping the filter wool wet but not completely submerged, allowing
365:
Algae may be grown purposely, which removes chemicals from the water which need to be removed in order to have healthy fish, invertebrates and corals. This is a natural ("green") filtering method, which lets an aquarium operate the way oceans and lakes operate.
137:. The solid wastes are first collected, and then must be physically removed from the aquarium system. Mechanical filtration is ultimately ineffective if the solid wastes are not removed from the filter, and are allowed to decay and dissolve in the water.
270:
through an intake pipe at the bottom of the canister, passes through the material, and is fed back to the aquarium through the return pipe. Water is forced to circulate through the filter by a pump typically installed at the top of the canister.
133:
particulate matter. Removal of solid waste can be as simple as physical hand netting of debris, and/or involve highly complex equipment. All removal of solid wastes involve filtering water through some form of mesh in a process known as
438:
internal version an FBF is very easy to build, with a container, sand, pump, and some plumbing. There are many variables: shape and size of the container, quantity of sand or equivalent, particle sizes, the pump's power, and plumbing.
49:
chemical waste products from aquaria, simplifying maintenance. Furthermore, aquarium filters are necessary to support life as aquaria are relatively small, closed volumes of water compared to the natural environment of most fish.
192:
are also used as mechanical filter materials. Materials with a greater surface area provide both mechanical and biological filtration. Some filter materials, such as plastic "bioballs", are best used for biological filtration.
273:
Canister filters are sealed, fully flooded systems, meaning that the aquarium, intake pipe, filter interior and the return pipe form a continuous body of water. In this configuration both the intake and return path form two
414:
filter (FBF) is a biological reactor only. The principle is to direct water through a sand (or similar media) bed from below so that the sand becomes fluidized – behaves like a fluid. This mechanism is seen in
257:
However, they are not necessarily the best for smaller tanks, since they have a tendency to cause an excess of water flow in smaller tanks. Other types, such as sponge filters, are ideal in this environment.
261:
their smaller capacity for filter media compared to canister filters, their aforementioned tendency to create excessive flow rates, and that they tend to be very noisy, usually resulting from vibrations.
196:
With the notable exception of diatom filters, aquarium filters are rarely purely mechanical in action, as bacteria will colonise most filter materials effecting some degree of biological filtration.
98:. In the natural environment these nitrates are subsequently taken up by plants as fertilizer and this does indeed happen to some extent in an aquarium planted with real plants.
287:
aquarium. There is also the risk of a leak, which naturally is an issue for any filter placed outside of the aquarium. They, too, fall victim to the issue of excess water flow.
845:
Sabio, E.; Gonzalez, E.; Gonzalez, J. F.; Gonzalez-Garcia, C. M.; Ramiro, A.; Ganan, J (2004). "Thermal regeneration of activated carbon saturated with p-nitrophenol".
152:. To a certain extent, healthy plants extract dissolved chemical wastes from water when they grow, so plants can serve a role in the containment of dissolved wastes.
215:
The simplest type of aquarium filter consists only of filter wool and activated carbon. The filter wool traps large debris and particles, and the activated carbon
984:
373:, but the drawback of UV is that it will kill beneficial bacteria as well. Therefore, UV treatment is typically used only when needed, and not all the time.
1032:
464:
Sponge filters and corner filters (sometimes called box filters) work by essentially the same mechanism as an internal filter. Both generally work by
1653:
806:
748:
172:
Numerous materials are suitable as aquarium filtration media. These include synthetic wools, known in the aquarium hobby as filter wool, made of
1683:
220:
the extended porous surface of the carbon. It cannot be reactivated by boiling in water. The adsorption of activated carbon can be restored by
683:
1649:
228:, ultrasound, or other industrial processes. For the aquarist, replacing the activated carbon with fresh material is simple and inexpensive.
1670:
124:
not build up to a harmful level regular partial water changes are required to remove the nitrates and introduce new, uncontaminated water.
1033:"Nutrient Cycling In The Great Barrier Reef Aquarium. Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, Australia, 1988, Vol. 2"
370:
1657:
299:
Diatom filters are used only for sporadic cleaning of tanks, they are not continuously operated on aquariums. These filters utilise
1645:
1640:
1687:
1679:
427:
treatment. The combined surface of all sand particles in the filter is very large, and so there is a large surface for aerobic
1674:
893:
354:
1666:
1121:
282:
filter with external plumbing, it supports in-line installation of other aquarium equipment, such as water heaters and
1081:
968:
829:
790:
732:
640:
574:
17:
496:
leaving the more heavily covered areas to cultivate
Anaerobic bacteria which can neutralise to build up of nitrate.
221:
108:, colonize the surface of any objects inside the aquarium. The bacteria that then convert nitrite to nitrate are
701:
303:
to create an extremely fine filter down to 1 μm which removes particulate matter from the water column.
1036:
1413:
1008:
225:
185:
1553:
909:
75:
A large shower biological filter designed to maximize the beneficial effects of the nitrogen cycle, in a
212:
binding various chemicals to their large external surfaces and also as sites of bacterial colonisation.
140:
Dissolved wastes are more difficult to remove from the water. Several techniques, collectively known as
1492:
1487:
1423:
480:
A schematic diagram of an undergravel filter run by both an air displacement and water pump (powerhead)
173:
63:
contamination becomes critical. Filtration is a common method used for maintenance of healthy aquaria.
1661:
1635:
90:
which is highly toxic to fish. Bacterial processes oxidize this ammonia into the slightly less toxic
1527:
394:
a series of canister filters and can be filled with different filter media for different purposes.
86:
is a vital element of a successful aquarium. Excretia and other decomposing organic matter produce
1532:
1168:
1114:
1589:
1568:
1276:
885:
724:
960:
949:
596:
1563:
1071:
716:
1708:
1619:
1507:
1281:
1242:
854:
762:
489:
8:
1599:
1408:
1148:
488:
Beneficial bacteria colonize the gravel bed and provide biological filtration, using the
168:
Sponges, plastic balls, ceramic tubes and gravel are all suitable for aquarium filtration
858:
1713:
1497:
1472:
1342:
1188:
1173:
1107:
800:
742:
584:
326:
to grow and aiding biological filtration. The water returns to the aquarium like rain.
300:
149:
844:
1614:
1502:
1482:
1451:
1252:
1247:
1232:
1077:
964:
889:
825:
786:
728:
717:
695:
669:
636:
570:
1594:
1537:
1477:
1446:
1398:
1266:
862:
369:
Algae and disease-causing organisms can also be removed by treating the water with
335:
plastic media commonly known as Bio Balls. As the water cascades over the media, CO
323:
312:
197:
145:
144:, are used for the removal of dissolved wastes, the most popular being the use of
1609:
1381:
1286:
1271:
1222:
1158:
1153:
866:
510:
428:
1604:
1558:
1312:
1203:
358:
349:
283:
83:
1702:
1517:
1467:
1433:
1418:
1365:
1332:
1307:
1227:
1208:
1163:
956:
532:
521:
411:
236:
181:
1099:
1350:
1327:
465:
416:
104:
31:
244:
Numerous types of aquarium filters are commercially available, including:
1522:
1403:
1360:
1317:
1302:
1134:
116:
456:
power filter, often attached to the inside of aquaria via suction cups.
164:
1512:
1428:
1375:
1322:
420:
216:
209:
110:
71:
1441:
1370:
1261:
1257:
1217:
476:
1584:
1213:
1198:
1130:
670:"Types of Aquarium Filtration - Mechanical - Biological - Chemical"
447:
253:
201:
95:
91:
76:
59:
42:
1355:
1237:
1178:
714:
386:
87:
46:
381:
27:
434:
The filter itself can be internal or external. In its simplest
424:
275:
205:
189:
66:
41:
are critical components of both freshwater and marine aquaria.
177:
159:
94:, and these are in turn oxidized to form the much less toxic
402:
204:
are also frequently added to aquarium filters. These highly
431:
bacteria. Therefore, the size of the filter can be modest.
331:
684:"DIY Denitrator with Right Now Bacteria | Aquariums Life"
435:
224:
at temperatures of 500–900 °C (932–1,652 °F),
451:
An internal aquarium filter driven by air displacement
879:
127:
385:A newly set up baffle filter, under a large volume
948:
1050:
985:"Freshwater Aquarium Filters – Aquarium Fish Hub"
719:Diseases and disorders of finfish in cage culture
657:A fishkeepers guide to Central American cichlids.
1700:
708:
676:
564:
662:
616:A fishkeepers guide to South American cichlids.
492:of the aquarium itself as a biological filter.
423:, and industrial processes including municipal
252:Power or HOB (hang on back) filters, which are
755:
1129:
1115:
565:Riehl, Rüdiger. Editor.; Baensch, HA (1996).
805:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
747:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
723:. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub. pp.
67:Biological filtration and the nitrogen cycle
690:. Archived from the original on 2010-07-07.
1122:
1108:
1063:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
715:Patrick T. K. Woo; David W. Bruno (2002).
626:
624:
499:
160:Materials suitable for aquarium filtration
776:
774:
772:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
630:
610:
608:
606:
475:
446:
401:
380:
361:(upflow version) floating on a reef pond
353:
240:A commercially available canister filter
235:
188:and silicon products along with igneous
163:
70:
26:
1076:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 25–.
946:
927:
780:
621:
397:
14:
1701:
1069:
769:
569:(5th ed.). Germany: Tetra Press.
543:
471:
1103:
838:
603:
102:ammonia by converting it to nitrite,
873:
819:
813:
649:
406:Simple DIY fluidized sand bed filter
504:
442:
264:
24:
910:"Are Sponge Filters Good Filters?"
459:
306:
128:Mechanical and chemical filtration
25:
1725:
515:
376:
294:
58:Animals, typically fish, kept in
1641:Aquarium fish by scientific name
880:Mary Bailey; Nick Dakin (2001).
526:
343:
247:
1025:
1001:
977:
902:
824:. Ringpress Books. p. 33.
1070:Spotte, Stephen (1993-07-30).
659:Tetra Press. Belgium pg 17-19.
618:Tetra Press. Belgium pg 12-14.
13:
1:
781:Axelrod, Herbert, R. (1996).
537:
867:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.05.007
226:electrochemical regeneration
45:filters remove physical and
7:
1554:Aquarium Fish International
1296:Fish terms / types
1058:The Manual of Tank Busters.
53:
10:
1730:
1424:Disease in ornamental fish
1056:Sandford G, Crow R (1991)
1009:"Aquarium Canister Filter"
882:The Aquarium Fish Handbook
631:Loiselle, Paul V. (1995).
530:
519:
508:
347:
310:
182:Synthetic sponges or foams
174:polyethylene terephthalate
1628:
1577:
1546:
1460:
1391:
1341:
1295:
1187:
1141:
1013:Aquarium Water Treatments
700:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
82:Proper management of the
1646:Freshwater aquarium fish
1528:Charles Haskins Townsend
635:. Germany: Tetra Press.
231:
1590:Drs. Foster & Smith
1533:Jeanne Villepreux-Power
1073:Marine Aquarium Keeping
785:. T.F.H. Publications.
500:Marine-specific systems
371:ultraviolet irradiation
1680:Brackish aquarium fish
1569:Tropical Fish Hobbyist
951:Aquarium Owner's Guide
947:Sanford, Gina (1999).
886:New Holland Publishers
783:Exotic Tropical Fishes
481:
452:
407:
390:
362:
241:
184:, various ceramic and
169:
79:
35:
1564:Practical Fishkeeping
822:Coldwater Fishkeeping
820:Eade, Andrew (1999).
688:www.aquariumslife.com
479:
450:
405:
384:
357:
239:
167:
135:mechanical filtration
74:
30:
1667:Marine aquarium fish
1620:Zoo Med Laboratories
1508:William Alford Lloyd
633:The Cichlid Aquarium
398:Fluidized bed filter
222:thermal regeneration
1409:Artificial seawater
989:aquariumfishhub.com
916:. 29 September 2017
859:2004Carbo..42.2285S
472:Undergravel filters
291:double filtration.
142:chemical filtration
1498:Philip Henry Gosse
1473:Herbert R. Axelrod
614:Leibel WS (1993)
595:has generic name (
482:
453:
408:
391:
363:
301:diatomaceous earth
242:
170:
150:foam fractionation
80:
36:
1696:
1695:
1636:Aquarium diseases
1503:Sven O. Kullander
1483:Pierre Carbonnier
1452:Water conditioner
895:978-1-85974-190-0
853:(11): 2285–2293.
208:materials act as
18:Filter (aquarium)
16:(Redirected from
1721:
1538:Robert Warington
1478:Leonhard Baldner
1447:Spawning trigger
1399:Aquarium fishery
1124:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1067:
1061:
1060:Tetra Press, USA
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1035:. Archived from
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
995:
981:
975:
974:
954:
944:
925:
924:
922:
921:
914:Aquatic Delights
906:
900:
899:
877:
871:
870:
842:
836:
835:
817:
811:
810:
804:
796:
778:
767:
766:
759:
753:
752:
746:
738:
722:
712:
706:
705:
699:
691:
680:
674:
673:
666:
660:
655:Sands D (1994)
653:
647:
646:
628:
619:
612:
601:
600:
594:
590:
588:
580:
562:
505:Protein skimmers
443:Internal filters
324:aerobic bacteria
313:Trickling filter
265:Canister filters
198:Activated carbon
146:activated carbon
39:Aquarium filters
21:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1624:
1573:
1542:
1456:
1387:
1382:Tubifex tubifex
1337:
1291:
1272:Protein skimmer
1223:Calcium reactor
1190:
1183:
1137:
1128:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1007:
1006:
1002:
993:
991:
983:
982:
978:
971:
945:
928:
919:
917:
908:
907:
903:
896:
878:
874:
843:
839:
832:
818:
814:
798:
797:
793:
779:
770:
765:. 5 March 2024.
761:
760:
756:
740:
739:
735:
713:
709:
693:
692:
682:
681:
677:
668:
667:
663:
654:
650:
643:
629:
622:
613:
604:
592:
591:
582:
581:
577:
563:
544:
540:
535:
529:
524:
518:
513:
511:Protein skimmer
507:
502:
474:
462:
460:Airlift filters
445:
429:denitrification
400:
379:
352:
346:
338:
315:
309:
307:Trickle filters
297:
267:
250:
234:
162:
130:
69:
56:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1677:
1664:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1488:Edward Edwards
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1414:Bath treatment
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1392:Other concepts
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1211:
1206:
1204:Algae scrubber
1201:
1195:
1193:
1189:Aquarium décor
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:Brackish-water
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1142:Aquarium types
1139:
1138:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1082:
1062:
1049:
1024:
1000:
976:
969:
926:
901:
894:
888:. p. 26.
872:
837:
830:
812:
791:
768:
754:
733:
707:
675:
661:
648:
641:
620:
602:
575:
567:Aquarium Atlas
541:
539:
536:
531:Main article:
528:
525:
520:Main article:
517:
516:Deep sand beds
514:
509:Main article:
506:
503:
501:
498:
473:
470:
461:
458:
444:
441:
399:
396:
378:
377:Baffle filters
375:
359:Algae scrubber
350:Algae scrubber
345:
342:
336:
308:
305:
296:
295:Diatom filters
293:
284:carbon dioxide
266:
263:
249:
246:
233:
230:
186:sintered glass
161:
158:
129:
126:
84:nitrogen cycle
68:
65:
55:
52:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1726:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1689:
1685:
1684:invertebrates
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1671:invertebrates
1668:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:invertebrates
1651:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:Julian Sprung
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:George Farmer
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1468:Takashi Amano
1466:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:Clean-up crew
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Feeder shrimp
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1308:Bottom feeder
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:Deep sand bed
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:Berlin Method
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1191:and equipment
1186:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1085:
1083:9780471594895
1079:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1039:on 2020-11-28
1038:
1034:
1028:
1014:
1010:
1004:
990:
986:
980:
972:
970:0-7894-4614-6
966:
962:
958:
957:DK Publishing
953:
952:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
915:
911:
905:
897:
891:
887:
883:
876:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
833:
831:1-86054-072-4
827:
823:
816:
808:
802:
794:
792:0-87666-543-1
788:
784:
777:
775:
773:
764:
758:
750:
744:
736:
734:0-85199-443-1
730:
726:
721:
720:
711:
703:
697:
689:
685:
679:
671:
665:
658:
652:
644:
642:1-56465-146-0
638:
634:
627:
625:
617:
611:
609:
607:
598:
586:
578:
576:3-88244-050-3
572:
568:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
542:
534:
533:Berlin Method
527:Berlin method
523:
522:Deep sand bed
512:
497:
493:
491:
486:
478:
469:
467:
457:
449:
440:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
412:fluidized bed
404:
395:
388:
383:
374:
372:
367:
360:
356:
351:
344:Algae filters
341:
333:
327:
325:
319:
314:
304:
302:
292:
288:
285:
279:
277:
271:
262:
258:
255:
248:Power filters
245:
238:
229:
227:
223:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
166:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
125:
121:
119:
118:
113:
112:
107:
106:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
78:
73:
64:
61:
51:
48:
44:
40:
34:corner filter
33:
29:
19:
1686: /
1682: /
1673: /
1669: /
1660: /
1656: /
1652: /
1648: /
1435:
1380:
1351:Brine shrimp
1260: /
1216: /
1087:. Retrieved
1072:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:the original
1027:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:
1003:
992:. Retrieved
988:
979:
955:. New York:
950:
918:. Retrieved
913:
904:
881:
875:
850:
846:
840:
821:
815:
782:
757:
718:
710:
687:
678:
664:
656:
651:
632:
615:
593:|first=
566:
494:
487:
483:
463:
454:
433:
417:liquefaction
409:
392:
368:
364:
328:
320:
316:
298:
289:
280:
272:
268:
259:
251:
243:
214:
195:
171:
154:
141:
139:
134:
131:
122:
115:
109:
105:Nitrosomonas
103:
100:
81:
57:
38:
37:
1709:Fishkeeping
1523:Anna Thynne
1404:Aquascaping
1361:Feeder fish
1303:Algae eater
1243:Fish feeder
1135:fishkeeping
959:. pp.
156:ozone gas.
117:Nitrobacter
1703:Categories
1650:amphibians
1513:Paul Matte
1429:Macquarium
1376:Shrimp mix
1149:Freshwater
1089:14 October
1043:2011-03-18
1018:2023-07-07
994:2017-06-14
920:2022-02-02
538:References
421:quick sand
348:See also:
311:See also:
210:adsorbates
111:Nitrospira
60:fish tanks
32:Air-driven
1714:Aquariums
1578:Companies
1547:Magazines
1442:Reef safe
1371:Infusoria
1343:Fish food
1313:Coldwater
1282:Substrate
1267:Powerhead
1262:Live sand
1258:Live rock
1218:Driftwood
1174:Community
1131:Aquariums
801:cite book
743:cite book
585:cite book
490:substrate
1585:Dennerle
1434:Project
1333:Tropical
1277:Refugium
1253:Lighting
1214:Bog-wood
1199:Airstone
696:cite web
389:aquarium
254:impeller
202:zeolites
96:nitrates
92:nitrites
77:koi pond
54:Overview
43:Aquarium
1615:Wardley
1356:Daphnia
1328:Painted
1238:Fishcam
1179:Biotope
961:164–167
855:Bibcode
466:airlift
387:cichlid
276:siphons
217:adsorbs
190:gravels
88:ammonia
47:soluble
1688:plants
1675:plants
1658:plants
1595:Hikari
1461:People
1318:Dither
1248:Heater
1233:Filter
1159:Public
1154:Marine
1080:
967:
892:
847:Carbon
828:
789:
763:"Blog"
731:
639:
573:
425:sewage
206:porous
1662:algae
1629:Lists
1610:Tetra
1600:Hagen
1436:Piaba
1323:Hardy
232:Types
178:nylon
1605:Sera
1287:Sump
1164:Reef
1133:and
1091:2014
1078:ISBN
965:ISBN
890:ISBN
826:ISBN
807:link
787:ISBN
749:link
729:ISBN
702:link
637:ISBN
597:help
571:ISBN
410:The
332:weir
200:and
148:and
114:and
1559:Koi
863:doi
725:284
436:DIY
176:or
1705::
1011:.
987:.
963:.
929:^
912:.
884:.
861:.
851:42
849:.
803:}}
799:{{
771:^
745:}}
741:{{
727:.
698:}}
694:{{
686:.
623:^
605:^
589::
587:}}
583:{{
545:^
419:,
180:.
1123:e
1116:t
1109:v
1093:.
1046:.
1021:.
997:.
973:.
923:.
898:.
869:.
865::
857::
834:.
809:)
795:.
751:)
737:.
704:)
672:.
645:.
599:)
579:.
337:2
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
