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traditional holz hausen has a 10-foot diameter, stands 10 feet high, and holds about 6 cords of wood. The walls are made of pieces arranged radially, and tilted slightly inward for stability. The inside pieces are stacked on end to form a chimney for air flow. The top pieces are tilted slightly outward to shed rain and are placed bark side up.
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Usually firewood is sold by volume. While a specific volume term may be used, there can be a wide variation in what this means and what the measure can produce as a fuel. A measure of green unseasoned wood with 65% moisture contains less usable energy than when it has been dried to 20%. Regardless of
490:
Round stacks can be made many ways. Some are piles of wood with a stacked circular wall around them. Others like the
American Holz Hausen are more complicated. A Holz hausen, or "wood house", is a circular method of stacking wood; proponents say it speeds up drying on a relatively small footprint. A
166:
Harvesting or collecting firewood varies by the region and culture. Some places have specific areas for firewood collection. Other places may integrate the collection of firewood in the cycle of preparing a plot of land to grow food as part of a field rotation process. Collection can be a group, or
692:
or oven can be used. The process of kiln or oven drying firewood was invented by
Anthony Cutara, for which a successful US patent was filed in 1983. In 1987 the US Department of Agriculture replicated the method and published a detailed procedure for the production of kiln dried firewood, citing the
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There are many ways to create the ends of a stack. In some areas, a crib end is created by alternating pairs of logs to help stabilize the end. A stake or pole placed in the ground is another way to end the pile. A series of stacked logs at the end, each with a cord tied to it and the free end of
340:
drive, a dedicated internal combustion engine, or a rugged electric pipe-threading machine, which is safer than the other power sources because the power can be shut off more easily if necessary. Another method is to use a kinetic log splitter, which uses a rack and pinion system powered by a small
252:
is used for various purposes due to its availability and affordability. The excessive demand for fuel wood places immense pressure on forest resources, leading to the depletion of woodlands and the disruption of delicate ecosystems. Furthermore, deforestation exacerbates climate change by releasing
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has a volume of 128 cubic feet (3.6 m), including wood, bark, and air space in a neatly stacked pile. The actual wood volume of a cord may be in the range of 80 to 100 cubic feet (2.3 to 2.8 m) as stacked wood takes up more space than a piece of solid wood. The most common firewood piece
584:
The energy content of a measure of wood depends on the tree species. For example, it can range from 15.5 to 32 million
British thermal units per cord (4.5 to 9.3 GJ/m). The higher the moisture content, the more energy that must be used to evaporate (boil) the water in the wood before it
460:
The simplest stack is where logs are placed next to and on top of each other, forming a line the width of the logs. The height of the stack can vary, generally depending upon how the ends are constructed. Without constructing ends, the length of the log and length of the pile help determine the
479:
Under a roof, there are no concerns about the wood being subjected to rain, snow or run-off, but ventilation needs to be provided if the wood is stored green so that moisture released from the wood does not recondense inside. The methods for stacking depend on the structure and layout desired.
464:
There is debate about whether wood will dry more quickly when covered. There is a trade-off between the surface of the wood getting wet vs. allowing as much wind and sun as possible to access the stack. A cover can be almost any material that sheds water – a large piece of plywood, sheet metal,
284:
Fuel wood is often utilized by small-scale industries for various production processes. Examples include baking and food processing, pottery making, brick-making, and blacksmithing. In rural areas, fuel wood is used for artisanal activities such as carving, woodworking, and crafting traditional
576:
The moisture content of firewood determines how it burns and how much heat is released. Unseasoned (green) wood moisture content varies by the species; green wood may weigh 70 to 100 percent more than seasoned wood due to water content. Typically, seasoned (dry) wood has 20% or less moisture
301:
Fuel wood plays a role in cultural and religious practices in
Nigeria. It is used for traditional ceremonies, rituals, and religious ceremonies involving fire. Students also use it to do bonfire, night parties and so on. The traditionalists that do masquerade at night uses fire wood to warm
483:
Storing outdoors: Firewood should be stacked with the bark facing upwards. This allows the water to drain off, and standing frost, ice, or snow to be kept from the wood. Storing wood near a dwelling increases the likelihood that insects such as termites can become established indoors.
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and bavins. A billet, like a bavin, was a piece of kindling wood. The 16th C standardised a billet as three foot four inches in length, and ten inches around (for open fires); and a bavin as three foot long and two feet round (a chunkier log, often used for ovens).
90:
480:
Whether split, or in 'rounds' (flush-cut and unsplit segments of logs), the wood should be stacked lengthwise, which is the most stable and practical method. Again though, if the wood needs further seasoning there should be adequate air flow through the stack.
219:. Standing dead timber is considered better still, for it has less humid organic material on the trunk, allowing tools to stay sharper longer, as well as being both seasoned and less rotten. Harvesting this form of timber reduces the speed and intensity of
271:
Fuel wood serves as a primary source of energy for cooking in many households and commercial outlets across
Nigeria. It is used in traditional stoves or open fires to prepare meals and heat food. Many living below one dollar per day use firewood for
157:
considered that it was “remarkable what a value is still put upon wood even in this age and this country...the prince and the peasant, the scholar and the savage, equally require still a few sticks from the forest to warm them and cook their food”.
311:
In most parts of the world, firewood is only prepared for transport at the time it is harvested. Then it is moved closer to the place where it will be used as fuel and prepared (split, seasoned, etc...) there. The process of making
872:
sent a 12-hour live program on the topic of firewood, where a large part of the program consisted of showing firewood burning in a fireplace. More than one million people, 20% of Norway's population, saw part of the
230:. Thus, longer pieces, requiring less manual labour, and less chainsaw fuel – are less expensive and only limited by the size of the firebox. In most of the United States, the standard measure of firewood is a
1239:
Sola, Phosiso; Cerutti, Paolo Omar; Zhou, Wen; Gautier, Denis; Iiyama, Miyuki; Schure, Jolien; Chenevoy, Audrey; Yila, Jummai; Dufe, Vanessa; Nasi, Robert; Petrokofsky, Gillian; Shepherd, Gill (2017-02-13).
319:
Most firewood also requires splitting, which also allows for faster seasoning by exposing more surface area. Today, most splitting is done with a hydraulic splitting machine, but it can also be split with a
850:
in 1814 complained to her sister that “My Mother’s Wood is brought in-but by some mistake, no Bavins. She must therefore buy some”. (Contemporary charges were between 6 and 15 shillings per hundred bavins).
107:. However, demand for this fuel can outpace its ability to regenerate on a local or regional level. Good forestry practices and improvements in devices that use firewood can improve local wood supplies.
588:
The
Sustainable Energy Development Office (SEDO), part of the Government of Western Australia states that the energy content of wood is 4.5 kWh/kg or 16.2 gigajoules/tonne (GJ/t).
783:
which is made from 4-foot (1.22 m) logs will not be a cord when it has been cut into 1 foot logs and then split so each piece will fit through a 3-inch (7.6 cm) circle.
497:
278:
In colder regions or during colder seasons, fuel wood is used for heating purposes. It provides warmth in homes and can be used in fireplaces or traditional heating devices.
241:
Buying and burning firewood that was cut only a short distance from its final destination prevents the accidental spread of invasive tree-killing insects and diseases.
1703:
487:
Storing firewood indoors for any extended period of time is not recommended, for it increases the risk of introducing insects such as termites into the home.
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depends on the length of the logs that are stacked in a 4 by 8 ft (1.22 by 2.44 m) pile. When 16 in (41 cm) logs are used, the volume is
336:
increases with depth. More unusual, and dangerous, is a tapered screw-style design, that augers into the wood, splitting it, and can be powered by either a
1041:
517:
110:
Smoke from firewood causes respiratory and other diseases. Moving firewood long distances can potentially transport diseases and invasive species.
188:
403:
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67:. Generally, firewood is not heavily processed and is in some sort of recognizable log or branch form, compared to other forms of
1538:
1498:
2139:
454:, to specialized structures. Usually the goal of storing wood is to keep water away from it and to continue the drying process.
834:
Burning firewood causes respiratory and other illnesses. Along with clearance for agriculture collecting firewood is a cause of
759:). The most common firewood piece length are 33 cm (13 in) and 50 cm (20 in). Wood can also be sold by the
469:
enclosed. Ideally pallets or scrap wood should be used to raise the wood from the ground, reducing rot and increasing air flow.
1762:
1731:
1432:
1218:
861:) by Lars Mytting became a bestseller in 2011–2012, selling 150,000 copies. A version of the book has also been published in
173:
1140:
Matemilola, Saheed; Elegbede, Isa O.; Kies, Fatima; Yusuf, Gbolahan A.; Yangni, Ganbobga N.; Garba, Ibrahim (2019-01-01).
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1242:"The environmental, socioeconomic, and health impacts of woodfuel value chains in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic map"
688:
To reduce the drying time to a number of days from the normal one to three years, an external heating source such as a
153:
or the right to gather firewood, being a significant aspect of many medieval leases. As late as 19th century
America,
437:
249:
1690:
1395:"Culture, tradition, and taboo: Understanding the social shaping of fuel choices and cooking practices in Nigeria"
359:
75:. Firewood can be seasoned and heat treated (dry) or unseasoned (fresh/wet). It is generally classified as either
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2076:
465:
terracotta tiles, or an oiled canvas cloth, even cheap plastic sheeting may also be used. Wood will not dry when
2864:
2853:
238:
can affect the price. Prices also vary considerably with the distance from wood lots, and quality of the wood.
1088:. Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Plant Health and Biosecurity Directorate. 2015-04-14.
211:" managed for that purpose, but in heavily wooded areas it is more often harvested as a byproduct of natural
1641:"The Effects of Access to Clean Fuels and Technologies for Cooking on Deforestation in Developing Countries"
1049:
118:
1142:"An Analysis of the Impacts of Bioenergy Development on Food Security in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects"
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2132:
1544:. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Archived from
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2401:
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419:
1081:
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2342:
1871:
1394:
1064:"Don't Move Firewood - Trees and forests are threatened by invasive foreign insects and diseases"
779:
In the United States and Canada, firewood is usually sold by the full cord, face cord or bag. A
2842:
2332:
2327:
2125:
2479:
2381:
1748:
1201:, in Buschow, K. H. JĂĽrgen; Cahn, Robert W.; Flemings, Merton C.; Ilschner, Bernhard (eds.),
889:
694:
231:
223:, but it also reduces habitat for snag-nesting animals such as owls, bats, and some rodents.
146:
45:
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1141:
333:
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will burn. Dry wood delivers more energy for heating than green wood of the same species.
8:
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1897:
578:
549:
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Fuel wood is also a key raw material for charcoal production. Charcoal, derived from the
1370:
1353:
504:
2542:
1707:
1545:
1502:
1414:
1310:
1179:
859:
Solid Wood: All About
Chopping, Drying and Stacking Wood – and the Soul of Wood-Burning
235:
126:
104:
24:
1481:"A non-commercial service in support of responsible home heating with wood - Firewood"
450:
There are many ways to store firewood. These range from simple piles to free-standing
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99:
Bucking, splitting and stacking logs for firewood in Kõrvemaa, Estonia (October 2022)
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1728:
1723:
1440:
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an individual activity. The tools and methods for harvesting firewood are diverse.
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216:
195:
134:
20:
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1614:
1523:
1101:"Ecological Survey of Avifaunal Resources in University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria"
411:
234:
or 128 cubic feet (3.6 m), however, firewood can also be sold by weight. The
2812:
2317:
2106:
2091:
2081:
1735:
1537:
Simpson, William T.; Boone, R. Sidney; Chern, Joseph; Mace, Terry (August 1987).
825:
cubic feet (1.21 m) which is one third of a full or bush cord stack of wood.
215:. Deadfall that has not started to rot is preferred, since it is already partly
2890:
2737:
2716:
2711:
2696:
2587:
2391:
1987:
1724:
Website which compares qualities of
American wood species in cord measurements.
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321:
258:
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50:
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1258:
1241:
2879:
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2537:
2530:
2197:
2015:
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1813:
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1640:
1379:
1306:
1267:
1175:
1157:
1126:
835:
780:
744:
731:
415:
329:
292:
1328:
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2557:
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2307:
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2237:
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1941:
1823:
451:
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2451:
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1982:
1967:
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1100:
847:
789:
756:
752:
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605:
72:
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1166:
141:
For most of human history, firewood was the main fuel, until the use of
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2607:
2489:
2466:
2359:
2282:
2242:
2177:
2005:
1919:
1914:
1861:
1729:
A Graph showing
Fuelwood & Firewood Production in Canada since 1940
1615:"Rick Of Firewood [Definition, Value, Weight, Tips For Buying]"
1298:
180:
2650:
2645:
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2520:
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2364:
2287:
2232:
2222:
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2101:
2096:
2050:
2035:
2030:
2010:
1962:
1909:
1838:
909:
803:
768:
663:
591:
Here are some examples of energy content of several species of wood:
554:
316:
from firewood can take place at the place the firewood is harvested.
68:
31:
982:
713:
560:
226:
Harvesting timber for firewood is normally carried out by hand with
2823:
2757:
2666:
2635:
2615:
2597:
2577:
2567:
2547:
2499:
2429:
2369:
2347:
2297:
2040:
2025:
2020:
1936:
1833:
1782:
904:
894:
760:
705:
624:
473:
the cord wrapped to log in the middle of the pile, is another way.
313:
227:
220:
150:
80:
76:
1063:
748:
722:
the term, firewood measurement is best thought of as an estimate.
2732:
2706:
2630:
2441:
2434:
2396:
2354:
1972:
1787:
884:
650:
508:
208:
154:
2117:
581:
is advised as a reasonable standard way of reporting this data.
295:
of wood, is used for cooking, heating, and industrial processes.
2691:
2592:
2552:
2257:
2252:
2167:
2156:
1828:
1740:
862:
524:
212:
60:
30:"Fuel wood" redirects here. For wood as a fuel in general, see
302:
themselves and roast meats like goat or chicken for enjoyment.
37:
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2484:
2302:
2202:
2187:
2071:
2055:
1977:
1946:
1808:
764:
637:
612:
569:
565:
325:
130:
2207:
2148:
1139:
869:
689:
142:
64:
1602:"What is a Cord? And How to Avoid Paying Too Much for One"
1393:
Akintan, Oluwakemi; Jewitt, Sarah; Clifford, Mike (2018).
149:. As such, access to firewood was a valued resource, with
2562:
1105:
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management
601:
1639:
Bakehe, Novice Patrick; Hassan, Roukiya (2023-09-01).
1238:
1098:
1392:
1099:
Ijeomah, HM; Ijeomah, UD; Okagbare, OH (2013-11-08).
341:
motor and a large flywheel used for energy storage.
1501:. Sedo.energy.wa.gov.au. 2010-01-01. Archived from
1354:"Fuelwood and Charcoal Use in Developing Countries"
1283:"Development and the fuelwood situation in Nigeria"
983:"Protect the Trees You Love From Tree-killing Bugs"
930:"Women using firewood face increasing health risks"
829:
730:Early modern England measured firewood in terms of
264:Here are some common uses of fuel wood in Nigeria:
1203:Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology
2877:
868:In February 2013, the Norwegian state broadcast
332:. Some steel wedges have an angled blade so the
282:Small-scale industries and Artisanal activities:
49:Stack of split firewood and a splitting maul,
2133:
1756:
677:
400:The examples and perspective in this article
194:Firewood transportation from farm to home in
1638:
717:Firewood for sale at a local market in Mali.
1704:Bark Up or Down? Firewood Splits Norwegians
1597:
1595:
1589:. Measurement Canada. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
1351:
2140:
2126:
1763:
1749:
2087:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
1369:
1257:
1165:
1116:
438:Learn how and when to remove this message
1592:
1539:"Kiln-Drying Time of Split Oak Firewood"
1478:
1205:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 9637–9641,
712:
704:
559:
548:
117:
85:
44:
36:
63:material that is gathered and used for
2878:
1280:
1196:
1146:Environmental and Climate Technologies
956:
725:
709:Firewood on its way to market in Mali.
2121:
1744:
1604:. Woodheat.org. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
841:
2848:
1587:"Buying Firewood? Don't Get Burned!"
1399:Energy Research & Social Science
952:
950:
386:
41:Stack of firewood next to a building
2860:
1371:10.1146/annurev.eg.10.110185.002203
13:
1092:
774:
747:, firewood is usually sold by the
523:Stacked with crib end, in eastern
377:Steel wedge for splitting firewood
123:A Woman of ĹŚhara Carrying Firewood
23:. For the military operation, see
14:
2902:
2147:
1717:
1691:Norsk ved-TV vekker oppsikt i USA
1499:"Office of Energy - Clean Energy"
1433:"Seasoning Firewood How and When"
947:
798:length is 16 inches (41 cm).
697:as a key benefit of the process.
693:higher heat output and increased
461:height of a free-standing stack.
299:Cultural and religious practices:
19:For the album by Witchcraft, see
2859:
2847:
2838:
2837:
1770:
1645:Journal of the Knowledge Economy
1042:"Where does firewood come from?"
934:WHO | Regional Office for Africa
853:In Norway, the non-fiction book
830:Damage to health and environment
544:
532:
516:
496:
391:
370:
365:Hydraulic wood splitting machine
358:
346:
202:
187:
172:
2387:Oriented structural straw board
2077:Control of fire by early humans
1696:
1684:
1671:
1632:
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1516:
1491:
1472:
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1386:
1345:
1321:
1274:
1232:
1190:
1133:
207:Some firewood is harvested in "
1693:Aftenposten, February 20, 2013
1524:"Packaged kiln dried firewood"
1352:Wood, T S; Baldwin, S (1985).
1211:10.1016/b0-08-043152-6/01746-0
1074:
1056:
1034:
1021:
1008:
995:
975:
922:
751:, equivalent to a volume of 1
700:
527:, covered by terracotta tiles.
511:are about 6 meters (20') high.
1:
916:
161:
1681:(OUP 1995) p. 264 and p. 432
1197:Bowyer, J. L. (2001-01-01),
959:"Wood Smoke and Your Health"
306:
250:Firewood/fuelwood in Nigeria
7:
1199:"Wood: Future Availability"
877:
539:Stacking firewood in a shed
414:, discuss the issue on the
353:Italian-style splitting axe
10:
2907:
2778:Non-timber forest products
2402:Structural insulated panel
1657:10.1007/s13132-022-00913-2
1411:10.1016/j.erss.2017.11.019
957:US EPA, OAR (2013-05-28).
681:
678:Kiln (oven) dried firewood
382:
244:
113:
29:
18:
2833:
2725:
2659:
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2513:
2465:
2422:
2316:
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1998:
1955:
1885:
1847:
1801:
1778:
1259:10.1186/s13750-017-0082-2
738:
2743:Destructive distillation
1857:Autoignition temperature
1577:(2016) p. 154 and p. 207
1462:"Northidahofirewood.com"
1158:10.2478/rtuect-2019-0005
1018:(2016) p. 127 and p. 207
865:, selling 50,000 copies.
133:), Japanese painting by
2763:Green building and wood
1872:Minimum ignition energy
1575:The Wood for the Trees
1358:Annual Review of Energy
600:Heating value (million
261:, into the atmosphere.
2407:Wood–plastic composite
2333:Glued laminated timber
2328:Cross-laminated timber
1246:Environmental Evidence
1016:The Wood for the Trees
718:
710:
573:
557:
179:Firewood collector in
138:
129:, the peddler lady of
100:
53:
42:
2480:Corrugated fiberboard
2382:Oriented strand board
1679:Jane Austen’s Letters
1281:Morgan, W.B. (1978).
890:Cordwood construction
716:
708:
695:combustion efficiency
563:
552:
147:Industrial Revolution
121:
98:
48:
40:
2865:WikiProject Forestry
1118:10.4314/ejesm.v6i6.8
1086:www.inspection.gc.ca
1068:dontmovefirewood.org
577:content. Use of the
420:create a new article
412:improve this article
402:may not represent a
334:mechanical advantage
289:Charcoal production:
2626:Ramial chipped wood
1898:Solar Spark Lighter
1711:, February 19, 2013
1505:on October 13, 2009
726:Traditional English
579:lower heating value
503:Firewood stacks at
16:Wood used for fires
2543:Cellulosic ethanol
1734:2016-03-13 at the
1708:The New York Times
1437:thechimneysweep.ca
1299:10.1007/bf00156221
842:In popular culture
719:
711:
574:
558:
145:spread during the
139:
105:renewable resource
101:
54:
43:
25:Operation Firewood
2873:
2872:
2808:Wood preservation
2753:Engineered bamboo
2573:Pyroligneous acid
2115:
2114:
1220:978-0-08-043152-9
1046:extension.unh.edu
1031:(OUP 2008) p. 225
1003:Enlightenment Now
900:Multipurpose tree
675:
674:
448:
447:
440:
422:, as appropriate.
96:
2898:
2863:
2862:
2851:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2798:Timber recycling
2793:Reclaimed lumber
2783:Natural building
2748:Dry distillation
2702:Split-rail fence
2142:
2135:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2065:Related articles
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1651:(3): 2561–2577.
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1534:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1464:. Archived from
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1439:. Archived from
1429:
1423:
1422:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1169:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1048:. Archived from
1038:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1006:
999:
993:
992:
990:
989:
979:
973:
972:
970:
969:
954:
945:
944:
942:
941:
926:
824:
823:
819:
816:
801:The volume of a
594:
593:
536:
520:
505:PĂĽhtitsa Convent
500:
443:
436:
432:
429:
423:
395:
394:
387:
374:
362:
350:
196:Maroua, Cameroon
191:
176:
135:Nagasawa Rosetsu
97:
21:Firewood (album)
2906:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2829:
2813:Wood processing
2721:
2655:
2602:
2509:
2461:
2418:
2348:parallel strand
2319:
2312:
2160:
2151:
2146:
2116:
2111:
2107:Survival skills
2092:Outdoor cooking
2060:
1999:Other equipment
1994:
1956:Modern starters
1951:
1881:
1843:
1797:
1774:
1769:
1736:Wayback Machine
1720:
1715:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:D Le Faye ed.,
1676:
1672:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1619:WoodsMan Report
1613:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1477:
1473:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1391:
1387:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1279:
1275:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1195:
1191:
1138:
1134:
1097:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1000:
996:
987:
985:
981:
980:
976:
967:
965:
955:
948:
939:
937:
928:
927:
923:
919:
914:
880:
844:
832:
821:
817:
814:
812:
777:
741:
728:
703:
686:
680:
611:Heating value (
547:
540:
537:
528:
521:
512:
501:
444:
433:
427:
424:
409:
396:
392:
385:
378:
375:
366:
363:
354:
351:
309:
247:
205:
198:
192:
183:
177:
164:
116:
86:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2845:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Certified wood
2735:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2712:Timber framing
2709:
2704:
2699:
2697:Sawdust brandy
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:Sandalwood oil
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2392:Particle board
2389:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1887:
1886:Early starters
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1726:
1719:
1718:External links
1716:
1714:
1713:
1695:
1683:
1670:
1631:
1606:
1591:
1579:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1551:on 2006-02-24.
1529:
1515:
1490:
1479:John Gulland.
1471:
1468:on 2009-02-06.
1453:
1424:
1385:
1364:(1): 407–429.
1344:
1320:
1273:
1231:
1219:
1189:
1132:
1091:
1073:
1055:
1052:on 2007-11-27.
1033:
1020:
1007:
994:
974:
946:
920:
918:
915:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
866:
851:
843:
840:
831:
828:
827:
826:
799:
776:
773:
740:
737:
727:
724:
702:
699:
682:Main article:
679:
676:
673:
672:
669:
666:
660:
659:
656:
653:
647:
646:
643:
640:
634:
633:
630:
627:
621:
620:
609:
598:
546:
543:
542:
541:
538:
531:
529:
522:
515:
513:
502:
495:
446:
445:
406:of the subject
404:worldwide view
399:
397:
390:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
369:
367:
364:
357:
355:
352:
345:
338:power take-off
322:splitting maul
308:
305:
304:
303:
296:
286:
279:
273:
259:greenhouse gas
255:carbon dioxide
246:
243:
204:
201:
200:
199:
193:
186:
184:
178:
171:
163:
160:
115:
112:
103:Firewood is a
51:Czech Republic
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2903:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2866:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2846:
2844:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2768:List of woods
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:Billet (wood)
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:Hemicellulose
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:Railroad ties
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:Wood products
2143:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:Feather stick
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:Burning glass
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:Friction fire
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:Fire triangle
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:Sarah Lyall:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1519:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1443:on 2008-11-05
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1334:
1330:
1329:"Wood energy"
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1030:
1027:H D Thoreau,
1024:
1017:
1011:
1005:(2019) p. 143
1004:
998:
984:
978:
964:
960:
953:
951:
935:
931:
925:
921:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
871:
867:
864:
860:
857:(In English:
856:
852:
849:
846:
845:
839:
837:
836:deforestation
810:
806:
805:
800:
796:
792:
791:
786:
785:
784:
782:
775:North America
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:metric system
736:
733:
723:
715:
707:
698:
696:
691:
685:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:
603:
599:
597:Wood Species
596:
595:
592:
589:
586:
582:
580:
571:
567:
562:
556:
551:
545:Heating value
535:
530:
526:
519:
514:
510:
506:
499:
494:
493:
492:
488:
485:
481:
478:
477:Under a roof:
474:
470:
468:
462:
459:
455:
453:
442:
439:
431:
428:December 2023
421:
417:
413:
407:
405:
398:
389:
388:
373:
368:
361:
356:
349:
344:
343:
342:
339:
335:
331:
330:sledge hammer
327:
323:
317:
315:
300:
297:
294:
293:carbonization
290:
287:
283:
280:
277:
274:
270:
267:
266:
265:
262:
260:
256:
251:
242:
239:
237:
236:heating value
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
203:North America
197:
190:
185:
182:
175:
170:
169:
168:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
111:
108:
106:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
39:
33:
26:
22:
2852:
2822:
2717:Wooden masts
2687:Dugout canoe
2672:Bavin (wood)
2621:Black liquor
2558:Liquid smoke
2446:
2308:Utility pole
2293:Timber truss
2213:Log building
2082:Firem'n Chit
1942:Fire striker
1818:
1772:Firelighting
1706:
1698:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1623:. Retrieved
1621:. 2019-01-25
1618:
1609:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1546:the original
1532:
1518:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:the original
1493:
1485:woodheat.org
1484:
1474:
1466:the original
1456:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:the original
1436:
1427:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1336:. Retrieved
1332:
1323:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1249:
1245:
1234:
1224:, retrieved
1202:
1192:
1167:10281/236662
1152:(1): 64–83.
1149:
1145:
1135:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1050:the original
1045:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1002:
997:
986:. Retrieved
977:
966:. Retrieved
962:
938:. Retrieved
936:. 2022-04-07
933:
924:
858:
854:
833:
808:
802:
794:
788:
778:
755:(0.276
742:
729:
720:
687:
590:
587:
583:
575:
553:Firewood in
489:
486:
482:
476:
475:
471:
466:
463:
457:
456:
449:
434:
425:
401:
318:
310:
298:
288:
281:
275:
268:
263:
248:
240:
225:
206:
165:
140:
137:(1754–1799).
122:
109:
102:
56:
55:
2818:Woodworking
2803:Wood drying
2788:Papermaking
2608:By-products
2514:Derivatives
2452:Pellet fuel
2193:Flitch beam
1968:Ferrocerium
1932:Fire plough
1927:Fire piston
1877:Smouldering
1333:www.fao.org
963:www.epa.gov
848:Jane Austen
753:cubic meter
701:Measurement
684:Wood drying
2880:Categories
2660:Historical
2641:Wood flour
2490:Paperboard
2360:Fiberboard
2318:Engineered
2178:Bressummer
2006:Char cloth
1920:Pump drill
1915:Hand drill
1905:Fire drill
1862:Combustion
1802:Components
1625:2019-02-15
1573:R Fortey,
1509:2010-07-29
1447:2008-09-22
1338:2023-05-21
1287:GeoJournal
1226:2023-05-21
1082:"Firewood"
1014:R Fortey,
1001:S Pinker,
988:2020-11-18
968:2024-01-29
940:2024-01-29
917:References
763:or by the
467:completely
181:Mozambique
162:Harvesting
151:wood botes
2682:Clapboard
2651:Woodchips
2646:Wood wool
2526:Cellulose
2521:Birch-tar
2475:Cardboard
2457:Wood fuel
2365:hardboard
2268:Reclaimed
2233:Panelling
2223:Log house
2218:Log cabin
2102:Pyromania
2097:Pyrolysis
2051:Tinderbox
2036:Matchbook
2031:Fire ring
2011:Chuckmuck
1963:Blowtorch
1910:Bow drill
1839:Wood fuel
1665:1868-7873
1419:115739869
1405:: 14–22.
1380:0362-1626
1315:154561400
1307:0343-2521
1268:2047-2382
1184:198964019
1176:2255-8837
1127:1998-0507
910:Wood fuel
804:face cord
795:bush cord
790:full cord
769:Australia
664:White Fir
555:fireplace
416:talk page
307:Preparing
228:chainsaws
221:bushfires
69:wood fuel
32:wood fuel
2886:Firewood
2843:Category
2824:Yakisugi
2758:Forestry
2726:See also
2667:Axe ties
2636:Tall oil
2616:Barkdust
2598:Wood gas
2578:Pine tar
2568:Methanol
2500:Pulpwood
2447:Firewood
2430:Charcoal
2423:Fuelwood
2370:Masonite
2298:Treenail
2198:Flooring
2041:Matchbox
2026:Fire pit
2021:Fire pan
1988:Electric
1937:Fire-saw
1834:Wood ash
1819:Firewood
1793:Glossary
1783:Campfire
1732:Archived
1252:(1): 4.
905:Wood ash
895:Estovers
878:See also
873:program.
767:, as in
761:kilogram
625:Tamarack
410:You may
314:charcoal
276:Heating:
272:cooking.
269:Cooking:
217:seasoned
209:woodlots
81:softwood
77:hardwood
57:Firewood
2854:Commons
2733:Biomass
2707:Tanbark
2631:Sawdust
2442:Firelog
2435:biochar
2397:Plywood
2355:I-joist
2273:Shingle
2228:Molding
1973:Lighter
1788:Bonfire
1029:Walden
885:Biomass
855:Hel Ved
820:⁄
743:In the
732:billets
651:Red Fir
509:Estonia
458:Stacks:
383:Storing
245:Nigeria
213:forests
155:Thoreau
114:History
73:pellets
59:is any
2692:Potash
2593:Tannin
2553:Lignin
2467:Fibers
2412:lumber
2338:veneer
2278:Siding
2258:Rafter
2253:Purlin
2168:Batten
2161:timber
2157:Lumber
1849:Topics
1829:Tinder
1663:
1417:
1378:
1313:
1305:
1266:
1217:
1182:
1174:
1125:
863:Sweden
739:Metric
566:embers
564:Birch
525:France
452:stacks
285:items.
127:ja:大原女
61:wooden
2891:Fuels
2773:Mulch
2583:Pitch
2505:Rayon
2485:Paper
2303:Truss
2243:Plate
2238:Plank
2203:Joist
2188:Cruck
2072:Arson
2056:Torch
1983:Black
1978:Match
1947:Flint
1824:Spark
1809:Ember
1549:(PDF)
1542:(PDF)
1415:S2CID
1311:S2CID
1293:(5).
1180:S2CID
1111:(6).
807:or a
765:tonne
749:stère
668:16.7
655:20.6
642:21.3
638:Birch
629:22.3
572:stove
570:sauna
418:, or
326:wedge
324:or a
131:Kyoto
71:like
2548:Dyes
2531:nano
2495:Pulp
2320:wood
2288:Stud
2283:Sill
2248:Post
2208:Lath
2173:Beam
2046:Punk
1661:ISSN
1376:ISSN
1303:ISSN
1264:ISSN
1215:ISBN
1172:ISSN
1123:ISSN
809:rick
781:cord
757:cord
690:kiln
671:4.9
658:6.0
645:6.2
632:6.5
615:per
606:cord
604:per
328:and
257:, a
232:cord
143:coal
65:fuel
2563:Lye
2375:MDF
2343:LVL
2183:CLS
1653:doi
1407:doi
1366:doi
1295:doi
1254:doi
1207:doi
1162:hdl
1154:doi
1113:doi
870:NRK
793:or
602:BTU
568:on
507:in
79:or
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