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topical or systemic form. Topical fluoride is more highly recommended than systemic intake to protect the surface of the teeth. Topical fluoride is used in toothpaste, mouthwash and fluoride varnish. Standard fluoride toothpaste (1,000–1,500 ppm) is more effective than low fluoride toothpaste (< 600ppm) to prevent dental caries. It is recommended that all adult patients to use fluoridated toothpaste with at least 1350ppm fluoride content, brushing at least 2 times per day and brush right before bed. For children and young adults, use fluoridated toothpaste with 1350ppm to 1500ppm fluoride content, brushing 2 times per day and also brush right before bed. American Dental
Association Council suggest that for children <3 years old, caregivers should begin brushing their teeth by using fluoridated toothpaste with an amount no more than a smear. Supervised toothbrushing must also be done to children below 8 years of age to prevent swallowing of toothpaste. After brushing with fluoride toothpaste, rinsing should be avoided and the excess spat out. Many dental professionals include application of topical fluoride solutions as part of routine visits and recommend the use of xylitol and
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1999:
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1907:. Some dentists remove dental caries using a laser rather than the traditional dental drill. A Cochrane review of this technique looked at Er:YAG (erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet), Er,Cr:YSGG (erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet) and Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet) lasers and found that although people treated with lasers (compared to a conventional dental "drill") experienced less pain and had a lesser need for dental anaesthesia, that overall there was little difference in caries removal. Another alternative to drilling or lasers for small caries is the use of
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1962:
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2333:, known as the father of modern dentistry, was one of the first to reject the idea that worms caused tooth decay and noted that sugar was detrimental to the teeth and gingiva. In 1850, another sharp increase in the prevalence of caries occurred and is believed to be a result of widespread diet changes. Prior to this time, cervical caries was the most frequent type of caries, but increased availability of sugar cane, refined flour, bread, and sweetened tea corresponded with a greater number of pit and fissure caries.
505:
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1945:. Composite resin and porcelain can be made to match the color of a patient's natural teeth and are thus used more frequently when aesthetics are a concern. Composite restorations are not as strong as dental amalgam and gold; some dentists consider the latter as the only advisable restoration for posterior areas where chewing forces are great. When the decay is too extensive, there may not be enough tooth structure remaining to allow a restorative material to be placed within the tooth. Thus, a
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translucent zone is the first visible sign of caries and coincides with a one to two percent loss of minerals. A slight remineralization of enamel occurs in the dark zone, which serves as an example of how the development of dental caries is an active process with alternating changes. The area of greatest demineralization and destruction is in the body of the lesion itself. The surface zone remains relatively mineralized and is present until the loss of tooth structure results in a cavitation.
608:
1708:
economical areas, where other forms of fluoride is not available. However, a
Cochrane systematic review found no evidence to suggest that taking fluoride systemically daily in pregnant women was effective in preventing dental decay in their offspring. While some products containing chlorhexidine have been shown to limit the progression of existing tooth decay; there is currently no evidence suggesting that chlorhexidine gels and varnishes can prevent dental caries or reduce the population of
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830:
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1003:. As the gingiva loses attachment to the teeth due to gingival recession, the root surface becomes more visible in the mouth. If this occurs, root caries is a concern since the cementum covering the roots of teeth is more easily demineralized by acids than enamel. Currently, there is not enough evidence to support a causal relationship between smoking and coronal caries, but evidence does suggest a relationship between smoking and root-surface caries. Exposure of children to
821:, root caries tend to progress much more rapidly than decay on other surfaces. The progression and loss of mineralization on the root surface is 2.5 times faster than caries in enamel. In very severe cases where oral hygiene is very poor and where the diet is very rich in fermentable carbohydrates, caries may cause cavities within months of tooth eruption. This can occur, for example, when children continuously drink sugary drinks from baby bottles (see later discussion).
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415:
60:
2160:
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food, neutralise acid, or remineralise tooth enamel. (Occlusal caries accounts for between 80 and 90% of caries in children (Weintraub, 2001).) Unlike brushing, fluoride leads to proven reduction in caries incidence by approximately 25%; higher concentrations of fluoride (>1,000 ppm) in toothpaste also helps prevents tooth decay, with the effect increasing with concentration up to a plateau. A randomized clinical trial demonstrated that toothpastes that contain
1166:, which radiate outward from the pulp chamber to the exterior cementum or enamel border. The diameter of the dentinal tubules is largest near the pulp (about 2.5 μm) and smallest (about 900 nm) at the junction of dentin and enamel. The carious process continues through the dentinal tubules, which are responsible for the triangular patterns resulting from the progression of caries deep into the tooth. The tubules also allow caries to progress faster.
1410:(baby) teeth. This must include the presence of at least one carious lesion on a primary tooth in a child under the age of 6 years. The teeth most likely affected are the maxillary anterior teeth, but all teeth can be affected. The name for this type of caries comes from the fact that the decay usually is a result of allowing children to fall asleep with sweetened liquids in their bottles or feeding children sweetened liquids multiple times during the day.
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usually applied on the teeth of children, as soon as the teeth erupt but adults are receiving them if not previously performed. Sealants can wear out and fail to prevent access of food and plaque bacteria inside pits and fissures and need to be replaced so they must be checked regularly by dental professionals. Dental sealants have been shown to be more effective at preventing occlusal decay when compared to fluoride varnish applications.
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caries can be stopped by treatment. The goal of treatment is to preserve tooth structures and prevent further destruction of the tooth. Aggressive treatment, by filling, of incipient carious lesions, places where there is superficial damage to the enamel, is controversial as they may heal themselves, while once a filling is performed it will eventually have to be redone and the site serves as a vulnerable site for further decay.
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enamel, dentin and cementum – are constantly undergoing demineralization and remineralization. Dental caries result when the demineralization rate is faster than the remineralization, producing net mineral loss, which occurs when there is an ecologic shift within the dental biofilm from a balanced population of microorganisms to a population that produces acids and can survive in an acid environment.
1106:, which are the basic unit of the enamel structure, run perpendicularly from the surface of the tooth to the dentin. Since demineralization of enamel by caries follows the direction of the enamel rods, the different triangular patterns between pit and fissure and smooth-surface caries develop in the enamel because the orientation of enamel rods are different in the two areas of the tooth.
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penetration and destruction are the locations of invading bacteria and ultimately the decomposition of dentin. The zone of destruction has a more mixed bacterial population where proteolytic enzymes have destroyed the organic matrix. The innermost dentin caries has been reversibly attacked because the collagen matrix is not severely damaged, giving it potential for repair.
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have a disparity in the distribution of the disease. Among children in the United States and Europe, twenty percent of the population endures sixty to eighty percent of cases of dental caries. A similarly skewed distribution of the disease is found throughout the world with some children having none or very few caries and others having a high number.
1059:. EGF results effective in cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival. Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oral (and gastro-oesophageal) tissue integrity, and, on the other hand, iodine is effective in prevention of dental caries and oral health.
644:. However, cariogenic bacteria (the ones that can cause the disease) are present in dental plaque, but they are usually in too low concentrations to cause problems unless there is a shift in the balance. This is driven by local environmental change, such as frequent sugar intake or inadequate biofilm removal (toothbrushing). If left untreated, the
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of the pulp decreases. This type of dentin has been subdivided according to the presence or absence of the original odontoblasts. If the odontoblasts survive long enough to react to the dental caries, then the dentin produced is called "reactionary" dentin. If the odontoblasts are killed, the dentin produced is called "reparative" dentin.
560:. However, these four criteria are not always enough to cause the disease and a sheltered environment promoting development of a cariogenic biofilm is required. The caries disease process does not have an inevitable outcome, and different individuals will be susceptible to different degrees depending on the shape of their teeth,
449:. This is referred to as a white spot lesion, an incipient carious lesion, or a "micro-cavity". As the lesion continues to demineralize, it can turn brown but will eventually turn into a cavitation ("cavity"). Before the cavity forms, the process is reversible, but once a cavity forms, the lost tooth structure cannot be
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The presence of these clinical features in children may signal the need for early investigation of possible celiac disease, especially in asymptomatic cases. (...) Pediatric dentists must recognize typical oral lesions, especially those associated with nutritional deficiencies, and should suspect the
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conducted a series of studies that led him to propose an explanation for dental caries that was influential for current theories. He found that bacteria inhabited the mouth and that they produced acids that dissolved tooth structures when in the presence of fermentable carbohydrates. This explanation
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Recurrent caries, also described as secondary, are caries that appear at a location with a previous history of caries. This is frequently found on the margins of fillings and other dental restorations. On the other hand, incipient caries describes decay at a location that has not experienced previous
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material left behind disintegrates, forming a cavity or hole. The impact such sugars have on the progress of dental caries is called cariogenicity. Sucrose, although a bound glucose and fructose unit, is in fact more cariogenic than a mixture of equal parts of glucose and fructose. This is due to the
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is one of the most common methods for assessing caries prevalence as well as dental treatment needs among populations. This index is based on in-field clinical examination of individuals by using a probe, mirror and cotton rolls. Because the DMF index is done without X-ray imaging, it underestimates
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The number of cases has decreased in some developed countries, and this decline is usually attributed to increasingly better oral hygiene practices and preventive measures such as fluoride treatment. Nonetheless, countries that have experienced an overall decrease in cases of tooth decay continue to
1985:
can also serve as treatment for dental caries. The removal of the decayed tooth is performed if the tooth is too far destroyed from the decay process to effectively restore the tooth. Extractions are sometimes considered if the tooth lacks an opposing tooth or will probably cause further problems in
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is the leading cause of tooth decay. Low concentration fluoride ions act as bacteriostatic therapeutic agent and high concentration fluoride ions are bactericidal. The incorporated fluorine makes enamel more resistant to demineralization and, thus, resistant to decay. Fluoride can be found in either
1357:
Caries can be classified by location, etiology, rate of progression, and affected hard tissues. These forms of classification can be used to characterize a particular case of tooth decay to more accurately represent the condition to others and also indicate the severity of tooth destruction. In some
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cells of the pulp. Reparative dentin is produced at an average of 1.5 μm/day, but can be increased to 3.5 μm/day. The resulting dentin contains irregularly shaped dentinal tubules that may not line up with existing dentinal tubules. This diminishes the ability for dental caries to progress
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In response to dental caries, there may be production of more dentin toward the direction of the pulp. This new dentin is referred to as tertiary dentin. Tertiary dentin is produced to protect the pulp for as long as possible from the advancing bacteria. As more tertiary dentin is produced, the size
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In dentin from the deepest layer to the enamel, the distinct areas affected by caries are the advancing front, the zone of bacterial penetration, and the zone of destruction. The advancing front represents a zone of demineralized dentin due to acid and has no bacteria present. The zones of bacterial
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As the enamel loses minerals, and dental caries progresses, the enamel develops several distinct zones, visible under a light microscope. From the deepest layer of the enamel to the enamel surface, the identified areas are the: translucent zone, dark zones, body of the lesion, and surface zone. The
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For children, preformed crowns are available to place over the tooth. These are usually made of metal (usually stainless steel but increasingly there are aesthetic materials). Traditionally teeth are shaved down to make room for the crown but, more recently, stainless steel crowns have been used to
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and/or crowding to dental caries is weak; however, the anatomy of teeth may affect the likelihood of caries formation. Where the deep developmental grooves of teeth are more numerous and exaggerated, pit and fissure caries is more likely to develop (see next section). Also, caries is more likely to
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Worldwide, approximately 3.6 billion people have dental caries in their permanent teeth. In baby teeth it affects about 620 million people or 9% of the population. The disease is most common in Latin
American countries, countries in the Middle East, and South Asia, and least prevalent in
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Temporal descriptions can be applied to caries to indicate the progression rate and previous history. "Acute" signifies a quickly developing condition, whereas "chronic" describes a condition that has taken an extended time to develop, in which thousands of meals and snacks, many causing some acid
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inspection along with radiographs are employed frequently among dentists, in particular to diagnose pit and fissure caries. Early, uncavitated caries is often diagnosed by blowing air across the suspect surface, which removes moisture and changes the optical properties of the unmineralized enamel.
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The incidence of cemental caries increases in older adults as gingival recession occurs from either trauma or periodontal disease. It is a chronic condition that forms a large, shallow lesion and slowly invades first the root's cementum and then dentin to cause a chronic infection of the pulp (see
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and the dissolved mineral content of tooth surfaces. During every exposure to the acidic environment, portions of the inorganic mineral content at the surface of teeth dissolve and can remain dissolved for two hours. Since teeth are vulnerable during these acidic periods, the development of dental
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may be necessary for the restoration of a tooth. Endodontic therapy, also known as a "root canal", is recommended if the pulp in a tooth dies from infection by decay-causing bacteria or from trauma. In root canal therapy, the pulp of the tooth, including the nerve and vascular tissues, is removed
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Destroyed tooth structure does not fully regenerate, although remineralization of very small carious lesions may occur if dental hygiene is kept at optimal level. For the small lesions, topical fluoride is sometimes used to encourage remineralization. For larger lesions, the progression of dental
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may work better than fluoride varnish to prevent cavities. Systemic fluoride is found as lozenges, tablets, drops and water fluoridation. These are ingested orally to provide fluoride systemically. Water fluoridation has been shown to be beneficial to prevent tooth decay, especially in low social
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have greater protection against tooth cavitation than the regular fluoride toothpastes containing 1450 ppm alone. A Cochrane review has confirmed that the use of fluoride gels, normally applied by a dental professional from once to several times a year, assists in the prevention of tooth decay in
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Depending on which hard tissues are affected, it is possible to describe caries as involving enamel, dentin, or cementum. Early in its development, caries may affect only enamel. Once the extent of decay reaches the deeper layer of dentin, the term "dentinal caries" is used. Since cementum is the
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The carious process can begin within days of a tooth's erupting into the mouth if the diet is sufficiently rich in suitable carbohydrates. Evidence suggests that the introduction of fluoride treatments has slowed the process. Proximal caries take an average of four years to pass through enamel in
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Once a lesion has cavitated, especially if dentin is involved, remineralization is much more difficult and a dental restoration is usually indicated ("operative treatment"). Before a restoration can be placed, all of the decay must be removed otherwise it will continue to progress underneath the
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Most importantly, whether the carious lesion is cavitated or non-cavitated dictates the management. Clinical assessment of whether the lesion is active or arrested is also important. Noncavitated lesions can be arrested and remineralization can occur under the right conditions. However, this may
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Chewy and sticky foods (such as candy, cookies, potato chips, and crackers) tend to adhere to teeth longer. However, dried fruits such as raisins and fresh fruit such as apples and bananas disappear from the mouth quickly, and do not appear to be a risk factor. Consumers are not good at guessing
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However, oral hygiene is effective at preventing gum disease (gingivitis / periodontal disease). Food is forced inside pits and fissures under chewing pressure, leading to carbohydrate-fuelled acid demineralisation where the brush, fluoride toothpaste, and saliva have no access to remove trapped
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to fight the bacterial infection. At the same time, there is an increase of mineralization of the surrounding tubules. This results in a constriction of the tubules, which is an attempt to slow the bacterial progression. In addition, as the acid from the bacteria demineralizes the hydroxyapatite
1101:
Tooth enamel is a highly mineralized acellular tissue, and caries act upon it through a chemical process brought on by the acidic environment produced by bacteria. As the bacteria consume the sugar and use it for their own energy, they produce lactic acid. The effects of this process include the
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formation. Pellicle is an acellular proteinaceous film which covers the teeth. Bacteria colonize on the teeth by adhering to the pellicle-coated surface. Over time, a mature biofilm is formed, creating a cariogenic environment on the tooth surface. The minerals in the hard tissues of the teeth –
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and assessing how well equipped the child's parent or carer is to help the child prevent caries. To further increase a child's cooperation in caries management, good communication by the dentist and the rest of the staff of a dental practice should be used. This communication can be improved by
1315:
At times, pit and fissure caries may be difficult to detect. Bacteria can penetrate the enamel to reach dentin, but then the outer surface may remineralize, especially if fluoride is present. These caries, sometimes referred to as "hidden caries", will still be visible on X-ray radiographs, but
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is a means of prevention. A sealant is a thin plastic-like coating applied to the chewing surfaces of the molars to prevent food from being trapped inside pits and fissures. This deprives resident plaque bacteria of carbohydrate, preventing the formation of pit and fissure caries. Sealants are
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Some dental researchers have cautioned against the use of dental explorers to find caries, in particular sharp ended explorers. In cases where a small area of tooth has begun demineralizing but has not yet cavitated, the pressure from the dental explorer could cause a cavity. Since the carious
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The presentation of caries is highly variable. However, the risk factors and stages of development are similar. Initially, it may appear as a small chalky area (smooth surface caries), which may eventually develop into a large cavitation. Sometimes caries may be directly visible. However other
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Microbe communities attach to tooth surface and create a biofilm. As the biofilm grows an anaerobic environment forms from the oxygen being used. Microbes use sucrose and other dietary sugars as a food source. The dietary sugars go through anaerobic fermentation pathways producing lactate. The
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is known as the chemoparasitic caries theory. Miller's contribution, along with the research on plaque by G. V. Black and J. L. Williams, served as the foundation for the current explanation of the etiology of caries. Several of the specific strains of lactobacilli were identified in 1921 by
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and the
European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry recommend limiting the frequency of consumption of drinks with sugar, and not giving baby bottles to infants during sleep (see earlier discussion). Parents are also recommended to avoid sharing utensils and cups with their infants to prevent
1190:, fluids within dentinal tubules are believed to be the mechanism by which pain receptors are triggered within the pulp of the tooth. Since sclerotic dentin prevents the passage of such fluids, pain that would otherwise serve as a warning of the invading bacteria may not develop at first.
1883:
are designed to avoid exposure of the dental pulp and overall reduction of the amount of tooth substance which requires removal before the final filling is placed. Often enamel which overlies decayed dentin must also be removed as it is unsupported and susceptible to fracture. The modern
1417:, poor oral hygiene, stimulant use (due to drug-induced dry mouth), and/or large sugar intake. If rampant caries is a result of previous radiation to the head and neck, it may be described as radiation-induced caries. Problems can also be caused by the self-destruction of roots and whole
899:, which occurs in between 1 in 718 and 1 in 14,000 individuals, is a disease in which the enamel does not fully form or forms in insufficient amounts and can fall off a tooth. In both cases, teeth may be left more vulnerable to decay because the enamel is not able to protect the tooth.
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get more cavities, with cavities increasing exponentially with increasing sugar intake. Populations with less sugar intake have fewer cavities. In one population, in
Nigeria, where sugar consumption was about 2g/day, only two percent of the population, of any age, had had a cavity.
401:
it affects about 620 million people or 9% of the population. They have become more common in both children and adults in recent years. The disease is most common in the developed world due to greater simple sugar consumption, but less common in the developing world. Caries is
976:, also causes a nearly complete occlusion of salivation, known in colloquial terms as "cotton mouth". Moreover, 63% of the most commonly prescribed medications in the United States list dry mouth as a known side-effect. Radiation therapy of the head and neck may also damage the
1715:
An oral health assessment carried out before a child reaches the age of one may help with management of caries. The oral health assessment should include checking the child's history, a clinical examination, checking the risk of caries in the child including the state of their
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filling. Sometimes a small amount of decay can be left if it is entombed and there is a seal which isolates the bacteria from their substrate. This can be likened to placing a glass container over a candle, which burns itself out once the oxygen is used up. Techniques such as
840:
Molar incisor hypo-mineralization seems to be increasingly common. While the cause is unknown it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Possible contributing factors that have been investigated include systemic factors such as high levels of
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hard tissue that covers the roots of teeth, it is not often affected by decay unless the roots of teeth are exposed to the mouth. Although the term "cementum caries" may be used to describe the decay on roots of teeth, very rarely does caries affect the cementum alone.
4215:." Presentation to the National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference on Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries Throughout Life, in pdf format, hosted on the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, p. 19. Page accessed August 15, 2006.
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A toothbrush can be used to remove plaque on accessible surfaces, but not between teeth or inside pits and fissures on chewing surfaces. When used correctly, dental floss removes plaque from areas that could otherwise develop proximal caries but only if the depth of
927:
Reduced salivary flow rate is associated with increased caries since the buffering capability of saliva is not present to counterbalance the acidic environment created by certain foods. As a result, medical conditions that reduce the amount of saliva produced by
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children and adolescents, reiterating the importance of fluoride as the principal means of caries prevention. Another review concluded that the supervised regular use of a fluoride mouthwash greatly reduced the onset of decay in the permanent teeth of children.
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because they have lower mineral content. Thus, when root surfaces of teeth are exposed from gingival recession or periodontal disease, caries can develop more readily. Even in a healthy oral environment, however, the tooth is susceptible to dental caries.
598:
Caries occur more often in people from the lower end of the socio-economic scale than people from the upper end of the socio-economic scale, due to lack of education about dental care, and lack of access to professional dental care which may be expensive.
468:, which have passages to the nerve of the tooth, become exposed, resulting in pain that can be transient, temporarily worsening with exposure to heat, cold, or sweet foods and drinks. A tooth weakened by extensive internal decay can sometimes suddenly
1622:
Annual caries incidence increases exponentially with annual per capita sugar consumption. Data based on 10,553 Japanese children whose individual lower first molar teeth were monitored yearly from the age of 6 to 11 years of age. Caries plotted on a
983:
Susceptibility to caries can be related to altered metabolism in the tooth, in particular to fluid flow in the dentin. Experiments on rats have shown that a high-sucrose, cariogenic diet "significantly suppresses the rate of fluid motion" in dentin.
3751:
Tooth defects that result from celiac disease may resemble those caused by too much fluoride or a maternal or early childhood illness. Dentists mostly say it's from fluoride, that the mother took tetracycline, or that there was an illness early
1957:
and works by depriving the bacteria in the decay of nutrients and making their environment less favorable for them. It is a minimally invasive method of managing decay in children and does not require local anesthetic injections in the mouth.
2382:
made certain items, such as refined sugar and flour, readily available. The diet of the "newly industrialized
English working class" then became centered on bread, jam, and sweetened tea, greatly increasing both sugar consumption and caries.
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are released, allowing for the precipitation of more crystals which fall deeper into the dentinal tubule. These crystals form a barrier and slow the advancement of caries. After these protective responses, the dentin is considered sclerotic.
1875:. Such management of a carious lesion is termed "non-operative" since no drilling is carried out on the tooth. Non-operative treatment requires excellent understanding and motivation from the individual, otherwise the decay will continue.
1863:
require extensive changes to the diet (reduction in frequency of refined sugars), improved oral hygiene (toothbrushing twice per day with fluoride toothpaste and daily flossing), and regular application of topical fluoride. More recently,
2355:. Although Clarke proposed that this organism was the cause of caries, the discovery was not followed up. Later, in 1954 in the US, Frank Orland working with hamsters showed that caries was transmissible and caused by acid-producing
1275:
are used for less visible areas of teeth and to judge the extent of destruction. Lasers for detecting caries allow detection without ionizing radiation and are now used for detection of interproximal decay (between the teeth).
1299:) may show dental caries before it is otherwise visible, in particular caries between the teeth. Large areas of dental caries are often apparent to the naked eye, but smaller lesions can be difficult to identify. Visual and
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Caries
Through Time: An Anthropological Overview; Luis Pezo Lanfranco and Sabine Eggers; Laboratório de Antropologia Biológica, Depto. de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo,
796:"Stephan curve", showing sudden decrease in plaque pH following glucose rinse, which returns to normal after 30–60 min. Net demineralization of dental hard tissues occurs below the critical pH (5.5), shown in yellow.
8334:
Kleinberg I (1 March 2002). "A mixed-bacteria ecological approach to understanding the role of the oral bacteria in dental caries causation: an alternative to
Streptococcus mutans and the specific-plaque hypothesis".
1048:(CAMBRA). It is still unknown if the identification of high-risk individuals can lead to more effective long-term patient management that prevents caries initiation and arrests or reverses the progression of lesions.
6626:
Mejare I, Lingstrom P, Petersson LG, Holm AK, Twetman S, Kallestal C, Nordenram G, Lagerlof F, Soder B, Norlund A, Axelsson S, Dahlgren H (2003). "Caries-preventive effect of fissure sealants: a systematic review".
1138:, which reside at the border between the pulp and dentin. Since odontoblasts are present, a stimulus, such as caries, can trigger a biologic response. These defense mechanisms include the formation of sclerotic and
2311:. Learning their training from apprenticeships, these health providers were quite successful in ending tooth pain and likely prevented systemic spread of infections in many cases. Among Roman Catholics, prayers to
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8752:
7285:
Summit, James B., J. William
Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. "Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach." 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001, p. 128.
5378:
Summit, James B., J. William
Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. "Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach." 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001, p. 14.
453:. A lesion that appears dark brown and shiny suggests dental caries were once present, but the demineralization process has stopped, leaving a stain. Active decay is lighter in color and dull in appearance.
476:
can result, and the pain will become more constant. Death of the pulp tissue and infection are common consequences. The tooth will no longer be sensitive to hot or cold but can be very tender to pressure.
1424:
Children at 6–12 months are at increased risk of developing dental caries. For other children aged 12–18 months, dental caries develop on primary teeth and approximately twice yearly for permanent teeth.
1234:
further discussion under classification by affected hard tissue). Because dental pain is a late finding, many lesions are not detected early, resulting in restorative challenges and increased tooth loss.
3352:
1903:("drill") is used to remove large portions of decayed material from a tooth. A spoon, a dental instrument used to carefully remove decay, is sometimes employed when the decay in dentin reaches near the
5462:. Maintained by the University of Michigan Dentistry Library, along with the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. 2000. Page accessed August 13, 2006.
1949:
may be needed. This restoration appears similar to a cap and is fitted over the remainder of the natural crown of the tooth. Crowns are often made of gold, porcelain, or porcelain fused to metal.
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or dental biofilm, although studies have shown this effect on caries is limited. While there is no evidence that flossing prevents tooth decay, the practice is still generally recommended.
759:
process called fermentation. If left in contact with the tooth, these acids may cause demineralization, which is the dissolution of its mineral content. The process is dynamic, however, as
1974:
along with decayed portions of the tooth. The canals are instrumented with endodontic files to clean and shape them, and they are then usually filled with a rubber-like material called
6979:
5935:
Sambunjak D, Nickerson JW, Poklepovic T, Johnson TM, Imai P, Tugwell P, Worthington HV (2011-12-07). "Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults".
902:
In most people, disorders or diseases affecting teeth are not the primary cause of dental caries. Approximately 96% of tooth enamel is composed of minerals. These minerals, especially
3009:
2209:
ages. The increase of caries during the Neolithic period may be attributed to the increased consumption of plant foods containing carbohydrates. The beginning of rice cultivation in
5409:
Deana AM, Jesus SH, Koshoji NH, Bussadori SK, Oliveira MT (2013). "Detection of early carious lesions using contrast enhancement with coherent light scattering (speckle imaging)".
5763:
Seppa L, Hausen H, Pollanen L, Helasharju K, Karkkainen S (1989). "Past caries recordings made in Public Dental Clinics as predictors of caries prevalence in early adolescence".
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de Oliveira K, Nemezio MA, Romualdo PC, da Silva R, de Paula E Silva F, Küchler EC (2017). "Dental Flossing and Proximal Caries in the Primary Dentition: A Systematic Review".
4810:
1654:
is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol that is used in different products as an alternative to sucrose (table sugar). As of 2015 the evidence concerning the use of xylitol in
1041:
Poverty is also a significant social determinant for oral health. Dental caries have been linked with lower socio-economic status and can be considered a disease of poverty.
6741:"Effect of Fluoride Varnish on Streptococcus mutans Count in Saliva of Caries Free Children Using Dentocult SM Strip Mutans Test: A Randomized Controlled Triple Blind Study"
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Professional hygiene care consists of regular dental examinations and professional prophylaxis (cleaning). Sometimes, complete plaque removal is difficult, and a dentist or
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are destroyed, the cavity becomes more noticeable. The affected areas of the tooth change color and become soft to the touch. Once the decay passes through the enamel, the
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4114:
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7014:
1899:("laughing gas"), or other prescription medications may be required in some cases to relieve pain during or following treatment or to relieve anxiety during treatment. A
1413:
Another pattern of decay is "rampant caries", which signifies advanced or severe decay on multiple surfaces of many teeth. Rampant caries may be seen in individuals with
6348:
Kashket S, Van Houte J, Lopez LR, Stocks S (1991-10-01). "Lack of correlation between food retention on the human dentition and consumer perception of food stickiness".
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Brudevold F, Aasenden R, Srinivasian BN, Bakhos Y (1977). "Lead in enamel and saliva, dental caries and the use of enamel biopsies for measuring past exposure to lead".
5693:. Dundee Dental Education Centre, Frankland Building, Small's Wynd, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland: Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme. April 2010. p. 11.
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al-Khateeb TL, O'Mullane DM, Whelton H, Sulaiman MI (2003). "Periodontal treatment needs among Saudi Arabian adults and their relationship to the use of the Miswak".
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may be needed. Along with oral hygiene, radiographs may be taken at dental visits to detect possible dental caries development in high-risk areas of the mouth (e.g. "
6879:
Santos AP, Oliveira BH, Nadanovsky P (2013-01-01). "Effects of low and standard fluoride toothpastes on caries and fluorosis: systematic review and meta-analysis".
2805:
Schwendicke F, Dörfer CE, Schlattmann P, Page LF, Thomson WM, Paris S (January 2015). "Socioeconomic Inequality and Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
8324:, hosted on the Pierre Fauchard Academy website. The excerpt comes from a speech given at a Maryland PFA Meeting on March 13, 2001. Page accessed January 17, 2007.
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Huang CT, Kim J, Arce C, Lawson NC (2019). "Intraoral Air Abrasion: A Review of Devices, Materials, Evidence, and Clinical Applications in Restorative Dentistry".
4085:
2217:
from sites in Thailand, such as Khok Phanom Di, that shows a decrease in overall percentage of dental caries with the increase in dependence on rice agriculture.
2128:(where children receive dental care paid for by the government) have a low incidence of cases of dental caries among children, whereas cases are more numerous in
362:
among other sources. Treating a mother's dental caries may decrease the risk in her children by decreasing the number of certain bacteria she may spread to them.
7541:
4823:
Tellez, M., Gomez, J., Pretty, I., Ellwood, R., Ismail, A. (2013). "Evidence on existing caries risk assessment systems: are they predictive of future caries?".
3073:
3022:
An incipient carious lesion is the initial stage of structural damage to the enamel, usually caused by a bacterial infection that produces tooth-dissolving acid.
906:, will become soluble when exposed to acidic environments. Enamel begins to demineralize at a pH of 5.5. Dentin and cementum are more susceptible to caries than
568:
of their saliva. Dental caries can occur on any surface of a tooth that is exposed to the oral cavity, but not the structures that are retained within the bone.
3349:
2904:"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
771:. Fluoride toothpaste or dental varnish may aid remineralization. If demineralization continues over time, enough mineral content may be lost so that the soft
1072:
lactate is excreted from the cell onto the tooth enamel then ionizes. The lactate ions demineralize the hydroxyapatite crystals causing the tooth to degrade.
5298:
Dababneh RH, Khouri AT, Addy M (December 1999). "Dentine hypersensitivity – an enigma? A review of terminology, mechanisms, aetiology and management".
1579:. The use of rotational electric toothbrushes might reduce the risk of plaque and gingivitis, though it is unclear whether they are of clinical importance.
10015:
10000:
9704:
9692:
6549:
5081:
Kidd EA, Fejerskov O (2004). "What constitutes dental caries? Histopathology of carious enamel and dentin related to the action of cariogenic biofilms".
7563:
The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century – the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme
10197:
995:
contain high sugar content, increasing susceptibility to caries. Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease, which can cause the
6449:
2359:
thus ending the debate whether dental caries were resultant from bacteria. It was not until the late 1960s that it became generally accepted that the
1978:. The tooth is filled and a crown can be placed. Upon completion of root canal therapy, the tooth is non-vital, as it is devoid of any living tissue.
6399:
5213:
3370:
1610:
in some Middle Eastern and African cultures. There is some limited evidence demonstrating the efficacy of these alternative methods of oral hygiene.
252:. The cavities may be a number of different colors, from yellow to black. Symptoms may include pain and difficulty eating. Complications may include
6090:"Two-Year Caries Clinical Study of the Efficacy of Novel Dentifrices Containing 1.5% Arginine, an Insoluble Calcium Compound and 1,450 ppm Fluoride"
6612:
4858:
472:
under normal chewing forces. When the decay has progressed enough to allow the bacteria to overwhelm the pulp tissue in the center of the tooth, a
7691:
3634:
Silva MJ, Scurrah KJ, Craig JM, Manton DJ, Kilpatrick N (August 2016). "Etiology of molar incisor hypomineralization — A systematic review".
2112:
Treating dental cavities costs 5–10% of health-care budgets in industrialized countries, and can easily exceed budgets in lower-income countries.
9244:
9058:
5455:
5043:
678:
are gram-positive bacteria which constitute biofilms on the surface of teeth. These organisms can produce high levels of lactic acid following
575:(dental plaque) lying on the teeth and maturing to become cariogenic (causing decay). Certain bacteria in the biofilm produce acids, primarily
8129:
5857:
5654:
4227:
3569:
2318:
There is also evidence of caries increase when Indigenous people in North America changed from a strictly hunter-gatherer diet to a diet with
1334:
The early carious lesion is characterized by demineralization of the tooth surface, altering the tooth's optical properties. Technology using
10202:
8317:
7643:
7440:
3467:
800:
The frequency with which teeth are exposed to cariogenic (acidic) environments affects the likelihood of caries development. After meals or
716:. Some sites collect plaque more commonly than others, for example, sites with a low rate of salivary flow (molar fissures). Grooves on the
10264:
7755:
7588:
5497:
3764:
Ferraz EG, Campos Ede J, Sarmento VA, Silva LR (2012). "The oral manifestations of celiac disease: information for the pediatric dentist".
3092:
3001:
7889:
7478:
2784:
1499:
decay. Arrested caries describes a lesion on a tooth that was previously demineralized but was remineralized before causing a cavitation.
808:
sugar, resulting in an acidic by-product that decreases pH. As time progresses, the pH returns to normal due to the buffering capacity of
755:
Bacteria in a person's mouth convert glucose, fructose, and most commonly sucrose (table sugar) into acids, mainly lactic acid, through a
7565:
7221:
2980:
2595:
728:
teeth provide microscopic retention sites for plaque bacteria, as do the interproximal sites. Plaque may also collect above or below the
8581:
508:
Diagrammatic representation of acidogenic theory of causation of dental caries. Four factors, namely, a suitable carbohydrate substrate
6299:"A new understanding of the relationship between sugars, dental caries and fluoride use: implications for limits on sugars consumption"
2425:
It is estimated that untreated dental caries results in worldwide productivity losses in the size of about US$ 27 billion yearly.
6430:
5609:
2109:. It is the primary pathological cause of tooth loss in children. Between 29% and 59% of adults over the age of 50 experience caries.
3735:
8371:
5673:
8856:
7668:
7516:
6672:"Pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth of children and adolescents"
4545:
Gemmel A, Tavares M, Alperin S, Soncini J, Daniel D, Dunn J, Crawford S, Braveman N, Clarkson TW, McKinlay S, Bellinger DC (2002).
4138:
Ralph R. Steinman & John Leonora (1971) "Relationship of fluid transport through dentation to the incidence of dental caries",
2299:
became more accessible to the Western world. Treatment consisted mainly of herbal remedies and charms, but sometimes also included
1266:
Tooth samples imaged with a non-coherent continuous light source (row 1), LSI (row 2) and pseudo-color visualization of LSI (row 3)
1080:
The progression of pit and fissure caries resembles two triangles with their bases meeting along the junction of enamel and dentin.
10829:
10027:
9978:
7269:
4205:
3932:
3037:
2546:
1990:. Extractions may also be preferred by people unable or unwilling to undergo the expense or difficulties in restoring the tooth.
686:
of root surfaces is more easily demineralized than enamel surfaces, a wider variety of bacteria can cause root caries, including
6858:
4118:
3981:
Borzabadi-Farahani, A, Eslamipour, F, Asgari, I (2011). "Association between orthodontic treatment need and caries experience".
2951:
Bagramian RA, Garcia-Godoy F, Volpe AR (February 2009). "The global increase in dental caries. A pending public health crisis".
1362:
Class I: occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth, buccal or lingual pits on molars, lingual pit near cingulum of maxillary incisors
1312:
and remineralize the tooth surface. When a cavity is present, a restoration will be needed to replace the lost tooth structure.
7186:"Anti–cell-associated glucosyltransferase immunoglobulin Y suppression of salivary mutans streptococci in healthy young adults"
7099:
7003:
6986:
3711:
3617:
7523:, a packet in pdf format hosted by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Page accessed August 16, 2006.
4234:
of U.S. Surgeon General's report titled, "The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General," hosted on the
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7497:
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1428:
A range of studies have reported that there is a correlation between caries in primary teeth and caries in permanent teeth.
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8254:
7459:
5336:
Smith AJ, Murray PE, Sloan AJ, Matthews JB, Zhao S (August 2001). "Trans-dentinal stimulation of tertiary dentinogenesis".
1102:
demineralization of crystals in the enamel, caused by acids, over time until the bacteria physically penetrate the dentin.
682:
of dietary sugars and are resistant to the adverse effects of low pH, properties essential for cariogenic bacteria. As the
3484:
Douglass JM, Li Y, Tinanoff N (Sep–Oct 2008), "Association of mutans streptococci between caregivers and their children",
2348:
In 1924 in London, Killian Clarke described a spherical bacterium in chains isolated from carious lesions which he called
1884:
decision-making process with regards the activity of the lesion, and whether it is cavitated, is summarized in the table.
1358:
instances, caries is described in other ways that might indicate the cause. The G. V. Black classification is as follows:
10512:
10355:
8081:
Tayles N., Domett K., Nelsen K. (2000). "Agriculture and dental caries? The case of rice in prehistoric Southeast Asia".
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17:
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Hafez HS, Shaarawy SM, Al-Sakiti AA, Mostafa YA (2012). "Dental crowding as a caries risk factor: A systematic review".
272:
field of study that aims to find methods to reverse the effects of decay; current methods are based on easing symptoms.
9629:
9113:
7533:
4177:
3830:
Giuca MR, Cei G, Gigli F, Gandini P (2010). "Oral signs in the diagnosis of celiac disease: review of the literature".
3129:
960:. Medications, such as antihistamines and antidepressants, can also impair salivary flow. Stimulants, most notoriously
837:
There are certain diseases and disorders affecting teeth that may leave an individual at a greater risk for cavities.
817:
permanent teeth. Because the cementum enveloping the root surface is not nearly as durable as the enamel encasing the
540:
Four things are required for caries to form: a tooth surface (enamel or dentin), caries-causing bacteria, fermentable
10864:
10756:
9389:
8556:
7291:
7184:
Chiba I, Isogai H, Kobayashi-Sakamoto M, Mizugai H, Hirose K, Isogai E, Nakano T, Icatlo FC, Nguyen SV (2011-08-01).
6804:
5480:
5384:
5285:
5249:
4162:
4070:
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3577:
2378:
millions of years ago, to modern humans. The prevalence of caries increased dramatically in the 19th century, as the
1481:
842:
3406:
1690:
Calcium, as found in food such as milk and green vegetables, is often recommended to protect against dental caries.
1044:
Forms are available for risk assessment for caries when treating dental cases; this system using the evidence-based
10731:
10668:
10663:
10545:
9973:
9953:
8865:
8528:
8157:
Coppa A, Bondioli L, Cucina A, et al. (April 2006). "Palaeontology: early Neolithic tradition of dentistry".
6852:
Limited evidence suggests fluoride varnish applied twice yearly is effective for caries prevention in children at
10577:
10214:
9668:
7618:
3552:
1721:
calling the child by their name, using eye contact and including them in any conversation about their treatment.
1187:
6826:"Fluoride supplementation in pregnant women for preventing dental caries in the primary teeth of their children"
6529:
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2342:
10562:
10397:
5065:
2147:
Bacteria typically associated with dental caries have been isolated from vaginal samples from females who have
1618:
1463:
8060:
2329:, the belief that a "tooth worm" caused caries was also no longer accepted in the European medical community.
2322:. Rates also increased after contact with colonizing Europeans, implying an even greater dependence on maize.
2268:
during 668 to 626 BC, writings from the king's physician specify the need to extract a tooth due to spreading
338:
Prevention of dental caries includes regular cleaning of the teeth, a diet low in sugar, and small amounts of
10402:
8720:
6985:. Department of Health / British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry. April 2009. Archived from
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2002:
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in food are these bacteria's primary energy source and thus a diet high in simple sugar is a risk factor. If
8372:"Potential of diagnostic microbiology for treatment and prognosis of dental caries and periodontal diseases"
7599:
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5163:
Robinson C, Shore RC, Brookes SJ, Strafford S, Wood SR, Kirkham J (2000). "The chemistry of enamel caries".
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5714:
5056:
Fejerskov O, Nyvad B, Kidd EA (2008) "Pathology of dental caries", pp 20–48 in Fejerskov O, Kidd EAM (eds)
2186:
had cavities. The largest increases in the prevalence of caries have been associated with dietary changes.
1459:
1208:
In the case of reparative dentin, other cells are needed to assume the role of the destroyed odontoblasts.
366:
can result in earlier detection. Depending on the extent of destruction, various treatments can be used to
8602:
Listl S, Galloway J, Mossey PA, Marcenes W (28 August 2015). "Global Economic Impact of Dental Diseases".
6407:
5210:
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Kraivaphan P, Amornchat C, Triratana T, Mateo L, Ellwood R, Cummins D, Devizio W, Zhang YP (2013-08-28).
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1700:
1644:
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7688:
2213:
is also believed to have caused an increase in caries especially for women, although there is also some
1130:
is complete and thus cannot later regenerate enamel after its destruction. On the other hand, dentin is
10464:
10412:
10219:
10152:
9921:
9421:
9416:
9367:
4996:
4140:
3077:
2140:
1153:
The faster spread of caries through dentin creates this triangular appearance in smooth surface caries.
764:
628:
The most common bacteria associated with dental cavities are the mutans streptococci, most prominently
489:
484:
and foul tastes. In highly progressed cases, an infection can spread from the tooth to the surrounding
8729:
8314:
5631:
780:
adheres to the biofilm on the tooth by converting sucrose into an extremely adhesive substance called
10469:
10187:
10091:
9562:
9026:
8712:
8705:
7573:
2434:
2295:. Periodic increases in caries prevalence had been small in comparison to the 1000 AD increase, when
760:
688:
394:
389:
Worldwide, approximately 3.6 billion people (48% of the population) have dental caries in their
300:
5452:
4224:
4096:
10776:
10555:
10540:
10236:
10192:
10137:
10010:
9968:
9736:
9582:
8782:
8126:
7640:
7437:
5854:
5651:
4963:. Fejerskov, Ole., Kidd, Edwina A. M. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard. 2008. pp.
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Table 38.1. Mean DMFT and SiC Index of 12-Year-Olds for Some Countries, by Ascending Order of DMFT
6460:
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3359:. London: International Centre for Oral Health Inequalities Research & Policy; www.icohirp.com
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Marsh P (1994). "Microbial ecology of dental plaque and its significance in health and disease".
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A person experiencing caries may not be aware of the disease. The earliest sign of a new carious
343:
134:
5800:"Micro-invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth"
5520:
3089:
853:
and oxygen deprivation at birth, and certain disorders during the child's first 3 years such as
10819:
10786:
10459:
10449:
10444:
10386:
10313:
10269:
10165:
10160:
9946:
9776:
9771:
9746:
9592:
9523:
9350:
9259:
9177:
8904:
7886:
7562:
7475:
5865:
4964:
3464:
2780:
1399:
1320:
636:
450:
375:
9167:
8822:
8427:
7185:
6479:"The evidence base for professional and self-care prevention--caries, erosion and sensitivity"
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2584:(Ed. 22, illustrated in full color ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co. 2013. p. 401.
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4852:
3314:
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2379:
1891:
In general, early treatment is quicker and less expensive than treatment of extensive decay.
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large amounts of tooth. The availability of treatment is often poor in the developing world.
8677:
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4956:
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bacteria using the energy in the saccharide bond between the glucose and fructose subunits.
445:
is the appearance of a chalky white spot on the surface of the tooth, indicating an area of
295:
is produced by the bacteria when they break down food debris or sugar on the tooth surface.
10854:
10726:
10627:
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9849:
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2326:
2280:, in addition to the Egyptian civilization, had treatments for pain resulting from caries.
1998:
1934:
1911:, in which small abrasive particles are blasted at decay using pressurized air (similar to
1308:
process is reversible before a cavity is present, it may be possible to arrest caries with
969:
630:
425:
The radiograph reveals an extensive region of demineralization within the dentin (arrows).
363:
7976:"A brief review of the archaeological evidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithic subsistence"
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Illustrated Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and Fehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011
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presence of celiac disease, which can change the disease's course and patient's prognosis.
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7513:
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6325:
6298:
5430:
5422:
945:
312:
181:
10824:
10771:
10746:
10678:
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10407:
10298:
10246:
10207:
9904:
9820:
9751:
9460:
9284:
9264:
9217:
9103:
9048:
9011:
9001:
8986:
8916:
8627:
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8233:
8190:
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8005:
7859:
7832:
7808:
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6704:
6671:
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6564:
6505:
6478:
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6239:
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6182:
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6119:
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6032:
6008:
5983:
5964:
5917:
5832:
5799:
5776:
5708:
5434:
5361:
5145:
5102:
5037:
4990:
4938:
4793:
4745:
4721:"Trends in Oral Health by Poverty Status as Measured by Healthy People 2010 Objectives"
4720:
4696:
4671:
4571:
4546:
4522:
4509:
4489:
4424:
4411:
4391:
4372:
4329:
4281:
4256:
4006:
3959:
3447:
3390:
3257:
2928:
2903:
2876:
2849:
2830:
2757:
2661:
2550:
2248:, teeth dating from around 5500 BC to 7000 BC show nearly perfect holes from primitive
2102:
1970:
1916:
1736:
1514:
or resin infiltration) have been shown to slow down the progression of proximal decay.
1406:
tooth decay" or "bottle rot," is a pattern of decay found in young children with their
953:
870:
565:
493:
434:
367:
351:
265:
124:
8776:
8466:
7266:
4781:
3912:
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2848:
Otsu K, Kumakami-Sakano M, Fujiwara N, Kikuchi K, Keller L, Lesot H, Harada H (2014).
2276:, wider consumption of cooked foods led to a small increase in caries prevalence. The
1316:
visual examination of the tooth would show the enamel intact or minimally perforated.
708:. Bacteria collect around the teeth and gums in a sticky, creamy-coloured mass called
307:, caries results. Risk factors include conditions that result in less saliva, such as
10522:
10111:
10076:
10050:
9909:
9805:
9663:
9587:
9294:
9234:
9197:
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8793:
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8482:
8470:
8433:
8394:
8352:
8288:
8225:
8182:
8098:
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8044:
8025:"Sex Differences in Dental Caries Rates With the Origin of Agriculture in South Asia"
7997:
7946:
7864:
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6953:
6916:
6904:
6896:
6800:
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6709:
6691:
6644:
6594:
6541:
6510:
6373:
6365:
6330:
6279:
6271:
6244:
6226:
6187:
6169:
6111:
6089:
6070:
6052:
6013:
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5353:
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5281:
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5137:
5094:
5061:
5025:
5015:
4978:
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4957:
4930:
4895:
4840:
4797:
4785:
4750:
4701:
4652:
4611:
4576:
4527:
4470:
4429:
4364:
4321:
4286:
4158:
4066:
4041:
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2933:
2881:
2822:
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2653:
2585:
2515:
2221:
2189:
Archaeological evidence shows that tooth decay is an ancient disease dating far into
1946:
1568:
1327:
and developmental defects of the tooth including hypomineralization of the tooth and
1280:
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1694:
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1602:
Alternative methods of oral hygiene also exist around the world, such as the use of
1386:
1368:
Class III: interproximal surfaces of anterior teeth without incisal edge involvement
10492:
10127:
10117:
10081:
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9741:
9680:
9614:
9604:
9552:
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9345:
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8611:
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8386:
8344:
8300:
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4276:
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4033:
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2643:
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1927:
1892:
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1500:
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A dental infection resulting in an abscess and inflammation of the maxillary sinus
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A hole is discovered on the side of the tooth at the beginning of decay removal.
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involves inspection of all visible tooth surfaces using a good light source,
1209:
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1118:
Unlike enamel, the dentin reacts to the progression of dental caries. After
1076:
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937:
878:
862:
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The primary approach to dental hygiene care consists of tooth-brushing and
1495:
demineralization that is not remineralized, eventually result in cavities.
1284:
1127:
1023:
915:
907:
874:
679:
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280:
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10703:
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8398:
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7950:
6948:
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The structure of dentin is an arrangement of microscopic channels, called
829:
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607:
315:
and some medications. Medications that decrease saliva production include
10761:
10751:
10741:
10658:
10653:
10584:
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9619:
9438:
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2202:
2194:
1655:
1403:
1292:
1272:
1135:
964:, also occlude the flow of saliva to an extreme degree. This is known as
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485:
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213:
171:
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7134:
6150:"Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents"
3656:
3403:
1953:
seal decay into the tooth and stop it progressing. This is known as the
1666:
893:, which usually presents with mild or absent gastrointestinal symptoms.
10721:
10507:
10333:
10101:
9931:
9872:
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was insufficient to determine if it is effective at preventing caries.
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1414:
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3797:"Oral manifestations of celiac disease: a clinical guide for dentists"
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of some sort to return the tooth to function and aesthetic condition.
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There is a long history of dental caries. Over a million years ago,
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Teeth are bathed in saliva and have a coating of bacteria on them (
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Tooth decay has been present throughout human history, from early
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Class VI: incisal or occlusal edge is worn away due to attrition
991:
may also increase the risk for caries formation. Some brands of
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can help recalcification of tooth enamel as well as the use of
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A tooth with extensive caries eventually requiring extraction
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The cause of cavities is acid from bacteria dissolving the
5797:
5408:
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Oral Complications of Chemotherapy and Head/Neck Radiation
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that means 'rottenness', that is, 'decay'. The word is an
2260:
text from 1550 BC, mentions diseases of teeth. During the
1854:
8878:
7267:
Oral Health Topics: Anesthesia Frequently Asked Questions
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5607:
ADA Early Childhood Tooth Decay (Baby Bottle Tooth Decay)
5498:"Hidden Occlusal Caries – Challenge for the Dentist"
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Neville, B. W., Douglas Damm, Carl Allen, Jerry Bouquot.
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caries relies heavily on the frequency of acid exposure.
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A small spot of decay visible on the surface of a tooth.
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for dental caries per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004:
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1038:
and therefore exposure to them may promote tooth decay.
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SECTION ON ORAL H, SECTION ON ORAL H (December 2014).
2201:
period show signs of caries, including those from the
524:; must be present together for dental caries to occur
27:
Deformation of teeth due to acids produced by bacteria
8137:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7910:
7908:
7906:
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and thus to widespread tooth decay. Examples include
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5877:
4874:"Review of epidermal growth factor receptor biology"
4449:"Association of dental caries and blood lead levels"
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2439:
Dental caries are uncommon among companion animals.
1858:
An amalgam used as a restorative material in a tooth
8156:
7925:"Historical perspectives of oral biology: a series"
7882:
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7878:
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Destruction of a tooth by dental caries and disease
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7830:
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828:
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8022:
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1922:Restorative materials include dental
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370:the tooth to proper function, or the
9862:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
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6855:"ADA — EBD::Systematic Reviews"
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5671:ADA Methamphetamine Use (METH MOUTH)
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2500:The Medical Clinics of North America
2399:in its English form originated as a
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1464:adding citations to reliable sources
1435:
1250:, which is used for caries diagnosis
1046:Caries Management by Risk Assessment
10513:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
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10356:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
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7394:Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo
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7116:from the original on 5 October 2016
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3858:Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology.
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9630:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
9114:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
6406:. Kyriaki Tsinidou. Archived from
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4392:"Transplacental transport of lead"
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5505:The New York State Dental Journal
4676:Environmental Health Perspectives
4551:Environmental Health Perspectives
4494:Environmental Health Perspectives
4396:Environmental Health Perspectives
2471:, and is not a plural of 'carie'.
1848:Repair or replacement of filling
1819:Repair or replacement of filling
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1341:
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10732:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
10669:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
10664:Central hypoventilation syndrome
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9974:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
9954:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
8866:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
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10398:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
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2547:"Oral health Fact sheet N°318"
1353:Classification of Restorations
763:can also occur if the acid is
516:, a susceptible tooth surface
374:. There is no known method to
13:
1:
10757:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
10706:Soft tissues around the mouth
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1271:methods of detection such as
1225:within the dentinal tubules.
480:Dental caries can also cause
140:Inflammation around the tooth
9927:Gingival cyst of the newborn
9536:Failure of eruption of teeth
9240:Hand, foot and mouth disease
9225:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
9163:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
9109:Palatal cysts of the newborn
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1727:are also under development.
1237:
849:(PCB) in the mother's milk,
804:, the bacteria in the mouth
7:
10455:Salivary gland diverticulum
10418:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
9429:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
9341:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
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8138:American Dental Association
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5338:Advances in Dental Research
4157:2nd edition, 2002, p. 347.
4065:2nd edition, 2002, p. 398.
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3127:Ludwig's Angina in Children
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1701:amorphous calcium phosphate
1645:American Dental Association
1505:amorphous calcium phosphate
1323:for dental caries includes
1228:
787:
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548:), and time. This involves
176:Diet high in simple sugar,
10:
10881:
10465:Salivary gland hyperplasia
10413:HIV salivary gland disease
9922:Gingival cyst of the adult
9368:Oral florid papillomatosis
9081:
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7713:"Sugars and dental caries"
7616:Frequently Asked Questions
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3090:Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
2807:Journal of Dental Research
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1816:Fracture or food impaction
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1197:
1010:Intrauterine and neonatal
621:
490:cavernous sinus thrombosis
447:demineralization of enamel
29:
10810:
10804:
10799:
10712:
10704:Orofacial soft tissues –
10698:
10639:
10622:
10470:Salivary gland hypoplasia
10393:
10380:
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10259:
10198:Bisphosphonate-associated
10092:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
10067:
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9868:
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9563:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
9499:
9473:
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8669:General and cited sources
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7689:World Health Organization
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1791:
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1390:Rampant caries caused by
1113:
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914:The evidence for linking
689:Lactobacillus acidophilus
571:Tooth decay is caused by
552:of food to the teeth and
496:can be life-threatening.
395:World Health Organization
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223:
207:
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71:
66:
57:
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44:
10865:Acquired tooth disorders
10777:Orofacial granulomatosis
10556:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
10541:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
10475:Salivary gland neoplasms
10266:Temporomandibular joints
10237:Periapical periodontitis
9969:Linear gingival erythema
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9583:Enamel hypocalcification
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2819:10.1177/0022034514557546
2278:Greco-Roman civilization
1840:Non-operative treatment
1779:Non-operative treatment
1005:secondhand tobacco smoke
940:, are likely to lead to
847:polychlorinated biphenyl
824:
499:
488:. Complications such as
30:For caries of bone, see
10674:Obstructive sleep apnea
10440:Salivary duct stricture
10220:Paget's disease of bone
9717:Pulp canal obliteration
9558:Dentin hypersensitivity
9504:Amelogenesis imperfecta
9356:Squamous cell carcinoma
9336:Adenosquamous carcinoma
9323:Squamous cell papilloma
9300:Melanocytic oral lesion
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7993:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601646
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6303:Public Health Nutrition
6264:Community Dental Health
5451:Rosenstiel, Stephen F.
5312:10.1038/sj.bdj.4800345a
5085:. 83 Spec No C: C35–8.
3190:10.1111/1750-3841.12152
3177:Journal of Food Science
2854:Frontiers in Physiology
2467:The word 'caries' is a
1881:stepwise caries removal
1705:Silver diamine fluoride
897:Amelogenesis imperfecta
386:may be taken for pain.
227:3.6 billion (2016)
10820:Hemifacial hypertrophy
10787:Pyostomatitis vegetans
10460:Salivary gland fistula
10450:Salivary gland atresia
10445:Salivary gland aplasia
10299:Mandibular dislocation
10270:muscles of mastication
10148:Calcifying odontogenic
9777:Vertical root fracture
9772:Cracked tooth syndrome
9747:Shovel-shaped incisors
9642:Wisdom tooth impaction
9524:Early childhood caries
9390:Benign mucous membrane
9351:Spindle cell carcinoma
9260:Intraoral dental sinus
9178:Burning mouth syndrome
8222:10.1038/sj.bdj.4811723
8210:British Dental Journal
7730:10.1093/ajcn/78.4.881S
5866:Leeds Dental Institute
5300:British Dental Journal
4995:: CS1 maint: others (
3881:" 2nd edition, p. 94.
3860:" 2nd edition, p. 89.
2902:Vos T (Dec 15, 2012).
2649:10.1542/peds.2014-2984
2173:
2097:
1966:
1859:
1679:
1671:
1628:
1627:, so line is straight.
1539:
1395:
1382:Early childhood caries
1354:
1321:differential diagnosis
1267:
1259:
1251:
1178:crystals, calcium and
1154:
1081:
1073:
834:
797:
637:Streptococcus sobrinus
619:
583:carbohydrates such as
537:
536:are modifying factors.
438:
244:, is the breakdown of
196:diet, tooth brushing,
10629:Stomatognathic system
10531:Acinic cell carcinoma
10153:Glandular odontogenic
9305:Molluscum contagiosum
8713:Medical Knowledge app
8313:McCauley, H. Berton.
8285:10.1007/s007840050070
7476:What is a Root Canal?
6949:10.14219/jada.2013.47
5244:4th edition, p. 450.
4725:Public Health Reports
4563:10.1289/ehp.021100625
3832:Minerva Stomatologica
3125:Hartmann, Richard W.
2696:10.3290/j.ohpd.a38780
2380:Industrial Revolution
2162:
2001:
1964:
1857:
1677:
1669:
1621:
1534:
1389:
1349:
1265:
1257:
1245:
1152:
1079:
1070:
1051:Saliva also contains
832:
795:
610:
579:, in the presence of
507:
417:
329:cleaning of the mouth
10772:Oral Crohn's disease
10727:Basal cell carcinoma
10366:Condylar hyperplasia
10351:Maxillary hypoplasia
9917:Gingival enlargement
9850:periodontal ligament
9456:Verruciform xanthoma
9188:Condyloma acuminatum
8426:Hiremath SS (2011).
8029:Current Anthropology
7586:Healthy People: 2010
7407:10.2298/sarh1402099m
4915:Nutrition and Health
4648:10.22203/eCM.v002a05
3465:Cavities/tooth decay
3316:Journal of Dentistry
2327:Age of Enlightenment
2325:During the European
1935:glass ionomer cement
1869:Streptococcus mutans
1837:Non-cavitated lesion
1787:Operative treatment
1776:Non-cavitated lesion
1710:Streptococcus mutans
1696:Streptococcus mutans
1631:People who eat more
1614:Dietary modification
1604:teeth cleaning twigs
1518:Affected hard tissue
1460:improve this article
1034:, mimic the calcium
1026:similar to bivalent
970:Tetrahydrocannabinol
932:, in particular the
887:respiratory diseases
712:, which serves as a
706:Streptococcus mutans
676:Streptococcus mutans
665:Streptococcus mutans
631:Streptococcus mutans
617:Streptococcus mutans
372:tooth may be removed
10782:Perioral dermatitis
10518:Pleomorphic adenoma
10498:Monomorphic adenoma
10488:Canalicular adenoma
10361:Condylar hypoplasia
10294:Condylar resorption
10138:Lateral periodontal
10097:Mandibular fracture
9996:Periodontal abscess
9593:Turner's hypoplasia
9361:Verrucous carcinoma
9310:Morsicatio buccarum
9290:Lupus erythematosus
9203:Erythema multiforme
9119:Stomatitis nicotina
8578:""Cariology" entry"
8171:2006Natur.440..755C
6534:Pediatric Dentistry
5423:2013LaPhy..23g5607D
3766:Pediatric Dentistry
3696:Pediatric Dentistry
3486:Pediatric Dentistry
3183:(Suppl 1): A26–29.
2421:Society and culture
2387:Etymology and usage
2149:bacterial vaginosis
1569:interdental brushes
1432:Rate of progression
1336:laser speckle image
1188:hydrodynamic theory
934:submandibular gland
743:or through feeding
382:(acetaminophen) or
18:Fissure (dentistry)
10825:Facial hemiatrophy
10679:Periodic breathing
10610:Sjögren's syndrome
10483:Basal cell adenoma
10247:Torus mandibularis
10225:Periapical abscess
10208:Osteoradionecrosis
10133:Buccal bifurcation
10112:Intraosseous cysts
10001:Periodontal trauma
9905:Pyogenic granuloma
9752:Supernumerary root
9705:Pulp calcification
9693:Premature eruption
9664:Odontogenic tumors
9461:White sponge nevus
9434:Submucous fibrosis
9378:Smoker's melanosis
9265:Irritation fibroma
9104:High-arched palate
9012:Foliate papillitis
9002:Cunnilingus tongue
8987:Black hairy tongue
8917:Congenital lip pit
8809:External resources
8675:Nanci, A. (2013).
8652:on 13 October 2006
8320:2007-04-04 at the
8257:2007-01-11 at the
8143:2005-01-03 at the
8132:2007-07-05 at the
7892:2006-11-29 at the
7850:10.3390/dj10100184
7758:2008-12-07 at the
7694:2006-03-26 at the
7646:2008-12-07 at the
7621:2006-08-16 at the
7602:2017-03-10 at the
7597:Healthy People.gov
7591:2006-08-13 at the
7572:, released by the
7568:2006-09-27 at the
7519:2006-08-23 at the
7500:2006-08-13 at the
7481:2006-08-06 at the
7462:2009-08-30 at the
7443:2008-12-07 at the
7272:2006-07-16 at the
6477:Twetman S (2015).
6463:2007-01-12 at the
6452:2006-12-06 at the
6433:2006-08-13 at the
5860:2006-06-23 at the
5676:2008-06-01 at the
5657:2006-08-23 at the
5612:2006-08-13 at the
5458:2006-08-09 at the
5227:2005-12-07 at the
5216:2007-05-06 at the
4872:Herbst RS (2004).
4837:10.1111/cdoe.12003
4241:2012-03-20 at the
4230:2007-02-16 at the
4211:2006-09-30 at the
4191:2005-12-14 at the
4180:2007-01-09 at the
4099:2015-03-12 at the
4088:2008-12-06 at the
3648:10.1111/cdoe.12229
3555:2006-06-30 at the
3470:2008-03-15 at the
3409:2021-05-08 at the
3401:on 29 August 2021.
3355:2015-06-19 at the
3132:2008-07-09 at the
3095:2008-05-27 at the
3040:2015-10-30 at the
3033:Johnson, Clarke. "
3006:The New York Times
2983:2010-09-01 at the
2553:on 8 December 2014
2174:
2098:
1971:endodontic therapy
1969:In certain cases,
1967:
1917:dental restoration
1860:
1808:Ditching, overhang
1737:Dental restoration
1680:
1672:
1643:For children, the
1629:
1540:
1501:Fluoride treatment
1400:baby bottle caries
1396:
1355:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1155:
1082:
1074:
954:diabetes insipidus
883:hypo-vitaminosis D
871:hypoparathyroidism
835:
798:
648:can lead to pain,
620:
566:buffering capacity
538:
439:
410:Signs and symptoms
406:for "rottenness".
266:Tooth regeneration
10842:
10841:
10838:
10837:
10795:
10794:
10694:
10693:
10618:
10617:
10523:Sebaceous adenoma
10376:
10375:
10255:
10254:
10166:Median mandibular
10161:Nasopalatine duct
10077:Alveolar osteitis
10041:
10040:
10028:Perio-endo lesion
9910:Congenital epulis
9831:
9830:
9588:Enamel hypoplasia
9469:
9468:
9444:Riga–Fede disease
9295:Melanocytic nevus
9235:Hairy leukoplakia
9198:Epulis fissuratum
9132:
9131:
9072:
9071:
9022:Geographic tongue
8960:
8959:
8832:
8831:
8690:978-0-323-07846-7
8610:(10): 1355–1361.
8439:978-81-312-2530-1
8083:World Archaeology
7986:(12): 1270–1278.
7253:978-1-4051-0718-1
7154:10.1159/000077759
6893:10.1159/000348492
6356:(10): 1314–1319.
6107:10.1159/000353183
5897:10.1111/ger.12331
5742:10.1159/000261394
5700:978-1-905829-08-8
5584:978-1-56053-573-7
5555:978-1-118-93582-8
5220:," hosted on the
5128:(1 Pt2): 488–96.
5021:978-0-19-100304-2
4974:978-1-4051-3889-5
4884:(2 Suppl): 21–6.
4688:10.1289/ehp.10947
4557:(10): A625–A630.
4500:(11): 1099–1102.
4390:Goyer RA (1990).
4355:(10): 1165–1171.
4225:Executive Summary
4144:50(6): 1536 to 43
3267:978-0-12-818619-0
3231:978-0-19-261808-5
3157:978-0-19-262214-3
2914:(9859): 2163–96.
2591:978-0-8036-3909-6
2309:tooth extractions
2095:
2094:
1893:Local anesthetics
1852:
1851:
1805:Defective filling
1748:No carious lesion
1625:logarithmic scale
1551:. The purpose of
1492:
1491:
1484:
1020:electrical charge
993:smokeless tobacco
962:methylamphetamine
950:diabetes mellitus
309:diabetes mellitus
301:mineral breakdown
260:and infection or
231:
230:
216:(acetaminophen),
178:diabetes mellitus
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
10872:
10801:
10800:
10700:
10699:
10624:
10623:
10493:Ductal papilloma
10382:
10381:
10261:
10260:
10158:Non-odontogenic:
10143:Globulomaxillary
10082:Buccal exostosis
10047:
10046:
9991:Peri-implantitis
9837:
9836:
9553:Dentin dysplasia
9475:
9474:
9451:Verruca vulgaris
9346:Mucosal melanoma
9193:Darier's disease
9168:Behçet's disease
9138:
9137:
9094:Bednar's aphthae
9078:
9077:
8966:
8965:
8952:Trumpeter's wart
8874:
8873:
8859:
8852:
8845:
8836:
8835:
8736:
8735:
8708:
8694:
8682:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8642:
8636:
8635:
8599:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8574:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8564:
8549:
8543:
8542:
8537:
8536:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8511:
8493:
8487:
8486:
8450:
8444:
8443:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8407:
8401:. Archived from
8376:
8367:
8361:
8360:
8331:
8325:
8311:
8305:
8304:
8268:
8262:
8248:
8242:
8241:
8205:
8199:
8198:
8154:
8148:
8136:, hosted on the
8124:
8115:
8114:
8078:
8072:
8071:
8069:
8068:
8020:
8014:
8013:
7995:
7971:
7965:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7944:
7920:
7897:
7884:
7873:
7872:
7862:
7852:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7811:
7793:
7784:(7): 6979–7000.
7769:
7763:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7732:
7723:(4): 881S–892S.
7708:
7699:
7686:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7657:
7651:
7637:
7626:
7613:
7607:
7583:
7577:
7560:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7549:
7530:
7524:
7511:
7505:
7492:
7486:
7473:
7467:
7454:
7448:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7409:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7333:
7301:
7295:
7283:
7277:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7239:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7156:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7115:
7104:
7096:
7087:
7086:
7076:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7019:
7008:
7000:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6984:
6976:
6970:
6969:
6951:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6857:. Archived from
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6821:
6808:
6793:
6787:
6786:
6776:
6736:
6730:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6707:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6610:
6602:
6592:
6560:
6554:
6553:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6508:
6498:
6474:
6468:
6456:, hosted on the
6444:
6438:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6328:
6318:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6242:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6185:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6109:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6068:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6011:
5994:(12): CD004971.
5979:
5973:
5972:
5939:(12): CD008829.
5932:
5926:
5925:
5899:
5875:
5869:
5864:. Hosted on the
5852:
5846:
5845:
5835:
5810:(11): CD010431.
5795:
5789:
5788:
5760:
5754:
5753:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5712:
5704:
5687:
5681:
5668:
5662:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5623:
5617:
5604:
5598:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5576:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5525:
5519:. Archived from
5502:
5493:
5484:
5469:
5463:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5406:
5397:
5394:
5388:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5333:
5324:
5323:
5295:
5289:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5253:
5238:
5232:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5078:
5069:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5041:
5033:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4994:
4986:
4962:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4893:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4856:
4848:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4748:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4602:(4): 1120–1127.
4591:
4585:
4584:
4574:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4525:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4468:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4252:
4246:
4222:
4216:
4204:Banting, D. W. "
4202:
4196:
4184:, hosted on the
4172:
4166:
4151:
4145:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4117:. Archived from
4110:
4104:
4092:, hosted on the
4080:
4074:
4059:
4050:
4049:
4021:
4015:
4014:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3875:
3869:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3733:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3693:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3659:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3566:
3560:
3547:
3541:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3481:
3475:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3419:
3413:
3402:
3397:. Archived from
3366:
3360:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3192:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3143:
3137:
3123:
3117:
3106:
3100:
3087:
3081:
3076:, hosted on the
3071:
3065:
3054:
3045:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3017:
2997:
2988:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2879:
2869:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2777:
2766:
2765:
2729:
2708:
2707:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2651:
2627:
2600:
2599:
2576:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2543:
2524:
2523:
2506:(6): 1239–1260.
2495:
2474:
2465:
2405:uncountable noun
2262:Sargonid dynasty
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1901:dental handpiece
1865:Immunoglobulin Y
1845:Cavitated lesion
1792:Existing filling
1784:Cavitated lesion
1745:
1744:
1741:Tooth extraction
1593:dental hygienist
1487:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1444:
1436:
1419:tooth resorption
1325:dental fluorosis
1164:dentinal tubules
1158:Sclerotic dentin
1128:enamel formation
946:Sjögren syndrome
761:remineralization
695:Actinomyces spp.
564:habits, and the
466:dentinal tubules
393:as of 2016. The
313:Sjögren syndrome
236:, also known as
182:Sjögren syndrome
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
62:
42:
41:
21:
10880:
10879:
10875:
10874:
10873:
10871:
10870:
10869:
10845:
10844:
10843:
10834:
10806:
10791:
10747:Ludwig's angina
10708:
10690:
10649:Mouth breathing
10635:
10614:
10435:Pneumoparotitis
10408:Frey's syndrome
10389:
10387:Salivary glands
10372:
10280:
10251:
10230:Phoenix abscess
10063:
10059:hard tissues –
10037:
9959:Hypercementosis
9878:Cementoblastoma
9864:
9827:
9541:Dens evaginatus
9495:
9465:
9417:Denture-related
9402:Plasmoacanthoma
9328:Keratoacanthoma
9149:
9147:Lining of mouth
9128:
9124:Torus palatinus
9085:
9068:
9049:Lingual thyroid
9007:Fissured tongue
8997:Crenated tongue
8973:
8956:
8942:Nasolabial cyst
8927:Herpes labialis
8881:
8868:
8863:
8833:
8828:
8827:
8804:
8803:
8747:
8717:
8709:
8701:
8691:
8671:
8666:
8665:
8655:
8653:
8644:
8643:
8639:
8600:
8596:
8587:
8585:
8576:
8575:
8571:
8562:
8560:
8551:
8550:
8546:
8534:
8532:
8523:
8522:
8518:
8509:
8507:
8494:
8490:
8451:
8447:
8440:
8424:
8420:
8411:
8409:
8405:
8374:
8368:
8364:
8332:
8328:
8322:Wayback Machine
8312:
8308:
8269:
8265:
8259:Wayback Machine
8249:
8245:
8206:
8202:
8179:10.1038/440755a
8165:(7085): 755–6.
8155:
8151:
8145:Wayback Machine
8134:Wayback Machine
8125:
8118:
8079:
8075:
8066:
8064:
8021:
8017:
7972:
7968:
7962:
7958:
7921:
7900:
7894:Wayback Machine
7885:
7876:
7829:
7825:
7770:
7766:
7760:Wayback Machine
7750:
7746:
7709:
7702:
7696:Wayback Machine
7687:
7683:
7674:
7672:
7659:
7658:
7654:
7648:Wayback Machine
7638:
7629:
7623:Wayback Machine
7614:
7610:
7604:Wayback Machine
7593:Wayback Machine
7584:
7580:
7570:Wayback Machine
7561:
7557:
7547:
7545:
7532:
7531:
7527:
7521:Wayback Machine
7512:
7508:
7502:Wayback Machine
7493:
7489:
7483:Wayback Machine
7474:
7470:
7464:Wayback Machine
7455:
7451:
7445:Wayback Machine
7435:
7431:
7386:
7382:
7351:
7347:
7316:(9): CD010229.
7302:
7298:
7284:
7280:
7274:Wayback Machine
7265:
7261:
7254:
7240:
7236:
7227:
7225:
7182:
7178:
7141:Caries Research
7133:
7129:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7102:
7098:
7097:
7090:
7051:(4): CD008457.
7037:
7033:
7023:
7021:
7017:
7006:
7002:
7001:
6997:
6989:
6982:
6978:
6977:
6973:
6928:
6924:
6881:Caries Research
6877:
6873:
6864:
6862:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6832:(8): CD011850.
6822:
6811:
6794:
6790:
6737:
6733:
6725:
6721:
6682:(1): CD003067.
6668:
6664:
6624:
6620:
6604:
6603:
6575:(3): CD010743.
6561:
6557:
6526:
6522:
6489:(Suppl 1): S4.
6483:BMC Oral Health
6475:
6471:
6465:Wayback Machine
6454:Wayback Machine
6445:
6441:
6435:Wayback Machine
6426:
6422:
6413:
6411:
6398:
6397:
6393:
6346:
6342:
6309:(10): 2176–84.
6295:
6291:
6260:
6256:
6217:(2): CD002284.
6203:
6199:
6160:(6): CD002280.
6146:
6142:
6133:
6131:
6094:Caries Research
6086:
6082:
6043:(3): CD007868.
6029:
6025:
5980:
5976:
5933:
5929:
5876:
5872:
5862:Wayback Machine
5853:
5849:
5796:
5792:
5761:
5757:
5730:Caries Research
5726:
5722:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5678:Wayback Machine
5669:
5665:
5659:Wayback Machine
5650:
5646:
5637:
5635:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5614:Wayback Machine
5605:
5601:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5542:
5538:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5500:
5494:
5487:
5470:
5466:
5460:Wayback Machine
5450:
5446:
5407:
5400:
5395:
5391:
5377:
5373:
5334:
5327:
5296:
5292:
5275:
5271:
5263:
5256:
5239:
5235:
5229:Wayback Machine
5218:Wayback Machine
5208:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5161:
5157:
5118:
5114:
5079:
5072:
5055:
5051:
5035:
5034:
5022:
5008:
5004:
4988:
4987:
4975:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4911:
4907:
4870:
4866:
4850:
4849:
4821:
4817:
4809:
4805:
4776:(9555): 51–59.
4766:
4762:
4717:
4713:
4668:
4664:
4627:
4623:
4592:
4588:
4543:
4539:
4506:10.2307/3434965
4486:
4482:
4445:
4441:
4408:10.2307/3430905
4388:
4384:
4345:
4341:
4302:
4298:
4253:
4249:
4243:Wayback Machine
4232:Wayback Machine
4223:
4219:
4213:Wayback Machine
4203:
4199:
4193:Wayback Machine
4182:Wayback Machine
4173:
4169:
4152:
4148:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4122:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4101:Wayback Machine
4090:Wayback Machine
4081:
4077:
4060:
4053:
4022:
4018:
3979:
3975:
3944:
3940:
3909:
3905:
3897:
3893:
3876:
3872:
3855:
3851:
3828:
3824:
3793:
3789:
3762:
3758:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3597:
3591:
3584:
3567:
3563:
3557:Wayback Machine
3548:
3544:
3535:
3531:
3508:
3504:
3482:
3478:
3472:Wayback Machine
3463:
3459:
3420:
3416:
3411:Wayback Machine
3367:
3363:
3357:Wayback Machine
3347:
3343:
3312:
3305:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3218:
3214:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3144:
3140:
3134:Wayback Machine
3124:
3120:
3115:Ludwig's Anigna
3107:
3103:
3097:Wayback Machine
3088:
3084:
3072:
3068:
3063:Dental Cavities
3055:
3048:
3042:Wayback Machine
3032:
3028:
3015:
3013:
2998:
2991:
2985:Wayback Machine
2976:
2972:
2949:
2945:
2900:
2893:
2846:
2842:
2803:
2799:
2790:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2769:
2730:
2711:
2680:
2673:
2628:
2603:
2592:
2578:
2577:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2527:
2496:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2445:
2437:
2431:
2423:
2389:
2331:Pierre Fauchard
2313:Saint Apollonia
2305:barber surgeons
2157:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2012:
1996:
1824:Inactive lesion
1811:No replacement
1800:No replacement
1763:Inactive lesion
1743:
1733:
1684:dental sealants
1664:
1616:
1545:
1529:
1520:
1488:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1457:
1445:
1434:
1392:methamphetamine
1384:
1344:
1248:dental explorer
1240:
1231:
1202:
1200:Tertiary dentin
1196:
1194:Tertiary dentin
1171:immunoglobulins
1160:
1140:tertiary dentin
1120:tooth formation
1116:
1099:
1065:
1063:Pathophysiology
930:salivary glands
925:
891:coeliac disease
851:premature birth
827:
790:
753:
626:
605:
502:
412:
391:permanent teeth
331:, and receding
321:antidepressants
270:stem cell–based
146:, infection or
107:
83:
79:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10878:
10868:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10840:
10839:
10836:
10835:
10833:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10815:Eagle syndrome
10811:
10808:
10807:
10797:
10796:
10793:
10792:
10790:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10737:Cystic hygroma
10734:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10713:
10710:
10709:
10696:
10695:
10692:
10691:
10689:
10688:
10683:
10682:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10651:
10646:
10640:
10637:
10636:
10620:
10619:
10616:
10615:
10613:
10612:
10607:
10605:Sialolithiasis
10602:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10582:
10581:
10580:
10575:
10565:
10560:
10559:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10536:Adenocarcinoma
10533:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10503:Myoepithelioma
10500:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10431:
10430:
10420:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10394:
10391:
10390:
10378:
10377:
10374:
10373:
10371:
10370:
10369:
10368:
10363:
10353:
10348:
10347:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10285:
10282:
10281:
10257:
10256:
10253:
10252:
10250:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10233:
10232:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10211:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10179:
10178:
10176:Traumatic bone
10173:
10171:Median palatal
10168:
10163:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10068:
10065:
10064:
10043:
10042:
10039:
10038:
10036:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10024:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9982:
9981:
9971:
9966:
9964:Hypocementosis
9961:
9956:
9951:
9950:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9913:
9912:
9907:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9886:
9885:
9875:
9869:
9866:
9865:
9833:
9832:
9829:
9828:
9826:
9825:
9824:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9798:
9797:
9796:
9786:
9785:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9713:
9712:
9702:
9701:
9700:
9698:Neonatal teeth
9690:
9685:
9684:
9683:
9673:
9672:
9671:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9645:
9644:
9634:
9633:
9632:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9596:
9595:
9585:
9580:
9578:Ectopic enamel
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9527:
9526:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9500:
9497:
9496:
9471:
9470:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9447:
9446:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9425:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9393:
9392:
9382:
9381:
9380:
9373:Oral melanosis
9370:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9330:
9325:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9173:Bohn's nodules
9170:
9165:
9160:
9158:Amalgam tattoo
9154:
9151:
9150:
9134:
9133:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9074:
9073:
9070:
9069:
9067:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8978:
8975:
8974:
8962:
8961:
8958:
8957:
8955:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8908:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8870:
8869:
8862:
8861:
8854:
8847:
8839:
8830:
8829:
8826:
8825:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8806:
8805:
8802:
8801:
8790:
8779:
8764:
8748:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8739:Classification
8733:
8732:
8727:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8699:External links
8697:
8696:
8695:
8689:
8670:
8667:
8664:
8663:
8637:
8594:
8569:
8544:
8516:
8488:
8461:(9555): 51–9.
8445:
8438:
8418:
8362:
8326:
8306:
8263:
8243:
8200:
8149:
8116:
8073:
8041:10.1086/204481
8035:(1): 147–153.
8015:
7966:
7956:
7898:
7874:
7823:
7764:
7744:
7700:
7681:
7652:
7627:
7608:
7578:
7555:
7525:
7506:
7487:
7468:
7449:
7429:
7380:
7361:(8): 508–514.
7345:
7296:
7278:
7259:
7252:
7234:
7196:(8): 943–949.
7176:
7127:
7088:
7031:
6995:
6992:on 2010-08-10.
6971:
6942:(2): 190–191.
6922:
6887:(5): 382–390.
6871:
6845:
6809:
6788:
6731:
6719:
6662:
6635:(6): 321–330.
6618:
6555:
6520:
6469:
6439:
6420:
6391:
6340:
6289:
6270:(4): 323–328.
6254:
6197:
6140:
6100:(6): 582–590.
6080:
6023:
5974:
5927:
5890:(4): 282–289.
5870:
5847:
5790:
5771:(6): 277–281.
5755:
5720:
5699:
5682:
5663:
5644:
5618:
5599:
5590:
5583:
5573:Dental Secrets
5561:
5554:
5536:
5485:
5464:
5444:
5398:
5389:
5371:
5325:
5290:
5269:
5254:
5233:
5202:
5190:
5155:
5112:
5070:
5049:
5020:
5002:
4973:
4948:
4921:(2): 119–134.
4905:
4864:
4815:
4803:
4760:
4719:Dye B (2010).
4711:
4682:(6): 821–825.
4662:
4621:
4586:
4537:
4480:
4459:(24): 2294–8.
4439:
4382:
4339:
4312:(3): 430–437.
4296:
4247:
4217:
4197:
4167:
4146:
4131:
4105:
4075:
4051:
4016:
3973:
3938:
3903:
3891:
3870:
3849:
3838:(1–2): 33–43.
3822:
3787:
3756:
3720:
3679:
3642:(4): 342–353.
3626:
3582:
3561:
3542:
3529:
3502:
3476:
3457:
3414:
3381:(4): 185–191.
3361:
3341:
3322:(3): 189–213.
3303:
3273:
3266:
3237:
3230:
3212:
3163:
3156:
3148:Oral pathology
3138:
3118:
3101:
3082:
3066:
3046:
3026:
2989:
2970:
2943:
2891:
2840:
2797:
2767:
2709:
2690:(5): 427–434.
2671:
2601:
2590:
2564:
2525:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2433:Main article:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2388:
2385:
2336:In the 1890s,
2163:An image from
2156:
2153:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2006:
1995:
1992:
1955:Hall Technique
1850:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:Carious lesion
1757:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1732:
1729:
1712:in the mouth.
1663:
1662:Other measures
1660:
1615:
1612:
1544:
1541:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1512:dental sealant
1490:
1489:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1343:
1342:Classification
1340:
1331:of the tooth.
1239:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1210:Growth factors
1195:
1192:
1159:
1156:
1115:
1112:
1098:
1095:
1064:
1061:
924:
921:
904:hydroxyapatite
826:
823:
789:
786:
752:
751:Dietary sugars
749:
745:pre-masticated
604:
601:
501:
498:
411:
408:
317:antihistamines
279:of the teeth (
268:is an ongoing
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
211:
205:
204:
190:
186:
185:
174:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
137:
131:
130:
127:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
106:
105:
75:
73:
69:
68:
64:
63:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10877:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10812:
10809:
10802:
10798:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10717:Actinomycosis
10715:
10714:
10711:
10707:
10701:
10697:
10687:
10684:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10656:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10641:
10638:
10634:
10630:
10625:
10621:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10595:Sialodochitis
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10570:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10478:
10477:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10429:
10426:
10425:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10395:
10392:
10388:
10383:
10379:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10358:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10306:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10286:
10283:
10279:
10275:
10274:malocclusions
10271:
10267:
10262:
10258:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10242:Stafne defect
10240:
10238:
10235:
10231:
10228:
10227:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10195:
10194:
10193:Osteonecrosis
10191:
10189:
10188:Osteomyelitis
10186:
10184:
10181:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10115:
10114:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10069:
10066:
10062:
10061:Bones of jaws
10058:
10054:
10048:
10044:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10008:
10007:
10006:Periodontitis
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9986:Pericoronitis
9984:
9980:
9977:
9976:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9942:Granulomatous
9940:
9938:
9935:
9934:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9902:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9895:Eruption cyst
9893:
9891:
9888:
9884:
9881:
9880:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9870:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9843:
9838:
9834:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9803:
9802:
9799:
9795:
9792:
9791:
9790:
9787:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9764:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9722:Pulp necrosis
9720:
9718:
9715:
9711:
9708:
9707:
9706:
9703:
9699:
9696:
9695:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9682:
9681:Dens in dente
9679:
9678:
9677:
9674:
9670:
9667:
9666:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9643:
9640:
9639:
9638:
9635:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9594:
9591:
9590:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9573:Discoloration
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9547:
9544:
9543:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9525:
9522:
9521:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9501:
9498:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9476:
9472:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9445:
9442:
9441:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9409:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9391:
9388:
9387:
9386:
9383:
9379:
9376:
9375:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9280:Lichen planus
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9255:Herpes zoster
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9230:Fordyce spots
9228:
9226:
9223:
9219:
9216:
9215:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9208:Erythroplakia
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9155:
9152:
9148:
9144:
9139:
9135:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9091:
9088:
9084:
9079:
9075:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9019:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8992:Caviar tongue
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8982:Ankyloglossia
8980:
8979:
8976:
8972:
8967:
8963:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8947:Sun poisoning
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8880:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8860:
8855:
8853:
8848:
8846:
8841:
8840:
8837:
8824:
8820:
8819:
8815:
8814:
8811:
8807:
8800:
8796:
8795:
8791:
8789:
8785:
8784:
8780:
8778:
8774:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8763:
8759:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8749:
8746:
8741:
8737:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8722:
8719:
8718:
8715:
8714:
8707:
8692:
8686:
8681:
8680:
8673:
8672:
8651:
8647:
8641:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8598:
8583:
8579:
8573:
8558:
8554:
8548:
8541:
8530:
8526:
8520:
8505:
8501:
8500:
8492:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8449:
8441:
8435:
8431:
8430:
8422:
8408:on 2017-09-22
8404:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8385:(3): 259–77.
8384:
8380:
8373:
8366:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8343:(2): 108–25.
8342:
8338:
8330:
8323:
8319:
8316:
8310:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8256:
8253:
8247:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8216:(7): 419–25.
8215:
8211:
8204:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8153:
8146:
8142:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8128:
8123:
8121:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8077:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8019:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7970:
7960:
7952:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7935:(2): 135–51.
7934:
7930:
7926:
7919:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7895:
7891:
7888:
7883:
7881:
7879:
7870:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7827:
7819:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7768:
7761:
7757:
7754:
7748:
7740:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7707:
7705:
7697:
7693:
7690:
7685:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7656:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7641:Dental caries
7636:
7634:
7632:
7624:
7620:
7617:
7612:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7587:
7582:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7564:
7559:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7529:
7522:
7518:
7515:
7510:
7503:
7499:
7496:
7491:
7484:
7480:
7477:
7472:
7465:
7461:
7458:
7453:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7433:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7384:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7349:
7341:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7300:
7293:
7292:0-86715-382-2
7289:
7282:
7275:
7271:
7268:
7263:
7255:
7249:
7245:
7238:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7180:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7131:
7112:
7108:
7101:
7095:
7093:
7084:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7035:
7016:
7012:
7005:
6999:
6988:
6981:
6975:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6926:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6875:
6861:on 2013-12-03
6860:
6856:
6849:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6806:
6805:0-683-30242-6
6802:
6798:
6792:
6784:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6735:
6728:
6723:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6622:
6614:
6608:
6600:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6559:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6540:(3): 246–53.
6539:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6516:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6473:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6443:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6424:
6410:on 2019-04-06
6409:
6405:
6401:
6395:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6344:
6336:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6293:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6258:
6250:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6201:
6193:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6144:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6084:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6027:
6019:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5931:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5884:Gerodontology
5881:
5874:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5851:
5843:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5794:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5759:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5724:
5716:
5710:
5702:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5667:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5648:
5633:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5603:
5594:
5586:
5580:
5575:
5574:
5565:
5557:
5551:
5547:
5540:
5526:on 2011-07-22
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5490:
5482:
5481:0-86715-382-2
5478:
5474:
5468:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5448:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5417:(7): 075607.
5416:
5412:
5411:Laser Physics
5405:
5403:
5393:
5386:
5385:0-86715-382-2
5382:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5332:
5330:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5286:0-86715-382-2
5283:
5279:
5273:
5266:
5261:
5259:
5251:
5250:0-683-30242-6
5247:
5243:
5237:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5206:
5199:
5194:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5171:(4): 481–95.
5170:
5166:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5075:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5045:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4992:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4952:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4860:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4807:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4731:(6): 817–30.
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4267:(8): 219–41.
4266:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4201:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4171:
4164:
4163:0-7216-9003-3
4160:
4156:
4150:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4121:on 2013-12-02
4120:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4072:
4071:0-7216-9003-3
4068:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4032:(4): 443–50.
4031:
4027:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3948:Gerodontology
3942:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3923:(11): 722–4.
3922:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3888:
3887:0-7216-9003-3
3884:
3880:
3874:
3867:
3866:0-7216-9003-3
3863:
3859:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3737:
3730:
3724:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3702:(3): 224–32.
3701:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3587:
3579:
3578:0-86715-382-2
3575:
3571:
3565:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3550:Dental Caries
3546:
3539:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3518:(4): 261–73.
3517:
3513:
3512:Dental Update
3506:
3499:
3495:
3492:(5): 375–87,
3491:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3430:(2): 263–71.
3429:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3286:Dental Update
3280:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3023:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2786:
2782:
2781:"Oral health"
2776:
2774:
2772:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2642:(6): 1224–9.
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2429:Other animals
2426:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:Streptococcus
2358:
2357:Streptococcus
2354:
2351:
2350:Streptococcus
2346:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:Ebers Papyrus
2251:
2250:dental drills
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2089: >142
2083: 140–142
2077: 138–140
2071: 130–138
2065: 115–130
2059: 100–115
2054:
2015: No data
2010:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1913:sand blasting
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:nitrous oxide
1894:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1834:Active lesion
1832:
1829:No treatment
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1773:Active lesion
1771:
1768:No treatment
1767:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:No treatment
1754:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1676:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1486:
1483:
1475:
1472:November 2016
1465:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1449:This section
1447:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:dental mirror
1282:
1277:
1274:
1264:
1256:
1249:
1246:The tip of a
1244:
1235:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:, especially
1211:
1206:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1186:According to
1184:
1181:
1176:
1175:immune system
1172:
1167:
1165:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:parotid gland
935:
931:
923:Other factors
920:
917:
912:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:malabsorption
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:scarlet fever
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
838:
831:
822:
820:
814:
811:
807:
803:
794:
785:
783:
779:
774:
770:
767:by saliva or
766:
762:
758:
748:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:
701:Nocardia spp.
697:
696:
691:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:
669:Lactobacillus
666:
662:
661:oral bacteria
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:
633:
632:
625:
618:
614:
609:
600:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
558:dental plaque
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:carbohydrates
535:
532:and fluoride
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
497:
495:
494:Ludwig angina
491:
487:
483:
478:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
407:
405:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:Simple sugars
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
226:
222:
219:
215:
212:
210:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
136:
135:Complications
132:
128:
126:
122:
119:
116:
114:
110:
101:
77:
76:
74:
72:Pronunciation
70:
65:
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
10705:
10632:
10568:Sialadenitis
10527:
10479:
10344:Scissor bite
10339:Retrognathia
10324:Overeruption
10304:Malocclusion
10277:
10157:
10116:
10107:Micrognathia
10060:
10051:Periapical,
9937:Desquamative
9861:
9842:Periodontium
9816:Acid erosion
9757:Taurodontism
9688:Open contact
9600:Enamel pearl
9568:Dilaceration
9531:Concrescence
9332:
9319:
9146:
9099:Cleft palate
9059:Microglossia
9054:Macroglossia
9039:Glossoptosis
8937:Microcheilia
8932:Macrocheilia
8816:
8792:
8781:
8766:
8751:
8711:
8678:
8654:. Retrieved
8650:the original
8640:
8607:
8603:
8597:
8586:. Retrieved
8572:
8561:. Retrieved
8547:
8539:
8533:. Retrieved
8519:
8508:, retrieved
8498:
8491:
8458:
8454:
8448:
8428:
8421:
8410:. Retrieved
8403:the original
8382:
8378:
8365:
8340:
8336:
8329:
8309:
8276:
8272:
8266:
8246:
8213:
8209:
8203:
8162:
8158:
8152:
8089:(1): 68–83.
8086:
8082:
8076:
8065:. Retrieved
8032:
8028:
8018:
7983:
7979:
7969:
7959:
7932:
7928:
7840:
7836:
7826:
7781:
7777:
7767:
7747:
7720:
7716:
7684:
7673:. Retrieved
7664:
7655:
7611:
7581:
7558:
7546:. Retrieved
7537:
7528:
7514:Wisdom Teeth
7509:
7490:
7471:
7452:
7432:
7397:
7393:
7383:
7358:
7354:
7348:
7313:
7309:
7299:
7281:
7262:
7243:
7237:
7226:. Retrieved
7193:
7189:
7179:
7147:(3): 230–5.
7144:
7140:
7130:
7118:. Retrieved
7106:
7048:
7044:
7034:
7022:. Retrieved
7010:
6998:
6987:the original
6974:
6939:
6935:
6925:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6863:. Retrieved
6859:the original
6848:
6829:
6796:
6791:
6748:
6744:
6734:
6722:
6679:
6675:
6665:
6632:
6628:
6621:
6607:cite journal
6572:
6568:
6558:
6537:
6533:
6523:
6486:
6482:
6472:
6442:
6423:
6412:. Retrieved
6408:the original
6403:
6394:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6306:
6302:
6292:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6214:
6210:
6200:
6157:
6153:
6143:
6132:. Retrieved
6097:
6093:
6083:
6040:
6036:
6026:
5991:
5987:
5977:
5936:
5930:
5887:
5883:
5873:
5850:
5807:
5803:
5793:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5736:(5): 372–6.
5733:
5729:
5723:
5690:
5685:
5666:
5647:
5636:. Retrieved
5621:
5602:
5593:
5572:
5564:
5545:
5539:
5528:. Retrieved
5521:the original
5511:(4): 46–50.
5508:
5504:
5472:
5467:
5447:
5414:
5410:
5392:
5374:
5341:
5337:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5277:
5272:
5241:
5236:
5205:
5193:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5082:
5057:
5052:
5011:
5005:
4958:
4951:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4853:cite journal
4831:(1): 67–78.
4828:
4824:
4818:
4806:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4728:
4724:
4714:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4638:
4634:
4624:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4497:
4493:
4483:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4220:
4200:
4170:
4154:
4149:
4139:
4134:
4123:. Retrieved
4119:the original
4108:
4078:
4062:
4029:
4025:
4019:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3954:(1): 25–31.
3951:
3947:
3941:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3894:
3878:
3873:
3857:
3852:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3781:
3772:(7): 485–8.
3769:
3765:
3759:
3750:
3743:. Retrieved
3723:
3699:
3695:
3682:
3657:11343/291225
3639:
3635:
3629:
3608:(3): 204–8.
3605:
3601:
3564:
3545:
3537:
3532:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3460:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3399:the original
3378:
3374:
3364:
3344:
3319:
3315:
3289:
3285:
3249:
3221:
3215:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3147:
3141:
3121:
3108:
3104:
3085:
3069:
3056:
3029:
3021:
3016:November 30,
3014:. Retrieved
3005:
2973:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2911:
2907:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2813:(1): 10–18.
2810:
2806:
2800:
2789:. Retrieved
2740:(1): 75–90.
2737:
2733:
2687:
2683:
2639:
2635:
2580:
2555:. Retrieved
2551:the original
2503:
2499:
2472:
2463:
2438:
2424:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2396:
2390:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2338:W. D. Miller
2335:
2324:
2317:
2301:bloodletting
2282:
2274:Roman Empire
2270:inflammation
2219:
2188:
2183:Paranthropus
2181:
2175:
2164:
2146:
2139:The classic
2138:
2114:
2111:
2099:
2051: 90–100
2021: <50
1994:Epidemiology
1988:wisdom teeth
1980:
1976:gutta percha
1968:
1951:
1921:
1909:air abrasion
1890:
1886:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1867:specific to
1861:
1723:
1714:
1709:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1601:
1590:
1581:
1561:
1553:oral hygiene
1546:
1543:Oral hygiene
1536:Toothbrushes
1521:
1509:
1497:
1493:
1478:
1469:
1458:Please help
1453:verification
1450:
1427:
1423:
1412:
1397:
1356:
1333:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1278:
1269:
1232:
1207:
1203:
1185:
1168:
1161:
1144:
1136:odontoblasts
1117:
1108:
1100:
1083:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1024:ionic radius
1009:
986:
982:
926:
916:malocclusion
913:
901:
895:
875:malnutrition
839:
836:
815:
799:
777:
754:
736:
734:
720:surfaces of
705:
699:
693:
687:
680:fermentation
675:
674:among them.
668:
664:
658:
642:lactobacilli
635:
629:
627:
624:Oral ecology
616:
597:
570:
562:oral hygiene
539:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
486:soft tissues
479:
455:
440:
430:
426:
422:
418:
388:
337:
277:hard tissues
274:
241:
237:
233:
232:
172:Risk factors
36:
10855:Tooth decay
10762:Microstomia
10752:Macrostomia
10742:Gnathophyma
10659:Catathrenia
10654:Sleep apnea
10585:Sialectasis
10128:Dentigerous
10118:Odontogenic
9947:Plasma cell
9883:Gigantiform
9659:Microdontia
9649:Macrodontia
9620:Hyperdontia
9315:Oral cancer
9275:Leukoplakia
9183:Candidiasis
9143:Oral mucosa
9064:Rhabdomyoma
9044:Hypoglossia
8905:Plasma cell
8818:MedlinePlus
8721:Tooth decay
8656:10 November
8261:, BBC news.
7843:(10): 184.
7665:www.who.int
7107:sdcep.co.uk
7011:sdcep.co.uk
4402:: 101–105.
3989:(1): 2–11.
3074:Tooth Decay
2557:10 December
2411:Cariesology
2293:Middle Ages
2203:Paleolithic
2045: 80–90
2039: 70–80
2033: 60–70
2027: 50–60
1682:The use of
1656:chewing gum
1633:free sugars
1577:mouthwashes
1573:water picks
1404:baby bottle
1351:G. V. Black
1293:radiographs
1222:mesenchymal
1218:fibroblasts
1124:ameloblasts
1104:Enamel rods
987:The use of
958:sarcoidosis
833:Tooth decay
765:neutralized
581:fermentable
577:lactic acid
451:regenerated
380:Paracetamol
264:formation.
234:Tooth decay
214:Paracetamol
50:Other names
45:Tooth decay
10860:Acute pain
10849:Categories
10722:Angioedema
10528:Malignant:
10508:Oncocytoma
10334:Prognathia
10123:periapical
10102:Microgenia
10053:mandibular
10011:Aggressive
9932:Gingivitis
9873:Cementicle
9811:Abfraction
9801:Tooth wear
9794:Edentulism
9789:Tooth loss
9742:Resorption
9727:Pulp polyp
9710:Pulp stone
9654:Meth mouth
9625:Hypodontia
9615:Gemination
9546:Talon cusp
9439:Ulceration
9407:Stomatitis
9385:Pemphigoid
9333:Malignant:
9285:Linea alba
9270:Leukoedema
9250:Herpangina
9218:Giant-cell
8794:DiseasesDB
8588:2019-09-26
8563:2019-09-26
8535:2019-09-26
8510:2015-01-01
8496:Elsevier,
8455:The Lancet
8412:2019-01-13
8279:(1): 1–6.
8067:2017-09-24
7675:2024-07-14
7228:2019-01-11
6865:2013-07-30
6751:(1): 1–9.
6414:2019-04-06
6134:2018-05-26
5638:2013-07-30
5530:2008-08-08
5066:1444309285
4770:The Lancet
4596:Pediatrics
4125:2013-07-30
3834:(Review).
3803:(Review).
3768:(Review).
3698:(Review).
3604:(Review).
2959:(1): 3–8.
2908:The Lancet
2791:2019-09-14
2636:Pediatrics
2455:References
2297:sugar cane
2285:Bronze Age
2226:tooth worm
2211:South Asia
2207:Mesolithic
2191:prehistory
2166:Omne Bonum
2130:Costa Rica
1983:extraction
1735:See also:
1703:products.
1527:Prevention
1415:xerostomia
1329:hypoplasia
1198:See also:
1180:phosphorus
1030:, such as
966:meth mouth
885:, chronic
859:diphtheria
806:metabolize
757:glycolytic
650:tooth loss
622:See also:
613:Gram stain
482:bad breath
399:baby teeth
360:toothpaste
258:tooth loss
209:Medication
189:Prevention
144:tooth loss
32:Osteolysis
10590:Sialocele
10573:Parotitis
10314:Open bite
10309:Crossbite
10087:Cherubism
10057:maxillary
9890:Cementoma
9821:Attrition
9637:Impaction
9605:Fluorosis
9514:Anodontia
9509:Ankylosis
9397:Pemphigus
9017:Glossitis
8912:Cleft lip
8890:Cheilitis
8483:204616785
8057:143956987
8049:0011-3204
7800:1660-4601
7416:0370-8179
7367:1548-8578
7210:0002-8177
7065:1465-1858
6958:0002-8177
6917:207625475
6901:1421-976X
6765:0974-7052
6696:1469-493X
6370:0022-0345
6276:0265-539X
6231:1469-493X
6174:1469-493X
6057:1469-493X
5953:1465-1858
5906:1741-2358
5824:1465-1858
5709:cite book
5439:121571950
5038:cite book
5030:867050322
4991:cite book
4983:136316302
4798:204616785
4641:: 36–48.
3666:1600-0528
3199:1750-3841
2469:mass noun
2449:Cariogram
2415:cariology
2401:mass noun
2272:. In the
2199:Neolithic
2118:Australia
1939:porcelain
1928:composite
1873:S. mutans
1795:No defect
1731:Treatment
1718:occlusion
1408:deciduous
1291:. Dental
1281:diagnosis
1238:Diagnosis
1173:from the
942:dry mouth
769:mouthwash
737:S. mutans
654:infection
615:image of
550:adherence
544:(such as
528:. Saliva
520:and time
474:toothache
384:ibuprofen
376:grow back
364:Screening
224:Frequency
218:ibuprofen
158:Long term
150:formation
118:Dentistry
113:Specialty
10600:Sialosis
10551:Lymphoma
10423:Mucocele
10319:Overbite
10072:Agnathia
10033:Teething
9858:alveolus
9854:cementum
9806:Abrasion
9782:Occlusal
9767:Avulsion
9732:Pulpitis
9676:Odontoma
9422:Herpetic
9412:Aphthous
8922:Eclabium
8632:39147394
8624:26318590
8582:Archived
8557:Archived
8529:Archived
8504:archived
8475:17208642
8357:12097354
8318:Archived
8293:10522185
8255:Archived
8238:25691109
8230:15475905
8187:16598247
8141:Archived
8130:Archived
8111:43087099
8103:16475298
8061:Archived
8010:17082871
8002:12494313
7890:Archived
7869:36285994
7818:25014248
7756:Archived
7739:14522753
7692:Archived
7669:Archived
7644:Archived
7619:Archived
7600:Archived
7589:Archived
7566:Archived
7542:Archived
7540:. 2009.
7517:Archived
7498:Archived
7479:Archived
7460:Archived
7441:Archived
7424:24684041
7375:31478697
7340:27666123
7270:Archived
7222:Archived
7218:21804061
7163:15153693
7111:Archived
7083:25867816
7074:10726983
7015:Archived
6966:24487611
6909:23572031
6783:25206081
6714:26780162
6657:57252105
6649:14960003
6599:25809586
6550:Archived
6546:26063553
6515:26392204
6461:Archived
6450:Archived
6431:Archived
6386:24467161
6335:24892213
6326:10282617
6249:27472005
6192:26075879
6128:Archived
6124:17683424
6116:23988908
6075:30829399
6018:21154357
5969:70702223
5961:22161438
5922:21697327
5914:29766564
5858:Archived
5842:26545080
5674:Archived
5655:Archived
5632:Archived
5610:Archived
5517:18788181
5456:Archived
5358:12640740
5344:: 51–4.
5320:16163281
5267:, p. 166
5225:Archived
5214:Archived
5200:, p. 121
5185:11132767
5150:71450112
5142:14041429
5107:12240610
5099:15286119
4943:25710052
4935:19835108
4900:15142631
4845:22978796
4790:17208642
4755:21121227
4706:18560540
4657:14562256
4616:15060208
4581:12361944
4532:11102303
4475:10386553
4377:37185511
4326:13332147
4291:25106748
4239:Archived
4228:Archived
4209:Archived
4189:Archived
4178:Archived
4097:Archived
4086:Archived
4046:22999666
4011:25095059
4003:20923258
3933:Archived
3929:14653937
3901:, p. 122
3844:20212408
3817:Archived
3813:21507289
3778:23265166
3736:Archived
3712:Archived
3708:16805354
3674:27121068
3618:Archived
3614:24295005
3553:Archived
3498:18942596
3468:Archived
3452:32327358
3407:Archived
3395:86407760
3353:Archived
3207:23789933
3130:Archived
3093:Archived
3038:Archived
3010:Archived
2981:Archived
2965:19281105
2938:23245607
2886:24550845
2835:24227334
2827:25394849
2785:Archived
2754:24439882
2704:28785751
2666:32580232
2658:25422016
2596:Archived
2520:25443675
2443:See also
2393:loanword
2376:hominids
2289:Iron Age
2258:Egyptian
2246:Pakistan
2222:Sumerian
2215:evidence
2180:such as
2178:hominins
2134:Slovakia
1725:Vaccines
1692:Fluoride
1606:such as
1597:bitewing
1585:arginine
1549:flossing
1310:fluoride
1289:explorer
1279:Primary
1229:Cementum
1132:produced
1090:pellicle
974:cannabis
788:Exposure
778:S.mutans
726:premolar
718:occlusal
684:cementum
603:Bacteria
589:fructose
470:fracture
348:flossing
344:Brushing
340:fluoride
289:cementum
250:bacteria
238:cavities
202:flossing
198:fluoride
155:Duration
125:Symptoms
10686:Snoring
10644:Bruxism
10480:Benign:
10329:Overjet
10289:Bruxism
10183:Osteoma
10021:Chronic
9846:gingiva
9320:Benign:
9213:Fibroma
8900:Angular
8895:Actinic
8788:D003731
8399:8909881
8301:6077189
8195:6787162
8167:Bibcode
7951:2129621
7860:9601200
7809:4113856
7548:Nov 11,
7331:6457657
7171:5238758
7120:7 March
7024:7 March
6774:4086538
6705:7177291
6590:9345289
6506:4580782
6378:1939824
6284:1790476
6240:6457869
6183:7138249
6066:6398117
6009:8406707
5833:8504982
5785:2686924
5750:1747888
5419:Bibcode
5366:7319363
4746:2966663
4697:2430240
4572:1241049
4523:1240169
4514:3434965
4434:2088735
4425:1567784
4416:3430905
4334:5453470
4282:6876620
3968:3549537
3807:: b39.
3524:6578983
3444:7865085
3404:Alt URL
3336:6358295
3298:6959931
2929:6350784
2877:3912331
2762:9127595
2266:Assyria
2171:forceps
2155:History
2103:chronic
1924:amalgam
1652:Xylitol
1608:miswaks
1301:tactile
1086:biofilm
1032:cadmium
1028:calcium
997:gingiva
989:tobacco
867:measles
843:dioxins
782:dextran
773:organic
730:gingiva
714:biofilm
672:species
646:disease
593:glucose
585:sucrose
573:biofilm
546:sucrose
456:As the
435:filling
368:restore
327:, poor
325:poverty
291:). The
262:abscess
148:abscess
78:Caries
10428:Ranula
9900:Epulis
9762:Trauma
9610:Fusion
9519:Caries
9492:enamel
9488:dentin
9083:Palate
8971:Tongue
8823:001055
8725:Curlie
8687:
8630:
8622:
8481:
8473:
8436:
8397:
8355:
8299:
8291:
8236:
8228:
8193:
8185:
8159:Nature
8109:
8101:
8055:
8047:
8008:
8000:
7964:Brazil
7949:
7867:
7857:
7837:Dent J
7816:
7806:
7798:
7737:
7422:
7414:
7373:
7365:
7338:
7328:
7290:
7250:
7216:
7208:
7169:
7161:
7081:
7071:
7063:
6964:
6956:
6915:
6907:
6899:
6803:
6781:
6771:
6763:
6729:, p. 7
6712:
6702:
6694:
6655:
6647:
6597:
6587:
6544:
6513:
6503:
6384:
6376:
6368:
6333:
6323:
6282:
6274:
6247:
6237:
6229:
6190:
6180:
6172:
6122:
6114:
6073:
6063:
6055:
6016:
6006:
5967:
5959:
5951:
5920:
5912:
5904:
5840:
5830:
5822:
5783:
5748:
5697:
5581:
5552:
5515:
5479:
5437:
5383:
5364:
5356:
5318:
5284:
5248:
5183:
5148:
5140:
5105:
5097:
5064:
5028:
5018:
4981:
4971:
4967:–169.
4941:
4933:
4898:
4843:
4796:
4788:
4753:
4743:
4704:
4694:
4655:
4614:
4579:
4569:
4530:
4520:
4512:
4473:
4432:
4422:
4414:
4375:
4369:272374
4367:
4332:
4324:
4289:
4279:
4161:
4069:
4044:
4009:
4001:
3966:
3927:
3885:
3864:
3842:
3811:
3776:
3745:Mar 7,
3706:
3672:
3664:
3612:
3576:
3522:
3496:
3450:
3442:
3393:
3334:
3296:
3264:
3228:
3205:
3197:
3154:
2963:
2936:
2926:
2884:
2874:
2860:: 36.
2833:
2825:
2760:
2752:
2702:
2664:
2656:
2588:
2518:
2397:caries
2369:mutans
2353:mutans
2303:. The
2252:. The
2240:, and
2195:Skulls
2126:Sweden
2124:, and
2107:asthma
2091:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
1941:, and
1575:, and
1565:sulcus
1557:plaque
1297:X-rays
1273:X-rays
1122:, the
1114:Dentin
1097:Enamel
1053:iodine
1001:recede
956:, and
908:enamel
810:saliva
802:snacks
747:food.
710:plaque
704:, and
640:, and
591:, and
462:dentin
458:enamel
443:lesion
305:saliva
285:dentin
281:enamel
242:caries
163:Causes
104:
10805:Other
9480:Teeth
8799:29357
8777:521.0
8628:S2CID
8479:S2CID
8406:(PDF)
8375:(PDF)
8297:S2CID
8234:S2CID
8191:S2CID
8107:S2CID
8053:S2CID
8006:S2CID
7167:S2CID
7114:(PDF)
7103:(PDF)
7018:(PDF)
7007:(PDF)
6990:(PDF)
6983:(PDF)
6913:S2CID
6727:Nanci
6653:S2CID
6382:S2CID
6120:S2CID
5965:S2CID
5918:S2CID
5524:(PDF)
5501:(PDF)
5435:S2CID
5362:S2CID
5265:Nanci
5198:Nanci
5146:S2CID
5103:S2CID
4939:S2CID
4794:S2CID
4510:JSTOR
4412:JSTOR
4373:S2CID
4330:S2CID
4007:S2CID
3899:Nanci
3739:(PDF)
3732:(PDF)
3715:(PDF)
3692:(PDF)
3621:(PDF)
3598:(PDF)
3448:S2CID
3391:S2CID
2831:S2CID
2758:S2CID
2662:S2CID
2320:maize
2256:, an
2242:China
2238:Japan
2234:Egypt
2230:India
2122:Nepal
1947:crown
1931:resin
1394:abuse
1214:TGF-β
1018:with
1016:atoms
978:cells
855:mumps
825:Teeth
819:crown
722:molar
500:Cause
404:Latin
352:water
246:teeth
194:sugar
10767:Noma
10272:and
10055:and
9860:) –
9484:pulp
8879:Lips
8783:MeSH
8772:9-CM
8685:ISBN
8658:2013
8620:PMID
8471:PMID
8434:ISBN
8395:PMID
8353:PMID
8289:PMID
8226:PMID
8183:PMID
8099:PMID
8045:ISSN
7998:PMID
7947:PMID
7865:PMID
7814:PMID
7796:ISSN
7735:PMID
7550:2009
7420:PMID
7412:ISSN
7371:PMID
7363:ISSN
7336:PMID
7314:2016
7288:ISBN
7248:ISBN
7214:PMID
7206:ISSN
7159:PMID
7122:2016
7079:PMID
7061:ISSN
7049:2015
7026:2016
6962:PMID
6954:ISSN
6905:PMID
6897:ISSN
6801:ISBN
6779:PMID
6761:ISSN
6710:PMID
6692:ISSN
6680:2016
6645:PMID
6613:link
6595:PMID
6573:2015
6542:PMID
6511:PMID
6374:PMID
6366:ISSN
6331:PMID
6280:PMID
6272:ISSN
6245:PMID
6227:ISSN
6188:PMID
6170:ISSN
6158:2021
6112:PMID
6071:PMID
6053:ISSN
6014:PMID
5992:2020
5957:PMID
5949:ISSN
5910:PMID
5902:ISSN
5838:PMID
5820:ISSN
5808:2015
5781:PMID
5746:PMID
5715:link
5695:ISBN
5579:ISBN
5550:ISBN
5513:PMID
5477:ISBN
5381:ISBN
5354:PMID
5316:PMID
5282:ISBN
5246:ISBN
5181:PMID
5138:PMID
5095:PMID
5062:ISBN
5044:link
5026:OCLC
5016:ISBN
4997:link
4979:OCLC
4969:ISBN
4931:PMID
4896:PMID
4859:link
4841:PMID
4786:PMID
4751:PMID
4702:PMID
4653:PMID
4612:PMID
4577:PMID
4528:PMID
4471:PMID
4453:JAMA
4430:PMID
4365:PMID
4322:PMID
4287:PMID
4159:ISBN
4067:ISBN
4042:PMID
3999:PMID
3964:PMID
3925:PMID
3883:ISBN
3862:ISBN
3840:PMID
3809:PMID
3774:PMID
3747:2016
3704:PMID
3670:PMID
3662:ISSN
3610:PMID
3574:ISBN
3520:PMID
3494:PMID
3440:PMID
3332:PMID
3294:PMID
3262:ISBN
3226:ISBN
3203:PMID
3195:ISSN
3152:ISBN
3018:2011
2961:PMID
2934:PMID
2882:PMID
2823:PMID
2750:PMID
2700:PMID
2654:PMID
2586:ISBN
2559:2014
2516:PMID
2287:and
2205:and
2132:and
1943:gold
1905:pulp
1739:and
1402:," "
1319:The
1287:and
1220:and
1055:and
1022:and
1012:lead
936:and
741:kiss
724:and
667:and
652:and
634:and
554:acid
492:and
460:and
356:salt
333:gums
319:and
293:acid
287:and
192:Low-
8768:ICD
8762:K02
8753:ICD
8723:at
8612:doi
8463:doi
8459:369
8387:doi
8345:doi
8281:doi
8218:doi
8214:197
8175:doi
8163:440
8091:doi
8037:doi
7988:doi
7937:doi
7855:PMC
7845:doi
7804:PMC
7786:doi
7725:doi
7402:doi
7398:142
7326:PMC
7318:doi
7198:doi
7194:142
7149:doi
7069:PMC
7053:doi
6944:doi
6940:145
6889:doi
6834:doi
6769:PMC
6753:doi
6700:PMC
6684:doi
6637:doi
6585:PMC
6577:doi
6501:PMC
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