557:, the rain god, there is a poem recital competition. Kovalan recites a poem about a woman who hurt her lover. Madhavi then recites a song about a man who betrayed his lover. Each debated on what is the chasity? and how a woman should be treating her husband. Each interprets the song as a message to the other. Kovalan feels Madhavi is unfaithful to him, leaves her, returns to Kannaki. Kovalan is poor, they move to Madurai, and try to restart their life. Kannaki gives him one from her pair of jeweled anklets to sell and raise capital. Kovalan sells it to a merchant who grows suspicious of the stranger and falsely accuses of theft of the queen' jeweled anklet which is also missing. The king orders his execution, hurrying the checks and processes of justice. Kannaki learns what has happened. She protests the injustice and then proves Kovalan's innocence by breaking the remaining anklet of the pair in the court . The king accepts his mistake. Kannaki curses the king and the people of Madurai, tears off her left breast and throws it at the gathered public. The king dies of heartbreak and the city of Madurai is burnt to the ground. In the third section of the epic, gods and goddesses meet Kannaki and she goes to heaven with god
589:
herself from human ties. She rejects his advances, yet finds herself drawn to him. She hides, prays and seeks the help of her mother, her
Buddhist teacher Aravana Adikal and angels. They teach her Buddhist mantras to free herself from fears. One angel helps her magically disappear to an island while the prince tries to chase her, grants her powers to change forms and appear as someone else. On the island, she receives a magic begging bowl. Later, she takes the form and dress of a married woman in the neighborhood, as the prince pursues her. The husband sees the prince tease her, and protects "his wife" – Manimekalai-in-hiding – by killing the prince. The king and queen learn of their son's death, order the arrest of Manimekalai, arrange a henchman to kill her. Angels intervene and Manimekalai miraculously disappears as others approach her, again. The queen understands and repents. Manimekalai is set free. Manimekalai converts the prison into a hospice to help the needy, teaches the king the dharma of the
634:
sentence. The girl's rich merchant father gets the criminal pardoned and freed, the girl marries him. Over time, their love fades and they start irritating each other. During an argument, Kundalakesi reminds him of his criminal past which angers Kalan. A few days later, he invites her to a hike up a hill. When they reach the top, he tells her that he will now kill her. The wife requests that he let circum-ambulate him – her husband – three times like a god, before her death and he agrees. When she is behind him, she pushes her husband over into the valley below and kills him. She feels remorse for her actions and pines for the boy she once fell in love with and married. She meets teachers of various religious traditions, adopts
Buddhism, renounces and becomes a nun, then achieves Nirvana.
42:
619:
where the king helps his pregnant queen escape in a peacock-shaped air machine but is himself killed. The queen gives birth to a boy. She hands him over to a loyal servant to raise and becomes a nun herself. The boy grows up into a super-human man perfect in every art, every skill, every field of knowledge. He excels in war and peace, kills his enemies, wins over and marries every pretty girl he meets, then regains the kingdom his father had lost. After enjoying power, sex and begetting many sons with his numerous wives, he renounces the world and becomes a Jain ascetic.
868:
515:
588:
is the daughter of
Kovalan and Madhavi, who follows in her mother's footsteps as a dancer and a Buddhist nun. The epic tells her story. Her physical beauty and artistic achievements seduces the Chola prince Udhayakumara. He pursues her. She, a nun of Mahayana Buddhism persuasion, is committed to free
655:
poem got a story and no one has challenged it yet. According, to the mytical story - It is a story of a father known as
Navakodi Narayanan who has two wives, abandons his second wife from lower caste who gives birth to their son, and the son grows up and seeks his real father. The available content
618:
monk. The epic is organized into 13 cantos and contains 3,145 quatrains in viruttam poetic meter. It narrates a supernatural fantasy story of a prince who is the perfect master of all arts, perfect warrior and perfect lover with numerous wives. The epic begins with the story of a treacherous coup,
930:
in the form of a song or a dance, which does not go well with the
Western audience as they are assessed to be inspired on the spur of the moment. Calcutta review claims that the three works on a whole have no plot and insufficient length characterization for an epic genre. They believe plot of
633:
epic has partially survived into the modern age in fragments, such as in commentaries written centuries later. From these fragments, it appears to be a tragic love story about a Hindu or Jain girl of merchant caste named
Kundalakesi who falls in love with Kalan – a Buddhist criminal on a death
552:
kingdom. Kannaki and
Kovalan are a newly married couple, blissfully in love. Over time, Kovalan meets Madhavi – a courtesan and falls for her, leaves Kannaki and moves in with Madhavi. He spends lavishly on her. Kannaki is heartbroken, but as the chaste woman, she waits despite her husband's
668:, such as asceticism, horrors at meat consumption, and monastic aversion to women. It is therefore "almost certain" to be a Jain epic, written by a Jain ascetic, states Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature scholar. However, the substantial sections on Shaivism have led to uncertainty.
543:
also referred to as
Silappathikaram or Silappatikaram, is the earliest Tamil epic. It is a poem of 5,730 lines in almost entirely akaval (aciriyam) meter and is a tragic love story of a wealthy couple, Kannaki and her husband Kovalan. It is set in
842:(1855–1942 CE) resurrected the first three epics from neglect and wanton destruction of centuries. He reprinted the literature present in the palm leaf form to paper books. Ramaswami Mudaliar, a Tamil scholar first gave him the palm leaves of
846:
to study. Swaminatha Iyer faced difficulties in interpretation, missing leaves, textual errors and unfamiliar terms. He set for journeys to remote villages in search of the manuscripts. After years of toil, he published
902:
with all its superficial elements seems to be of lesser interest to the author whose aim was pointed toward spread of
Buddhism. In the former, ethics and religious are artistic, while in the latter reverse is the case.
561:. The royal family of the Chera kingdom learns about her, resolves to build a temple with Kannaki as the featured goddess. They go to the Himalayas, bring a stone, carve her image, call her goddess
743:, which has 30 referred as monologues sung by any character in the story or by an outsider as his own monologue related to the dialogues he has known or witnessed. It has 25 cantos composed in
578:, also spelled Manimekhalai or Manimegalai, Manimekalai, is a Tamil epic composed by Kulavāṇikaṉ Cittalaic Cātaṉār probably around the 6th century. It is a Buddhist "anti-love" sequel to the
651:
Valayapathi. The story that is popularly spread in books and internet has no connection with the poem or its core moral. Through some misinterpreted oral and written traditions
351:
These five epics were written over a period of 5th to 10th century CE and act and provide historical information about the society, religions, culture and academic life of
815:
821:
890:. The postscript invites readers to review the work. the five poems are criticized for being unfamiliar and difficult to understand. To some critics,
2401:
765:
is an example of the claim that folk songs institutionalised literary culture with the best-maintained cultures root back to folk origin.
2338:
2323:
2082:
584:, with some characters from it and their next generation. The epic consists of 4,861 lines in akaval meter, arranged in 30 cantos.
328:. However, Mayilainathar does not mention their titles. The titles are first mentioned in the late-18th-to-early-19th-century work
2799:
2794:
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criticizes
Jainism and preaches the ideals of Buddhism, and human interest is diluted in supernatural features. The narration in
1086:
Rosen, Elizabeth S. (1975). "Prince Ilango Adigal, Shilappadikaram (The Ankle Bracelet), translated by Alain Damelou. Review".
2571:
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1981:
1939:
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temple in Vanci (Chera kingdom), prays, listens to different religious scholars, and practices severe self-denial to attain
2758:
202:
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in 1898 CE. Along with the text, he added much commentary and explanatory notes of terms, textual variations and context.
710:), poems connected by virtue of content that unites with elements of poetry, music and drama. Such stanzas are defined as
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2804:
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2381:
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2002:
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1918:
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1628:
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is another lost work, that has survived in fragments as quoted in other Tamil texts. There is no actual story for
2733:
593:. In the final five cantos of the epic, Buddhist teachers recite main doctrines of Buddhism. She goes to goddess
2490:
2130:
2576:
935:
is monotonous and deficient in variety in strength and character and does not stand the quality of an epic.
2789:
2075:
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text that disputed and criticized other Indian religions, that it supported the ideologies found in early
2607:
2366:
41:
33:
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The great Tamil commentator Atiyarkkunallar (12th–13th century CE) wrote that poems were of two kinds –
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2586:
155:
63:
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2210:
872:
450:
286:
257:
431:
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2223:
2175:
2125:
215:
2743:
2717:
2391:
2068:
2480:
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1908:
886:"After the last line of a poem, nothing follows except literary criticism," observes Iḷaṅkō in
1816:
2511:
2218:
2180:
1971:
1765:
Love in Sanskrit and Tamil literature: a study of characters and nature, 200 B.C. to 500 A.D.
1245:
839:
2539:
2534:
2356:
2333:
2228:
1838:
The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume IX: Buddhist philosophy from 350 to 600 A.D
947:. The most famous is the portrayal of Kannagi by actress Kannamba in the 1942 Tamil movie
8:
2622:
2581:
2417:
809:
747:
meter, used in most poems in Sangam literature. The alternative for this meter is called
207:
131:
789:
Similar to the five great epics, Tamil literary tradition classifies five more works as
2738:
2691:
2318:
1103:
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metre and is noted for its simple and elegant style of description of natural scenery.
598:
2529:
2313:
2046:
2022:
1998:
1977:
1956:
1935:
1914:
1893:
1873:
1852:
1822:
1790:
1769:
1749:
1729:
1708:
1687:
1666:
1645:
1624:
1603:
1251:
959:
29:
1836:
Richman, Paula (2003). "Cīttalai Cāttanār, Manimekhalai". In Potter, Karl H. (ed.).
404:
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2396:
1095:
998:
526:
195:
91:
56:
21:
17:
1295:
1293:
1291:
2763:
2686:
2627:
2328:
2244:
2040:
2016:
1992:
1950:
1929:
1887:
1867:
1846:
1805:
1784:
1763:
1743:
1723:
1702:
1681:
1660:
1639:
1618:
1597:
949:
160:
1683:
The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Five) (Sasay To Zorgot), Volume 5
2670:
2437:
2091:
2036:
2012:
1641:
The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti), Volume 2
1570:
1288:
964:
794:
580:
456:
292:
281:
245:
240:
229:
79:
2485:
923:
in puritan terms is not an epic poem, but a grave disquisition on philosophy.
2778:
2696:
2660:
2637:
2432:
2260:
2195:
2190:
2145:
2135:
972:
518:
410:
372:
190:
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2200:
2150:
2140:
2120:
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2110:
879:
549:
352:
182:
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with P.U. Chinnappa as Kovalan. The movie faithfully follows the story of
2386:
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2185:
1620:
The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume One) (A to Devo), Volume 1
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in Tamil. In Mayilainathar's commentary (14th century CE) on the grammar
565:, dedicate a temple, order daily prayers, and perform a royal sacrifice.
489:
471:
425:
314:
308:
298:
269:
263:
251:
103:
96:
84:
2617:
2371:
1725:
Glimpses of art, architecture, and Buddhist literature in ancient India
1276:
1107:
777:
is one of the earliest works of Tamil literature in long verses called
751:(verse of teachers) associated with verse composed in learned circles.
303:
277:
25:
1200:
971:. There are multiple dance dramas as well by some of the exponents of
614:, an epic of the 10th century CE was written by Thiruthakka Thevar, a
2712:
2470:
2427:
2376:
2105:
1599:
A history of Indian literature, 500–1399: from courtly to the popular
1408:
803:
545:
172:
119:
2475:
1099:
867:
726:
324:
276:
Three of the five great epics of Tamil literature are attributed to
2544:
827:
124:
713:
2447:
2060:
1521:
876:
665:
661:
594:
167:
1476:
1437:
1338:
1326:
1037:
915:
without the relief of any lyric, which are the main features of
322:(lit. Five large epics) occurs in Mayilainathar's commentary of
2442:
1973:
Manuscript, Print and Memory: Relics of the Cankam in Tamilnadu
1840:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 457–462, with notes on 610–612.
1488:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
590:
514:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
975:(a South Indian dance form) in Tamil as most of the verses of
898:, but in literary evaluation, it seems inferior. The story of
696:) or poems connected by virtue of content that forms a unity.
686:) or poems connected by virtue of their formal properties and
2422:
1848:
Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia
558:
554:
1212:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
243:
epics according to later Tamil literary tradition. They are
2642:
2265:
1869:
The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal: An Epic of South India
1742:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1299:
1282:
1264:
1150:
1126:
615:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1138:
1114:
1015:
1013:
1789:. New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.
1466:
1464:
1396:
1355:
1353:
1188:
1169:
1994:
The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India
1500:
1449:
1420:
1377:
1305:
1010:
801:) or five minor epics. The five lesser Tamil epics are
1768:
Delhi: Motilal Banaridass Publishers Private Limited.
1461:
1365:
1350:
1066:
1064:
1748:, translated by Alain Danielou, Penguin Books, 1993,
1547:
1025:
318:
were authored by Buddhists. The first mention of the
2042:
Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature
1637:
1061:
756:
731:
719:
711:
1948:
1814:
1803:
1704:A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850
1527:
1482:
1443:
1414:
1243:
1043:
739:Each one of these epics have long cantos, like in
700:, the Tamil epic is defined by Atiyarkkunallar as
2776:
1969:
1049:
1906:
1892:. New Age International(P) Limited Publishers.
1494:
957:and was a hit when it was released. The movie
2076:
1927:
1865:
1344:
1332:
1244:E.T. Jacob-Pandian (1977). K Ishwaran (ed.).
1231:
1206:
1132:
1745:Manimekhalai: the dancer with the magic bowl
736:, the five great epics of Tamil literature.
1821:. Asian Educational Services. p. 115.
1081:
1079:
862:
705:
691:
681:
332:. Earlier works like the 17th-century poem
2083:
2069:
1662:Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 1
1761:
1700:
1665:. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
1019:
943:There have been multiple movies based on
784:
702:Iyal icai nāṭaka poruḷ toṭar nilai ceyyuḷ
2339:Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition
2035:
2011:
1990:
1782:
1638:Datta, Amaresh; Sāhitya Akādemī (2005).
1567:"Kannagi (1942) – Overview – MSN Movies"
1553:
1544:University of Calcutta 1906, pp. 426–427
1455:
1431:
1402:
1390:
1371:
1359:
1320:
1270:
1194:
1182:
1163:
1144:
1120:
1076:
1031:
866:
707:இயல் இசை நாடக பொருள் தொடர் நிலை செய்யுள்
553:unfaithfulness. During the festival for
513:
371:meter (monologue), a style adopted from
40:
1889:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
1844:
1835:
1470:
2777:
1721:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1237:
2291:World Classical Tamil Conference 2010
2064:
1707:. New Delhi: Orient Longman Limited.
1616:
1085:
1070:
509:
1658:
1247:Contributions to Asian Studies: 1977
851:in book form in 1887 CE followed by
203:Tamil history from Sangam literature
1910:Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Purāṇas
1885:
1679:
1595:
1533:
1515:
1055:
761:which means "to call" or "beckon".
604:
13:
2090:
1851:. University of California Press.
1815:Purnalingam Pillai, M. S. (1994).
1804:Purnalingam Pillai, M. S. (1904).
1250:. Brill Academic. pp. 56–59.
938:
656:and the commentaries that mention
14:
2816:
2754:Ancient manuscript digitalisation
985:has been shot as a teleserial in
834:
533:
1762:Nadarajah, Devapoopathy (1994).
1300:Alain Danielou (Translator) 1993
1283:Alain Danielou (Translator) 1993
730:, there is the first mention of
2734:Standardisation of Tamil script
1907:Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2001).
1728:. Delhi: Abhinav Publications.
1559:
660:, suggest that it was partly a
525:one of the five great epics of
2800:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu
2795:History of literature in India
1686:. New Delhi: Sāhitya Akādemī.
1644:. New Delhi: Sāhitya Akādemī.
1623:. New Delhi: Sāhitya Akādemī.
637:
622:
568:
359:introduced long verses called
280:, while two are attributed to
1:
1952:Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics
1872:, Columbia University Press,
1783:Panicker, K. Ayyappa (2003).
1588:
498:
378:
340:. Among these, the last two,
45:Commentary on Silappathikaram
1934:. Harvard University Press.
1886:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1988).
1845:Pollock, Sheldon I. (2003).
1807:A Primer of Tamil Literature
1786:A Primer of Tamil Literature
1602:. chennai: Sāhitya Akādemī.
51:
7:
2608:Megalithic graffiti symbols
2367:Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam
1949:Takanobu Takahashi (1995).
1722:Murthy, K. Krishna (1987).
992:
757:
732:
720:
712:
363:in Tamil literature, while
336:mention the great epics as
34:Epic cycles of incarnations
10:
2821:
2749:Printing in Tamil language
1866:Parthasarathy, R. (1993),
755:is a derived form of verb
693:பொருள் தொடர் நிலை செய்யுள்
156:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
15:
2805:Ancient Indian literature
2785:Tamil-language literature
2726:
2705:
2679:
2651:
2600:
2557:
2520:
2504:
2461:
2410:
2347:
2306:
2299:
2278:
2253:
2237:
2209:
2168:
2161:
2098:
1970:Eva Maria Wilden (2014).
1701:Mukherjee, Sujit (1999).
1596:Das, Sisir Kumar (2005).
1209:, pp. 1–6, backpage.
894:is more interesting than
798:
706:
692:
682:
601:(release from rebirths).
233:
213:
180:
147:
111:
69:
62:
54:
2496:Tamil Lexicon dictionary
2176:Bangalore Tamil dialects
1991:Zvelebil, Kamil (1973).
1659:Garg, Gaṅgā Rām (1992).
1004:
863:Criticism and comparison
688:Poruḷ toṭar nilai ceyyuḷ
683:சொல் தொடர் நிலை செய்யுள்
671:
2744:Simplified Tamil script
2392:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
1810:. Madras: Ananda Press.
1617:Datta, Amaresh (2004).
1528:Purnalingam Pillai 1994
1483:Purnalingam Pillai 1904
1444:Purnalingam Pillai 1904
1415:Purnalingam Pillai 1994
1044:Purnalingam Pillai 1994
926:There are effusions in
678:Col thodar nilai ceyyuḷ
136:Udayana Kumara Kaviyam
2481:Purapporul Venbamaalai
2286:World Tamil Conference
1928:David Shulman (2016).
883:
816:Udhyana kumara Kaviyam
785:Five minor Tamil epics
548:a seaport city of the
530:
416:5th or 6th century CE
46:
16:This article is about
2512:Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai
2181:Central Tamil dialect
2131:Proto-South Dravidian
1976:. Walter de Gruyter.
1518:, pp. 4255–4256.
979:can be set to music.
870:
840:U. V. Swaminatha Iyer
517:
441:, 6th or 7th century
234:ஐம்பெரும்காப்பியங்கள்
44:
2577:Indo-Aryan languages
2402:Tamil Ganaptya texts
2334:List of Sangam poets
2279:Global organizations
2021:. Otto Harrasowitz.
1913:. Sarup & Sons.
1495:Parmeshwaranand 2001
1302:, pp. xxi–xxiv.
113:The Five Minor Epics
2790:Epic poems in Tamil
2582:Dravidian languages
2382:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
1680:Lal, Mohan (2001).
1417:, pp. 132–134.
1347:, pp. 176–178.
1335:, pp. 176–182.
1273:, pp. 140–141.
1166:, pp. 136–137.
1147:, pp. 140–142.
1123:, pp. 174–176.
967:, is also based on
810:Naga kumara kaviyam
799:ஐஞ்சிறுகாப்பியங்கள்
791:Ainchirukappiyangal
502: 10th century
477:An unknown pulavar
462:early 10th century
237:Aimperumkāppiyaṅkaḷ
208:Ancient Tamil music
132:Naga Kumara Kaviyam
2739:Tanittamil Iyakkam
2692:Tamil onomatopoeia
2319:Tamil books of Law
1955:. BRILL Academic.
1931:Tamil: A Biography
1345:David Shulman 2016
1333:David Shulman 2016
1232:Parthasarathy 1993
1207:Parthasarathy 1993
1133:Parthasarathy 1993
911:meter moves on in
884:
531:
510:Theme and contents
355:over that period.
334:Tamil vidu thoothu
141:Yashodhara Kaviyam
47:
2772:
2771:
2759:Formation of CICT
2553:
2552:
2530:Asthana Kolahalam
2314:Sangam literature
2274:
2273:
2052:978-90-04-09365-2
1983:978-3-11-035276-4
1941:978-0-674-97465-4
1405:, pp. 73–74.
1197:, pp. 69–70.
1185:, pp. 73–75.
822:Yasodhara Kaviyam
521:is the author of
507:
506:
432:Sīthalai Sāttanār
222:
221:
218:
149:Bhakti Literature
64:Sangam Literature
30:Meitei literature
2812:
2666:Tamil honorifics
2397:Vinayagar Agaval
2362:Kampa Irāmāyaṉam
2324:Five Great Epics
2304:
2303:
2166:
2165:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2032:
2018:Tamil Literature
2008:
1987:
1966:
1945:
1924:
1903:
1882:
1862:
1841:
1832:
1818:Tamil Literature
1811:
1800:
1779:
1758:
1739:
1718:
1697:
1676:
1655:
1634:
1613:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1573:on 22 March 2012
1569:. Archived from
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1303:
1297:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1167:
1161:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1094:(1/2): 148–150.
1083:
1074:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
999:Tamil literature
933:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
849:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
844:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
800:
775:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
760:
735:
733:aimperumkappiyam
723:
717:
709:
708:
695:
694:
685:
684:
612:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
606:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
527:Tamil literature
503:
500:
459:(tamil pulavar)
451:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
434:(tamil pulavar)
413:(tamil pulavar)
383:
382:
357:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
348:are not extant.
330:Thiruthanikaiula
320:Aimperumkappiyam
302:were written by
287:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
258:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
235:
226:Five Great Epics
214:
196:Sangam landscape
92:Civaka Cintamani
72:Five Great Epics
57:Tamil literature
52:
49:Tamil epic poems
22:Greek literature
18:Tamil literature
2820:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2764:Project Madurai
2722:
2706:Transliteration
2701:
2687:Tamil phonology
2675:
2653:
2647:
2628:Pallava grantha
2596:
2560:other languages
2559:
2549:
2523:natural science
2522:
2521:Mathematics and
2516:
2500:
2463:
2457:
2406:
2349:
2343:
2329:Ponniyin Selvan
2295:
2270:
2249:
2245:Malaysian Tamil
2238:Southeast Asian
2233:
2205:
2157:
2126:Proto-Dravidian
2094:
2089:
2059:
2053:
2037:Zvelebil, Kamil
2029:
2013:Zvelebil, Kamil
2005:
1984:
1963:
1942:
1921:
1900:
1880:
1859:
1829:
1797:
1776:
1756:
1736:
1715:
1694:
1673:
1652:
1631:
1610:
1591:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1501:
1497:, p. 1151.
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1306:
1298:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1242:
1238:
1234:, pp. 2–5.
1230:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1170:
1162:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1135:, pp. 5–6.
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1100:10.2307/3250226
1084:
1077:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1011:
1007:
995:
977:Silappathikaram
955:Silappathikaram
945:Silappathikaram
941:
939:Popular culture
865:
855:in 1892 CE and
837:
787:
674:
642:
627:
609:
573:
538:
523:Silappatikaram,
512:
501:
381:
293:Cilappathikāram
282:Tamil Buddhists
161:Kamba Ramayanam
50:
37:
12:
11:
5:
2818:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2671:Tamil numerals
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2540:Kaṇita Tīpikai
2537:
2535:Kaṇakkatikāram
2532:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2092:Tamil language
2088:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2033:
2027:
2009:
2003:
1988:
1982:
1967:
1961:
1946:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1904:
1898:
1883:
1878:
1863:
1857:
1842:
1833:
1827:
1812:
1801:
1795:
1780:
1774:
1759:
1754:
1740:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1698:
1692:
1677:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1635:
1629:
1614:
1608:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1558:
1546:
1532:
1530:, p. 194.
1520:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1473:, p. 295.
1460:
1458:, p. 131.
1448:
1436:
1434:, p. 130.
1419:
1407:
1395:
1393:, p. 142.
1376:
1364:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1323:, p. 141.
1304:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1256:
1236:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1168:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1075:
1073:, p. 720.
1060:
1048:
1046:, p. 115.
1036:
1024:
1022:, p. 277.
1020:Mukherjee 1999
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
994:
991:
969:Silapathikaram
965:M. Karunanidhi
940:
937:
928:Cilappatikāram
917:Cilappatikāram
896:Cilappatikāram
888:Cilappatikāram
864:
861:
853:Cilappatikāram
836:
835:Historiography
833:
786:
783:
769:is an epic in
763:Cilappatikāram
741:Cilappatikāram
698:Cilappatikāram
673:
670:
649:Vaḷaiyāpati or
641:
636:
626:
621:
608:
603:
581:Cilappatikaram
572:
567:
541:Cilappatikāram
537:
535:Cilappatikāram
532:
511:
508:
505:
504:
496:
493:
486:
482:
481:
478:
475:
468:
464:
463:
460:
457:Tirutakkatevar
454:
447:
443:
442:
439:Cilappatikaram
435:
429:
422:
418:
417:
414:
408:
405:Cilappatikāram
401:
397:
396:
393:
390:
387:
380:
377:
365:Cilappatikāram
246:Silappatikāram
220:
219:
211:
210:
205:
199:
198:
193:
187:
186:
178:
177:
175:
170:
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
145:
144:
142:
138:
137:
134:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
109:
108:
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
80:Silappatikaram
76:
75:
67:
66:
60:
59:
48:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2817:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2697:Tamil prosody
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Tamil grammar
2659:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Tamil Braille
2636:
2634:
2633:Modern script
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Brahmin Tamil
2259:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Madurai Tamil
2194:
2192:
2191:Madras Bashai
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:Second Sangam
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:Tamil Sangams
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2028:3-447-01582-9
2024:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2004:90-04-03591-5
2000:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1962:90-04-10042-3
1958:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1920:81-7625-226-3
1916:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1899:81-224-1198-3
1895:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:0-231-07849-8
1875:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1858:0-520-22821-9
1854:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1828:81-206-0955-7
1824:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1796:81-207-2502-6
1792:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1775:81-208-1215-8
1771:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:9780811210980
1751:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1735:81-7017-226-8
1731:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1714:81-250-1453-5
1710:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1693:81-260-1221-8
1689:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1672:81-7022-374-1
1668:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1651:81-260-1194-7
1647:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1630:9788126018031
1626:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1609:81-260-2171-3
1605:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1554:Panicker 2003
1550:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1485:, p. 68.
1484:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1456:Zvelebil 1974
1452:
1446:, p. 69.
1445:
1440:
1433:
1432:Zvelebil 1974
1428:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1403:Zvelebil 1992
1399:
1392:
1391:Zvelebil 1974
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1374:, p. 70.
1373:
1372:Zvelebil 1992
1368:
1362:, p. 71.
1361:
1360:Zvelebil 1992
1356:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1321:Zvelebil 1974
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1271:Zvelebil 1974
1267:
1259:
1257:90-04-04926-6
1253:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1195:Zvelebil 1992
1191:
1184:
1183:Zvelebil 1992
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1164:Zvelebil 1974
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1145:Zvelebil 1974
1141:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1121:Zvelebil 1973
1117:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:Artibus Asiae
1082:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1058:, p. 80.
1057:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1034:, p. 73.
1033:
1032:Zvelebil 1992
1028:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1000:
997:
996:
990:
988:
984:
980:
978:
974:
973:Bharatanatyam
970:
966:
962:
961:
956:
952:
951:
946:
936:
934:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
881:
878:
874:
869:
860:
858:
854:
850:
845:
841:
832:
830:
829:
824:
823:
818:
817:
812:
811:
806:
805:
796:
792:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
734:
729:
728:
722:
716:
715:
703:
699:
689:
679:
669:
667:
663:
659:
654:
650:
646:
640:
635:
632:
625:
620:
617:
613:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
587:
583:
582:
577:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
551:
547:
542:
536:
528:
524:
520:
519:Ilango Adigal
516:
497:
495:Nadakuthanar
494:
492:
491:
487:
484:
483:
480:10th century
479:
476:
474:
473:
469:
466:
465:
461:
458:
455:
453:
452:
448:
445:
444:
440:
436:
433:
430:
428:
427:
423:
420:
419:
415:
412:
411:Ilango Adigal
409:
407:
406:
402:
399:
398:
394:
391:
388:
385:
384:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:
321:
317:
316:
311:
310:
305:
301:
300:
295:
294:
289:
288:
283:
279:
274:
272:
271:
266:
265:
260:
259:
254:
253:
248:
247:
242:
238:
231:
227:
217:
212:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:
146:
143:
140:
139:
135:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
114:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
74:
73:
68:
65:
61:
58:
53:
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2613:Tamil-Brahmi
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2464:dictionaries
2462:Grammars and
2357:Cīrappurānam
2201:Nellai Tamil
2151:Third Sangam
2141:First Sangam
2121:Manipravalam
2116:Modern Tamil
2111:Middle Tamil
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2486:Tolkāppiyam
2387:Thiruppugal
2186:Kongu Tamil
1577:17 December
987:Doordarshan
983:Maṇimēkalai
921:Maṇimēkalai
913:Maṇimēkalai
905:Maṇimēkalai
900:Maṇimēkalai
892:Maṇimēkalai
857:Manimekalai
767:Manimekalai
749:aicirucappu
658:Valayapathi
653:Vaḷaiyāpati
645:Vaḷaiyāpati
639:Vaḷaiyāpati
631:Kundalakesi
624:Kundalakesi
586:Manimekalai
576:Manimekalai
570:Manimekalai
550:early Chola
490:Kundalakesi
472:Valayapathi
426:Manimekalai
346:Kundalakesi
342:Valayapathi
315:Kundalakesi
309:Manimekalai
304:Tamil Jains
299:Valayapathi
278:Tamil Jains
270:Kundalakesi
264:Valayapathi
252:Manimekalai
239:) are five
104:Kundalakesi
97:Valayapathi
85:Manimekalai
2779:Categories
2623:Vatteluttu
2350:literature
2348:Devotional
2300:Literature
2254:Sociolects
2224:Batticaloa
2211:Sri Lankan
1589:References
1071:Datta 2004
871:Statue of
779:virutha pa
379:Collection
361:virutha pa
55:Topics in
26:Epic cycle
2680:Phonology
2652:Lexis and
2618:Koleḻuttu
2558:Tamil and
2471:Agattiyam
2428:Iraichchi
2377:Tirumurai
2372:Tēmpāvaṉi
2106:Old Tamil
2045:. BRILL.
1997:. BRILL.
960:Poompuhar
804:Neelakesi
546:Poompuhar
173:Tirumurai
120:Neelakesi
2545:Yerambam
2307:Classics
2162:Dialects
2039:(1992).
2015:(1974).
1516:Lal 2001
1056:Das 2005
993:See also
828:Culamani
721:kappiyam
306:, while
125:Culamani
2654:grammar
2601:Scripts
2572:Sinhala
2567:English
2505:History
2448:Ullurai
2219:Negombo
2099:History
1108:3250226
950:Kannagi
877:Chennai
873:Kannagi
666:Jainism
599:Nirvana
595:Kannaki
563:Pattini
392:Author
168:Tevaram
2727:Events
2592:Korean
2476:Nannūl
2443:Thinai
2411:Poetry
2229:Jaffna
2169:Indian
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909:akaval
771:ahaval
753:Akaval
745:akaval
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591:Buddha
437:after
373:Sangam
369:akaval
325:Nannūl
296:, and
191:Sangam
32:, see
28:. For
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20:. For
2587:Malay
2438:Puram
2423:Venpa
2418:Kural
1104:JSTOR
1005:Notes
795:Tamil
758:akavu
714:kāvya
672:Style
559:Indra
555:Indra
395:Date
389:Name
367:used
241:Tamil
230:Tamil
216:edit
2718:Moḻi
2643:Arwi
2433:Akam
2266:Arwi
2047:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1957:ISBN
1936:ISBN
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1874:ISBN
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1604:ISBN
1579:2011
1252:ISBN
825:and
718:and
662:jain
629:The
616:Jain
344:and
312:and
267:and
224:The
2713:ISO
2453:Ulā
1096:doi
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386:No
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