Phraseme - Knowledge

62:≈ ‘person X dies of natural causes, the speaker being flippant about X’s demise’ where the unit is selected as a whole to express a meaning that bears little or no relation to the meanings of its parts. All of the words in this expression are chosen restrictedly, as part of a chunk. At the other extreme, there are 556:

A collocation is semantically compositional since its meaning is divisible into two parts such that the first one corresponds to the base and the second to the collocate. This is not to say that a collocate, when used outside the collocation, must have the meaning it expresses within the collocation.

135:

A phraseme is an idiom if its meaning is not the predictable sum of the meanings of its component—that is, if it is non-compositional. Generally speaking, idioms will not be intelligible to people hearing them for the first time without having learned them. Consider the following examples (an idiom

126:

Phrasemes can be broken down into groups based on their compositionality (whether or not the meaning they express is the sum of the meaning of their parts) and the type of selectional restrictions that are placed on their non-freely chosen members. Non-compositional phrasemes are what are commonly

917:

Morphological collocations are expressions such that not all of their component morphemes are chosen freely: instead, one or more of the morphemes is chosen as a function of another morphological component of the expression, its base. This type of situation is quite familiar in derivation, where

1431:

Mel’čuk, Igor A. (1964). Obobščenie ponjatija frazeologizma (morfologičeskie “frazeologizmy”). In L.I. Rojzenzon (ed.), "Materialy konferencii “Aktual'nye voprosy sovremennogo jazykoznanija i lingvističeskoe nasledie E.D. Polivanova”", 89–90. Samarkand: Samarkandskij Gosurdarstvennyj

611:) would be completely intelligible to someone hearing them for the first time without having learned the expression beforehand. They are not completely free expressions, however, because they are the conventionalized means of expressing the desired meanings in the language. 642:(‘I am ’), and while they are fully understandable and grammatical they are not standard; equally, the literal translations of the Spanish expressions would sound odd in English, as the question ‘How are you called?’ sounds unnatural to English speakers. 58:, is a multi-word or multi-morphemic utterance whose components include at least one that is selectionally constrained or restricted by linguistic convention such that it is not freely chosen. In the most extreme cases, there are expressions such as 1221:

Burushaski has about 70 plural suffixal morphemes The plurals are semantically compositional, consisting of a stem expressing the lexical meaning and a suffix expressing PLURAL, but for each individual noun, the appropriate plural suffix has to be

363:

A phraseme AB is said to be compositional if the meaning ‘AB’ = ‘A’ ⊕ ‘B’ and the form/AB/ = /A/ ⊕ /B/ (“⊕” here means ‘combined in accordance with the rules of the language’). Compositional phrasemes are generally broken down into two

735:

are conventionalized combinations of morphemes such that at least one of their components is selectionally restricted. Just as with lexical phrasemes, morphological phrasemes can be either compositional or non-compositional.

561:‘undergo an exam’, the verb SIT expresses the meaning ‘undergo’; but in an English dictionary, the verb SIT does not appear with this meaning: ‘undergo’ is not its inherent meaning, but rather is a context-imposed meaning. 1224:

Unlike compositional lexical phrasemes, compositional morphological phrasemes seem only to exist as collocations: morphological clichés and morphological pragmatemes have yet to be observed in natural language.

722:

As with clichés, the conventions of the languages in question dictate a particular pragmateme for a particular situation—alternate expressions would be understandable, but would not be perceived as normal.

751:, are actually familiar to most linguists, although the term “idiom” is rarely applied to them—instead, they are usually referred to as “lexicalized” or “conventionalized” forms. Good examples are English 573:

is said to be a phraseme consisting of components of which none are selected freely and whose usage restrictions are imposed by conventional linguistic usage, as in the following examples:

162:

An idiom can be further characterized by its transparency, the degree to which its meaning includes the meanings of its components. Three types of idioms can be distinguished in this way—

918:

selectional restrictions placed by radicals on (near-)synonymous derivational affixes are common. Two examples from English are the nominalizers used with particular verbal bases (e.g.,

114:). Both kinds of expression are phrasemes, and can be contrasted with ’’free phrases’’, expressions where all of the members (barring grammatical elements whose choice is forced by the 182:

An idiom AB (that is, composed of the elements A ‘A’ and B ‘B’) is a full idiom if its meaning does not include the meaning of any of its lexical components: ‘AB’ ⊅ ‘A’ and ‘AB’ ⊅ ‘B’.

731:

Although the discussion of phrasemes centres largely on multi-word expressions such as those illustrated above, phrasemes are known to exist on the morphological level as well.

909:‘perfective aspect’. None of the resulting meanings is a compositional combination of the meanings of its constituent parts (‘present irrealis’ ≠ ‘past’ ⊕ ‘perfective’, etc.). 276:

of an idiom is, roughly speaking, the part of the meaning that defines what sort of referent the idiom has (person, place, thing, event, etc.) and is shown in the examples in

1346:

Mel’čuk Igor A. (1995). Phrasemes in language and phraseology in linguistics. In Martin Everaert, Erik-Jan van der Linden, André Schenk & Rob Schreuder (eds.),

530:. This clearly shows that boldfaced verbs are selected as a function of the noun meaning ‘decision’. If instead of DÉCISION a French speaker uses CHOIX ‘choice’ ( 1483:

Aronoff, Mark and S. N. Sridhar (1984). Agglutination and composition in Kannada verb morphology. In David Testen, Veena Mishra & Joseph Drogo (eds.),

893:

The irrealis mood has no unique marker of its own, but is expressed in conjunction with tense by combinations of affixes “borrowed” from other paradigms—

1368:

Mel’čuk, Igor A. (1982). Towards a Language of Linguistics: A System of Formal Notions for Theoretical Morphology. München: W. Fink Verlag: 118–119.

781:‘person or thing that performs an action’). Morphological idioms are also found in inflection, as shown by these examples from the irrealis 159:

In none of these cases are the meanings of any of the component parts of the idiom included in the meaning of the expression as a whole.

603:

Clichés are compositional in the sense that their meaning is more or less the sum of the meanings of their parts (not, for example, in

950:; etc.); in both cases, the choice of derivational affix is restricted by the base, but the derivation is compositional, forming a 118:

of the language) are chosen freely, based exclusively on their meaning and the message that the speaker wishes to communicate.

140:˹rock and roll˺ ‘a Western music genre characterised by a strong beat with sounds generated by guitar, piano, and vocalists’ 1496:

Beck, David (2007). Morphological phrasemes in Totonacan inflection. In Kim Gerdes, Tilmann Reuther, and Leo Wanner (eds.),

90:, respectively) based on the meaning the speaker wishes to express while the choice of the other (intensifying) word ( 394:), a lexical unit chosen freely by the speaker, and of a collocate, a lexical unit chosen as a function of the base. 1551: 1260: 127:

known as idioms, while compositional phrasemes can be further divided into collocations, clichés, and pragmatemes.

17: 1403:

Mel’čuk, Igor (2003) Les collocations: definition, rôle et utilité. In Francis Grossmann & Agnès Tutin (eds.)

1418: 1250: 1509:

Berger, Hermann (1974). Das Yasin-Burushaski (Werchikwar). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz: : 15–20

51: 1444:

Beck, David & Igor A. Mel’čuk (2011). Morphological phrasemes and Totonacan verbal morphology.

951: 280:. More precisely, the semantic pivot is defined, for an expression AB meaning ‘S’, as that part ‘S 1265: 1498:

Meaning-Text Theory 2007: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Meaning-Text Theory

1541: 1255: 1546: 538:‘Jean has ... the choice to stay’), he has to say FAIRE ‘make’ rather than PRENDRE ‘take’: 47: 8: 1317: 954:. An example of an inflectional morphological collocation is the plural form of nouns in 789: 312:

1) includes the meaning of its lexical components, neither as the semantic pivot, and

1234: 782: 43: 1377:

Mel’čuk, Igor A. (2006). Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary. In G. Sica (ed.),

1457:

Mel’čuk, Igor A. (2004). La non-compositionnalité en morphologie linguistique.

1244: 752: 1390:

Mel’čuk, Igor (2003) Collocations dans le dictionnaire. In Th. Szende (ed.), L

1535: 1521: 649:, a cliché where the restrictions are imposed by the situation of utterance: 1278: 115: 934:; etc.), and the inhabitant suffixes required for particular place names ( 284:’ of AB’s meaning ‘S’, such that ‘S’ can be represented as a predicate ‘S 1333:

Goddard, Cliff. 2001. 'Lexico-Semantic Universals: A critical overview'.

384: 209:

1) includes the meaning of one of its lexical components, but not as its

63: 634:(‘I am called ’). The literal renderings of the English expressions are 1283: 955: 785: 390: 370: 155:˹bull session˺ ‘long informal talk on a subject by a group of people’ 1322:

Figurative Language: Cross-Cultural and Cross-Linguistic Perspectives

761: 102:) is constrained by the conventions of the English language (hence, * 1273: 1500:, 107–116. Vienna: Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, Sonderband 69. 1239: 608: 315:

2) includes an additional meaning ‘C’ as its semantic pivot:

219:

3) includes an additional meaning ‘C’ as its semantic pivot:

55: 769:(≠ ‘book’ ⊕ ‘worm’); derivational idioms can also be found: 739: 149:˹ comes to senses˺ ‘X becomes conscious or rational again’ 308:

An idiom AB is a quasi-idiom, or weak idiom if its meaning

216:

2) does not include the meaning of the other component and

912: 130: 1470:

Pike, Kenneth L. (1961). Compound affixes in Ocaina.

1392:

es écarts culturels dans les dictionnaires bilingues

196:˹bone of contention˺ ‘reason for quarrels or fights’ 1416:Mel’čuk, Igor (2004) Verbes supports sans peine. 1348:Idioms: Structural and Psychological perspectives 388:is generally said to consist of a base (shown in 1533: 1485:Papers from the Parasession on Lexical Semantics 773:‘large vehicle for flying passengers by air’ (≠ 152:˹put on the map˺ ‘make the place Y well-known’ 136:is indicated by elevated half-brackets: ˹ … ˺): 1526:Linguistique générale et linguistique française 1305:Phraseology: Theory, Analysis, and Applications 187:˹put through its paces˺ ‘to test Y thoroughly’ 825:‘it could have shattered earlier (but didn't)’ 1379:Open Problems in Linguistics and Lexicography 630:(lit. ‘How are you called?’) and one answers 1487:, 3–20. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. 303: 1350:, 167–232. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 318:‘AB’ ⊃ ‘A’, and ‘AB’ ⊃ ‘B’, and ‘AB’ ⊃ ‘C’. 222:‘AB’ ⊃ ‘A’, and ‘AB’ ⊅ ‘B’, and ‘AB’ ⊃ ‘C’. 205:An idiom AB is a semi-idiom if its meaning 190:˹go ballistic˺ ‘suddenly become very angry’ 855:‘it could have shattered now (but hasn’t)’ 777:‘company that transports people by air’ ⊕ 726: 430:‘armed with many or with powerful weapons’ 358: 146:˹the game is up˺ ‘your deceit is exposed’ 121: 877: 843: 813: 745:Non-compositional morphological phrasemes 740:Non-compositional morphological phrasemes 626:, but to do the same in Spanish one asks 78:where one of the words is chosen freely ( 1405:Les collocations: analyse and traitement 534:‘Jean has taken the decision to stay’ ≅ 419:‘asleep such that one is hard to awaken’ 345:conceive a first child with one’s spouse 337:by putting one teat into the mouth of Y’ 1440: 1438: 454:, and in British English, you can also 143:˹cheek by jowl˺ ‘in close association’ 14: 1534: 873: 809: 913:Compositional morphological phrasemes 869: 583:you’ve seen one, you’ve seen ’em all! 1435: 578:in the wrong place at the wrong time 460:it. For the same thing, French says 441:‘year in which February has 29 days’ 131:Non-compositional phrasemes: Idioms 24: 1307:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 889:‘it could shatter (but won't now)’ 839: 805: 25: 1563: 1270:In languages other than English: 759:‘arachnid belonging to the order 690:(lit. ‘Deadline of fitness is …’) 614:For example, in English one asks 557:For instance, in the collocation 532:Jean a pris la décision de rester 193:˹by heart˺ ‘remembering verbatim’ 27:Phrase with some components fixed 1394:, 19-64. Paris: Honoré Champion. 1261:Idioms in American Sign Language 638:(lit. ‘What is your name?’) and 552:Jean has made the choice to stay 1503: 1490: 1477: 1464: 1451: 1425: 1410: 1316:Dobrovol'skij, Dmitri O. & 377: 266:(lit. ‘make corns on Y’s eyes’) 1407:, 23-31 Amsterdam: De Werelt. 1397: 1384: 1381:, 222–355. Monza: Polimetrica. 1371: 1362: 1353: 1340: 1327: 1310: 1297: 200: 177: 13: 1: 1515: 765:’ (≠ ‘harvest’ ⊕ ‘man’) and 7: 1419:Lingvisticæ Investigationes 1228: 701:(‘To be consumed before …’) 645:A subtype of cliché is the 536:Jean a … le choix de rester 10: 1568: 1303:Cowie, A.P. (ed.) (1998). 1251:Idiom (language structure) 712:(‘Keeps until at least …’) 564: 447:In American English, you 304:Quasi-idiom or weak idiom 262:too often or for too long 52:computational linguistics 1291: 710:Mindestens haltbar bis … 300:’) (Mel’čuk 2006: 277). 1552:Linguistics terminology 1266:English-language idioms 733:Morphological phrasemes 727:Phrasemes in morphology 607:), and clichés (unlike 598:one thing after another 359:Compositional phrasemes 122:Major types of phraseme 1324:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 356: 270: 1256:Irreversible binomial 323: 227: 822:PAST-POT-shatter-PFV 749:morphological idioms 669:(lit. ‘Be my wife!’) 667:Bud´(te) moej ženoj! 593:we all make mistakes 347:, starting a family’ 247:dwelling in the sea’ 48:multiword expression 1335:Linguistic Typology 1318:Elisabeth Piirainen 886:OPT-POT-shatter-PFV 699:À consommer avant … 636:¿Cómo es su nombre? 353:‘ wire with barbs ’ 901:‘potential mood’, 883:ka-tḭ-tachalá̰x-lḭ 866:ka-tḭ-tachalá̰x-lḭ 819:ḭš-tḭ-tachalá̰x-lḭ 802:ḭš-tḭ-tachalá̰x-lḭ 657:Will you marry me? 616:What is your name? 471:eine Entscheidung 60:X kicks the bucket 1528:. Berne: Francke. 1219: 1218: 1062:taγ-ášku, taγ-šku 952:morphological gap 905:‘optative mood’, 716: 705: 694: 688:Srok godnosti – … 683: 673: 662: 548:e choix de rester 267: 260:‘be in Y's sight 230:˹private eye (I)˺ 76:infinite patience 16:(Redirected from 1559: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1494: 1488: 1481: 1475: 1468: 1462: 1455: 1449: 1442: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1414: 1408: 1401: 1395: 1388: 1382: 1375: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1344: 1338: 1331: 1325: 1314: 1308: 1301: 1235:Phrasal template 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 960: 879: 875: 871: 852:PAST-shatter-PFV 845: 841: 831:present irrealis 815: 811: 807: 788:in Upper Necaxa 747:, also known as 715: 704: 693: 682: 672: 661: 524:〉 , and Swedish— 437: 425: 415: 404: 393: 340:˹start a family˺ 328:donner le sein à 292:’—i.e., ‘S’ = ‘S 265: 44:idiomatic phrase 40:fixed expression 34:, also called a 21: 18:Fixed expression 1567: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1532: 1531: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1495: 1491: 1482: 1478: 1469: 1465: 1456: 1452: 1443: 1436: 1430: 1426: 1422:27: 2, 203-217. 1415: 1411: 1402: 1398: 1389: 1385: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1345: 1341: 1332: 1328: 1315: 1311: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1231: 1223: 1139: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 915: 891: 881: 863: 861:future irrealis 857: 849:ḭš-tachalá̰x-lḭ 847: 836:ḭš-tachalá̰x-lḭ 833: 827: 817: 799: 742: 729: 628:¿Cómo se llama? 567: 559:sit for an exam 555: 435: 423: 413: 408:‘strong accent’ 402: 389: 380: 361: 335:feed the baby Y 306: 299: 295: 291: 288:’ bearing on ‘S 287: 283: 245:predatory polyp 203: 183: 180: 133: 124: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1565: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1530: 1529: 1522:Bally, Charles 1517: 1514: 1512: 1511: 1502: 1489: 1476: 1463: 1450: 1434: 1424: 1409: 1396: 1383: 1370: 1361: 1352: 1339: 1326: 1309: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1245:Technical term 1242: 1237: 1230: 1227: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 993: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 924:establishation 914: 911: 897:‘past tense’, 864: 859: 858: 834: 829: 828: 800: 795: 794: 741: 738: 728: 725: 720: 719: 718: 717: 713: 706: 702: 695: 691: 684: 680: 674: 670: 663: 659: 605:no matter what 601: 600: 595: 590: 588:no matter what 585: 580: 566: 563: 513:gyeoljeongeul 473:treffen/fällen 445: 444: 443: 442: 439: 431: 428: 420: 417: 409: 406: 379: 376: 360: 357: 355: 354: 351: 348: 341: 338: 331: 322: 321: 320: 319: 313: 305: 302: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 274:semantic pivot 269: 268: 258: 255:mozolit´ glaza 248: 241: 238: 231: 226: 225: 224: 223: 217: 214: 211:semantic pivot 202: 199: 198: 197: 194: 191: 188: 179: 176: 157: 156: 153: 150: 147: 144: 141: 132: 129: 123: 120: 112:stark patience 108:infinite laugh 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1564: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1506: 1499: 1493: 1486: 1480: 1474:37, 570 –581. 1473: 1467: 1460: 1454: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1428: 1421: 1420: 1413: 1406: 1400: 1393: 1387: 1380: 1374: 1365: 1356: 1349: 1343: 1336: 1330: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1306: 1300: 1296: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1226: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1186:urk-á, urk-ás 1185: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 994: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 962: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 920:establishment 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 890: 887: 884: 880: 867: 862: 856: 853: 850: 846: 837: 832: 826: 823: 820: 816: 803: 798: 797:past irrealis 793: 791: 787: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 737: 734: 724: 714: 711: 707: 703: 700: 696: 692: 689: 685: 681: 679: 675: 671: 668: 664: 660: 658: 654: 653: 652: 651: 650: 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 574: 572: 569:Generally, a 562: 560: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 528: 523: 522: 517: 516: 510: 507: 506: 501: 497: 496: 491: 490: 484: 481: 480: 475: 474: 468: 465: 464: 459: 458: 453: 451: 440: 438: 432: 429: 427: 421: 418: 416: 410: 407: 405: 399: 398: 397: 396: 395: 392: 387: 386: 375: 373: 372: 367: 352: 350:˹barbed wire˺ 349: 346: 342: 339: 336: 332: 329: 325: 324: 317: 316: 314: 311: 310: 309: 301: 279: 275: 263: 259: 256: 252: 249: 246: 242: 240:˹sea anemone˺ 239: 236: 232: 229: 228: 221: 220: 218: 215: 212: 208: 207: 206: 195: 192: 189: 186: 185: 184: 175: 173: 169: 165: 160: 154: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 137: 128: 119: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 1542:Lexicography 1525: 1505: 1497: 1492: 1484: 1479: 1471: 1466: 1461:26: 439–458. 1458: 1453: 1448:49, 175–228. 1445: 1432:universitet. 1427: 1417: 1412: 1404: 1399: 1391: 1386: 1378: 1373: 1364: 1359:Bally (1950) 1355: 1347: 1342: 1334: 1329: 1321: 1312: 1304: 1299: 1279:Sajaseong-eo 1220: 1091:guš-íngants 1071:wazíir-ting 1042:aiždahár-išu 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 916: 906: 902: 898: 894: 892: 888: 885: 882: 868: 865: 860: 854: 851: 848: 838: 835: 830: 824: 821: 818: 804: 801: 796: 778: 774: 770: 766: 760: 756: 748: 744: 743: 732: 730: 721: 709: 698: 687: 678:Best before… 677: 666: 656: 646: 644: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 618:and answers 615: 613: 604: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 570: 568: 558: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 526: 525: 520: 519: 514: 512: 508: 504: 503: 499: 494: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 477: 472: 470: 467:une décision 466: 462: 461: 456: 455: 449: 448: 446: 433: 426:to the teeth 422: 411: 400: 383: 381: 378:Collocations 369: 366:collocations 365: 362: 344: 334: 327: 307: 277: 273: 271: 261: 254: 250: 244: 235:investigator 234: 213:(see below), 210: 204: 181: 172:quasi-idioms 171: 167: 163: 161: 158: 134: 125: 116:morphosyntax 111: 107: 104:hearty naked 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72:hearty laugh 71: 67: 64:collocations 59: 39: 35: 31: 29: 1547:Phraseology 1446:Linguistics 1051:tiš ̣̣-míŋ 940:Winnipegian 928:infestation 540:Jean a fait 385:collocation 201:Semi-idioms 178:Full idioms 168:semi-idioms 164:full idioms 68:stark naked 1536:Categories 1516:References 1284:Yojijukugo 1166:huk-á, -ái 1065:‘minister’ 1031:harč ̣-óŋ 956:Burushaski 936:Winnipeger 932:infestment 757:harvestman 686:Russian - 676:English - 665:Russian - 655:English - 647:pragmateme 620:My name is 502:, Serbian— 485:, Turkish— 476:, Russian— 452:a decision 391:Small caps 36:set phrase 1524:(1950 ). 1172:gaté+nč ̣ 1011:asqór-iŋ 948:Calgarier 944:Calgarian 876:-shatter- 842:-shatter- 812:-shatter- 762:Opiliones 753:compounds 708:German - 697:French - 511:, Korean— 492:, Polish— 469:, German— 233:‘private 1472:Language 1337:5, 1–65. 1320:(2005). 1247:(jargon) 1229:See also 1222:learned. 1215:diw-anc 1189:‘walnut’ 1155:tur-iáŋ 1122:dušmá-yu 1111:got ̣-ó 1076:‘pigeon’ 1056:‘branch’ 1039:aiždahár 1036:‘dragon’ 1005:‘flower’ 985:Singular 970:Singular 786:paradigm 771:airliner 767:bookworm 755:such as 632:Me llamo 479:prinjat´ 100:infinite 88:patience 66:such as 32:phraseme 1274:Chengyu 1209:‘demon’ 1175:gaté-h 1169:‘saber’ 1116:‘enemy’ 1105:‘ mute’ 1096:‘stone’ 1085:‘woman’ 1022:páqu-mu 1016:‘bread’ 980:Meaning 965:Meaning 790:Totonac 775:airline 565:Clichés 521:naerida 483:rešenie 463:prendre 414:Asleep 403:Accent 371:clichés 364:groups— 1459:Verbum 1240:Phrase 1180:‘wolf’ 1149:‘horn’ 1146:čar-kó 1131:ḍím-a 1125:‘body’ 1119:dušmán 1102:dan-Ǯó 1082:tál-Ǯu 1068:wazíir 1045:‘wind’ 1025:‘plow’ 1002:thám-u 996:‘king’ 990:Plural 975:Plural 609:idioms 571:cliché 544:a pris 509:odluku 505:doneti 500:ecyzję 495:podjąć 489:vermek 487:karar 424:Armed 412:sound 401:heavy 278:italic 170:, and 96:hearty 86:, and 54:), or 1292:Notes 1206:hur-í 1200:‘man’ 1195:tilí 1160:‘dog’ 1136:‘rock 1048:tíš ̣ 1008:asqór 527:fatta 436:Year 434:leap 326:Fr. ˹ 92:stark 84:laugh 80:naked 74:, or 56:idiom 1192:tilí 1028:hárč 1019:páqu 999:thám 840:PAST 806:PAST 783:mood 624:I am 515:hada 457:take 450:make 368:and 296:’(‘S 272:The 251:Rus. 50:(in 1212:díu 1203:hír 1183:úrk 1163:húk 1152:túr 1143:čár 1128:ḍím 1108:gót 1099:dán 1088:gús 1079:tál 1059:táγ 946:, * 938:, * 930:, * 922:, * 907:-lḭ 903:ka- 899:tḭ- 895:ḭš- 878:PFV 874:POT 870:OPT 844:PFV 814:PFV 810:POT 779:-er 640:Soy 622:or 554:’. 546:〉 l 110:, * 106:, * 1538:: 1437:^ 958:: 942:; 926:; 792:: 542:〈* 382:A 374:. 330:Y˺ 264:’ 174:. 166:, 98:, 94:, 82:, 70:, 46:, 42:, 38:, 30:A 1140:’ 1138:N 872:- 808:- 550:‘ 518:〈 498:d 343:‘ 333:‘ 298:1 294:2 290:1 286:2 282:1 257:˺ 253:˹ 243:‘ 237:’ 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index