582:
connectivity, phosphorus is better able to be cycled, and sediments and nutrients are more readily retained. Water in freshwater streams ends up in either short-term storage in plants or algae or long-term in sediments. Wet/dry cycling within the floodplain has a big impact on phosphorus availability because it alters water level, redox state, pH, and physical properties of minerals. Dry soils that were previously inundated have reduced availability of phosphorus and increased affinity for obtaining phosphorus. Human floodplain alterations also impact the phosphorus cycle. Particulate phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) can contribute to algal blooms and toxicity in waterways when the nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios are altered farther upstream. In areas where the phosphorus load is primarily particulate phosphorus, like the
Mississippi River, the most effective ways of removing phosphorus upstream are sedimentation, soil accretion, and burial. In basins where SRP is the primary form of phosphorus, biological uptake in floodplain forests is the best way of removing nutrients. Phosphorus can transform between SRP and particulate phosphorus depending on ambient conditions or processes like decomposition, biological uptake, redoximorphic release, and sedimentation and accretion. In either phosphorus form, floodplain forests are beneficial as phosphorus sinks, and the human-caused disconnect between floodplains and rivers exacerbates the phosphorus overload.
543:
73:
27:
326:
61:
92:
2649:
248:, and in wetlands and shallow lakes of flood basins. Natural levees are ridges along river banks that form from rapid deposition from the overbank flow. Most of the suspended sand is deposited on the levees, leaving the silt and clay sediments to be deposited as floodplain mud further from the river. Levees are typically built up enough to be relatively well-drained compared with nearby wetlands, and levees in non-arid climates are often heavily vegetated.
569:
which affects oxygen availability. Floodplain soil stays aerated for long stretches of time in between flooding events, but during flooding, saturated soil can become oxygen-depleted if it stands stagnant for long enough. More soil oxygen is available at higher elevations farther from the river. Floodplain forests generally experience alternating periods of aerobic and anaerobic soil microbe activity which affects fine root development and desiccation.
492:
structures can be elevated or floodproofed to or above this level. In some areas without detailed study information, structures may be required to be elevated to at least two feet above the surrounding grade. Many State and local governments have, in addition, adopted floodplain construction regulations which are more restrictive than those mandated by the NFIP. The US government also sponsors flood hazard mitigation efforts to reduce flood impacts.
378:
50:
221:
very close to that of the river banks. Significant net erosion of sediments occurs only when the meander cuts into higher ground. The overall effect is that, as the river meanders, it creates a level flood plain composed mostly of point bar deposits. The rate at which the channel shifts varies greatly, with reported rates ranging from too slow to measure to as much as 2,400 feet (730 m) per year for the
2278:
488:
watershed upstream of the point in question can potentially affect the ability of the watershed to handle water, and thus potentially affects the levels of the periodic floods. A large shopping center and parking lot, for example, may raise the levels of 5-year, 100-year, and other floods, but the maps are rarely adjusted and are frequently rendered obsolete by subsequent development.
360:
these ecosystems, resulting in loss of populations and diversity and endangering the remaining fragments of the ecosystem. Flood control creates a sharper boundary between water and land than in undisturbed floodplains, reducing physical diversity. Floodplain forests protect waterways from erosion and pollution and reduce the impact of floodwaters.
760:
The general problem with farming – especially plough agriculture – is that it involves so much intensive labor. One form of agriculture, however, eliminates most of this labor: 'flood-retreat' (also known as décrue or recession) agriculture. In flood-retreat agriculture, seeds are generally broadcast
491:
In order for a flood-prone property to qualify for government-subsidized insurance, a local community must adopt an ordinance that protects the floodway and requires that new residential structures built in
Special Flood Hazard Areas be elevated to at least the level of the 100-year flood. Commercial
337:
The biota of floodplains has high annual growth and mortality rates, which is advantageous for the rapid colonization of large areas of the floodplain. This allows them to take advantage of shifting floodplain geometry. For example, floodplain trees are fast-growing and tolerant of root disturbance.
220:
since the deposition builds the point bar laterally into the river channel. Erosion on the outside of the meander usually closely balances deposition on the inside so that the channel shifts in the direction of the meander without changing significantly in width. The point bar is built up to a level
581:
is a problem in freshwater systems. Much of the phosphorus in freshwater systems comes from municipal wastewater treatment plants and agricultural runoff. Stream connectivity controls whether phosphorus cycling is mediated by floodplain sediments or by external processes. Under conditions of stream
321:
of the river (the zone closest to the river bank) provides an ideal environment for many aquatic species, so the spawning season for fish often coincides with the onset of flooding. Fish must grow quickly during the flood to survive the subsequent drop in water level. As the floodwaters recede, the
346:
that replace much of the original ecosystem. The biozones reflect a soil moisture and oxygen gradient that in turn corresponds to a flooding frequency gradient. The primeval floodplain forests of Europe were dominated by oak (60%) elm (20%) and hornbeam (13%), but human disturbance has shifted the
568:
Floodplain soil composition is unique and varies widely based on microtopography. Floodplain forests have high topographic heterogeneity which creates variation in localized hydrologic conditions. Soil moisture within the upper 30 cm of the soil profile also varies widely based on microtopography
487:
and any adjacent areas that must be kept free of encroachments that might block flood flows or restrict storage of flood waters. Another commonly encountered term is the
Special Flood Hazard Area, which is any area subject to inundation by a 100-year flood. A problem is that any alteration of the
359:
for biodiversity. Human destruction of floodplain ecosystems is largely a result of flood control, hydroelectric development (such as reservoirs), and conversion of floodplains to agriculture use. Transportation and waste disposal also have detrimental effects. The result is the fragmentation of
112:
266:
may stand well above most of the floodplain. The alluvial ridge is topped by a channel belt formed by successive generations of channel migration and meander cutoff. At much longer intervals, the river may abandon the channel belt and build a new one at another position on the floodplain. This
363:
The disturbance by humans of temperate floodplain ecosystems frustrates attempts to understand their natural behavior. Tropical rivers are less impacted by humans and provide models for temperate floodplain ecosystems, which are thought to share many of their ecological attributes.
341:
Floodplain ecosystems have distinct biozones. In Europe, as one moves away from the river, the successive plant communities are bank vegetation (usually annuals); sedge and reeds; willow shrubs; willow-poplar forest; oak-ash forest; and broadleaf forest. Human disturbance creates
228:
Overbank flow takes place when the river is flooded with more water than can be accommodated by the river channel. Flow over the banks of the river deposits a thin veneer of sediments that is coarsest and thickest close to the channel. This is described as
285:
The quantity of sediments in a floodplain greatly exceeds the river load of sediments. Thus, floodplains are an important storage site for sediments during their transport from where they are generated to their ultimate depositional environment.
354:
Floodplain forests constituted 1% of the landscape of Europe in the 1800s. Much of this has been cleared by human activity, though floodplain forests have been impacted less than other kinds of forests. This makes them important
447:
350:
Semiarid floodplains have a much lower species diversity. Species are adapted to alternating drought and flood. Extreme drying can destroy the ability of the floodplain ecosystem to shift to a healthy wet phase when flooded.
309:. They are characterized by considerable variability in space and time, which in turn produces some of the most species-rich of ecosystems. From the ecological perspective, the most distinctive aspect of floodplains is the
233:, since the deposits build upwards. In undisturbed river systems, overbank flow is frequent, typically occurring every one to two years, regardless of climate or topography. Sedimentation rates for a three-day flood of the
316:
Floods bring in detrital material rich in nutrients and release nutrients from dry soil as it is flooded. The decomposition of terrestrial plants submerged by the floodwaters adds to the nutrient supply. The flooded
480:(FIRM), which depicts various flood risks for a community. The FIRM typically focuses on the delineation of the 100-year flood inundation area, also known within the NFIP as the Special Flood Hazard Area.
241:
in 1993 found average sedimentation rates in the floodplain of between 0.57 and 1.0 kg/m. Higher rates were found on the levees (4 kg/m or more) and on low-lying areas (1.6 kg/m).
500:, have been completely relocated to remove them from the floodplain. Other smaller-scale mitigation efforts include acquiring and demolishing flood-prone buildings or flood-proofing them.
1324:
development, Jessica
Karpilo holds a B. A. in Geography from the University of Denver She has written on the subjects of sustainable; Karpilo, maps our editorial process Jessica.
594:(POP) deposition. Proper understanding of the distribution of soil contaminants is difficult because of high variation in microtopography and soil texture within floodplains.
293:
becomes great enough that overbank flows become infrequent, the river is said to have abandoned its floodplain. Portions of the abandoned floodplain may be preserved as
2132:"Which Compounds Contribute Most to Elevated Soil Pollution and the Corresponding Health Risks in Floodplains in the Headwater Areas of the Central European Watershed?"
483:
Where a detailed study of a waterway has been done, the 100-year floodplain will also include the floodway, the critical portion of the floodplain which includes the
251:
Crevasses are formed by breakout events from the main river channel. The river bank fails, and floodwaters scour a channel. Sediments from the crevasse spread out as
189:, heavily exploit floodplains. Agricultural and urban regions have developed near or on floodplains to take advantage of the rich soil and freshwater. However, the
212:
Wherever the river meanders, the flowing water erodes the river bank on the outside of the meander. At the same time, sediments are simultaneously deposited in a
2685:
255:-shaped deposits with numerous distributary channels. Crevasse formation is most common in sections of rivers where the river bed is accumulating sediments (
1240:
1936:
Jarvie, Helen P.; Johnson, Laura T.; Sharpley, Andrew N.; Smith, Douglas R.; Baker, David B.; Bruulsema, Tom W.; Confesor, Remegio (January 2017).
1078:
313:
associated with annual floods, and so the floodplain ecosystem is defined as the part of the river valley that is regularly flooded and dried.
322:
littoral experiences blooms of microorganisms, while the banks of the river dry out and terrestrial plants germinate to stabilize the bank.
282:
in braided rivers migrate downstream through processes resembling those in point bars of meandering rivers and can build up a floodplain.
278:
Floodplains can form around rivers of any kind or size. Even relatively straight stretches of river are capable of producing floodplains.
2634:
2268:
2310:
267:
process is called avulsion and occurs at intervals of 10–1000 years. Historical avulsions leading to catastrophic flooding include the
1333:
1142:"Effects of river level fluctuation on plant species richness, diversity, and distribution in a floodplain forest in Central Amazonia"
527:, the advantages provided by the richness of the alluvial soil of the floodplain are severely offset by frequent floods brought on by
2678:
2026:
Hoffmann, Carl
Christian; Kjaergaard, Charlotte; Uusi-Kämppä, Jaana; Hansen, Hans Christian Bruun; Kronvang, Brian (September 2009).
542:
2916:
1896:"The effects of drying and re-flooding on the sediment and soil nutrient dynamics of lowland river-floodplain systems: a synthesis"
1857:"The effects of drying and re-flooding on the sediment and soil nutrient dynamics of lowland river-floodplain systems: a synthesis"
658:
1911:
1872:
3284:
2010:
1621:
826:
Asselman, Nathalie E. M.; Middelkoop, Hans (September 1995). "Floodplain sedimentation: Quantities, patterns and processes".
746:
716:
2243:(NAIP) Data as a Hydrologic Model Input for Local Flood Plain Management. Applied Research Project, Texas State University.
1203:
Suchara, Ivan (11 January 2019). "The Impact of Floods on the
Structure and Functional Processes of Floodplain Ecosystems".
2671:
2240:
2191:"Aggregation of floodplain soils based on classification principles to predict concentrations of nutrients and pollutants"
1391:
1362:
1065:
Ward, J. V.; Tockner, K.; Schiemer, F. (1999). "Biodiversity of floodplain river ecosystems: ecotones and connectivity1".
38:
1547:"Population Differentiation along a Flood Frequency Gradient: Physiological Adaptations to Flooding in Nyssa sylvatica"
438:, some of the worst natural disasters in history (measured by fatalities) have been river floods, particularly in the
1644:"Effects of Microtopography and Disturbance on Fine-Root Dynamics in Wetland Forests of Low-Order Stream Floodplains"
1039:
870:
687:
417:
268:
1029:
3910:
473:
1297:
Colloff, Matthew J.; Baldwin, Darren S. (2010). "Resilience of floodplain ecosystems in a semi-arid environment".
3441:
2343:
1895:
1856:
1414:"Threshold effects of flood duration on the vegetation and soils of the Upper Mississippi River floodplain, USA"
3905:
2303:
399:
3466:
577:
Floodplains have high buffering capacity for phosphorus to prevent nutrient loss to river outputs. Phosphorus
356:
496:'s Hazard Mitigation Program is one funding source for mitigation projects. A number of whole towns such as
155:. Floodplains stretch from the banks of a river channel to the base of the enclosing valley, and experience
3607:
3557:
3451:
2282:
591:
120:
3885:
395:
20:
995:
3941:
3111:
3895:
3847:
3730:
2652:
2296:
1938:"Increased Soluble Phosphorus Loads to Lake Erie: Unintended Consequences of Conservation Practices?"
1937:
476:(NFIP). The NFIP offers insurance to properties located within a flood-prone area, as defined by the
96:
1492:"Bottomland Vegetation Distribution along Passage Creek, Virginia, in Relation to Fluvial Landforms"
3880:
3597:
3562:
3404:
477:
443:
132:
1810:"Hydrogeomorphology Influences Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus Mineralization in Floodplain Wetlands"
1546:
1491:
3890:
3582:
3347:
2466:
1745:"Impact of drying and re-flooding of sediment on phosphorus dynamics of river-floodplain systems"
551:
516:
455:
388:
539:
events cause severe economic disruption and loss of human life in the densely-populated region.
338:
Opportunists (such as birds) are attracted to the rich food supply provided by the flood pulse.
3936:
3832:
3690:
3241:
3126:
2396:
627:
84:
458:, which killed around one million people and is the second-worst natural disaster in history.
42:
3670:
3517:
3479:
2928:
2867:
2578:
2573:
1234:
624: – Artificial flood control channel in Manitoba, Canada as a good example of a floodway.
547:
262:
Repeated flooding eventually builds up an alluvial ridge, whose natural levees and abandoned
160:
3931:
3900:
3622:
3446:
3206:
3063:
3013:
2807:
2599:
2262:
2202:
2094:
2039:
1949:
1821:
1756:
1702:
1558:
1503:
1464:
1325:
1263:
1153:
943:
835:
104:
1691:"Immobilization of agricultural phosphorus in temperate floodplain soils of Illinois, USA"
8:
3796:
3791:
3592:
3436:
3058:
2911:
2832:
2739:
2206:
2098:
2043:
1953:
1825:
1760:
1706:
1562:
1507:
1468:
1267:
1157:
947:
839:
654:
3946:
3822:
3735:
3700:
3552:
3068:
2973:
2877:
2769:
2702:
2629:
2583:
2166:
2131:
1785:
1671:
1613:
1582:
1527:
1279:
1222:
1185:
1122:
959:
621:
3542:
461:
The extent of floodplain inundation depends partly on flood magnitude, defined by the
34:
3951:
3801:
3640:
3632:
3572:
3532:
3421:
3236:
2998:
2988:
2774:
2624:
2461:
2218:
2171:
2153:
2112:
2063:
2055:
2006:
1973:
1965:
1915:
1876:
1837:
1790:
1772:
1718:
1663:
1617:
1601:
1574:
1519:
1433:
1283:
1226:
1177:
1169:
1035:
963:
866:
742:
712:
683:
504:
451:
183:
1768:
1189:
3715:
3617:
3522:
3271:
3121:
3116:
3093:
3033:
2862:
2734:
2391:
2319:
2214:
2210:
2161:
2143:
2102:
2047:
1998:
1957:
1907:
1868:
1829:
1780:
1764:
1710:
1655:
1609:
1566:
1511:
1472:
1425:
1306:
1271:
1212:
1161:
1114:
1105:
Bayley, Peter B. (March 1995). "Understanding Large River: Floodplain
Ecosystems".
1074:
951:
843:
782:
704:
497:
272:
1744:
708:
3720:
3680:
3675:
3279:
3166:
3161:
2945:
2882:
2852:
2817:
2812:
2779:
2744:
2715:
2619:
2406:
2368:
2353:
2190:
1429:
736:
536:
512:
347:
makeup towards ash (49%) with maple increasing to 14% and oak decreasing to 25%.
294:
865:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 265–266.
72:
30:
3781:
3665:
3645:
3527:
3512:
3399:
3384:
3379:
3339:
3319:
3231:
3073:
3053:
3018:
2950:
2935:
2842:
2764:
2724:
2609:
2476:
2426:
2378:
2338:
2333:
1714:
1452:
1413:
1383:
1354:
1275:
1079:
10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199901/06)15:1/3<125::AID-RRR523>3.0.CO;2-E
955:
732:
603:
578:
484:
290:
245:
186:
171:
26:
2663:
2107:
2083:"Evaluation of Mekong River commission operational flood forecasts, 2000–2012"
2082:
1833:
3925:
3862:
3857:
3842:
3827:
3776:
3771:
3537:
3502:
3456:
3416:
3411:
3171:
3043:
3003:
2749:
2729:
2614:
2496:
2456:
2401:
2272:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 526–527.
2257:
2222:
2157:
2116:
2059:
1969:
1919:
1880:
1841:
1776:
1722:
1690:
1667:
1578:
1523:
1437:
1173:
633:
462:
318:
194:
124:
116:
77:
54:
1961:
1809:
1476:
1217:
735:(22 August 2017). "The Domestication of Fire, Plants, Animals, and ... Us".
3852:
3602:
3587:
3577:
3426:
3357:
3226:
3191:
3106:
3048:
2923:
2822:
2784:
2759:
2547:
2358:
2175:
2148:
2067:
1992:
1977:
1794:
1181:
1031:
The floodplain forests in Europe : current situations and perspectives
847:
615:
609:
524:
439:
16:
Land adjacent to a water body which is flooded during periods of high water
2027:
2002:
1453:"Effects of microrelief on distribution of soil moisture and bulk density"
1165:
325:
3761:
3685:
3389:
3352:
3299:
3023:
3008:
2983:
2857:
2563:
2514:
2481:
2471:
2363:
2051:
256:
252:
238:
60:
1141:
863:
Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics
244:
Sedimentation from the overbank flow is concentrated on natural levees,
174:
since nutrients are deposited with the flood waters. This can encourage
91:
3867:
3547:
3371:
3329:
3201:
3038:
2906:
2847:
2837:
2754:
2604:
2568:
2509:
2436:
2244:
1912:
10.1002/1099-1646(200009/10)16:5<457::AID-RRR597>3.0.CO;2-B
1873:
10.1002/1099-1646(200009/10)16:5<457::AID-RRR597>3.0.CO;2-B
1675:
1643:
1586:
1531:
1126:
520:
493:
402: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
343:
330:
306:
263:
222:
190:
2028:"Phosphorus Retention in Riparian Buffers: Review of Their Efficiency"
1254:
Hughes, Francine M.R. (December 1997). "Floodplain biogeomorphology".
636: – Technique for mitigating the effects of flooding on structures
3837:
3786:
3756:
3725:
3655:
3567:
3324:
3211:
3196:
3136:
3083:
3078:
2978:
2901:
2891:
2789:
2441:
2431:
2386:
1384:"44 CFR 60.3 – Flood plain management criteria for flood-prone areas"
511:, annual flooding events are a natural part of the local ecology and
279:
213:
2239:
Powell, W. Gabe. 2009. Identifying Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Using
2189:
Rinklebe, Jörg; Franke, Christa; Neue, Heinz-Ulrich (October 2007).
1743:
Schönbrunner, Iris M.; Preiner, Stefan; Hein, Thomas (August 2012).
1659:
1570:
1515:
1310:
1118:
377:
3507:
3474:
3151:
2993:
2960:
2537:
2411:
2288:
2025:
787:
774:
454:, estimated to have killed millions. This had been preceded by the
435:
206:
128:
111:
2261:
99:, is underlain by silt deposited above a dam formed by a terminal
3817:
3766:
3294:
3289:
3251:
3156:
3028:
2965:
2524:
2486:
2421:
2348:
2136:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1808:
Noe, Gregory B.; Hupp, Cliff R.; Rybicki, Nancy B. (2013-01-01).
532:
528:
431:
205:
Most floodplains are formed by deposition on the inside of river
175:
100:
80:
49:
915:
64:
Gravel floodplain of a glacial river near the Snow
Mountains in
3612:
3484:
3309:
3304:
3256:
3246:
3216:
3141:
2896:
2827:
2799:
2698:
2504:
2451:
2446:
2277:
1412:
De Jager, Nathan R.; Thomsen, Meredith; Yin, Yao (April 2012).
590:
Floodplain soils tend to be high in eco-pollutants, especially
585:
65:
1642:
Jones, Robert H.; Lockaby, B. Graeme; Somers, Greg L. (1996).
170:
Because of regular flooding, floodplains frequently have high
95:
This aggradational floodplain of a small meandering stream in
3710:
3695:
3650:
3394:
3367:
3314:
3181:
3176:
3146:
3131:
2940:
2710:
2694:
1689:
Arenberg, Mary R.; Liang, Xinqiang; Arai, Yuji (2020-10-01).
807:
795:
612: – Land adjacent to a river subject to seasonal flooding
234:
156:
152:
1140:
Ferreira, Leandro Valle; Stohlgren, Thomas J. (1999-09-01).
970:
3740:
3705:
3261:
3221:
3186:
2542:
508:
469:
179:
164:
1935:
775:"River Flood Plains: Some Observations On Their Formation"
761:
on the fertile silt deposited by an annual riverine flood.
3660:
3101:
2532:
903:
879:
572:
33:
floodplain, at its confluence with the headstream of the
934:
Lewin, John (October 1978). "Floodplain geomorphology".
738:
Against the Grain: A Deep
History of the Earliest States
1742:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1326:"What Are the 10 Deadliest Disasters in World History?"
998:. International Union of Forest Research Organizations
703:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. p. 325.
606: – Region on which rivers have deposited sediment
1256:
Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment
936:
Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment
891:
333:
Germany inundated by overflow from a nearby waterway.
1729:
2130:Skála, Jan; Vácha, Radim; Čupr, Pavel (June 2018).
1064:
216:on the inside of the meander. This is described as
178:; some important agricultural regions, such as the
2188:
1641:
1411:
1290:
825:
766:
1931:
1929:
1688:
1139:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
53:A floodplain after a one-in-10-year flood on the
3923:
1894:Baldwin, D.S.; Mitchell, A.M. (September 2000).
1855:Baldwin, D.S.; Mitchell, A.M. (September 2000).
741:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 66.
2693:
1893:
1854:
1060:
1058:
2129:
1926:
1807:
1490:Hupp, Cliff R.; Osterkamp, W. R. (June 1985).
1323:
1296:
1010:
167:, sands, and gravels deposited during floods.
2679:
2304:
1489:
1239:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
976:
921:
813:
801:
772:
563:
115:Riparian vegetation on the floodplain of the
1055:
773:Wolman, M. Gordon; Leopold, Luna B. (1957).
586:Environmental pollutants in floodplain soils
546:Flooding of Pampanga River floodplain after
515:, allowing for the raising of crops through
2635:List of rivers that have reversed direction
1900:Regulated Rivers: Research & Management
1861:Regulated Rivers: Research & Management
1196:
1067:Regulated Rivers: Research & Management
630: – Restoration of a river's floodplain
305:Floodplains support diverse and productive
2686:
2672:
2311:
2297:
1247:
1085:
1028:Klimo, Emil; Hager, Herbert, eds. (2001).
1027:
692:
470:Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
450:(excluding famine and epidemics), was the
2165:
2147:
2106:
1784:
1602:"Extent, Causes, and Impacts of Flooding"
1599:
1216:
786:
779:U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
672:
418:Learn how and when to remove this message
2256:
1990:
1450:
993:
989:
987:
985:
699:Kovács, János (2013). "Flood Deposits".
541:
324:
110:
90:
71:
59:
48:
25:
3285:International scale of river difficulty
1202:
3924:
2080:
1544:
1253:
1104:
909:
897:
885:
860:
698:
573:Phosphorus cycling in floodplain soils
163:. The soils usually consist of clays,
2667:
2292:
982:
933:
828:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
731:
618: – Artificially irrigated meadow
2318:
2245:http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/296/
2241:National Agriculture Imagery Program
400:adding citations to reliable sources
371:
289:When the rate at which the river is
2087:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
558:
13:
1614:10.1016/b978-0-12-424120-6.50006-7
14:
3963:
2250:
1388:LII / Legal Information Institute
1359:LII / Legal Information Institute
1205:Journal of Soil and Plant Biology
781:. Professional Paper. 282-C: 87.
503:In some floodplains, such as the
193:has led to increasing efforts to
151:is an area of land adjacent to a
2648:
2647:
2276:
2032:Journal of Environmental Quality
1942:Journal of Environmental Quality
1749:Science of the Total Environment
1451:Krumbach, A. W. (October 1959).
474:National Flood Insurance Program
376:
367:
3442:Flooded grasslands and savannas
2344:Drainage system (geomorphology)
2182:
2123:
2074:
2019:
1984:
1887:
1848:
1801:
1769:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.025
1682:
1648:The American Midland Naturalist
1635:
1593:
1538:
1483:
1457:Journal of Geophysical Research
1444:
1405:
1394:from the original on 2017-08-29
1376:
1365:from the original on 2017-08-29
1347:
1336:from the original on 2020-11-27
1317:
1133:
927:
701:Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards
682:, vol. 1. Routledge, New York.
661:from the original on 2021-06-14
387:needs additional citations for
2354:Strahler number (stream order)
2215:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.06.001
1991:Knighton, David (2014-04-08).
996:"Floodplain forest ecosystems"
994:Kulhavy, Jiri; Cater, Matjaz.
854:
819:
725:
647:
446:. The worst of these, and the
1:
1545:Keeley, Jon E. (March 1979).
1418:Forest Ecology and Management
709:10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_137
680:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology
640:
3608:Universal Soil Loss Equation
3558:Hydrological transport model
3452:Storm Water Management Model
2081:Pagano, T. C. (2014-07-17).
1430:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.01.023
592:persistent organic pollutant
200:
121:Johnsonville, South Carolina
7:
1994:Fluvial Forms and Processes
1355:"44 CFR 59.1 – Definitions"
597:
21:Floodplain (disambiguation)
10:
3968:
3112:Antecedent drainage stream
2233:
1715:10.1007/s10533-020-00696-1
1608:, Elsevier, pp. 1–7,
1276:10.1177/030913339702100402
956:10.1177/030913337800200302
655:"Definition of BOTTOMLAND"
564:Oxygen in floodplain soils
468:In the United States, the
300:
18:
3876:
3848:River valley civilization
3810:
3749:
3731:Riparian-zone restoration
3631:
3493:
3465:
3366:
3338:
3270:
3092:
2959:
2876:
2798:
2709:
2643:
2592:
2556:
2523:
2495:
2377:
2326:
2108:10.5194/hess-18-2645-2014
1834:10.1007/s10021-012-9597-0
1606:Flooding and Plant Growth
977:Wolman & Leopold 1957
922:Wolman & Leopold 1957
814:Wolman & Leopold 1957
802:Wolman & Leopold 1957
97:La Plata County, Colorado
83:across its floodplain in
3911:Countries without rivers
3886:Rivers by discharge rate
3598:Runoff model (reservoir)
3563:Infiltration (hydrology)
1600:Kozlowski, T.T. (1984),
478:Flood Insurance Rate Map
444:list of deadliest floods
3583:River Continuum Concept
3348:Agricultural wastewater
2467:River channel migration
2269:Encyclopædia Britannica
1962:10.2134/jeq2016.07.0248
1477:10.1029/JZ064i010p01587
1221:(inactive 2024-04-30).
552:Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija
517:recessional agriculture
456:1887 Yellow River flood
269:1855 Yellow River flood
159:during periods of high
37:(on the right) and the
3906:River name etymologies
3833:Hydraulic civilization
3691:Floodplain restoration
3467:Point source pollution
3242:Sedimentary structures
2397:Bar (river morphology)
2149:10.3390/ijerph15061146
861:Leeder, M. R. (2011).
848:10.1002/esp.3290200602
628:Floodplain restoration
555:
448:worst natural disaster
334:
209:and by overbank flow.
136:
108:
88:
85:Albany County, Wyoming
69:
57:
46:
3518:Discharge (hydrology)
3480:Industrial wastewater
2961:Sedimentary processes
2579:Erosion and tectonics
2574:Degradation (geology)
2003:10.4324/9780203784662
1551:Ecological Monographs
1299:The Rangeland Journal
1218:10.33513/JSPB/1801-03
1166:10.1007/s004420050893
678:Goudie, A. S., 2004,
545:
523:, which occupies the
329:A low-lying field in
328:
273:2008 Kosi River flood
114:
94:
75:
63:
52:
29:
3623:Volumetric flow rate
3207:Riffle-pool sequence
2600:Deposition (geology)
2327:Large-scale features
2285:at Wikimedia Commons
2052:10.2134/jeq2008.0087
396:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
3797:Whitewater kayaking
3792:Whitewater canoeing
3593:Runoff curve number
3437:Flood pulse concept
2263:"Flood Plain"
2207:2007Geode.141..210R
2099:2014HESS...18.2645P
2044:2009JEnvQ..38.1942H
1954:2017JEnvQ..46..123J
1826:2013Ecosy..16...75N
1761:2012ScTEn.432..329S
1707:2020Biogc.150..257A
1563:1979EcoM...49...89K
1508:1985Ecol...66..670H
1469:1959JGR....64.1587K
1268:1997PrPG...21..501H
1158:1999Oecol.120..582F
948:1978PrPG....2..408L
924:, pp. 105–106.
912:, pp. 269–271.
888:, pp. 266–267.
840:1995ESPL...20..481A
3823:Aquatic toxicology
3736:Stream restoration
3701:Infiltration basin
3553:Hydrological model
3069:Sediment transport
2892:Estavelle/Inversac
2770:Subterranean river
2630:Sediment transport
2584:River rejuvenation
2557:Regional processes
622:Red River Floodway
556:
550:, 2020 (view from
335:
231:vertical accretion
191:risk of inundation
137:
109:
89:
70:
58:
47:
3942:Fluvial landforms
3919:
3918:
3896:Whitewater rivers
3802:Whitewater slalom
3633:River engineering
3533:Groundwater model
3494:River measurement
3422:Flood forecasting
3237:Sedimentary basin
3094:Fluvial landforms
2999:Bed material load
2775:River bifurcation
2661:
2660:
2462:River bifurcation
2281:Media related to
2012:978-1-4441-6575-3
1623:978-0-12-424120-6
1463:(10): 1587–1590.
1034:. Leiden: Brill.
816:, pp. 88–91.
804:, pp. 91–97.
748:978-0-3002-3168-7
718:978-90-481-8699-0
505:Inner Niger Delta
452:1931 China floods
428:
427:
420:
291:cutting downwards
218:lateral accretion
105:Wisconsin Glacier
3959:
3881:Rivers by length
3716:River morphology
3618:Wetted perimeter
3523:Drainage density
3034:Headward erosion
2863:Perennial stream
2735:Blackwater river
2688:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2651:
2650:
2392:Avulsion (river)
2320:River morphology
2313:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2227:
2226:
2201:(3–4): 210–223.
2186:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2151:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2093:(7): 2645–2656.
2078:
2072:
2071:
2038:(5): 1942–1955.
2023:
2017:
2016:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1230:
1220:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1102:
1083:
1082:
1073:(1–3): 125–139.
1062:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1025:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
991:
980:
974:
968:
967:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
876:
858:
852:
851:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
792:
790:
770:
764:
763:
757:
755:
729:
723:
722:
696:
690:
676:
670:
669:
667:
666:
651:
579:nutrient loading
559:Floodplain soils
498:English, Indiana
423:
416:
412:
409:
403:
380:
372:
295:fluvial terraces
280:Mid-channel bars
195:control flooding
3967:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3891:Drainage basins
3872:
3806:
3745:
3721:Retention basin
3681:Erosion control
3676:Detention basin
3627:
3543:Hjulström curve
3495:
3489:
3461:
3405:Non-water flood
3362:
3334:
3280:Helicoidal flow
3266:
3167:Fluvial terrace
3162:Floating island
3088:
2963:
2955:
2946:Rhythmic spring
2880:
2872:
2853:Stream gradient
2794:
2780:River ecosystem
2745:Channel pattern
2713:
2705:
2692:
2662:
2657:
2639:
2620:Helicoidal flow
2588:
2552:
2519:
2491:
2407:Channel pattern
2379:Alluvial rivers
2373:
2369:River sinuosity
2322:
2317:
2253:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2187:
2183:
2128:
2124:
2079:
2075:
2024:
2020:
2013:
1989:
1985:
1934:
1927:
1892:
1888:
1853:
1849:
1806:
1802:
1755:(10): 329–337.
1741:
1730:
1695:Biogeochemistry
1687:
1683:
1660:10.2307/2426631
1640:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1598:
1594:
1571:10.2307/1942574
1543:
1539:
1516:10.2307/1940528
1488:
1484:
1449:
1445:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1337:
1322:
1318:
1311:10.1071/RJ10015
1295:
1291:
1252:
1248:
1232:
1231:
1201:
1197:
1138:
1134:
1119:10.2307/1312554
1103:
1086:
1063:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1026:
1011:
1001:
999:
992:
983:
975:
971:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
900:, pp. 267.
896:
892:
884:
880:
873:
859:
855:
824:
820:
812:
808:
800:
796:
771:
767:
753:
751:
749:
733:Scott, James C.
730:
726:
719:
697:
693:
677:
673:
664:
662:
653:
652:
648:
643:
600:
588:
575:
566:
561:
537:extreme weather
442:in China – see
424:
413:
407:
404:
393:
381:
370:
303:
246:crevasse splays
203:
133:high-water mark
131:trees show the
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3965:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:Stone skipping
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Drop structure
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:Balancing lake
3643:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3573:Playfair's law
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3528:Exner equation
3525:
3520:
3515:
3513:Bradshaw model
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3400:Urban flooding
3392:
3387:
3385:Crevasse splay
3382:
3380:100-year flood
3376:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3340:Surface runoff
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:Stream capture
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:Rock-cut basin
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:Suspended load
3071:
3066:
3064:Secondary flow
3061:
3056:
3054:Retrogradation
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3019:Dissolved load
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2951:Spring horizon
2948:
2943:
2938:
2936:Mineral spring
2933:
2932:
2931:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2917:list in the US
2914:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2843:Stream channel
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2765:Drainage basin
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2725:Alluvial river
2721:
2719:
2707:
2706:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2625:Playfair's law
2622:
2617:
2612:
2610:Exner equation
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2548:Current ripple
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Slip-off slope
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2427:Meander cutoff
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:Drainage basin
2336:
2334:Alluvial plain
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2274:
2260:, ed. (1911).
2258:Chisholm, Hugh
2252:
2251:External links
2249:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2181:
2122:
2073:
2018:
2011:
1983:
1948:(1): 123–132.
1925:
1906:(5): 457–467.
1886:
1867:(5): 457–467.
1847:
1800:
1728:
1701:(3): 257–278.
1681:
1634:
1622:
1592:
1537:
1502:(3): 670–681.
1482:
1443:
1404:
1375:
1346:
1316:
1289:
1262:(4): 501–529.
1246:
1195:
1152:(4): 582–587.
1132:
1113:(3): 153–158.
1084:
1054:
1040:
1009:
981:
979:, p. 105.
969:
942:(3): 408–437.
926:
914:
902:
890:
878:
871:
853:
834:(6): 481–499.
818:
806:
794:
788:10.3133/pp282C
765:
747:
724:
717:
691:
671:
645:
644:
642:
639:
638:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
604:Alluvial plain
599:
596:
587:
584:
574:
571:
565:
562:
560:
557:
548:Typhoon Quinta
519:. However, in
485:stream channel
426:
425:
384:
382:
375:
369:
366:
302:
299:
202:
199:
172:soil-fertility
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3964:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:Flood control
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:Surface water
3861:
3859:
3858:Sacred waters
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:Riparian zone
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Body of water
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Riverboarding
3775:
3773:
3772:River surfing
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:and modelling
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3457:Return period
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Flood control
3415:
3413:
3412:Flood barrier
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Palaeochannel
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Granular flow
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:Channel types
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Braided river
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2654:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Water erosion
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2497:Bedrock river
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:Riparian zone
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:Braided river
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:(1): 89–108.
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1043:
1041:9789004119581
1037:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
997:
990:
988:
986:
978:
973:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
923:
918:
911:
906:
899:
894:
887:
882:
874:
872:9781405177832
868:
864:
857:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
815:
810:
803:
798:
789:
784:
780:
776:
769:
762:
750:
744:
740:
739:
734:
728:
720:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
689:
688:0-415-32737-7
685:
681:
675:
660:
656:
650:
646:
635:
634:Flood opening
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
601:
595:
593:
583:
580:
570:
553:
549:
544:
540:
538:
535:rains. These
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:rural economy
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
489:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
463:return period
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
422:
419:
411:
401:
397:
391:
390:
385:This section
383:
379:
374:
373:
368:Flood control
365:
361:
358:
352:
348:
345:
339:
332:
327:
323:
320:
319:littoral zone
314:
312:
308:
298:
296:
292:
287:
283:
281:
276:
274:
270:
265:
264:meander loops
260:
258:
254:
249:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
226:
224:
219:
215:
210:
208:
198:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:Lynches River
113:
106:
102:
98:
93:
86:
82:
79:
78:Laramie River
74:
67:
62:
56:
55:Isle of Wight
51:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
3901:Flash floods
3853:River cruise
3750:River sports
3603:Stream gauge
3588:Rouse number
3578:Relief ratio
3431:
3427:Flood-meadow
3358:Urban runoff
3272:Fluvial flow
3257:River valley
3227:River island
3192:Meander scar
3107:Alluvial fan
3049:Progradation
2924:Karst spring
2868:Winterbourne
2823:Chalk stream
2785:River source
2760:Distributary
2416:
2359:River valley
2267:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2035:
2031:
2021:
1993:
1986:
1945:
1941:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1820:(1): 75–94.
1817:
1813:
1803:
1752:
1748:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1654:(1): 57–71.
1651:
1647:
1637:
1627:, retrieved
1605:
1595:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1396:. Retrieved
1387:
1378:
1367:. Retrieved
1358:
1349:
1338:. Retrieved
1329:
1319:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1235:cite journal
1211:(1): 28–44.
1208:
1204:
1198:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1110:
1106:
1070:
1066:
1045:. Retrieved
1030:
1000:. Retrieved
972:
939:
935:
929:
917:
905:
893:
881:
862:
856:
831:
827:
821:
809:
797:
778:
768:
759:
752:. Retrieved
737:
727:
700:
694:
679:
674:
663:. Retrieved
649:
616:Water-meadow
610:Flood-meadow
589:
576:
567:
525:Ganges Delta
502:
490:
482:
472:manages the
467:
460:
440:Yellow River
429:
414:
405:
394:Please help
389:verification
386:
362:
353:
349:
340:
336:
315:
310:
304:
288:
284:
277:
261:
250:
243:
239:Rhine Rivers
230:
227:
217:
211:
204:
187:river basins
169:
148:
144:
140:
138:
135:of flooding.
103:left by the
31:Paraná River
3932:Floodplains
3762:Fly fishing
3686:Fish ladder
3671:Daylighting
3390:Flash flood
3353:First flush
3300:Plunge pool
3024:Downcutting
3009:Debris flow
2984:Aggradation
2858:Stream pool
2564:Aggradation
2515:Plunge pool
2482:Stream pool
2472:River mouth
2364:River delta
2283:Floodplains
2142:(6): 1146.
1424:: 135–146.
1047:15 November
1002:15 November
910:Leeder 2011
898:Leeder 2011
886:Leeder 2011
531:and annual
344:wet meadows
311:flood pulse
184:Mississippi
149:bottomlands
145:flood plain
119:, close to
39:Verde River
3926:Categories
3868:Wild river
3548:Hydrograph
3538:Hack's law
3503:Baer's law
3447:Inundation
3432:Floodplain
3372:stormwater
3330:Whitewater
3202:Oxbow lake
3039:Knickpoint
3014:Deposition
2907:Hot spring
2848:Streamflow
2838:Stream bed
2755:Confluence
2615:Hack's law
2569:Base level
2510:Knickpoint
2437:Oxbow lake
2417:Floodplain
1814:Ecosystems
1629:2024-04-20
1398:2017-01-13
1369:2017-01-13
1340:2020-11-30
1305:(3): 305.
1107:BioScience
665:2021-06-14
641:References
521:Bangladesh
494:California
430:Excluding
331:Achterwehr
307:ecosystems
225:of India.
223:Kosi River
141:floodplain
3947:Hydrology
3838:Limnology
3787:Triathlon
3757:Canyoning
3726:Revetment
3656:Check dam
3568:Main stem
3325:Waterfall
3212:Point bar
3197:Mouth bar
3137:Billabong
3084:Water gap
3079:Wash load
3059:Saltation
2979:Anabranch
2902:Holy well
2790:Tributary
2593:Mechanics
2442:Point bar
2432:Mouth bar
2387:Anabranch
2223:0016-7061
2158:1660-4601
2117:1607-7938
2060:0047-2425
1970:0047-2425
1920:0886-9375
1881:0886-9375
1842:1435-0629
1777:0048-9697
1723:1573-515X
1668:0003-0031
1579:0012-9615
1524:0012-9658
1438:0378-1127
1330:ThoughtCo
1284:220929033
1227:207914841
1174:1432-1939
1146:Oecologia
964:220950870
436:epidemics
257:aggrading
214:point bar
201:Formation
161:discharge
35:Paranaíba
3952:Wetlands
3641:Aqueduct
3508:Baseflow
3475:Effluent
3152:Cut bank
3117:Avulsion
2994:Bed load
2974:Abrasion
2653:Category
2538:Antidune
2525:Bedforms
2412:Cut bank
2195:Geoderma
2176:29865159
2068:19704138
1978:28177409
1795:22750178
1392:Archived
1363:Archived
1334:Archived
1190:10195707
1182:28308309
754:19 March
659:Archived
598:See also
554:bridge).
529:cyclones
408:May 2018
301:Ecology
271:and the
207:meanders
157:flooding
123:. These
81:meanders
45:, Brazil
43:Panorama
3818:Aquifer
3811:Related
3767:Rafting
3295:Meander
3290:Log jam
3252:Thalweg
3157:Estuary
3029:Erosion
2966:erosion
2878:Springs
2833:Current
2800:Streams
2740:Channel
2703:springs
2699:streams
2487:Thalweg
2422:Meander
2349:Estuary
2234:Sources
2203:Bibcode
2167:6025328
2095:Bibcode
2040:Bibcode
1950:Bibcode
1822:Bibcode
1786:3422535
1757:Bibcode
1703:Bibcode
1676:2426631
1587:1942574
1559:Bibcode
1532:1940528
1504:Bibcode
1496:Ecology
1465:Bibcode
1264:Bibcode
1154:Bibcode
1127:1312554
944:Bibcode
836:Bibcode
533:monsoon
432:famines
357:refugia
176:farming
129:cypress
101:moraine
41:, near
3613:WAFLEX
3485:Sewage
3368:Floods
3310:Riffle
3305:Rapids
3247:Strath
3217:Ravine
3142:Canyon
2897:Geyser
2828:Coulee
2813:Bourne
2808:Arroyo
2711:Rivers
2695:Rivers
2505:Canyon
2452:Rapids
2447:Riffle
2221:
2174:
2164:
2156:
2115:
2066:
2058:
2009:
1976:
1968:
1918:
1879:
1840:
1793:
1783:
1775:
1721:
1674:
1666:
1620:
1585:
1577:
1530:
1522:
1436:
1282:
1225:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1125:
1038:
962:
869:
745:
715:
686:
125:tupelo
87:, 1949
68:, 1902
66:Alaska
3711:Levee
3696:Flume
3651:Canal
3395:Flood
3315:Shoal
3182:Gully
3177:Gulch
3147:Chine
3132:Bayou
2989:Armor
2941:Ponor
2716:lists
1672:JSTOR
1583:JSTOR
1528:JSTOR
1280:S2CID
1223:S2CID
1186:S2CID
1123:JSTOR
960:S2CID
253:delta
235:Meuse
165:silts
153:river
3741:Weir
3706:Leat
3370:and
3262:Wadi
3222:Rill
3187:Glen
3172:Gill
3122:Bank
2964:and
2929:list
2912:list
2883:list
2818:Burn
2701:and
2543:Dune
2219:ISSN
2172:PMID
2154:ISSN
2113:ISSN
2064:PMID
2056:ISSN
2007:ISBN
1974:PMID
1966:ISSN
1916:ISSN
1877:ISSN
1838:ISSN
1791:PMID
1773:ISSN
1719:ISSN
1664:ISSN
1618:ISBN
1575:ISSN
1520:ISSN
1434:ISSN
1241:link
1209:2019
1178:PMID
1170:ISSN
1049:2021
1036:ISBN
1004:2021
867:ISBN
756:2023
743:ISBN
713:ISBN
684:ISBN
509:Mali
434:and
237:and
182:and
180:Nile
127:and
76:The
3661:Dam
3127:Bar
3102:Ait
2533:Ait
2211:doi
2199:141
2162:PMC
2144:doi
2103:doi
2048:doi
1999:doi
1958:doi
1908:doi
1869:doi
1830:doi
1781:PMC
1765:doi
1753:432
1711:doi
1699:150
1656:doi
1652:136
1610:doi
1567:doi
1512:doi
1473:doi
1426:doi
1422:270
1307:doi
1272:doi
1213:doi
1162:doi
1150:120
1115:doi
1075:doi
952:doi
844:doi
783:doi
705:doi
507:of
398:by
259:).
147:or
143:or
3928::
2697:,
2266:.
2217:.
2209:.
2197:.
2193:.
2170:.
2160:.
2152:.
2140:15
2138:.
2134:.
2111:.
2101:.
2091:18
2089:.
2085:.
2062:.
2054:.
2046:.
2036:38
2034:.
2030:.
2005:.
1997:.
1972:.
1964:.
1956:.
1946:46
1944:.
1940:.
1928:^
1914:.
1904:16
1902:.
1898:.
1875:.
1865:16
1863:.
1859:.
1836:.
1828:.
1818:16
1816:.
1812:.
1789:.
1779:.
1771:.
1763:.
1751:.
1747:.
1731:^
1717:.
1709:.
1697:.
1693:.
1670:.
1662:.
1650:.
1646:.
1616:,
1604:,
1581:.
1573:.
1565:.
1555:49
1553:.
1549:.
1526:.
1518:.
1510:.
1500:66
1498:.
1494:.
1471:.
1461:64
1459:.
1455:.
1432:.
1420:.
1416:.
1390:.
1386:.
1361:.
1357:.
1332:.
1328:.
1303:32
1301:.
1278:.
1270:.
1260:21
1258:.
1237:}}
1233:{{
1207:.
1184:.
1176:.
1168:.
1160:.
1148:.
1144:.
1121:.
1111:45
1109:.
1087:^
1071:15
1069:.
1057:^
1012:^
984:^
958:.
950:.
938:.
842:.
832:20
830:.
777:.
758:.
711:.
657:.
465:.
297:.
275:.
197:.
139:A
2885:)
2881:(
2718:)
2714:(
2687:e
2680:t
2673:v
2312:e
2305:t
2298:v
2225:.
2213::
2205::
2178:.
2146::
2119:.
2105::
2097::
2070:.
2050::
2042::
2015:.
2001::
1980:.
1960::
1952::
1922:.
1910::
1883:.
1871::
1844:.
1832::
1824::
1797:.
1767::
1759::
1725:.
1713::
1705::
1678:.
1658::
1612::
1589:.
1569::
1561::
1534:.
1514::
1506::
1479:.
1475::
1467::
1440:.
1428::
1401:.
1372:.
1343:.
1313:.
1309::
1286:.
1274::
1266::
1243:)
1229:.
1215::
1192:.
1164::
1156::
1129:.
1117::
1081:.
1077::
1051:.
1006:.
966:.
954::
946::
940:2
875:.
850:.
846::
838::
791:.
785::
721:.
707::
668:.
421:)
415:(
410:)
406:(
392:.
107:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
