2158:
142:
1834:
599:
1930:
167:
2268:
518:
8014:
8038:
6815:
1901:
microcephalic brain shape ratios and that in these ratios the group as such is not clearly distinct from normocephalics. The LB1 brain shape nevertheless aligns slightly better with the microcephalic sample, with the shape at the extreme edge of the normocephalic group. A 2016 pathological analysis of LB1's skull revealed no pathologies nor evidence of microcephaly, and concluded that LB1 is a separate species.
8026:
6803:
333:
3816:; van den Bergh, G. D.; Storey, M.; Kurniawan, I.; Alloway, B. V.; Setiawan, R.; Setiyabudi, E.; GrĂŒn, R.; Moore, M. W.; Yurnaldi, D.; Puspaningrum, M. R.; Wibowo, U. P.; Insani, H.; Sutisna, I.; Westgate, J. A.; Pearce, N. J. G.; Duval, M.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Aziz, F.; Sutikna, T.; van der Kaars, S.; Flude, S.; Morwood, M. J. (8 June 2016).
2020:(upper arm bone). Each of these putative distinguishing features has been heavily scrutinized by the scientific community, with different research groups reaching differing conclusions as to whether these features support the original designation of a new species, or whether they identify LB1 as a severely pathological
2375:
bone remains in the cave date to 60,000 years ago, and the youngest stone tools to 50,000 years ago. The previous estimate of 12,000 BP was due to an undetected unconformity in the cave stratigraphy. The timing of their disappearance from the cave stratigraphy is close to the time that modern humans
665:
in
Australia and other anthropologists expressed the fear that important scientific evidence would be sequestered by a small group of scientists who neither allowed access by other scientists nor published their own research. Jacob returned the remains on 23 February 2005 with portions severely
1979:
and
Catharine FitzGerald compared the Flores bones with those of ten people who had had cretinism, and found no overlap. Obendorf and colleagues rejected Groves and FitzGerald's argument the following year. A 2012 study similar to Groves and FitzGeralds' also found no evidence of congenital iodine
669:
Press reports thus described the condition of the returned remains: " long, deep cuts marking the lower edge of the Hobbit's jaw on both sides, said to be caused by a knife used to cut away the rubber mould ... the chin of a second Hobbit jaw was snapped off and glued back together. Whoever was
2244:, would have displaced the shoulders slightly forward into an almost shrugging position. The shrugging position would have compensated for the lower range of motion in the arm, allowing for similar maneuverability in the elbows as modern humans. The wrist bones are similar to those of apes and
1869:
human skulls, and found that the skull size of LB1 falls in the middle of the size range of the human samples, and is not inconsistent with microcephaly. A 2006 study stated that LB1 probably descended from a pygmy population of modern humans, but herself shows signs of microcephaly, and other
670:
responsible misaligned the pieces and put them at an incorrect angle ... The pelvis was smashed, destroying details that reveal body shape, gait and evolutionary history.", causing the discovery team leader
Morwood to remark, "It's sickening; Jacob was greedy and acted totally irresponsibly."
1900:
In 2008, Greek palaeontologist George Lyras and colleagues said that LB1 falls outside the range of variation for human microcephalic skulls. However, a 2013 comparison of the LB1 endocast to a set of 100 normocephalic and 17 microcephalic endocasts showed that there is a wide variation in
4571:
Husson, Laurent; Salles, Tristan; Lebatard, Anne-Elisabeth; Zerathe, Swann; Braucher, RĂ©gis; Noerwidi, Sofwan; Aribowo, Sonny; Mallard, Claire; Carcaillet, Julien; Natawidjaja, Danny H.; BourlĂšs, Didier; ASTER team; Aumaitre, Georges; BourlĂšs, Didier; Keddadouche, Karim (8 November 2022).
487:
was at first considered remarkable for its survival until relatively recent times, initially thought to be only 12,000 years ago. However, more extensive stratigraphic and chronological work has pushed the dating of the most recent evidence of its existence back to 50,000 years ago. The
563:". Once exposed, the bones had to be left to dry before they could be dug up. The discoverers proposed that a variety of features, both primitive and derived, identify these individuals as belonging to a new species. Based on previous date estimates, the discoverers also proposed that
6276:
Tucci, Serena; Vohr, Samuel H.; McCoy, Rajiv C.; Vernot, Benjamin; Robinson, Matthew R.; Barbieri, Chiara; Nelson, Brad J.; Fu, Wenqing; Purnomo, Gludhug A.; Sudoyo, Herawati; Eichler, Evan E.; Barbujani, Guido; Visscher, Peter M.; Akey, Joshua M.; Green, Richard E. (August 2018).
2812:
van den Bergh, Gerrit D.; Alloway, Brent V.; Storey, Michael; Setiawan, Ruly; Yurnaldi, Dida; Kurniawan, Iwan; Moore, Mark W.; Jatmiko; Brumm, Adam; Flude, Stephanie; Sutikna, Thomas; Setiyabudi, Erick; Prasetyo, Unggul W.; Puspaningrum, Mika R.; Yoga, Ifan (October 2022).
1964:, is expressed by small bodies and reduced brain size (but ME causes less motor and mental disablement than other forms of congenital iodine deficiency syndrome), and is a form of dwarfism still found in the local Indonesian population. They said that various features of
2254:
The leg bones are more robust than those of modern humans. The feet were unusually flat and long in relation with the rest of the body. As a result, when walking, they would have had to bend the knees further back than modern humans do. This caused a high-stepping
612:
Stone implements of a size considered appropriate to these small humans are also widely present in the cave. The implements are at horizons initially dated to 95,000 to 13,000 years ago. Modern humans reached the region by around 50,000 years ago, by which time
4515:
Matsuâura, Shuji; Kondo, Megumi; Danhara, Tohru; Sakata, Shuhei; Iwano, Hideki; Hirata, Takafumi; Kurniawan, Iwan; Setiyabudi, Erick; Takeshita, Yoshihiro; Hyodo, Masayuki; Kitaba, Ikuko; Sudo, Masafumi; Danhara, Yugo; Aziz, Fachroel (10 January 2020).
551:. A tooth, LB2, was referred to the species. LB1 is a fairly complete skeleton, including a nearly complete skull, which belonged to a 30-year-old woman, and has been nicknamed "Little Lady of Flores" or "Flo". An arm bone provisionally assigned to
2034:
The discovery of additional partial skeletons has verified the existence of some features found in LB1, such as the lack of a chin, but Jacob and other research teams argue that these features do not distinguish LB1 from local modern humans. Lyras
1921:. The estimated height of LB1 is at the lower end of the average for afflicted human women, but the endocranial volume is much smaller than anything exhibited in Laron syndrome patients. DNA analysis would be required to support this theory.
3117:
Kaifu, Yousuke; Kurniawan, Iwan; Mizushima, Soichiro; Sawada, Junmei; Lague, Michael; Setiawan, Ruly; Sutisna, Indra; Wibowo, Unggul P.; Suwa, Gen; Kono, Reiko T.; Sasaki, Tomohiko; Brumm, Adam; van den Bergh, Gerrit D. (6 August 2024).
684:, expressed the opinion that the restriction was to protect Jacob, who was considered "Indonesia's king of palaeoanthropology", from being proved wrong. Scientists were allowed to return to the cave in 2007, shortly after Jacob's death.
4186:
Dembo, Mana; RadovÄiÄ, Davorka; Garvin, Heather M.; Laird, Myra F.; Schroeder, Lauren; Scott, Jill E.; Brophy, Juliet; Ackermann, Rebecca R.; Musiba, Chares M.; de Ruiter, Darryl J.; Mooers, Arne Ă.; Collard, Mark (August 2016).
540:. They instead recovered a nearly complete, small-statured skeleton, LB1, in the Liang Bua cave, and subsequent excavations in 2003 and 2004 recovered seven additional skeletons, initially dated from 38,000 to 13,000 years ago.
1996:, and that the remains of other individuals at the Flores site were merely normal modern humans. However, there are a number of characteristics shared by both LB1 and LB6 as well as other known early humans and absent in
1764:
It has been noted that there is no evidence archaic humans in the adjacent (and likely source) region of Java earlier than 1.3-1.5 or 1.8 million years ago, with the earliest human presence on Java being represented by
1676:, about 74 km (46 mi) from Liang Bua. They date to about 700,000 years ago. Other remains including a humerus were later described from Mata Menge, with the remains subsequently being directly assigned to
1885:. Falk stated that Martin's assertions were unsubstantiated. In 2006, Australian palaeoanthropologist Debbie Argue and colleagues also concluded that the finds are indeed a new species. In 2007, Falk found that
1680:. These remains are about the same size or somewhat smaller than the remains from Liang Bua, suggesting the size of the species remained stable for hundreds of thousands of years up until its extinction.
2115:, from three million years ago, not previously thought to have expanded beyond Africa. Thus, LB1 and LB8 may be the shortest and smallest members of the extended human group discovered thus far.
4379:
Zanolli, Clément; Kaifu, Yousuke; Pan, Lei; Xing, Song; Mijares, Armand S.; Kullmer, Ottmar; Schrenk, Friedemann; Corny, Julien; Dizon, Eusebio; Robles, Emil; Détroit, Florent (February 2022).
2744:
Brumm, Adam; Jensen, Gitte M.; van den Bergh, Gert D.; Morwood, Michael J.; Kurniawan, Iwan; Aziz, Fachroel; Storey, Michael (2010). "Hominins on Flores, Indonesia, by one million years ago".
6608:
6958:
2558:. The film was blocked from release due to a legal dispute about using the word "hobbit." The Asylum argued that the film did not violate the Tolkien copyright because the film was about
1917:
populations, which may have been the scenario on the small island. It causes a short stature and small skull, and many conditions seen in Laron syndrome patients are also exhibited in
4674:; Hildebolt, Charles; Smith, Kirk; Morwood, M.J.; Sutikna, Thomas; Jatmiko; Saptomo, E. Wayhu; Prior, Fred (2009). "LB1's virtual endocast, microcephaly and hominin brain evolution".
609:
In 2009, additional finds were reported, increasing the minimum number of individuals represented by bones to fourteen. In 2015, teeth were referred to a fifteenth individual, LB15.
6467:
6133:
Jungers, William L.; Larson, S.G.; Harcourt-Smith, W.; Morwood, M.J.; Sutikna, T.; Due Awe, Rokhus; Djubiantono, T. (4 December 2008). "Descriptions of the lower limb skeleton of
4132:
Support for most clades in all analyses was rather low as measured by traditional methods (bootstrap and Bremer support in parsimony, posterior probability in
Bayesian inference)
2073:
LB1's height is estimated to have been 1.06 m (3 ft 6 in). The height of a second skeleton, LB8, has been estimated at 1.09 m (3 ft 7 in) based on
2380:
or more broadly on the ecosystems of Flores caused or contributed to their extinction. DNA analysis of pygmy modern humans from Flores has found no evidence of any DNA from
2105:
at also 1.37 m (4 ft 6 in) for adult women. LB1's body mass is estimated to have been 25 kg (55 lb). LB1 and LB8 are also somewhat smaller than the
2031:
compared to 450 teeth of living and extinct human species, states that they had "primitive canine-premolar and advanced molar morphologies," which is unique among hominins.
2000:, such as the lack of a chin. In 2016, a comparative study concluded that LB1 did not exhibit a sufficient number of Down syndrome characteristics to support a diagnosis.
649:, and kept them for three months. Professor Jacob did not believe the specimens represented a different species, contending that the LB1 find was from a 25â30 year-old
1657:. The oldest stone tools on Flores are around 1 million years old. Stone artifacts are absent from sites over 1.27 million years old, suggesting that the ancestors of
4098:
Argue, Debbie; Groves, Colin P. (21 April 2017). "The affinities of Homo floresiensis based on phylogenetic analyses of cranial, dental, and postcranial characters".
2012:
are its small body and small cranial capacity. Brown and
Morwood also identified a number of additional, less obvious features that might distinguish LB1 from modern
2130:
pygmies who inhabit the island, and that size can vary substantially in pygmy populations. A 2018 study refuted the possibility of
Rampasasa pygmies descending from
6860:
5804:
3817:
6909:
6848:
6836:
6607:
Larson, Susan G.; Jungers, William L.; Morwood, Michael J.; Sutikna, Thomas; Jatmiko; Saptomo, E. Wahyu; Due, Rokus Awe; Djubiantono, Tony (December 2007).
2815:"An integrative geochronological framework for the Pleistocene So'a basin (Flores, Indonesia), and its implications for faunal turnover and hominin arrival"
2197:
in
Madagascar compared with their living relatives is proportionally greater than the reduction in body size, and similar to the reduction in brain size of
6069:
Tocheri, M.W.; Orr, C.M.; Larson, S.G.; Sutikna, T.; Jatmiko; Saptomo, E.W.; Due, R.A.; Djubiantono, T.; Morwood, M.J.; Jungers, W.L. (21 September 2007).
2347:
found at Liang Bua, suggesting that they would have faced intense competition for carcasses with other predators, like the Komodo dragon, the giant stork
1865:
nor an individual with a malformed skull and brain. In response, American neurologist Jochen Weber and colleagues compared the computer model skull with
6978:
6336:"Temporal shifts in the distribution of murine rodent body size classes at Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia) reveal new insights into the paleoecology of
7883:
5515:"Evolved developmental homeostasis disturbed in LB1 from Flores, Indonesia, denotes Down syndrome and not diagnostic traits of the invalid species
4861:
Jacob, T.; Indriati, E.; Soejono, R. P.; Hsu, K.; Frayer, D. W.; Eckhardt, R. B.; Kuperavage, A. J.; Thorne, A.; Henneberg, M. (5 September 2006).
8146:
7911:
3935:; Harcourt-Smith, W. E. H.; Wunderlich, R. E.; Tocheri, M. W.; Larson, S. G.; Sutikna, T.; Due, Rhokus Awe; Morwood, M. J. (2009). "The foot of
6651:
3529:
6557:
4311:
Kaifu, Yousuke; Kono, Reiko T.; Sutikna, Thomas; Saptomo, Emanuel Wahyu; Jatmiko; Due Awe, Rokus (18 November 2015). Bae, Christopher (ed.).
2440:
2688:
Morwood, M. J.; et al. (13 October 2005). "Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late
Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia".
3813:
2193:
and the great apes. Such a reduction is likely due to insular dwarfism, and a 2009 study found that the reduction in brain size of extinct
567:
lived contemporaneously with modern humans on Flores. Before publication, the discoverers were considering placing LB1 into her own genus,
5299:
6475:
4439:"Archaic Hominin Populations in Asia before the Arrival of Modern Humans: Their Phylogeny and Implications for the "Southern Denisovans""
7759:
6819:
3598:
1467:
6196:
7147:
7107:
1337:
7003:
6334:
Veatch, E. Grace; Tocheri, Matthew W.; Sutikna, Thomas; McGrath, Kate; Wahyu
Saptomo, E.; Jatmiko; Helgen, Kristofer M. (May 2019).
2457:
the latter two genera being about the size of rabbits, with body masses of 600â2,500 grams (1.3â5.5 lb). Also present were the
528:
The first specimens were discovered on the
Indonesian island of Flores on 2 September 2003 by a joint Australian-Indonesian team of
447:
cave. As of 2015, partial skeletons of fifteen individuals have been recovered, including one complete skull, referred to as "LB1".
8200:
8120:
7999:
7843:
7157:
3617:
1357:
726:
2228:
The angle of humeral torsion is much less than in modern humans. The humeral head of modern humans is twisted between 145 and 165
1972:, unusually straight and untwisted humeral heads, relatively thick limbs, double rooted premolar, and primitive wrist morphology.
3874:
van den Bergh, G. D.; Kaifu, Y.; Kurniawan, I.; Kono, R. T.; Brumm, A.; Setiyabudi, E.; Aziz, F.; Morwood, M. J. (8 June 2016). "
3571:
1825:
with a birth defect, rather than the result of neurological reorganisation. These claims have subsequently been widely rejected.
8220:
7901:
7152:
6070:
1317:
443:
The remains of an individual who would have stood about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) in height were discovered in 2003 at
8230:
7906:
7784:
7162:
6761:
6739:
6720:
6597:
2906:
2220:
is also associated with evidence for advanced behaviours, such as the use of fire, butchering, and stone tool manufacturing.
1941:
6772:
5776:
8235:
6788:
5718:
2251:
They are significantly different from those of modern humans, lacking features which evolved at least 800,000 years ago.
677:
back to Jakarta despite the claimed physical evidence that the jawbone had been broken while making a mould of the bones.
7863:
5740:
Fix, Alan G. (June 1995). "Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli".
2122:, where size decreases as a response to fewer resources in an island ecosystem. In 2006, Indonesian palaeoanthropologist
6872:
6864:
5834:
Van Den Bergh, G. D.; Rokhus Due Awe; Morwood, M. J.; Sutikna, T.; Jatmiko; Wahyu Saptomo, E. (May 2008). "The youngest
2942:
Morwood, M. J.; et al. (27 October 2004). "Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia".
1797:
from a tooth discovered in 2003, but both teams were unsuccessful. It has been suggested that this happened because the
8225:
7972:
7078:
6986:
6807:
5253:
2548:"enslaved by the Java Men, a race of flesh-eating dragon-riders." The film was intended to piggyback on the success of
5812:
3276:
7838:
6917:
2554:
1975:
However, Falk's scans of LB1's pituitary fossa show that it is not larger than usual. Also, in 2009, anthropologists
8030:
1297:
6852:
6840:
3060:
1707:
sketetal anatomy, such as its feet bones being considered as more similar to those of very archaic humans such as
7982:
7878:
1507:
6662:
Martin, R. D.; MacLarnon, A. M.; Phillips, J. L.; Dussubieux, L.; Williams, P. R.; Dobyns, W. B. (19 May 2006).
4189:"The evolutionary relationships and age of Homo naledi: An assessment using dated Bayesian phylogenetic methods"
3390:
Kaifu, Yousuke; Kono, Reiko T.; Sutikna, Thomas; Saptomo, E. Wahyu; Jatmiko; Rokus Due Awe; Baba, Hisao (2015).
2177:. LB1's brain is estimated to have had a volume of 380 cm (23 cu in), placing it at the range of
1761:-grade archaic humans, and suggest that others may have been the result of evolutionary reversals/convergence.
8215:
8205:
7977:
7278:
3447:(84th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, March 25-28, 2015) (156): 126â127
2181:
or the extinct australopithecines. LB1's brain size is less than half that of its presumed immediate ancestor,
2157:
1741:, a well known evolutionary trend found among various island animals. These authors alternatively suggest that
603:
6933:
3467:
629:
The fossils are property of the Indonesian state. In early December 2004, Indonesian paleoanthropologist
8210:
7100:
1703:-grade archaic humans outside of Africa prior to 1.75 million years ago. This is based on various aspects of
4041:"Bayesian analysis of a morphological supermatrix sheds light on controversial fossil hominin relationships"
2047:
skulls, including those of small-bodied individuals and microcephalics, and is more similar to the skull of
7848:
7725:
7611:
7066:
7053:(Turkhana Basin Institute presentation at the Seventh Stony Brook Human Evolution Symposium). 21 April 2009
6215:
2236:. This may have provided an advantage when arm-swinging, and, in tandem with the unusual morphology of the
1805:
has higher concentrations of DNA. Moreover, the heat generated by the high speed of the drill bit may have
947:
719:
3344:
2888:
8098:
8042:
7946:
7764:
7285:
7139:
1806:
696:
617:
is thought to have gone extinct. Comparisons of the stone artifacts with those made by modern humans in
7804:
7735:
7271:
7264:
7257:
5838:
remains in Southeast Asia from the Late Pleistocene archaeological site Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia".
2081:
and considerably shorter than the average adult height of even the smallest modern humans, such as the
2016:, including the form of the teeth, the absence of a chin, and a lesser torsion in the lower end of the
1877:, after unearthing more specimens, countered that the skeptics had mistakenly attributed the height of
1400:
1134:
1126:
1118:
153:
17:
5044:
Lyras, G.A.; Dermitzakis, D.M.; Van Der Geer, A.A.E.; Van der Geer, S.B.; De Vos, J. (1 August 2008).
2359:
endemic to the island, which are found abundantly at Liang Bua. While it was initially suggested that
7987:
7779:
6172:
Blaszczyk, Maria B.; Vaughan, Christopher L. (2007). "Re-interpreting the evidence for bipedality in
4381:"Further analyses of the structural organization of Homo luzonensis teeth: Evolutionary implications"
3343:
Morwood, M. J.; Sutikna, T.; Saptomo, E. W.; Jatmiko; Hobbs, D. R.; Westaway, K. E. (November 2009).
1949:
1238:
645:'s National Research Centre of Archaeology, with the permission of one of the institute's directors,
7769:
4834:
2363:
was capable of using fire, the supporting evidence for this claim was later found to be unreliable.
453:
is thought to have arrived on Flores around 1.27-1 million years ago. There is debate as to whether
8018:
7321:
7093:
5840:
3537:
2186:
2134:, concluding that "multiple independent instances of hominin insular dwarfism occurred on Flores".
1645:, Flores remained an isolated island during episodes of low sea level. Therefore, the ancestors of
662:
497:
5090:"Frontal Brain Expansion During Development Using MRI and Endocasts: Relation to Microcephaly and
5043:
3552:
7956:
7893:
7853:
7740:
7299:
7074:
5045:
4638:
4380:
4188:
4148:
3704:
2814:
2162:
2111:
1208:
712:
673:
Jacob, however, denied any wrongdoing. He stated that the damages occurred during transport from
166:
6884:
6791:(Bookscout, Soest, The Netherlands) (= a biography of the discoverer of the Liang Bua, in Dutch)
5513:
Henneberg, Maciej; Eckhardt, Robert B.; Chavanaves, Sakdapong; HsĂŒ, Kenneth J. (5 August 2014).
2566:, "uniformly referred to as 'Hobbits' in the scientific community." The film was later retitled
2488:
1423:
8177:
8151:
8060:
7951:
7926:
7921:
7814:
7730:
7292:
6783:
Knepper, Gert M. (2019): Floresmens - Het leven van Theo Verhoeven, missionaris en archeoloog.
3433:
1167:
638:
4867:
skeletal remains from Liang Bua, Flores: Population affinities and pathological abnormalities"
2353:, and vultures, and that it was possible that their main prey was instead the giant rats like
2323:. Similar artefacts are found at the Soa Basin 50 km (31 mi) south, associated with
141:
8172:
7335:
6279:"Evolutionary history and adaptation of a human pygmy population of Flores Island, Indonesia"
5877:"Evolutionary history and adaptation of a human pygmy population of Flores Island, Indonesia"
2397:
2302:
1914:
1654:
939:
302:
8164:
6713:
A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the "Hobbits" of Flores, Indonesia
6590:
The Fossil Chronicles: How Two Controversial Discoveries Changed Our View of Human Evolution
6397:
Meijer, Hanneke J. M.; Sutikna, Thomas; Wahyu Saptomo, E.; Tocheri, Matthew W. (July 2022).
3579:
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7916:
7819:
7720:
7681:
7626:
7531:
7235:
7228:
6681:
6627:
6414:
6351:
6290:
6091:
6005:
5962:
5888:
5849:
5660:
5597:
5530:
5471:
5408:
5329:
Groves, Colin Peter; Fitzgerald, Catharine (2010). "Healthy hobbits or victims of Sauron".
5154:
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4878:
4746:
4683:
4585:
4529:
4489:
4392:
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4002:
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3832:
3777:
3720:
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3356:
3227:
3017:
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2753:
2699:
2625:
2568:
2469:
2349:
1576:
1377:
1224:
1093:
1078:
6661:
4518:"Age control of the first appearance datum for Javanese Homo erectus in the Sangiran area"
2882:
8:
7328:
6527:
5141:
Balzeau, Antoine; Charlier, Philippe (2016). "What do cranial bones of LB1 tell us about
2298:
646:
6685:
6631:
6498:
6418:
6355:
6294:
6095:
6009:
5966:
5892:
5853:
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5601:
5534:
5475:
5412:
5158:
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4882:
4750:
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4204:
4164:
4111:
4006:
3952:
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3836:
3781:
3724:
3647:
3483:
3360:
3231:
3152:
3119:
3083:
3021:
3000:
Sutikna, Thomas; Tocheri, Matthew W.; Morwood, Michael J.; et al. (30 March 2016).
2957:
2830:
2757:
2703:
2629:
7873:
7715:
7591:
6754:
The Strange Case of the Rickety Cossack and other Cautionary Tales from Human Evolution
6443:
6403:
from Flores reveal new insights into giant marabou stork paleobiology and biogeography"
6398:
6311:
6278:
6258:
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5989:
5909:
5876:
5757:
5683:
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5620:
5581:
5553:
5514:
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4312:
4283:
4248:
4065:
4040:
3972:
3932:
3911:
3856:
3746:
3703:
Dennell, Robin W.; Louys, Julien; O'Regan, Hannah J.; Wilkinson, David M. (July 2014).
3662:
3041:
2977:
2852:
2785:
2723:
2649:
2406:
2216:, which is associated with cognition, is about the same size as that of modern humans.
2194:
2102:
1487:
680:
In 2005, Indonesian officials forbade access to the cave. Some news media, such as the
161:
7042:
5369:
4725:
4517:
2883:
Tocheri, Matthew W.; Sutikna, Thomas; Jatmiko; Saptomo, E. Wahyu (14 February 2022). "
2608:
1833:
1554:
8159:
8037:
7992:
7858:
7799:
7789:
7560:
7378:
7172:
7029:(Nova's documentary website, complete program available through Watch Online feature)
6993:. Washington University in St. Louis, Electronic Radiology Laboratory. Archived from
6784:
6757:
6735:
6716:
6699:
6672:
6643:
6593:
6448:
6430:
6379:
6316:
6154:
6107:
6082:
6039:
6021:
5953:
5914:
5688:
5625:
5558:
5495:
5487:
5436:
5373:
5280:
5229:
5221:
5197:
5178:
5170:
5123:
5115:
5023:
4964:
4906:
4815:
4762:
4737:
4699:
4619:
4601:
4553:
4545:
4458:
4420:
4408:
4358:
4288:
4244:
4226:
4123:
4070:
4018:
3964:
3915:
3903:
3848:
3795:
3495:
3391:
3372:
3325:
3245:
3197:
3176:
3157:
3139:
3033:
2969:
2902:
2856:
2789:
2777:
2769:
2715:
2641:
2259:
and low walking speed. The toes had an unusual shape and the big toe was very short.
2213:
2178:
1961:
1650:
674:
591:
of the article recommended that, despite her size, she should be placed in the genus
50:
6262:
6119:
5833:
4774:
3860:
3750:
3732:
2838:
7868:
7621:
7438:
7400:
7247:
6689:
6635:
6438:
6422:
6369:
6359:
6306:
6298:
6250:
6146:
6099:
6029:
6013:
5970:
5904:
5896:
5857:
5749:
5678:
5668:
5615:
5605:
5548:
5538:
5479:
5426:
5416:
5393:"Post-cranial skeletons of hypothyroid cretins show a similar anatomical mosaic as
5365:
5338:
5270:
5262:
5213:
5162:
5105:
5061:
5013:
5003:
4982:
Falk, D.; Hildebolt, C.; Smith, K.; Morwood, M. J.; Sutikna, T. (2 February 2007).
4956:
4896:
4886:
4805:
4754:
4691:
4646:
4609:
4593:
4537:
4497:
4450:
4400:
4348:
4338:
4278:
4268:
4216:
4208:
4168:
4115:
4083:
are unable to distinguish among the various 'hobbits are early hominins' hypotheses
4060:
4052:
4010:
3976:
3956:
3895:
3840:
3785:
3736:
3728:
3487:
3407:
3364:
3317:
3235:
3218:
3192:
3147:
3131:
3045:
3025:
2981:
2961:
2944:
2894:
2842:
2834:
2761:
2727:
2707:
2690:
2633:
2616:
2501:
2463:
2246:
2209:
2119:
2106:
1989:
1738:
1693:
1159:
1108:
598:
470:
465:
358:
54:
6994:
6245:
Callaway, E. (30 March 2016). "Did humans drive 'hobbit' species to extinction?".
5753:
1909:
A 2007 study postulated that the skeletons were those of humans who suffered from
7675:
7648:
7546:
7504:
7116:
6776:
6639:
6364:
6335:
6150:
5861:
5782:
5673:
5483:
5421:
5166:
4960:
4695:
4404:
4343:
4273:
4212:
4172:
4119:
4014:
3491:
3368:
2653:
2416:
2237:
2229:
2098:
1969:
1897:
were well-developed, which would not have been the case were they microcephalic.
1668:
In 2016, fossil teeth and a partial jaw from hominins assumed to be ancestral to
1192:
961:
917:
537:
533:
5726:
5645:"A Critical Evaluation of the Down Syndrome Diagnosis for LB1, Type Specimen of
2400:
with relatively few terrestrial vertebrate species, including the extinct dwarf
1929:
7495:
7199:
7185:
7124:
6749:
5342:
4871:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4597:
4501:
3466:
Marwick, Ben; Clarkson, Chris; O'Connor, Sue; Collins, Sophie (December 2016).
3438:") exhibit individual variation and temporal change, not uniformity and stasis"
3135:
2522:
2421:
2142:
2054:
1910:
1794:
1013:
1000:
930:
904:
634:
560:
429:
6254:
4670:
4038:
3663:"Paleoanthropologyânew 'hobbits' bolster species, but origins still a mystery"
492:
skeletal material at Liang Bua is now dated from 60,000 to 100,000 years ago;
8194:
8083:
7663:
7516:
7206:
6825:
6434:
6025:
5491:
5377:
5225:
5174:
5119:
4605:
4549:
4462:
3143:
2773:
2549:
2458:
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reached the area, which may suggest the effects of modern humans directly on
2328:
2082:
2040:
1993:
1894:
1866:
1862:
1838:
1737:
that became isolated on Flores, with the small body size being the result of
1642:
1532:
1200:
92:
6694:
6663:
6302:
6103:
5975:
5945:
5938:
5900:
5610:
5543:
5008:
4891:
4810:
4789:
4758:
4541:
3993:
Argue, Debbie; Morwood, M.; Sutikna, T.; Jatmiko; Saptomo, W. (July 2009). "
3432:
Eckhardt, Robert B.; Chavanaves, Sakdapong; Henneberg, Maciej (April 2015).
27:"LB1" redirects here. For the stellar-mass black hole in the Milky Way, see
7669:
7657:
7599:
7473:
7421:
7386:
7311:
7218:
6703:
6647:
6452:
6383:
6320:
6158:
6111:
6043:
5918:
5692:
5629:
5577:
5562:
5499:
5440:
5284:
5266:
5233:
5182:
5127:
5027:
4968:
4910:
4819:
4766:
4703:
4623:
4557:
4412:
4362:
4292:
4230:
4127:
4074:
4056:
4022:
3968:
3907:
3852:
3799:
3499:
3376:
3329:
3249:
3161:
3037:
2973:
2781:
2719:
2645:
2609:"A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia"
2525:
that he was not allowed to use the word "hobbit" in promoting the lecture.
2401:
2279:
2078:
2049:
1976:
1933:
1890:
1882:
1717:
1699:
1608:
1182:
1149:
1063:
987:
974:
661:, which produces a small brain and skull. Professor Richard Roberts of the
658:
476:
437:
4860:
4650:
2267:
1777:-grade archaic humans anywhere outside of Africa, which supporters of the
8133:
8092:
7553:
7480:
7452:
7445:
7393:
5249:"Are the small human-like fossils found on Flores human endemic cretins?"
4839:
2517:
In October 2012, a New Zealand scientist due to give a public lecture on
2475:
2392:
During the late Early Pleistocene-Late Pleistocene before the arrival of
2123:
2090:
1858:
1511:
1254:
878:
630:
588:
529:
517:
67:
7022:
6426:
6017:
5202:
and patients with primary growth hormone insensitivity (Laron syndrome)"
3960:
3899:
3844:
3684:
3029:
2965:
2847:
2765:
2711:
2637:
8125:
7538:
7459:
6374:
6050:
5217:
5066:
4926:
3411:
3321:
3001:
2533:
2529:
2506:
2452:
2174:
2137:
Aside from smaller body size, the specimens seem to otherwise resemble
1723:
1673:
618:
501:
493:
468:, or whether it represents an otherwise undetected migration of small,
422:
228:
112:
77:
8138:
5761:
3931:
3741:
1845:
Prior to Jacob's removal of the fossils, American neuroanthropologist
7605:
7510:
6957:
Obendorf, Peter; Oxnard, Charles E.; Kefford, Ben J. (5 March 2008).
6828:. Blog of a professor of anthropology who closely follows this topic.
6585:
5110:
5089:
4671:
4221:
3240:
3213:
2446:
2433:
2355:
2127:
1846:
1592:
1269:
521:
500:
ranging from 50,000 to 190,000 years ago. Other earlier remains from
444:
258:
248:
178:
117:
61:
8054:
5990:"Insular dwarfism in hippos and a model for brain size reduction in
3790:
3765:
8077:
7466:
7431:
7408:
7129:
7004:"'Hobbit' fossil likely represents new branch on human family tree"
6814:
4476:
Zeitoun, Valéry; Barriel, Véronique; Widianto, Harry (April 2016).
4454:
4321:
2426:
2307:
2241:
2208:
Smaller size does not appear to have affected mental faculties, as
1945:
1854:
1802:
1731:
1443:
891:
865:
650:
548:
458:
268:
198:
107:
102:
87:
82:
72:
7085:
6132:
3465:
2811:
7616:
7192:
6396:
5088:
Vannucci, Robert C.; Barron, Todd F.; Holloway, Ralph L. (2013).
3818:"Age and context of the oldest known hominin fossils from Flores"
3812:
3506:
3468:"Early modern human lithic technology from Jerimalai, East Timor"
2411:
2017:
1953:
1870:
specimens from the cave show small stature but not microcephaly.
1850:
1798:
1048:
1040:
1026:
850:
642:
555:, specimen LB3, is about 74,000 years old. The specimens are not
484:
425:
218:
122:
97:
8112:
6944:. The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. July 2022
3702:
2331:
remains, and are attributed to a likely ancestral population of
1960:
on the island. Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, caused by
6802:
5310:. Learn Science at Scitable. Vol. 3, no. 9. p. 4
5304:: Making Sense of the Small-Bodied Hominin Fossils from Flores"
4927:
Argue, D.; Donlon, D.; Groves, C.; Wright, R. (October 2006). "
3873:
2743:
2497:
2094:
2077:
length. These estimates are outside the range of normal modern
556:
547:
was named and described by Peter Brown et al., with LB1 as the
433:
418:
340:
238:
208:
188:
5512:
2500:" by the discoverers, after the fictional race popularized in
2305:
were associated with remains of the extinct elephant-relative
2289:
s small brain. This has led some researchers to theorize that
379:
332:
7691:
7582:
7572:
4477:
4039:
Dembo, M.; Matzke, N. J.; Mooers, A. Ă.; Collard, M. (2015).
3116:
2086:
2074:
1821:
at 417 cc prompted hypotheses that the specimens were simply
1730:
instead likely represents the descendants of a population of
5575:
4639:"Researchers to drill for hobbit history : Nature News"
4478:"Phylogenetic analysis of the calvaria of Homo floresiensis"
3878:-like fossils from the early Middle Pleistocene of Flores".
3342:
3256:
3061:"Study: Indonesia "hobbit" fossils older than first thought"
2097:
at 1.37 m (4 ft 6 in) for adult women of the
367:
7350:
6606:
6333:
6056:
5811:. National Geographic News. 27 October 2004. Archived from
5247:
Obendorf, P.J.; Oxnard, C.E.; Kefford, C.E. (7 June 2008).
5050:
and its relation to evolutionary processes under isolation"
4984:"Brain shape in human microcephalics and Homo floresiensis"
4574:"Javanese Homo erectus on the move in SE Asia circa 1.8 Ma"
4570:
4514:
3431:
2510:, and some of the discoverers suggested naming the species
2278:
The cave yielded over ten thousand stone artefacts, mainly
2256:
1940:
In 2008 Australian researcher Peter Obendorf â who studies
385:
373:
278:
28:
5987:
5196:
Hershkovitz, Israel; Kornreich, Liora; Laron, Zvi (2007).
4788:
Weber, J.; Czarnetzki, A.; Pusch, C.M. (14 October 2005).
3992:
2145:
at times coincident with earlier finds purported to be of
2126:
and colleagues said that LB1 has a similar stature to the
1948:(ME) congenital iodine deficiency syndrome resulting from
1944:â and colleagues suggested that LB1 and LB6 suffered from
1913:, which was first reported in 1966, and is most common in
1691:
descended from an early migration of very primitive small
559:
and have been described as having "the consistency of wet
5699:
5195:
4981:
3277:"How a hobbit is rewriting the history of the human race"
3214:"Little lady of Flores forces rethink of human evolution"
3120:"Early evolution of small body size in Homo floresiensis"
1625:
681:
397:
6910:""Hobbit" Discovered: Tiny Human Ancestor Found in Asia"
6499:"Masters of the Mockbuster:What The Asylum Is All About"
4185:
2027:
A 2015 study of the dental morphology of forty teeth of
1956:), and that they were part of an affected population of
1924:
657:, probably a pygmy, and that the small skull was due to
6971:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6861:"The forelimb and hindlimb remains from Liang Bua cave"
6068:
4310:
4045:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3709:
on Flores: biogeographical and ecological perspectives"
3389:
2043:, that the skull of LB1 differs significantly from all
2008:
The most important and obvious identifying features of
1889:
brains were similar in shape to modern humans, and the
1753:
These authors also dispute some of the similarities to
5087:
4835:"Indonesia's "Hobbit": A Huge Fight over a Little Man"
4475:
2335:. Other authors have doubted the extent of hunting of
1683:
Two hypotheses have been proposed as to the origin of
6956:
6197:"Flores 'hobbit' walked more like a clown than Frodo"
5390:
5246:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2991:
641:, removed most of the remains from their repository,
400:
394:
388:
382:
376:
361:
6275:
4787:
364:
5576:Westaway, Michel Carrington; Durband, Arthur C. C;
5039:
5037:
4922:
4920:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4378:
3553:"Fight over access to 'hobbit' bones â being-human"
3345:"Preface: research at Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia"
691:
496:recovered alongside the skeletal remains were from
370:
7595:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
6963:just a population of myxoedematous endemic cretin
6062:
5391:Oxnard, C.; Obendorf, P.J.; Kefford, B.B. (2010).
4719:
4717:
4715:
4713:
3551:
3530:"'Hobbit woman' remains spark row among academics"
2988:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
6220:kept their tools as they shrank into island life"
3867:
2232:of the elbow joint, whereas it is 120 degrees in
2057:argues that the species is wrongly classified as
1968:are diagnostic characteristics, such as enlarged
8192:
6710:
6171:
5328:
5034:
4917:
4847:
3690:
3672:. Vol. 310, no. 5746. pp. 208â209
3512:
3262:
2061:as it is far too archaic to assign to the genus
1781:-origin hypothesis suggest makes the descent of
6907:
5925:
5590:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5523:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5356:"Flores hobbits didn't suffer from cretinism".
5140:
4988:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4710:
4243:
4149:"A new cladistic analysis of Homo floresiensis"
2581:
2343:, noting the rarity of cut marks on remains of
1745:has several cranial and dental similarities to
687:
624:
5506:
5297:
4001:. Online Only as of Aug 4, 2009 (5): 623â639.
3766:"'Hobbit' relatives found after ten-year hunt"
3642:
3640:
3638:
2941:
2687:
2482:
1992:and colleagues claimed that LB1 suffered from
7101:
5827:
3757:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3578:. London, UK. 3 December 2004. Archived from
3572:"Professor fuels row over Hobbit man fossils"
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2536:" films, planned to release a movie entitled
1812:
1801:was targeted; new research suggests that the
1785:from these more primitive hominins unlikely.
720:
6711:Morwood, Mike; Oosterzee, Penny van (2007).
6558:"'Hobbit' knockoff release blocked by judge"
6238:
5775:Weber, George. "5. A Physical Examination".
4306:
4304:
4302:
4249:"Small-Bodied Humans from Palau, Micronesia"
4093:
4091:
2683:
1936:and Debbie Argue examining the type specimen
1722:This position has been supported by several
7580:
6468:"Hobbit makers ban uni from using 'hobbit'"
6075:and Its Implications for Hominin Evolution"
5988:Weston, E. M.; Lister, A. M. (7 May 2009).
5939:"Response to Comment on 'The Brain of LB1,
5384:
4097:
3635:
3174:
3075:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2893:. Oxford University Press. pp. 38â69.
2890:The Oxford Handbook of Early Southeast Asia
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
572:
391:
34:Extinct small human species found in Flores
7108:
7094:
6748:
6613:and the evolution of the hominin shoulder"
5805:"Hobbit-Like Human Ancestor Found in Asia"
5705:
5331:HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology
4832:
3586:
3052:
2863:
2607:Brown, P.; et al. (27 October 2004).
1636:
727:
713:
621:indicate many technological similarities.
464:that reduced its body size as a result of
331:
140:
6973:(blog commentary on the Obendorf paper).
6873:"Hominin remains from Mata Menge, Flores"
6770:
6693:
6442:
6373:
6363:
6310:
6269:
6033:
5974:
5908:
5868:
5774:
5682:
5672:
5619:
5609:
5552:
5542:
5430:
5420:
5274:
5206:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
5109:
5065:
5017:
5007:
4900:
4890:
4809:
4613:
4352:
4342:
4299:
4282:
4272:
4220:
4088:
4064:
3806:
3789:
3740:
3616:Powledge, Tabitha M. (28 February 2005).
3523:
3521:
3445:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3310:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3304:Aiello, Leslie C. (2010). "Five years of
3299:
3297:
3239:
3196:
3151:
3002:"Revised stratigraphy and chronology for
2846:
2606:
2141:, a species known to have been living in
1788:
1726:analyses. Other authors have argued that
524:Cave, where the specimens were discovered
480:-grade archaic humans outside of Africa.
8000:Human evolutionary developmental biology
6773:"Lonely islands: The Andamanese (Ch. 5)"
6729:
6532:producers sue 'mockbuster' film company"
6244:
6194:
5936:
5875:Tucci, S.; et al. (3 August 2018).
4833:von Bredow, Rafaela (1 September 2006).
4723:
4247:; Churchill, S. E.; et al. (2008).
3763:
3615:
2922:
2660:
2540:depicting a "peace-loving" community of
2293:inherited their tool-making skills from
2266:
2185:(980 cm (60 cu in)). The
2156:
1928:
1832:
597:
516:
5198:"Comparative skeletal features between
4146:
3660:
3392:"Descriptions of the dental remains of
3175:Jungers, W.; Baab, K. (December 2009).
2489:Hobbit (word) § Proprietary status
2467:), with birds including a giant stork (
1769:, with there also being no evidence of
343:in Indonesia, shown highlighted in red
14:
8193:
6551:
6549:
6522:
6520:
4724:Falk, D.; et al. (8 April 2005).
3527:
3518:
3434:"Liang Bua Cave (Flores) humans (aka "
3303:
3294:
3211:
3058:
2118:Their short stature was likely due to
2089:at 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in),
1649:could only have reached the island by
1621:
8059:
8058:
7785:Evolutionary models of human drug use
7089:
7001:
6775:. Andaman Association. Archived from
6555:
6496:
5937:Falk, D.; et al. (19 May 2006).
5874:
5453:
4636:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4374:
4372:
4142:
4140:
4034:
4032:
3988:
3986:
3927:
3925:
3599:"Hobbits triumph tempered by tragedy"
3274:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
1942:congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
1925:Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
1873:In 2005, the original discoverers of
705:
532:looking for evidence of the original
8025:
7009:. Washington University in St. Louis
6584:
5642:
5580:; Collard, Mark (17 February 2015).
3081:
2899:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355358.013.2
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2739:
2737:
2461:and another smaller monitor lizard (
2312:It has therefore been proposed that
1564:
1542:
1520:
1496:
1476:
1456:
1432:
1412:
1389:
1366:
1346:
1326:
1306:
1286:
694:
7115:
6987:"Virtual Endocasts of the "Hobbit""
6908:Mayell, Hillary (27 October 2004).
6546:
6517:
6465:
5739:
2414:) including small-sized forms like
666:damaged and missing two leg bones.
24:
7079:National Museum of Natural History
7002:Purdy, Michael C. (3 March 2005).
6863:. 18 December 2008. Archived from
6592:. University of California Press.
5454:Brown, Peter (2012). "LB1 and LB6
5254:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
4437:Kaifu, Yousuke (1 December 2017).
4427:
4369:
4317:and Its Evolutionary Implications"
4237:
4147:Trueman, John W.H. (August 2010).
4137:
4029:
3983:
3922:
3528:Connor, Steve (30 November 2004).
3101:
2528:In 2012, the American film studio
2169:In addition to a small body size,
504:date to around 700,000 years ago.
436:, Indonesia, until the arrival of
25:
8247:
6795:
6497:Somma, Brandon (4 January 2013).
6213:
3648:"Hobbit cave digs set to restart"
3275:McKie, Robin (21 February 2010).
3084:"Age of 'Hobbit' species revised"
3059:Ritter, Malcolm (30 March 2016).
2796:
2734:
2555:The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
1988:In 2014, physical anthropologist
1904:
1749:, particularly to early Javanese
1641:Because of the deep neighbouring
8036:
8024:
8013:
8012:
6851:. 10 August 2007. Archived from
6837:"Another diagnosis for a hobbit"
6813:
6801:
6203:. Vol. 3. pp. 983â984.
6195:Callaway, Ewen (16 April 2008).
6178:South African Journal of Science
4637:Jones, Cheryl (5 January 2011).
3705:"The origins and persistence of
3198:10.1111/j.1740-9713.2009.00389.x
3082:Amos, Jonathan (30 March 2016).
1983:
1793:In 2006, two teams attempted to
357:
165:
65:
8201:2003 archaeological discoveries
6889:Interview with Professor Brown"
6664:"Comment on "The Brain of LB1,
6578:
6556:Fritz, Ben (10 December 2012).
6490:
6466:Lee, Julian (24 October 2012).
6459:
6390:
6327:
6207:
6188:
6165:
6126:
5981:
5797:
5768:
5733:
5711:
5636:
5569:
5447:
5349:
5322:
5291:
5240:
5189:
5134:
5081:
4975:
4826:
4790:"Comment on "The Brain of LB1,
4781:
4664:
4630:
4564:
4508:
4469:
4179:
4079:the data we currently have for
3733:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.031
3696:
3654:
3618:"Flores hominid bones returned"
3609:
3564:
3544:
3459:
3425:
3383:
3336:
3268:
3212:Dalton, Rex (28 October 2004).
3205:
3168:
2839:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107721
2387:
1853:of the LB1 skull and a virtual
1849:and her colleagues performed a
1828:
7067:"Human Timeline (Interactive)"
5582:"Mandibular evidence supports
1285:
604:Natural History Museum, London
13:
1:
8221:Fossil taxa described in 2004
6839:. 3 July 2007. Archived from
5781:. andaman.org. Archived from
5754:10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090
5370:10.1016/S0262-4079(10)61537-0
4313:"Unique Dental Morphology of
2575:
2532:, which produces low-budget "
2366:
432:that inhabited the island of
8231:Extinct animals of Indonesia
6640:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.06.003
6365:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.02.002
6151:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.014
5862:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.001
5674:10.1371/journal.pone.0155731
5484:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.10.011
5422:10.1371/journal.pone.0013018
5167:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.12.008
4961:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.04.013
4863:"Pygmoid Australomelanesian
4696:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.10.008
4405:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103124
4344:10.1371/journal.pone.0141614
4274:10.1371/journal.pone.0001780
4213:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.04.008
4173:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.01.013
4120:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.02.006
4015:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.05.002
3764:Callaway, E. (8 June 2016).
3691:Morwood & Oosterzee 2007
3650:. BBC News. 25 January 2007.
3513:Morwood & Oosterzee 2007
3492:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.09.004
3369:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.07.003
3263:Morwood & Oosterzee 2007
2189:of LB1 lies between that of
688:Classification and evolution
625:Scandal over specimen damage
543:In 2004, a separate species
512:
507:
7:
8236:Pleistocene mammals of Asia
8043:Evolutionary biology Portal
5643:Baab, Karen (8 June 2016).
2496:was swiftly nicknamed "the
2271:A facial reconstruction of
2039:have asserted, based on 3D-
1622:
844:
457:represents a descendant of
10:
8252:
7043:"Hobbits in the Haystack:
6620:Journal of Human Evolution
6407:Royal Society Open Science
6344:Journal of Human Evolution
6139:Journal of Human Evolution
5464:Journal of Human Evolution
5343:10.1016/j.jchb.2010.01.019
5308:Nature Education Knowledge
5147:Journal of Human Evolution
4941:Journal of Human Evolution
4931:: Microcephalic, pygmoid,
4676:Journal of Human Evolution
4598:10.1038/s41598-022-23206-9
4502:10.1016/j.crpv.2015.12.002
4385:Journal of Human Evolution
4193:Journal of Human Evolution
4153:Journal of Human Evolution
4100:Journal of Human Evolution
3999:Journal of Human Evolution
3713:Quaternary Science Reviews
3472:Journal of Human Evolution
3349:Journal of Human Evolution
3177:"The geometry of hobbits:
3136:10.1038/s41467-024-50649-7
3006:at Liang Bua in Indonesia"
2819:Quaternary Science Reviews
2486:
2262:
2003:
1813:Congenital disorder claims
154:Cantonal Museum of Geology
26:
8226:Flores Island (Indonesia)
8067:
8008:
7988:Evolutionary anthropology
7965:
7939:
7892:
7830:
7749:
7708:
7701:
7647:
7571:
7494:
7419:
7373:
7366:
7349:
7309:
7245:
7216:
7180:
7171:
7138:
7123:
6732:The Origin of Our Species
6255:10.1038/nature.2016.19651
3997:: A cladistic analysis".
3693:, p. 230â231, ch. 9.
2410:; and a variety of rats (
2282:, surprising considering
1950:congenital hypothyroidism
1857:, and concluded that the
1665:arrived after this time.
569:Sundanthropus floresianus
339:
330:
308:
301:
162:Scientific classification
160:
148:
139:
41:
6977:(â1): â1. Archived from
6914:National Geographic News
6730:Stringer, Chris (2011).
6071:"The Primitive Wrist of
5841:Quaternary International
2223:
2187:brain-to-body mass ratio
2152:
1817:The small brain size of
1687:The first proposes that
737:
663:University of Wollongong
440:about 50,000 years ago.
7894:Origin of modern humans
6695:10.1126/science.1121144
6303:10.1126/science.aar8486
6104:10.1126/science.1147143
5976:10.1126/science.1124972
5901:10.1126/science.aar8486
5742:American Anthropologist
5723:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5611:10.1073/pnas.1418997112
5544:10.1073/pnas.1407382111
5298:Baab, Karen L. (2012).
5054:Anthropological Science
5009:10.1073/pnas.0609185104
4892:10.1073/pnas.0605563103
4811:10.1126/science.1114789
4759:10.1126/science.1109727
4542:10.1126/science.aau8556
3400:Anthropological Science
2297:. Points, perforators,
2173:had a remarkably small
2163:Naturmuseum Senckenberg
2068:
1637:Phylogeny and evolution
1609:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1468:Dispersal beyond Africa
582:Sunda human from Flores
498:archaeological horizons
6849:"The Liang Bua report"
6756:. Palgrave Macmillan.
6734:. London: Allen Lane.
6534:. BBC. 8 November 2012
5809:nationalgeographic.com
5586:as a distinct species"
5458:are not modern human (
5267:10.1098/rspb.2007.1488
4482:Comptes Rendus Palevol
4057:10.1098/rspb.2015.0943
2275:
2166:
1937:
1861:was neither that of a
1842:
1789:DNA extraction attempt
740:−10 —
639:Gadjah Mada University
606:
536:of modern humans from
525:
8216:Prehistoric Indonesia
8206:Early species of Homo
8173:Paleobiology Database
7902:Recent African origin
7140:Last common ancestors
6715:. Smithsonian Books.
6340:and associated fauna"
5098:The Anatomical Record
4651:10.1038/news.2011.702
3603:Sydney Morning Herald
3124:Nature Communications
2398:depauperate ecosystem
2396:, Flores exhibited a
2270:
2160:
1980:deficiency syndrome.
1932:
1836:
830:−1 —
820:−2 —
810:−3 —
800:−4 —
790:−5 —
780:−6 —
770:−7 —
760:−8 —
750:−9 —
601:
520:
419:the fictional species
8211:Pleistocene primates
7917:Behavioral modernity
7907:Multiregional origin
7687:archaic Homo sapiens
7682:Homo heidelbergensis
7627:Red Deer Cave people
7047:and Human Evolution"
6997:on 15 December 2012.
6867:on 27 December 2008.
6810:at Wikimedia Commons
6401:Leptoptilos robustus
4443:Current Anthropology
3661:Culotta, E. (2005).
3582:on 11 February 2007.
3540:on 12 December 2004.
3181:and human evolution"
2569:Clash of the Empires
2470:Leptoptilos robustus
2404:(elephant relative)
2350:Leptoptilos robustus
2230:degrees to the plane
2199:H. floresiensis
2195:pygmy hippopotamuses
2171:H. floresiensis
2147:H. floresiensis
1879:H. floresiensis
1424:Earliest stone tools
565:H. floresiensis
294:H. floresiensis
7554:H. neanderthalensis
7474:H. e. tautavelensis
7071:humanorigins.si.edu
6981:on 12 January 2013.
6942:humanorigins.si.edu
6887:Scientific American
6686:2006Sci...312.....M
6632:2007JHumE..53..718L
6427:10.1098/rsos.220435
6419:2022RSOS....920435M
6356:2019JHumE.130...45V
6295:2018Sci...361..511T
6096:2007Sci...317.1743T
6018:10.1038/nature07922
6010:2009Natur.459...85W
5967:2006Sci...312.....F
5893:2018Sci...361..511T
5854:2008QuInt.182...16V
5815:on 5 September 2019
5665:2016PLoSO..1155731B
5602:2015PNAS..112E.604W
5535:2014PNAS..11111967H
5529:(31): 11967â11972.
5476:2012JHumE..62..201B
5413:2010PLoSO...513018O
5261:(1640): 1287â1296.
5159:2016JHumE..93...12B
5000:2007PNAS..104.2513F
4953:2006JHumE..51..360A
4883:2006PNAS..10313421J
4877:(36): 13421â13426.
4751:2005Sci...308..242F
4726:"The Brain of LB1,
4688:2009JHumE..57..597F
4590:2022NatSR..1219012H
4534:2020Sci...367..210M
4494:2016CRPal..15..555Z
4397:2022JHumE.16303124Z
4335:2015PLoSO..1041614K
4265:2008PLoSO...3.1780B
4205:2016JHumE..97...17D
4165:2010JHumE..59..223T
4112:2017JHumE.107..107A
4007:2009JHumE..57..623A
3961:10.1038/nature07989
3953:2009Natur.459...81J
3900:10.1038/nature17999
3892:2016Natur.534..245V
3845:10.1038/nature17663
3837:2016Natur.534..249B
3782:2016Natur.534Q.164C
3725:2014QSRv...96...98D
3560:. 11 December 2004.
3484:2016JHumE.101...45M
3361:2009JHumE..57..437M
3232:2004Natur.431.1029D
3030:10.1038/nature17179
3022:2016Natur.532..366S
2966:10.1038/nature02956
2958:2004Natur.431.1087M
2952:(7012): 1087â1091.
2831:2022QSRv..29407721V
2766:10.1038/nature08844
2758:2010Natur.464..748B
2712:10.1038/nature04022
2704:2005Natur.437.1012M
2698:(7061): 1012â1017.
2638:10.1038/nature02999
2630:2004Natur.431.1055B
2624:(7012): 1055â1061.
1672:were discovered at
647:Raden Panji Soejono
7741:Self-domestication
7532:H. heidelbergensis
7481:H. e. yuanmouensis
7446:H. e. lantianensis
7173:Australopithecines
7023:"Alien from Earth"
7007:(source.wustl.edu)
6920:on 29 October 2004
6226:. The Conversation
6057:Larson et al. 2007
5729:on 8 January 2008.
5364:(2766): 17. 2010.
5218:10.1002/ajpa.20655
5067:10.1537/ase.080411
4578:Scientific Reports
4449:(S17): S418âS433.
4051:(1812): 20150943.
3534:New Zealand Herald
3412:10.1537/ase.150501
3322:10.1002/ajpa.21255
3063:. Associated Press
2538:Age of the Hobbits
2407:Stegodon florensis
2276:
2167:
2107:australopithecines
1938:
1843:
1225:H. heidelbergensis
637:of the Indonesian
607:
526:
8188:
8187:
8160:Open Tree of Life
8099:Homo floresiensis
8069:Homo floresiensis
8061:Taxon identifiers
8052:
8051:
7993:Paleoanthropology
7935:
7934:
7912:Archaic admixture
7790:Stoned ape theory
7726:Endurance running
7643:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7490:
7489:
7453:H. e. nankinensis
7409:H. tsaichangensis
7345:
7344:
7045:Homo floresiensis
6961:Homo floresiensis
6936:Homo floresiensis
6895:. 27 October 2004
6820:Homo floresiensis
6808:Homo floresiensis
6806:Media related to
6763:978-1-137-27889-0
6741:978-1-84614-140-9
6722:978-0-06-089908-0
6666:Homo floresiensis
6611:Homo floresiensis
6599:978-0-520-26670-4
6562:Los Angeles Times
6338:Homo floresiensis
6289:(6401): 511â516.
6218:Homo floresiensis
6174:Homo floresiensis
6135:Homo floresiensis
6073:Homo floresiensis
5992:Homo floresiensis
5947:Homo floresiensis
5887:(6401): 511â516.
5647:Homo floresiensis
5584:Homo floresiensis
5517:Homo floresiensis
5456:Homo floresiensis
5395:Homo floresiensis
5302:Homo floresiensis
5200:Homo floresiensis
5143:Homo floresiensis
5092:Homo floresiensis
5048:Homo floresiensis
4929:Homo floresiensis
4792:Homo floresiensis
4745:(5719): 242â245.
4728:Homo floresiensis
4528:(6474): 210â214.
4315:Homo floresiensis
3995:Homo floresiensis
3937:Homo floresiensis
3886:(7606): 245â248.
3876:Homo floresiensis
3831:(7606): 249â253.
3776:(7606): 164â165.
3707:Homo floresiensis
3436:Homo floresiensis
3394:Homo floresiensis
3306:Homo floresiensis
3179:Homo floresiensis
3016:(7599): 366â369.
3004:Homo floresiensis
2908:978-0-19-935535-8
2885:Homo floresiensis
2752:(7289): 748â752.
2519:Homo floresiensis
2494:Homo floresiensis
2483:"Hobbit" nickname
2473:) and a vulture (
2438:the medium-sized
2273:Homo floresiensis
2214:prefrontal cortex
2059:Homo floresiensis
2010:Homo floresiensis
1962:iodine deficiency
1653:, most likely by
1651:oceanic dispersal
1634:
1633:
1626:million years ago
1585:
1584:
1563:
1562:
1541:
1540:
1533:Earliest rock art
1519:
1518:
1495:
1494:
1488:Earliest language
1475:
1474:
1455:
1454:
1431:
1430:
1411:
1410:
1401:Earliest sign of
1388:
1387:
1378:Earliest sign of
1365:
1364:
1345:
1344:
1325:
1324:
1305:
1304:
948:Ou. macedoniensis
633:, formerly chief
545:Homo floresiensis
538:Asia to Australia
490:Homo floresiensis
451:Homo floresiensis
351:Homo floresiensis
347:
346:
315:Homo floresiensis
51:Early Pleistocene
43:Homo floresiensis
16:(Redirected from
8243:
8181:
8180:
8168:
8167:
8155:
8154:
8142:
8141:
8129:
8128:
8116:
8115:
8103:
8102:
8101:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8056:
8055:
8040:
8028:
8027:
8016:
8015:
7952:Human prehistory
7927:Recent evolution
7922:Early migrations
7864:Thermoregulation
7765:Expensive tissue
7736:Sexual selection
7706:
7705:
7578:
7577:
7460:H. e. pekinensis
7371:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7279:A. bahrelghazali
7248:Australopithecus
7178:
7177:
7148:Chimpanzeeâhuman
7136:
7135:
7110:
7103:
7096:
7087:
7086:
7082:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7051:turkanabasin.org
7038:
7036:
7034:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7008:
6998:
6982:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6929:
6927:
6925:
6916:. Archived from
6904:
6902:
6900:
6876:
6868:
6856:
6855:on 18 July 2007.
6844:
6843:on 18 July 2007.
6818:Data related to
6817:
6805:
6789:978-9-46-3892476
6780:
6779:on 10 July 2012.
6767:
6745:
6726:
6707:
6697:
6658:
6657:on 13 June 2011.
6656:
6650:. Archived from
6617:
6603:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6553:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6524:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6503:the-artifice.com
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6474:. Archived from
6463:
6457:
6456:
6446:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6377:
6367:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6314:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6090:(5845): 1743â5.
6079:
6066:
6060:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6037:
5985:
5978:
5942:
5941:
5932:
5923:
5922:
5912:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5725:. Archived from
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5686:
5676:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5623:
5613:
5596:(7): E604âE605.
5578:Groves, Colin P.
5573:
5567:
5566:
5556:
5546:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5434:
5424:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5278:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5113:
5111:10.1002/ar.22663
5085:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5069:
5041:
5032:
5031:
5021:
5011:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4933:Australopithecus
4924:
4915:
4914:
4904:
4894:
4858:
4845:
4844:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4813:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4734:
4721:
4708:
4707:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4617:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4434:
4425:
4424:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4356:
4346:
4329:(11): e0141614.
4308:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4276:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4224:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4068:
4036:
4027:
4026:
3990:
3981:
3980:
3929:
3920:
3919:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3822:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3793:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3667:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3595:
3584:
3583:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3536:. Archived from
3525:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3442:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3241:10.1038/4311029a
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3114:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3056:
3050:
3049:
2997:
2986:
2985:
2939:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2880:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2809:
2794:
2793:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2685:
2658:
2657:
2613:
2604:
2563:
2545:
2521:was told by the
2502:J. R. R. Tolkien
2464:Varanus hooijeri
2319:hunted juvenile
2288:
2247:Australopithecus
2210:Brodmann area 10
2120:insular dwarfism
1990:Maciej Henneberg
1771:Australopithecus
1755:Australopithecus
1739:insular dwarfism
1709:Australopithecus
1694:Australopithecus
1685:H. floresiensis.
1614:
1612:
1611:
1597:
1595:
1579:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1555:Earliest clothes
1548:
1543:
1535:
1526:
1521:
1502:
1497:
1482:
1477:
1462:
1457:
1444:Earliest sign of
1438:
1433:
1418:
1413:
1403:Australopithecus
1395:
1390:
1372:
1367:
1358:Earliest bipedal
1352:
1347:
1338:Chimpanzee split
1332:
1327:
1312:
1307:
1292:
1287:
1273:
1272:
1258:
1257:
1241:
1227:
1213:
1185:
1172:
1152:
1139:
1111:
1109:Australopithecus
1098:
1083:
1066:
1053:
1029:
1016:
1003:
990:
977:
964:
952:
933:
920:
907:
895:
881:
868:
855:
853:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
729:
722:
715:
709:
699:
698:Hominin timeline
692:
602:Skeleton at the
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
471:Australopithecus
466:insular dwarfism
408:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
335:
317:
313:
170:
169:
144:
134:
64:
55:Late Pleistocene
47:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
8251:
8250:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8240:
8191:
8190:
8189:
8184:
8176:
8171:
8163:
8158:
8150:
8145:
8137:
8132:
8124:
8119:
8111:
8106:
8097:
8096:
8091:
8082:
8081:
8076:
8063:
8053:
8048:
8004:
7961:
7947:Human evolution
7931:
7888:
7832:
7826:
7805:Cooperative eye
7750:Specific models
7745:
7697:
7676:Homo antecessor
7631:
7567:
7561:H. rhodesiensis
7525:H. floresiensis
7486:
7467:H. e. soloensis
7439:H. e. georgicus
7415:
7379:H. gautengensis
7354:
7352:
7341:
7305:
7241:
7212:
7167:
7158:Orangutanâhuman
7127:
7119:
7117:Human evolution
7114:
7065:
7056:
7054:
7041:
7032:
7030:
7021:
7012:
7010:
7006:
6985:
6947:
6945:
6932:
6923:
6921:
6898:
6896:
6883:
6871:
6859:
6847:
6835:
6798:
6771:Weber, George.
6764:
6750:Tattersall, Ian
6742:
6723:
6654:
6615:
6600:
6581:
6576:
6566:
6564:
6554:
6547:
6537:
6535:
6526:
6525:
6518:
6508:
6506:
6495:
6491:
6481:
6479:
6464:
6460:
6399:"More bones of
6395:
6391:
6332:
6328:
6274:
6270:
6243:
6239:
6229:
6227:
6212:
6208:
6193:
6189:
6170:
6166:
6131:
6127:
6077:
6067:
6063:
6055:
6051:
6004:(7243): 85â88.
5986:
5982:
5935:
5926:
5873:
5869:
5832:
5828:
5818:
5816:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5788:
5786:
5785:on 10 July 2012
5773:
5769:
5738:
5734:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5706:Tattersall 2015
5704:
5700:
5659:(6): e0155731.
5641:
5637:
5574:
5570:
5511:
5507:
5452:
5448:
5389:
5385:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5327:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5296:
5292:
5245:
5241:
5194:
5190:
5139:
5135:
5086:
5082:
5072:
5070:
5046:"The origin of
5042:
5035:
4980:
4976:
4925:
4918:
4859:
4848:
4831:
4827:
4786:
4782:
4732:
4722:
4711:
4669:
4665:
4655:
4653:
4635:
4631:
4569:
4565:
4513:
4509:
4474:
4470:
4435:
4428:
4377:
4370:
4309:
4300:
4242:
4238:
4184:
4180:
4145:
4138:
4096:
4089:
4081:H. floresiensis
4037:
4030:
3991:
3984:
3947:(7243): 81â84.
3930:
3923:
3872:
3868:
3820:
3811:
3807:
3791:10.1038/534164a
3762:
3758:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3646:
3645:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3614:
3610:
3605:. 5 March 2005.
3597:
3596:
3587:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3440:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3388:
3384:
3341:
3337:
3302:
3295:
3285:
3283:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3210:
3206:
3173:
3169:
3115:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3057:
3053:
2998:
2989:
2940:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2881:
2864:
2810:
2797:
2742:
2735:
2686:
2661:
2611:
2605:
2582:
2578:
2561:
2543:
2491:
2485:
2417:Rattus hainaldi
2390:
2382:H. floresiensis
2378:H. floresiensis
2373:H. floresiensis
2369:
2361:H. floresiensis
2341:H. floresiensis
2291:H. floresiensis
2286:
2284:H. floresiensis
2265:
2238:shoulder girdle
2234:H. floresiensis
2226:
2218:H. floresiensis
2203:H. erectus
2191:H. erectus
2183:H. erectus
2155:
2139:H. erectus
2132:H. floresiensis
2099:Malay Peninsula
2071:
2045:H. sapiens
2029:H. floresiensis
2014:H. sapiens
2006:
1986:
1970:pituitary fossa
1966:H. floresiensis
1927:
1919:H. floresiensis
1907:
1887:H. floresiensis
1875:H. floresiensis
1837:LB1 (left) vs.
1831:
1819:H. floresiensis
1815:
1791:
1783:H. floresiensis
1743:H. floresiensis
1728:H. floresiensis
1705:H. floresiensis
1689:H. floresiensis
1678:H. floresiensis
1670:H. floresiensis
1647:H. floresiensis
1639:
1630:
1629:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1593:H o m i n i d s
1591:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
999:
994:
993:
992:
986:
981:
980:
979:
973:
968:
967:
966:
962:Chororapithecus
960:
955:
954:
953:
944:
936:
935:
929:
924:
923:
922:
918:Samburupithecus
916:
911:
910:
909:
903:
898:
897:
896:
889:
885:
884:
883:
877:
872:
871:
870:
864:
859:
858:
857:
851:
849:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
733:
707:
701:
697:
690:
627:
615:H. floresiensis
584:
581:
578:
575:
553:H. floresiensis
534:human migration
515:
510:
455:H. floresiensis
409:also known as "
360:
356:
354:
326:
319:
311:
310:
297:
164:
150:H. floresiensis
135:
133:
132:
131:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
59:
58:
57:
48:
45:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8249:
8239:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8186:
8185:
8183:
8182:
8169:
8156:
8143:
8130:
8117:
8104:
8089:
8073:
8071:
8065:
8064:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8046:
8034:
8022:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8003:
8002:
7997:
7996:
7995:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7969:
7967:
7963:
7962:
7960:
7959:
7957:Human timeline
7954:
7949:
7943:
7941:
7937:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7898:
7896:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7835:
7833:
7828:
7827:
7825:
7824:
7823:
7822:
7817:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7802:
7794:
7793:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7780:Drunken monkey
7774:
7773:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7753:
7751:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7712:
7710:
7709:General models
7703:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7653:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7602:
7597:
7588:
7586:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7557:
7550:
7543:
7535:
7528:
7521:
7513:
7508:
7500:
7498:
7496:Archaic humans
7492:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7484:
7477:
7470:
7463:
7456:
7449:
7442:
7435:
7427:
7425:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7405:
7401:H. rudolfensis
7397:
7390:
7383:
7374:
7368:
7361:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7339:
7332:
7325:
7322:P. aethiopicus
7317:
7315:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7282:
7275:
7268:
7261:
7253:
7251:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7232:
7224:
7222:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7203:
7200:Sahelanthropus
7196:
7189:
7186:Nakalipithecus
7181:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7144:
7142:
7133:
7121:
7120:
7113:
7112:
7105:
7098:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7081:. August 2016.
7063:
7039:
7019:
6999:
6983:
6954:
6930:
6905:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6875:. 8 June 2016.
6869:
6857:
6845:
6830:
6829:
6823:
6822:at Wikispecies
6811:
6797:
6796:External links
6794:
6793:
6792:
6781:
6768:
6762:
6746:
6740:
6727:
6721:
6708:
6659:
6604:
6598:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6545:
6516:
6505:. The Artifice
6489:
6478:on 7 June 2013
6458:
6389:
6326:
6268:
6237:
6206:
6187:
6164:
6145:(5): 538â554.
6125:
6061:
6049:
5980:
5961:(5776): 999c.
5924:
5867:
5826:
5796:
5778:The Andamanese
5767:
5748:(2): 313â323.
5744:. New Series.
5732:
5710:
5708:, p. 194.
5698:
5635:
5568:
5505:
5470:(2): 201â224.
5446:
5383:
5348:
5321:
5290:
5239:
5212:(2): 198â208.
5188:
5133:
5104:(4): 630â637.
5080:
5033:
4974:
4947:(4): 360â374.
4916:
4846:
4825:
4780:
4709:
4682:(5): 597â607.
4663:
4629:
4563:
4507:
4488:(5): 555â568.
4468:
4455:10.1086/694318
4426:
4368:
4298:
4236:
4178:
4159:(2): 223â226.
4136:
4087:
4028:
3982:
3933:Jungers, W. L.
3921:
3866:
3805:
3756:
3695:
3683:
3653:
3634:
3608:
3585:
3563:
3543:
3517:
3505:
3458:
3424:
3406:(2): 129â145.
3382:
3355:(5): 437â449.
3335:
3316:(2): 167â179.
3293:
3267:
3255:
3226:(7012): 1029.
3204:
3191:(4): 159â164.
3167:
3100:
3074:
3051:
2987:
2921:
2907:
2862:
2795:
2733:
2659:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2523:Tolkien Estate
2487:Main article:
2484:
2481:
2422:Polynesian rat
2389:
2386:
2368:
2365:
2264:
2261:
2225:
2222:
2201:compared with
2154:
2151:
2143:Southeast Asia
2070:
2067:
2055:Ian Tattersall
2005:
2002:
1985:
1982:
1926:
1923:
1911:Laron syndrome
1906:
1905:Laron syndrome
1903:
1895:temporal lobes
1830:
1827:
1814:
1811:
1790:
1787:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1160:H. rudolfensis
1145:
1144:
1143:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1014:Graecopithecus
1010:
1009:
1008:
1001:Sahelanthropus
997:
996:
995:
984:
983:
982:
971:
970:
969:
958:
957:
956:
931:Ouranopithecus
927:
926:
925:
914:
913:
912:
905:Nakalipithecus
901:
900:
899:
888:
887:
886:
875:
874:
873:
862:
861:
860:
847:
846:
845:
843:
840:0 —
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
735:
734:
732:
731:
724:
717:
706:
703:
702:
695:
689:
686:
653:subspecies of
635:paleontologist
626:
623:
561:blotting paper
530:archaeologists
514:
511:
509:
506:
430:archaic humans
345:
344:
337:
336:
328:
327:
320:
306:
305:
299:
298:
290:
288:
284:
283:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
261:
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
158:
157:
156:, Switzerland
146:
145:
137:
136:
128:
127:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
46:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8248:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8179:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8109:
8105:
8100:
8094:
8090:
8085:
8079:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8057:
8045:
8044:
8039:
8035:
8033:
8032:
8023:
8021:
8020:
8011:
8010:
8007:
8001:
7998:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7964:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7829:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7811:Life history
7810:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7797:
7795:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7748:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7704:
7700:
7694:
7693:
7688:
7684:
7683:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7671:
7666:
7665:
7664:Homo ergaster
7660:
7659:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7650:
7646:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7594:
7593:H. s. sapiens
7590:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7573:Modern humans
7570:
7563:
7562:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7551:
7549:
7548:
7547:H. luzonensis
7544:
7541:
7540:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7505:H. antecessor
7502:
7501:
7499:
7497:
7493:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7462:
7461:
7457:
7455:
7454:
7450:
7448:
7447:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7432:H. e. erectus
7429:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7411:
7410:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7398:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7376:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7348:
7338:
7337:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7286:A. deyiremeda
7283:
7281:
7280:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7238:
7237:
7233:
7231:
7230:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7207:Kenyanthropus
7204:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7183:
7182:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7153:Gorillaâhuman
7151:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7111:
7106:
7104:
7099:
7097:
7092:
7091:
7088:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7052:
7048:
7046:
7040:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7005:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6991:erl.wustl.edu
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6955:
6943:
6939:
6937:
6931:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6906:
6894:
6890:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6816:
6812:
6809:
6804:
6800:
6799:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6714:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6680:(5776): 999.
6679:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6667:
6660:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6626:(6): 718â31.
6625:
6621:
6614:
6612:
6605:
6601:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6563:
6559:
6552:
6550:
6533:
6531:
6523:
6521:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6462:
6454:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6413:(7): 220435.
6412:
6408:
6404:
6402:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6339:
6330:
6322:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6272:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6241:
6225:
6221:
6219:
6214:Moore, Mark.
6210:
6202:
6201:New Scientist
6198:
6191:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6168:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6076:
6074:
6065:
6058:
6053:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5993:
5984:
5977:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5931:
5930:
5920:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5871:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5830:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5771:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5707:
5702:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5648:
5639:
5631:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5585:
5579:
5572:
5564:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5509:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5442:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5407:(9): e13018.
5406:
5402:
5398:
5396:
5387:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5358:New Scientist
5352:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5309:
5305:
5303:
5294:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5243:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5201:
5192:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5093:
5084:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5049:
5040:
5038:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4994:(7): 2513â8.
4993:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4923:
4921:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4866:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4829:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4804:(5746): 236.
4803:
4799:
4795:
4793:
4784:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4731:
4729:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4431:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4373:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4316:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4245:Berger, L. R.
4240:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4092:
4084:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4033:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3987:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3699:
3692:
3687:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3623:
3622:The Scientist
3619:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3559:
3558:New Scientist
3554:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3428:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2550:Peter Jackson
2547:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2459:Komodo dragon
2456:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2371:The youngest
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:Komodo dragon
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2280:lithic flakes
2274:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2161:Skull at the
2159:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2041:morphometrics
2038:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:Down syndrome
1991:
1984:Down syndrome
1981:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:(underactive
1951:
1947:
1946:myxoedematous
1943:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1867:microcephalic
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:human (right)
1840:
1839:microcephalic
1835:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:Homo erectus.
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:Lombok Strait
1627:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1596:
1594:
1578:
1577:Modern humans
1572:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1508:Earliest fire
1504:
1499:
1498:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1318:Gorilla split
1314:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1271:
1256:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1228:
1226:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1193:H. antecessor
1187:
1186:
1184:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1138:
1136:
1135:Au. anamensis
1130:
1128:
1127:Au. afarensis
1122:
1120:
1119:Au. africanus
1113:
1112:
1110:
1097:
1095:
1082:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1052:
1050:
1049:O. tugenensis
1044:
1042:
1030:
1028:
1017:
1015:
1004:
1002:
991:
989:
978:
976:
965:
963:
951:
949:
943:
941:
934:
932:
921:
919:
908:
906:
894:
893:
882:
880:
869:
867:
856:
854:
736:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
710:
704:
700:
693:
685:
683:
678:
676:
671:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
622:
620:
616:
610:
605:
600:
596:
594:
590:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
523:
519:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
481:
479:
478:
473:
472:
467:
463:
462:
456:
452:
448:
446:
441:
439:
438:modern humans
435:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
405:
353:
352:
342:
338:
334:
329:
324:
318:
316:
307:
304:
303:Binomial name
300:
296:
295:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
264:
263:
260:
257:
254:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
56:
52:
44:
40:
37:
30:
19:
8068:
8041:
8029:
8017:
7884:Gender roles
7879:Intelligence
7692:Homo sapiens
7690:
7686:
7680:
7674:
7670:Homo erectus
7668:
7662:
7658:Homo habilis
7656:
7617:Manot people
7606:H. s. idaltu
7604:
7600:Jebel Irhoud
7592:
7583:Homo sapiens
7581:
7559:
7552:
7545:
7537:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7515:
7503:
7479:
7472:
7465:
7458:
7451:
7444:
7437:
7430:
7422:Homo erectus
7420:
7407:
7399:
7392:
7385:
7377:
7367:Proto-humans
7356:
7353:proto-humans
7334:
7327:
7320:
7312:Paranthropus
7310:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7277:
7272:A. anamensis
7270:
7265:A. africanus
7263:
7258:A. afarensis
7256:
7246:
7234:
7227:
7219:Ardipithecus
7217:
7205:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7163:Gibbonâhuman
7070:
7055:. Retrieved
7050:
7044:
7031:. Retrieved
7026:
7011:. Retrieved
6995:the original
6990:
6979:the original
6974:
6970:
6965:Homo sapiens
6964:
6960:
6946:. Retrieved
6941:
6935:
6922:. Retrieved
6918:the original
6913:
6897:. Retrieved
6892:
6886:
6865:the original
6853:the original
6841:the original
6777:the original
6753:
6731:
6712:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6652:the original
6623:
6619:
6610:
6589:
6579:Bibliography
6565:. Retrieved
6561:
6536:. Retrieved
6529:
6507:. Retrieved
6502:
6492:
6480:. Retrieved
6476:the original
6471:
6461:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6392:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6329:
6286:
6282:
6271:
6246:
6240:
6228:. Retrieved
6223:
6217:
6209:
6200:
6190:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6128:
6087:
6081:
6072:
6064:
6052:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5983:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5928:
5884:
5880:
5870:
5848:(1): 16â48.
5845:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5817:. Retrieved
5813:the original
5808:
5799:
5787:. Retrieved
5783:the original
5777:
5770:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5727:the original
5722:
5713:
5701:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5638:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5571:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5508:
5467:
5463:
5462:) cretins".
5460:Homo sapiens
5459:
5455:
5449:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5386:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5312:. Retrieved
5307:
5301:
5293:
5258:
5252:
5242:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5191:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5083:
5071:. Retrieved
5057:
5053:
5047:
4991:
4987:
4977:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4874:
4870:
4865:Homo sapiens
4864:
4838:
4828:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4783:
4742:
4736:
4727:
4679:
4675:
4666:
4654:. Retrieved
4642:
4632:
4584:(1): 19012.
4581:
4577:
4566:
4525:
4521:
4510:
4485:
4481:
4471:
4446:
4442:
4388:
4384:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4259:(3): e1780.
4256:
4252:
4239:
4196:
4192:
4181:
4156:
4152:
4131:
4103:
4099:
4080:
4078:
4048:
4044:
3998:
3994:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3828:
3824:
3808:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3698:
3686:
3674:. Retrieved
3669:
3656:
3625:. Retrieved
3621:
3611:
3602:
3580:the original
3575:
3566:
3557:
3546:
3538:the original
3533:
3508:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3449:. Retrieved
3444:
3435:
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3403:
3399:
3393:
3385:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3284:. Retrieved
3281:The Guardian
3280:
3270:
3258:
3223:
3217:
3207:
3188:
3185:Significance
3184:
3178:
3170:
3127:
3123:
3091:. Retrieved
3087:
3077:
3065:. Retrieved
3054:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2949:
2943:
2912:. Retrieved
2889:
2884:
2848:10072/418777
2822:
2818:
2749:
2745:
2695:
2689:
2621:
2615:
2567:
2564:floresiensis
2559:
2553:
2546:floresiensis
2541:
2537:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2493:
2492:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2451:
2450:and extinct
2445:
2444:, and giant
2439:
2432:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2402:proboscidean
2394:Homo sapiens
2393:
2391:
2388:Paleoecology
2381:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2317:floresiensis
2316:
2313:
2306:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2277:
2272:
2253:
2245:
2233:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2170:
2168:
2146:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2117:
2110:
2079:human height
2072:
2062:
2058:
2050:Homo erectus
2048:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1977:Colin Groves
1974:
1965:
1957:
1939:
1934:Colin Groves
1918:
1908:
1899:
1886:
1883:microcephaly
1878:
1874:
1872:
1844:
1829:Microcephaly
1822:
1818:
1816:
1792:
1782:
1779:Homo erectus
1778:
1775:Homo habilis
1774:
1770:
1767:Homo erectus
1766:
1763:
1759:Homo habilis
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1734:Homo erectus
1733:
1727:
1718:Homo erectus
1716:
1713:Homo habilis
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:Homo habilis
1698:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1669:
1667:
1663:floresiensis
1662:
1658:
1646:
1640:
1605:
1590:
1446:
1402:
1380:Ardipithecus
1379:
1298:Earlier apes
1255:Neanderthals
1239:Homo sapiens
1236:
1235:
1222:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1157:
1147:
1146:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1106:
1105:
1091:
1076:
1064:Ardipithecus
1061:
1060:
1046:
1038:
1024:
1011:
998:
988:Sivapithecus
985:
975:Oreopithecus
972:
959:
945:
937:
928:
915:
902:
890:
876:
863:
848:
679:
672:
668:
659:microcephaly
654:
628:
614:
611:
608:
592:
568:
564:
552:
544:
542:
527:
489:
482:
477:Homo habilis
475:
469:
461:Homo erectus
460:
454:
450:
449:
442:
414:
410:
350:
349:
348:
322:
314:
309:
293:
292:
279:
235:Infraorder:
149:
60:1â0.05
42:
36:
8134:iNaturalist
8093:Wikispecies
7815:Grandmother
7770:Shore-based
7731:Aquatic ape
7622:Tam Pa Ling
7517:H. ergaster
7336:P. robustus
7075:Smithsonian
6826:Hawks, John
6567:11 December
6375:2440/121139
6184:(103): 103.
4840:Der Spiegel
4106:: 107â133.
3627:28 February
3286:23 February
3130:(1): 6381.
2512:H. hobbitus
2476:Trigonoceps
2441:Hooijeromys
2303:microblades
2179:chimpanzees
2124:Teuku Jacob
1795:extract DNA
1724:cladistical
1201:H. ergaster
1094:Ar. ramidus
1079:Ar. kadabba
1041:O. praegens
879:Pleistocene
708:This box:
631:Teuku Jacob
494:stone tools
255:Subfamily:
239:Simiiformes
8195:Categories
7854:Skin color
7839:Bipedalism
7800:Killer ape
7612:Cro-Magnon
7511:Denisovans
7387:H. habilis
7351:Humans and
7236:A. ramidus
7229:A. kadabba
6586:Falk, Dean
6530:The Hobbit
6482:29 October
6230:2 December
5337:(3): 211.
4391:: 103124.
3742:1885/30501
3719:: 98â107.
2825:: 107721.
2576:References
2534:mockbuster
2530:The Asylum
2507:The Hobbit
2453:Spelaeomys
2367:Extinction
2333:H. erectus
2295:H. erectus
2240:and short
2175:brain size
2109:, such as
2103:Andamanese
2022:H. sapiens
1998:H. sapiens
1958:H. sapiens
1915:inbreeding
1823:H. sapiens
1747:H. erectus
1674:Mata Menge
1270:Denisovans
1209:Au. sediba
1183:H. erectus
1150:H. habilis
940:Ou. turkae
675:Yogyakarta
655:H. sapiens
651:omnivorous
619:East Timor
557:fossilized
502:Mata Menge
411:Flores Man
229:Haplorhini
225:Suborder:
18:Floresians
7973:Theorists
7940:Timelines
7820:Patriarch
7796:Behavior
7721:Gathering
7649:Ancestors
7394:H. naledi
7329:P. boisei
7300:A. sediba
6893:sciam.com
6472:3 News NZ
6435:2054-5703
6350:: 45â60.
6216:"How the
6026:0028-0836
5789:1 October
5492:0047-2484
5378:0262-4079
5226:0002-9483
5175:0047-2484
5153:: 12â24.
5120:1932-8486
5060:: 33â43.
4656:1 October
4606:2045-2322
4550:0036-8075
4463:0011-3204
4421:245784713
4222:2164/8796
4199:: 17â26.
3916:205249218
3814:Brumm, A.
3576:The Times
3478:: 45â64.
3144:2041-1723
2857:252290750
2790:205219871
2774:0028-0836
2447:Papagomys
2434:Komodomys
2356:Papagomys
2165:, Germany
2128:Rampasasa
2101:, or the
1847:Dean Falk
1809:the DNA.
1807:denatured
1732:Javanese
1168:Au. garhi
589:reviewers
522:Liang Bua
513:Discovery
508:Specimens
459:Javanese
445:Liang Bua
428:of small
287:Species:
259:Homininae
249:Hominidae
185:Kingdom:
179:Eukaryota
8152:11388931
8078:Wikidata
8019:Category
7874:Language
7844:Skeleton
7539:H. longi
7293:A. garhi
7130:Hominins
7125:Taxonomy
6752:(2015).
6704:16709768
6648:17692894
6588:(2011).
6453:35845853
6384:31010543
6321:30072539
6263:87482781
6224:phys.org
6159:19062072
6120:42081240
6112:17885135
6044:19424156
5919:30072539
5836:Stegodon
5693:27275928
5653:PLOS ONE
5630:25659745
5563:25092311
5500:22277102
5441:20885948
5401:PLOS ONE
5285:18319214
5234:17596857
5183:27086053
5128:23408553
5028:17277082
4969:16919706
4911:16938848
4820:16224005
4775:43166136
4767:15749690
4704:19254807
4672:Falk, D.
4624:36347897
4558:31919224
4413:34998272
4363:26624612
4322:PLoS One
4293:18347737
4253:PLOS ONE
4231:27457542
4128:28438318
4075:26202999
4023:19628252
3969:19424155
3908:27279221
3861:28608179
3853:27279222
3800:27279191
3751:56035748
3515:, ch. 9.
3500:27886810
3377:19733385
3330:20229502
3250:15510116
3162:39107275
3153:11303730
3088:BBC News
3038:27027286
2974:15510146
2914:13 March
2782:20237472
2720:16229067
2646:15514638
2552:'s film
2504:'s book
2427:Paulamys
2345:Stegodon
2337:Stegodon
2325:Stegodon
2321:Stegodon
2308:Stegodon
2242:clavicle
1859:brainpan
1855:endocast
1803:cementum
1715:than to
892:Hominini
866:Pliocene
549:holotype
421:) is an
417:" after
269:Hominini
245:Family:
219:Primates
209:Mammalia
199:Chordata
195:Phylum:
189:Animalia
175:Domain:
8126:4827627
8113:4454117
8084:Q186266
8031:Commons
7983:Fossils
7849:Muscles
7760:Cooking
7716:Hunting
7193:Orrorin
7057:20 June
7033:20 June
7027:pbs.org
7013:20 June
6948:20 June
6924:20 June
6899:20 June
6682:Bibcode
6673:Science
6628:Bibcode
6538:20 June
6509:20 June
6444:9277297
6415:Bibcode
6352:Bibcode
6312:6709593
6291:Bibcode
6283:Science
6092:Bibcode
6083:Science
6035:2679980
6006:Bibcode
5963:Bibcode
5954:Science
5910:6709593
5889:Bibcode
5881:Science
5850:Bibcode
5719:"Pygmy"
5684:4898715
5661:Bibcode
5621:4343145
5598:Bibcode
5554:4143021
5531:Bibcode
5472:Bibcode
5432:2946357
5409:Bibcode
5314:20 June
5276:2602669
5155:Bibcode
5073:20 June
5019:1892980
4996:Bibcode
4949:Bibcode
4902:1552106
4879:Bibcode
4798:Science
4747:Bibcode
4738:Science
4684:Bibcode
4615:9643487
4586:Bibcode
4530:Bibcode
4522:Science
4490:Bibcode
4393:Bibcode
4354:4651360
4331:Bibcode
4284:2268239
4261:Bibcode
4201:Bibcode
4161:Bibcode
4108:Bibcode
4066:4528516
4003:Bibcode
3977:4392759
3949:Bibcode
3888:Bibcode
3833:Bibcode
3778:Bibcode
3721:Bibcode
3676:20 June
3670:Science
3480:Bibcode
3451:20 June
3417:20 June
3357:Bibcode
3228:Bibcode
3093:1 April
3067:1 April
3046:4469009
3018:Bibcode
2982:4358548
2954:Bibcode
2827:Bibcode
2754:Bibcode
2728:4302539
2700:Bibcode
2626:Bibcode
2412:Murinae
2263:Culture
2212:on the
2018:humerus
2004:Anatomy
1954:thyroid
1891:frontal
1851:CT scan
1799:dentine
1655:rafting
1569:←
1547:←
1525:←
1512:cooking
1501:←
1481:←
1461:←
1437:←
1417:←
1394:←
1371:←
1351:←
1331:←
1311:←
1291:←
1027:Orrorin
852:Miocene
835:–
825:–
815:–
805:–
795:–
785:–
775:–
765:–
755:–
745:–
643:Jakarta
587:), but
576:
485:hominin
426:species
423:extinct
312:†
291:†
275:Genus:
265:Tribe:
215:Order:
205:Class:
152:skull,
129:↓
8165:770315
8139:460371
7966:Others
7869:Speech
7831:Topics
7776:Drugs
7702:Models
6959:"Were
6787:
6760:
6738:
6719:
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