Constitution of Florida

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governor's term was changed from four years to two years starting October 1865, an election never realized due to the Confederacy's defeat. The 1861 Constitution also added several sections affecting the power of General Assembly of Florida, such as limiting the duration of sessions, allowing it to license toll bridges and pass general laws for name changes, prohibiting it from allowing married women or minors to contract or manage their estates, and prohibiting it from legitimizing bastards. The General Assembly was also allowed to tax the lands and slaves of non-residents higher than residents and create special tribunals to try offenses committed by slaves, freemen, and mulattoes. Public lands previously ceded to the United States government were deemed reclaimed by Florida but were to be used exclusively for paying the State's debts and necessary expenses, and such lands could not be granted for any other purpose. Prohibitions on certain bankers and certain previous office holders from being elected until the expiration of a year from having left their prior position were removed. The 1861 Constitution was the first Florida Constitution to contain a clause prohibiting individuals from holding two offices simultaneously with limited exceptions. No citizen of any of the States or Territories of the United States then at war with the Confederate States could be admitted to Florida citizenship, be eligible to vote or be elected, hold property, or work in the State of Florida. The articles pertaining to the militia and corporations were largely reworded. The General Assembly lost the ability to amend the Constitution, leaving a State convention as the only method of amendment. The prohibition on the General Assembly forbidding emigrants to the State from bringing their slaves with them was repealed. The article pertaining to the seat of government was removed. Other changes included removing obsolete language stemming from Florida's creation as a State and codifying legislation enacted since Florida attained statehood.

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1972 to create a unified state courts system, placing all lower courts under the administrative supervision of Florida's chief justice. This change required the creation of a new Florida Office of the State Courts Administrator, which assists the chief justice. The 1972 amendments further reduced the different kinds of courts that existed in Florida from ten to four and made this system uniform throughout the state for the first time in Florida history. An amendment ratified in 1976 ended contested elections for Florida's appellate judges and made them subject to merit retention votes under a modified

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United States of America, consistent with the principles of the Federal Constitution, and by virtue of the Treaty of Amity, Settlement, and Limits between the United States of America and the King of Spain, ceding the Provinces of East and West Florida to the United States; in order to secure to ourselves and our posterity the enjoyment of all the rights of life, liberty, and property, and the pursuit of happiness, do mutually agree, each with the other, to form ourselves into a Free and Independent State, by the name of the State of Florida.

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also decided that using one's real property in violation of legitimate environmental protection laws is not protected by this provision, as there is no reasonable expectation of privacy in such use. The clause "except as otherwise provided herein" ensures that the provision does not impair law enforcement activities under Article I, Section 12 on searches and seizures, which is interpreted in parallel with the

1034:, at Tallahassee. McGehee expressed concern over two matters: the state's finances and the powers of the governor during wartime. To remedy the latter, the members appointed an Executive Council of four men to share the executive authority because they felt that the powers of a wartime executive should not be placed in the hands of one man. The Convention adjourned sine die on January 27, 1862. 1743:

protects the right to receive an abortion. In contrast, the Florida Supreme Court has held that the state has a compelling interest in compelling applicants for the state bar association to provide mental health records and that a municipality that was self-insured for healthcare benefits could require job applicants to disclose whether they smoke at home.

1120:, soldiers seized two of the "radical" delegates (who were in bed), and forced them to the hall. Between midnight and 2 AM, the "moderates" drafted a new constitution, "protected by a guard of Federal soldiers outside the hall". When the day came for the legal convention to meet again, soldiers with bayonets prevented the "radicals" from entering the hall. 1537:) 160 acres of contiguous land plus all improvements (if located outside a municipality) or 1/2 acre of contiguous land plus all improvements (if located inside a municipality), regardless of the property's value, plus personal property up to US$ 1,000. Upon the owner's death, the exemptions extend to the surviving spouse or to the heirs. 1755:

However, in 2004, the amendment was removed from the constitution via another ballot referendum. Governor Jeb Bush and some other legislators pushed for the inclusion of the ballot item to remove the amendment, claiming the rail network would be too costly to build. Jeb Bush, however, claimed that he

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Though many states have laws requiring smaller classroom sizes, Section 1(a) places this as a constitutional requirement that, by 2010, the legislature will provide adequate funding so that PK-3 classes do not exceed 18 students/teacher, 4-8 classes do not exceed 22 students/teacher, and 9-12 classes

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Some changes related directly to Florida's secession, such as substituting "Confederate States" for "United States," removing the requirement that the governor be a citizen for the United States for ten years prior to his election, and declaring Florida to be "a sovereign and independent nation." The

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The method of "compilation" for the Florida Constitution is unlike that of the federal constitution. When the Florida Constitution is amended the official text of the document is edited, removing language that is no longer in force. The Division of Statutory Revision within the Office of Legislative

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A handwritten copy of the 1838 Constitution or "Form of Government for the People of Florida", signed by Convention president Robert Raymond Reid and Convention secretary Joshua Knowles, resides at the State Archives of Florida. Considered "a secretary's copy" this document is the only known copy of

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The Florida constitution provides for an executive, legislative, and judicial branch. Unlike the U.S. Constitution, it mandates a separation of powers. The Florida Supreme Court has interpreted the "separation of powers" requirement to prohibit both encroachment by any one branch on the powers held

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except that there are more elaborations very similar to interpretations of the Bill of Rights by the United States Supreme Court, such as a clause stating that the freedom of religion cannot be used to justify immoral acts. Florida's Declaration of Rights also states that capital punishment is not

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from six elected officials to three. The change became effective January 7, 2003, and the Florida Cabinet now consists of the attorney general, the chief financial officer and the commissioner of agriculture. The secretary of state and commissioner of education became appointed positions and their

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The current Florida Constitution of 1968 was proposed on June 24 – July 3, 1968, via three joint resolutions in special sessions of the Florida Legislature. House Joint Resolution 1-2X included all revisions except for Article V, Article VI, and Article VIII. Senate Resolution 4-2X proposed the new

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By voter initiative, as a proposed amendment to appear on the ballot. By law, any such amendment 1) is limited to a single subject, 2) must include a ballot title not to exceed 15 words in length, 3) must also include a ballot summary not to exceed 75 words in length, and 4) must further include a

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Counties may enact any ordinance that is not inconsistent with general or special state law. In charter counties, a governing special law can be one passed by the county's voters, provided it is not inconsistent with general state law. In non-charter counties, a governing special law must be one

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and the Florida District Courts of Appeal, as well as circuit and county courts, describes how they are to be appointed, and sets forth their jurisdiction. It has been amended a number of times since ratification of the 1968 Constitution. Most notably, the voters approved extensive amendments in

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Article IV governs the election of the Florida governor and lieutenant governor, and of the Florida Cabinet. It currently specifies that the cabinet will consist of an attorney general, a chief financial officer, and a commissioner of agriculture with specifically defined powers, and it designates

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The new constitution legitimized a poll tax as a prerequisite for voting (Article VI, Section 8), thus effectively causing disfranchisement of blacks and many poor whites. By 1888, voter turnout had decreased by 27%, and additional provisions were adopted that further suppressed voter registration

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on January 20, 1868. As deliberations got under way, bitterly divided factions were formed. Of the 46 elected delegates, 18 were black and at least 15 were former slaves, who were described as literate, "gentlemen", and "eloquent" by a Northern reporter who was present. According to historian Adam

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which looks at whether the government has a compelling interest for any actions implicating this right. For example, while individuals may possess obscene materials in their homes, there is no right to privacy to patronize retail establishments selling such material. The Florida Supreme Court has

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By the Taxation and Budget Reform Commission, which is established every 20 years to consider and propose amendments (the Commission first met in 2007; the next scheduled meeting is in 2027). The Commission consists of 25 members: 11 members selected by the governor, seven members selected by the

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In addition, each university is governed by a 13-member Board of Trustees, of which six members are appointed by the governor and five members appointed by the Board of Governors, with the consent of the Florida Senate and serve staggered five-year terms. The remaining two members consist of the

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We, the People of the Territory of Florida, by our Delegates in Convention, assembled at the City of St. Joseph, on Monday the 3d day of December, A.D. 1838, and of the Independence of the United States the sixty-third year, having and claiming the right of admission into the Union, as one of the

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This provision was proposed during the 1978 Constitutional Revision Commission by Chief Justice Overton of the Florida Supreme Court. It was put to the electorate by the commission as part of a package of provisions in a single amendment, which failed. In 1980, the Florida Legislature, believing

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Many diverse, and sometimes controversial, amendments have been proposed to the Florida Constitution over the years. Some of these include modifications to the amendment process itself, parental notification of a minor's intent to terminate a pregnancy, minimum wage increases, and even limits on

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in various decisions in the 1960s. Many states, including Florida, had allotted a fixed number of senators per county, regardless of population, since the republic began. This violated the new federal court decisions. The regular political process had failed to remedy this. The malapportionment,

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Florida's first constitution as a U.S. territory was written and implemented in 1838. On March 3, 1845, Florida was granted admission into the Union as the 27th state. The current Constitution of Florida was ratified on November 5, 1968, and has been modified by initiative and referendum several

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However, the constitution usually includes history notes appended to the sections indicating when parts of it were amended, except that sections which were a part of the 1968 revision do not contain history notes prior to 1968. The section, indexes, headings, and notes are considered editorial

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On the November 5, 2000, general election, voters approved a citizens' initiative referendum to amend the Florida Constitution that would require the construction of a Florida high-speed corridor statewide rail system connecting all of the state's major cities. The rail system would likely run

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Except as noted below, all amendments proposed, regardless of the method of proposal, must be approved by 60 percent of the voters in a referendum held simultaneously with the next general election (that is, the next one at least 90 days after the amendment is filed with the custodian of state

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Since the Convention generally approved of Governor Perry's actions it made no move to interfere with his administration. However, when Governor John Milton took office in October 1861 and reversed some policies of his predecessor, a movement was started to reconvene the convention. Convention

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Case law invoking this provision is divided into two main categories: personal autonomy and disclosure of information. The provision guarantees individual the right to refuse life-saving medical treatment, food, and water—but does not give individuals a right to physician-assisted suicide—and

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The 1971 proposed rewrite of Article V was approved by the voters in 1972. It established uniform courts throughout Florida, set the jurisdiction of the courts, required that all judges be full time, established the judicial nominating commission, and revised the judicial qualifications

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The 1885 Legislature enacted Chapter 3577 calling for a Constitutional Convention in order to revise the Constitution of 1868. In May 1885, a general election for the selection of delegates was held throughout the state. The Convention met in Tallahassee from June 9 to August 3, 1885.

1714:— Every natural person has the right to be let alone and free from governmental intrusion into the person's private life except as otherwise provided herein. This section shall not be construed to limit the public's right of access to public records and meetings as provided by law. 1142:

upon "male persons" instead of "white male persons", as in the 1865 Constitution. With its acceptance by the Federal military authorities, the State of Florida was recognized as being restored to the Union, and its senators and representatives were admitted to Congress.

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was not opposed to the eventual construction of such a system, but that it should be managed by the Florida Department of Transportation. Proponents dispute the claim that the cost would be too high and say the presented cost estimates were highly exaggerated.

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Article V of the Florida Constitution, relating to the Judicial Branch, was not included in the 1968 revision. Not until 1971 in a special session did the Legislature pass Senate Joint Resolution 52-D proposing to the voters the "modern" Article V.

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By the Constitution Revision Commission, which is established every 20 years to consider and propose amendments (the Commission first met in 1977 and again in 1997; the next scheduled meeting is in 2037). The Commission consists of 37 members: the

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Section 4(b) places eight-year term limits on all legislative and executive office holders. (The section also places limits on Congressional officeholders; however, these provisions were ruled unconstitutional elsewhere and thus have no effect.)

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and serve staggered seven-year terms. The remaining three members consist of the Florida Commissioner of Education, the chair of the advisory council of faculty senates (or the equivalent), and the president of the Florida Student Association.

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respective agencies became the responsibility of the governor. The revised constitution also created a new State Board of Education with seven members appointed by the governor to oversee the Department of Education. The Cabinet offices of

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issued a proclamation calling an election on Saturday, December 22, 1860, for delegates to a Convention to address the issue of whether Florida had a right to withdraw from the Union. The Secession Convention met on January 3, 1861, in

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records) before they become a part of the Constitution. Previously, the ballot initiatives required only a simple majority (more than 50%) to be approved. A 2006 amendment raised the required threshold to a supermajority (60%).

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there was significant public interest in this provision, passed a resolution placing the provision as a single amendment on the 1980 general election that was approved by voters, becoming a part of the Florida Constitution.

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Speaker of the Florida House, and seven members selected by the Leader of the Florida Senate; however, none of the members can be a member of the Legislature at the time of selection). In addition, the commission has four

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Wasserman, "The radical delegates were in the vast majority and backed by a large militant black electorate." The "moderates" were "a powerful organized lobby of Southern planters, Northern capitalists, and capitalists".

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brought the election in Florida of a convention "for the purpose of taking into consideration the position of this State in the Federal Union." Pursuant to an Act of the Legislature approved November 30, 1860, Governor

1070:, issued an order on April 8, 1867, dividing the 39 counties of the State into 19 districts for the election of delegates to a convention to frame a new State Constitution. The new constitution had to conform with the 1378:

Article III requires that the Florida Legislature be a bicameral body, with an upper house of not more than 40 members elected to four-year terms, and a lower house of not more 120 members elected to two-year terms.

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presiding as president and Joshua Knowles secretary. The work of the convention was carried out by eighteen committees, whose members were familiar with that particular area of government. The Convention adjourned

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presided. Pursuant to Ordinance No. 1 of the convention, the Constitution was submitted to the citizens of Florida for ratification in November 1886. The 1885 Constitution was ratified by a 31,803 to 21,243 vote.

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The Legislature, via a three-fourths majority, may pass a law calling for a special election date on any amendment (again, which must be 90 days after the amendment is filed with the custodian of state records).

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Article VI which relates to elections and suffrage. Senate Resolution 5-2X proposed a new Article VIII which defined law regarding local government. Article V was included from the 1885 constitution as amended.

1150:; the seats were to be filled by a member of their tribe "and in no case by a white man." However, these positions were never filled, and this provision was not carried over into subsequent constitutions. 1193:

and turnout. This constitution mandated racial segregation in schools (Article XII, Section 12), and prohibited marriage between "a white person and a person of negro descent" (Article XVI, Section 24).

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members who are members of the Legislature: two selected by the House Speaker and two by the Senate President; both the Speaker and President must select one of its ex officio members from the minority

1097:, the "moderates" tried to give the sparsely-populated white counties the same voting power as the heavily populated black counties. The "radicals", however, would not agree to such an arrangement. 1453:

Municipal ordinances override inconsistent ordinances passed by non-charter counties; for chartered counties, the charter itself will determine which ordinance governs when there is a conflict.

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Section 4 lays out Florida's homestead exemption provision, considered one of the most protective in the nation for resident property owners. The provision exempts from forced sale (except

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The Florida Constitutions of 1838, 1861, 1865, 1868, and 1885 are available with transcripts and digitized images of the original documents. From the State Library & Archives of Florida

1584:. Unlike the Federal and other state minimum wage laws, this section contains an annual index to adjust the wage for inflation (the wage is adjusted effective January 1 of each year). 1127:, less than one-fourth of voters would be able to elect a majority of the State Senate, and less than one-third could elect a majority of the Assembly. As stated in a letter to Senator 1225:, over legislators from more populous, urban districts. In 1960, "12.3% of the population could elect a majority in the state senate and 14.7% could do the same in the lower house." 1062:

constitution returned civilian control of the state after Florida became subject to the military authority of the federal government in 1867. Pursuant to an Act of Congress, General

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Section 5 requires that the county school superintendent is elected by the voters unless legislation has been passed which allows the individual to be employed by the school board.

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John C. McGehee of Madison County was elected president of the convention, and the Convention ratified the Constitution adopted by the Confederate States of America on April 13 and

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The two constitutions were both submitted to General Meade; the Committee on Reconstruction subsequently adopted the "moderate" one, on Meade's recommendation. Under its terms for

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unconstitutional. Search and seizure and cruel and unusual punishment protections are to be consistent with the United States Supreme Court's interpretation of those rights.

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The outcome of the commission was placing, for voter consideration and approval, eight potential constitutional amendments on the Florida ballot. None of them were passed.

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Article VIII covers municipal and county government, and distinguishes between charter counties and non-charter counties. Two key distinctions are set forth therein:

1176:, disenfranchising many African Americans and poor whites. It also codified segregation. It established the makeup of the state government that continued until 1968. 1079: 1075: 2322: 1437:

The article further delineates the purposes for which bonds can be issued, and requires that certain bonds be approved by the voters in the affected area.

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Section seven mandates that those living in the Everglades Protection Area, who cause water pollution, will be primarily responsible for its remediation.

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decision, prohibits the conveyance of property taken by eminent domain to another person or private entity without 3/5ths approval of both houses of the

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Section 26 required the automatic revocation of any medical license where the provider has committed three or more incidents of medical malpractice.

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In 2012, a measure attempting to repeal the Blaine Amendment did not win a majority, much less the 60% approval a constitutional amendment requires.

2184:"The Right of Privacy in Florida in the Age of Technology and the Twenty-First Century: A Need for Protection from Private and Commercial Intrusion" 1759:

In the wake of the project's cancellation, a private sector express passenger service running across much of the proposed route was proposed by the

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The political context of this new Constitution was that it was a necessary step toward fair apportionment of legislative districts, required by the

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Under Section 4, each county is a separate school district, though contiguous counties may combine into one school district upon voter approval.

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the 1838 Constitution. The original Constitution, signed by all the delegates, has never been found. The preamble to the Constitution of 1838:

406: 867: 4009: 2821: 1131:, "Under our Constitution the Judiciary & State officers will be appointed & the apportionment will prevent a negro legislature." 3685: 3096: 1015:, and produced for adoption on January 10 an Ordinance of Secession and a Constitution which largely altered the existing Constitution. 2898: 2572: 2082: 2048: 1042:

In October 1865, delegates met to revoke the Ordinance of Secession and write a new Constitution. This Constitution, since it limited

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The 1998 Constitutional Revision Commission proposed a rewrite of Article IV, Section 4 of the Florida Constitution that reduced the

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The provision extends to the private lives of all natural persons, including minors, but only protects them from intrusion by

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Sections 10 and 11 discuss special laws (those affecting portions of the state, not the entire) and prohibitions against it.

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Section 25, re-enacted as "Amendment 7," regards a patient's right to discover records related to adverse medical incidents

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This constitution stated that one seat in the House of Representatives and one in the Senate were to be allocated to the

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for seating delegates from the former Confederate states, and it was scrapped in favor of the Constitution of 1868.

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Florida has been governed by six different constitutions since acceding to the United States. Before 1838, only the

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is the document that establishes and describes the powers, duties, structure, and function of the government of the

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alongside the state's interstate system, and would likely be similar to those found in Japan and other locales.

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The first article of the Florida Constitution contains the state's bill of rights which is very similar to the

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Amendments involving the creation of "new State taxes or fees" require a two-thirds approval of the voters.

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The overall system is governed by a 17-member Board of Governors, of which 14 members are appointed by the

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Section 1 of this Article also establishes the following elected county officers for terms of four years:

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were combined into the new position of chief financial officer who serves as head of the newly created

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For two weeks, the "radical" and "moderate" factions debated. Under the leadership of future governor

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Article VII specifically prohibits the levying of an income tax, except via very strict limitations.

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https://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/leroy-collins-and-the-making-of-modern-florida/2150025/

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until the new Constitution, had strongly favored rural, North Florida legislators, including the

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for the Territory of Florida. The Constitutional Convention convened on December 3, 1838, with

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Section 7 discusses the Florida State University System and its bi-level governing structure.

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chair of the university's faculty senate and the president of the university's student body.

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agent William J. Furman later bragged that he had prevented Florida from being "niggerized".

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Section 20 contains the constitution prohibition against smoking in all indoor workplaces.

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This article contains sections both prohibiting lotteries (Section 7) and simultaneously

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A Constitutional Revision Commission was held in 1977–78 with the following delegates:

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to become a state and join the Union was that its constitution must be approved by the

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Sections 20 and 21 set standards for drawing congressional and legislative districts.

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By a constitutional convention, which is called by the simple majority approval of a

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features and not part of the Constitution per se, and thus do not convey any rights.

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Services is responsible for codifying new amendments and removing obsolete language.

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do not exceed 25 students/teacher. Extracurricular classes are specifically exempt.

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president McGehee issued a proclamation on December 13 for the convention to meet on

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Principles, institutions and law of political governance in the U.S. state of Florida

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The constitution was ratified via referendum by the electorate on November 5, 1968.

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The Constitution was adopted by the people of Florida in May 1868. It conferred the

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Discusses the requirements for voters and when voting rights are disqualified.

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The 1968 Constitution eliminated the prior ban on racially integrated schools.

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Seeing no chance of victory, 19 of the "moderate" delegates decamped to nearby

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Section 21 contains a prohibition "imiting cruel and inhumane confinement of

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Section 1(b) also mandates a voluntary PK-4 program in all public schools.

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Section six discusses the "single subject requirement" limitation on laws.

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Section nine mandates that English is the official language of the state.

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The Florida Constitution provides five methods for proposing amendments:

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Section 22 requires parental notification prior to a minor obtaining an

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banned the use of public funds to support sectarian private schools.

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Section 16 discusses about the limitations on marine net fishing.

145: 2269: 2116:"Florida Constitutional Revision Commission website: Our Purpose" 1846:

Richardson, Joe (April 1962). "A Northerner Reports on Florida".

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produced a constitution that reversed some of the aspects of the

948:. In order to fulfill that requirement, an act was passed by the 889: 48: 1927:

Rick Edmonds, "LeRoy Collins and the making of modern Florida",

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was the chair of the committee which drafted the Constitution;

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Discusses both PK-12 and college/university public education.

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financial impact statement not to exceed 75 words in length..

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Article I, Section 23 of the Florida Constitution provides:

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Florida state treasurer/insurance commissioner/fire marshal

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Ordinance of Secession and the 1861 Constitution of Florida

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The current Constitution, From Florida Legislature Website

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cruel and inhumane confinement of pigs during pregnancy.

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to white male citizens, did not meet the requirements of

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was briefly enacted in Florida. A monument commemorating

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Finding Florida. The True History of the Sunshine State

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by another and delegation by any branch of its powers.

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Florida Constitution of 1868, Art. XVI, Section VII

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the right to privacy under the Federal Constitution

1400: 1364:Section three prescribes for separation of powers. 1358:Section one denotes the official state boundaries. 1737:Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution 968:. The delegates were to draft a constitution and 4032: 2182:Overton, Ben F.; Giddings, Katherine E. (1997). 1635:, nine members selected by the president of the 1196: 1153: 1053: 2181: 1988:"Florida Religious Freedom, Amendment 8 (2012)" 1327: 1116:, broke into the hall at midnight. To ensure a 1796:"FSU Florida Constitution Revision Commission" 3693: 2250: 1878:(4th ed.). Adam Wasserman. p. 527. 1267:Constitutional Revision Commission of 1977–78 896:of Florida was ratified on November 5, 1968. 861: 1822:"Constitution of the State of Florida, 1865" 1746: 1038:The 1865 Florida Constitution (not approved) 1976:State of Florida website: Cabinet Structure 3700: 3686: 2257: 2243: 1845: 868: 854: 2031: 1873: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1166:Florida Constitutional Convention of 1885 936:Florida Constitutional Convention of 1838 4061:1838 establishments in Florida Territory 4051:State constitutions of the United States 1606: 1397:them as elected rather than appointed. 14: 4033: 1946: 1860: 1643:with the advice of the other justices. 3681: 3102:Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach 2238: 1699:Right to privacy § United States 1683: 1667: 2264: 1418:Article VI: "Suffrage and Elections" 1172:1868 Constitution. It established a 882:Constitution of the State of Florida 35:Constitution of the State of Florida 3709:State constitutions (United States) 2188:Florida State University Law Review 2079:Online Sunshine Florida Legislature 1692: 1430:Article VII: "Finance and Taxation" 1337:Article I: "Declaration of Rights" 24: 3077:Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach 3072:Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin 2013:"Constitution Revision Commission" 1767:, began operations in early 2018. 1361:Section two denotes basic rights. 1238: 929: 447:Party for Socialism and Liberation 25: 4152: 2210: 1703:Privacy laws of the United States 3661: 1633:Florida House of Representatives 1450:passed by the state legislature. 1441:Article VIII: "Local Government" 1350:Article II: "General Provisions" 1258:Department of Financial Services 834: 824: 144: 3167:Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater 2229:Florida Constitution in Spanish 2134: 2108: 2097: 2067: 2041: 2005: 1980: 1969: 1580:Section 24 specifies the state 1540:Section 6c, resulting from the 924: 4136:1968 establishments in Florida 4121:1885 establishments in Florida 4106:1868 establishments in Florida 4091:1865 establishments in Florida 4076:1861 establishments in Florida 2905:Puerto Rican-American culture 2526:Florida land boom of the 1920s 1940: 1921: 1903: 1892: 1839: 1814: 1788: 1777: 956:, calling for the election of 952:in 1838, approved by Governor 13: 1: 3127:Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville 3112:North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton 3107:Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island 1876:A People's History of Florida 1770: 1627:, 15 members selected by the 1522:Includes various provisions. 1197:The 1968 Florida Constitution 1154:The 1885 Florida Constitution 1054:The 1868 Florida Constitution 909:still stands in front of the 819:Politics of the United States 523:U.S. House of Representatives 2217:Florida's Early Constitution 2075:"Art VIII, 1(d), Fla. Const" 1849:Florida Historical Quarterly 1343:United States Bill of Rights 1328:Current Florida Constitution 1160:Florida Constitution of 1885 1108:military commander, General 940:One of the requirements for 901:Spanish Constitution of 1812 7: 2104:§ 11.242, Fla. Stat. (2016) 1210:was also on the committee. 1001:In 1860, the onrush of the 950:Florida Territorial Council 246:Commissioner of Agriculture 10: 4157: 3137:Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent 2521:Florida East Coast Railway 2511:Plantations of Leon County 2142:"The Florida Constitution" 1937:, retrieved July 14, 2015. 1761:Florida East Coast Railway 1696: 1543:Kelo v. City of New London 1518:Article X: "Miscellaneous" 1405:Article V establishes the 1374:Article III: "Legislature" 1157: 933: 722:Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick 171:United States Constitution 4056:1838 in Florida Territory 3990: 3976: 3715: 3657: 3303: 3180: 3122:Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford 3057: 2934: 2878:Haitian-American culture 2814: 2639: 2549: 2449: 2288: 2276: 2231:(unofficial translation). 2148:. The Florida Legislature 1747:High-speed rail amendment 382:District courts of appeal 120: 115: 103: 91: 74: 54: 44: 39: 34: 4010:Northern Mariana Islands 2573:drainage and development 1874:Wasserman, Adam (2010). 1659:asking for a convention. 1625:Florida attorney general 1594:Article XI: "Amendments" 1505:with the consent of the 906:La Constitución de Cádiz 772:Debbie Wasserman Schultz 497:Congressional delegation 472:Administrative divisions 459:Political party strength 2831:Cuban-American culture 1910:The History of Jim Crow 1478:Article IX: "Education" 1470:Supervisor of Elections 1392:Article IV: "Executive" 1068:Third Military District 292:President pro Tempore: 236:Chief Financial Officer 2706:1949 Florida hurricane 2696:Fort Lauderdale (1947) 2223:Florida's Constitution 1953:Atlantic Monthly Press 1947:Allman, T. D. (2013). 1716: 1401:Article V: "Judiciary" 1085:The Convention met in 994: 946:United States Congress 452:National minor parties 62:; 55 years ago 4046:Government of Florida 3097:Lakeland–Winter Haven 3067:Cape Coral–Fort Myers 3009:North Central Florida 2676:Treasure Coast (1933) 1915:June 1, 2007, at the 1826:www.floridamemory.com 1709: 1641:Florida Supreme Court 1407:Florida Supreme Court 1281:William O. Birchfield 1080:Fourteenth Amendments 989: 983:on January 11, 1839. 960:in October 1838 to a 330:Speaker pro Tempore: 60:November 5, 1968 4141:1968 in American law 4126:1885 in American law 4111:1868 in American law 4096:1865 in American law 4081:1861 in American law 4066:1838 in American law 3152:Sebastian-Vero Beach 2701:South Florida (1948) 2536:Kennedy Space Center 2345:environmental issues 2122:on February 19, 2015 2049:"Public Information" 1955:. pp. 362–363. 1933:, October 30, 2013, 1607:Proposing amendments 1299:John E. Mathews, Jr. 1072:Federal Constitution 792:Maria Elvira Salazar 176:Florida Constitution 110:Judiciary of Florida 18:Florida Constitution 4020:U.S. Virgin Islands 2686:Dry Tortugas (1944) 2671:Florida Keys (1929) 2651:Florida Keys (1919) 2436:Tourist attractions 2085:on December 8, 2008 1802:on October 30, 2011 1629:governor of Florida 1617:Florida Legislature 1570:during pregnancy". 1548:Florida Legislature 1503:governor of Florida 1307:Donald H. Reed, Jr. 1140:electoral franchise 1102:Monticello, Florida 1066:, Commander of the 1026:on April 27, 1861. 966:St. Joseph, Florida 831:Politics portal 211:Lieutenant Governor 137:Politics of Florida 98:Governor of Florida 85:Florida Legislature 3668:Florida portal 2894:Indigenous peoples 2019:on August 29, 2018 1732:standard of review 1684:Notable amendments 1668:Amendment approval 1467:Property Appraiser 1294:Talbot D'Alemberte 1204:Chesterfield Smith 1170:Reconstruction era 1060:Reconstruction era 1024:adjourned sine die 1003:American Civil War 954:Richard Keith Call 841:Florida portal 422:Constitution Party 287:Kathleen Passidomo 4028: 4027: 3675: 3674: 3087:Homosassa Springs 3029:Southwest Florida 2666:Okeechobee (1928) 2496:Florida Territory 1712:Right of privacy. 1303:Kenneth A. Plante 1276:Dempsey J. Barron 1133:Freedmen's Bureau 878: 877: 802:Carlos A. 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1964: 1962:9780802120762 1958: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1924: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1900: 1895: 1887: 1885:9781442167094 1881: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1842: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1604: 1600: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1555:allowing them 1551: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1464:Tax Collector 1463: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1438: 1435: 1427: 1423: 1415: 1413: 1412:Missouri Plan 1408: 1398: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1347: 1344: 1334: 1325: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1311:John L. Ryals 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1289:LeRoy Collins 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1236: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1208:LeRoy Collins 1205: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1161: 1151: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1095:Harrison Reed 1091: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1004: 993: 988: 984: 982: 981: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 937: 922: 921:times since. 918: 916: 915:St. Augustine 912: 908: 907: 902: 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 871: 866: 864: 859: 857: 852: 851: 849: 848: 842: 832: 827: 822: 820: 817: 816: 814: 813: 803: 799: 796: 793: 789: 786: 783: 779: 776: 773: 769: 766: 763: 759: 756: 753: 749: 746: 743: 739: 736: 733: 729: 726: 723: 719: 716: 713: 712:Byron Donalds 709: 706: 703: 699: 696: 693: 689: 686: 683: 682:Vern Buchanan 679: 676: 673: 669: 666: 663: 659: 656: 653: 649: 646: 643: 642:Gus Bilirakis 639: 636: 633: 629: 626: 623: 622:Maxwell Frost 619: 616: 613: 609: 606: 603: 599: 596: 593: 589: 586: 583: 582:Michael Waltz 579: 576: 573: 569: 566: 563: 559: 556: 553: 549: 546: 543: 539: 536: 533: 529: 526: 525: 524: 521: 516: 513: 510: 507: 506: 505: 502: 501: 498: 493: 492: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 473: 468: 467: 460: 457: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 427:Ecology Party 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 408: 405: 404: 401: 396: 395: 388: 385: 383: 380: 376: 372: 371: 370: 369:Supreme Court 367: 366: 363: 358: 357: 347: 343: 340: 336: 333: 332:Chuck Clemons 329: 326: 322: 319: 318: 317: 314: 309: 305: 302: 301:Ben Albritton 298: 295: 294:Dennis Baxley 291: 288: 284: 281: 280: 279: 276: 275: 272: 267: 266: 259: 256: 251: 247: 244: 241: 237: 234: 231: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 216: 212: 209: 206: 202: 199: 198: 195: 190: 189: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 165: 161: 156: 155: 152: 151: 147: 143: 142: 138: 134: 133: 125: 123: 119: 114: 111: 108: 106: 102: 99: 96: 94: 90: 86: 83: 79: 77: 73: 59: 57: 53: 50: 47: 43: 38: 33: 27: 19: 4015:Puerto Rico 3923:South Dakota 3913:Rhode Island 3908:Pennsylvania 3888:North Dakota 3762: 3659: 3458:Indian River 3448:Hillsborough 3190:Jacksonville 3172:The Villages 3092:Jacksonville 3004:Nature Coast 2989:Halifax area 2882:Delray Beach 2852:Demographics 2776:Wilma (2005) 2736:Elena (1985) 2726:Betsy (1965) 2721:Donna (1960) 2661:Miami (1926) 2541:Disney World 2484:West Florida 2479:East Florida 2372:Homelessness 2278: 2196:. Retrieved 2191: 2187: 2150:. Retrieved 2145: 2136: 2124:. Retrieved 2120:the original 2110: 2099: 2087:. Retrieved 2083:the original 2078: 2069: 2057:. Retrieved 2053:the original 2043: 2033: 2021:. Retrieved 2017:the original 2007: 1995:. Retrieved 1991: 1982: 1971: 1948: 1942: 1928: 1923: 1905: 1894: 1875: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1829:. Retrieved 1825: 1816: 1804:. Retrieved 1800:the original 1790: 1779: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1741: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1687: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1610: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1586: 1582:minimum wage 1579: 1572: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1552: 1541: 1539: 1527:to pay taxes 1524: 1521: 1512: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1456: 1444: 1436: 1433: 1424: 1421: 1404: 1395: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1340: 1331: 1323: 1320:John T. Ware 1285:Lew Brantley 1270: 1262: 1242: 1230: 1227: 1215: 1212: 1200: 1191: 1182:Samuel Pasco 1178: 1163: 1145: 1137: 1122: 1110:George Meade 1099: 1092: 1084: 1057: 1041: 1031: 1028: 1021: 1017: 1000: 990: 985: 978: 939: 925:Constitution 919: 904: 898: 894:Constitution 881: 879: 742:Lois Frankel 662:Kathy Castor 230:Ashley Moody 205:Ron DeSantis 175: 160:Constitution 159: 45:Jurisdiction 26: 4041:Florida law 3992:Territories 3838:Mississippi 3753:Connecticut 3250:Gainesville 3225:Tallahassee 3162:Tallahassee 3147:Punta Gorda 3132:Panama City 3082:Gainesville 3059:Metro areas 3034:Space Coast 2974:First Coast 2862:Agriculture 2786:Irma (2017) 2761:Ivan (2004) 2746:Opal (1995) 2716:King (1950) 2711:Easy (1950) 2621:State parks 2387:LGBT rights 2340:Environment 2323:delegations 2280:Tallahassee 2038:commission. 1992:BallotPedia 1806:January 22, 1254:comptroller 1129:David Yulee 1087:Tallahassee 1013:Tallahassee 692:Greg Steube 612:Darren Soto 552:Kat Cammack 509:Marco Rubio 504:U.S. Senate 432:Green Party 325:Paul Renner 308:Lauren Book 271:Legislature 181:Florida law 4035:Categories 3953:Washington 3873:New Mexico 3868:New Jersey 3743:California 3649:Washington 3589:Santa Rosa 3564:Palm Beach 3549:Okeechobee 3523:Miami‑Dade 3275:Clearwater 3230:Cape Coral 2984:Gold Coast 2969:Everglades 2899:Everglades 2874:Floridians 2801:Ian (2022) 2643:hurricanes 2569:Everglades 2397:newspapers 2392:Mass media 2377:Hurricanes 2367:Government 2023:August 28, 1997:August 28, 1771:References 1765:Brightline 1724:government 1697:See also: 1649:ex officio 1296:, Chairman 1076:Thirteenth 962:convention 934:See also: 886:U.S. state 732:Brian Mast 672:Laurel Lee 602:Bill Posey 592:Cory Mills 562:Aaron Bean 532:Matt Gaetz 515:Rick Scott 122:Amendments 67:1968-11-05 3963:Wisconsin 3928:Tennessee 3833:Minnesota 3808:Louisiana 3609:St. Lucie 3604:St. Johns 3473:Lafayette 3468:Jefferson 3443:Highlands 3408:Gilchrist 3348:Charlotte 3245:Hollywood 3019:Panhandle 2994:Heartland 2943:Big Bend 2914:Kissimmee 2869:Education 2606:Sinkholes 2551:Geography 2516:Civil War 2335:Education 2328:districts 2283:(capital) 1831:April 21, 1531:mortgages 1148:Seminoles 1064:John Pope 958:delegates 542:Neal Dunn 400:Elections 362:Judiciary 283:President 194:Executive 105:Judiciary 93:Executive 82:bicameral 3948:Virginia 3898:Oklahoma 3878:New York 3853:Nebraska 3843:Missouri 3828:Michigan 3818:Maryland 3803:Kentucky 3783:Illinois 3758:Delaware 3748:Colorado 3738:Arkansas 3619:Suwannee 3599:Seminole 3594:Sarasota 3574:Pinellas 3544:Okaloosa 3533:Mosquito 3438:Hernando 3423:Hamilton 3398:Franklin 3388:Escambia 3368:Columbia 3328:Bradford 3305:Counties 3280:Lakeland 3265:Palm Bay 3039:Suncoast 2921:Politics 2491:Seminole 2469:missions 2459:Timeline 2198:July 15, 2152:July 15, 2089:June 16, 2059:June 24, 1913:Archived 1575:abortion 1174:poll tax 1048:Congress 1044:suffrage 980:sine die 479:Counties 201:Governor 76:Chambers 56:Ratified 40:Overview 3968:Wyoming 3943:Vermont 3848:Montana 3788:Indiana 3768:Georgia 3763:Florida 3733:Arizona 3723:Alabama 3639:Wakulla 3634:Volusia 3559:Osceola 3508:Manatee 3503:Madison 3498:Liberty 3463:Jackson 3403:Gadsden 3393:Flagler 3363:Collier 3343:Calhoun 3338:Broward 3333:Brevard 3313:Alachua 3255:Miramar 3215:Hialeah 3205:Orlando 3157:Sebring 2936:Regions 2909:Orlando 2857:Economy 2847:Culture 2815:Society 2626:Straits 2611:Springs 2559:Beaches 2506:Slavery 2451:History 2414:Symbols 2362:Geology 2308:Climate 2270:Florida 2194:: 25–55 2126:July 7, 1615:By the 1461:Sheriff 942:Florida 890:Florida 321:Speaker 221:Cabinet 116:History 65: ( 49:Florida 3903:Oregon 3858:Nevada 3798:Kansas 3773:Hawaii 3728:Alaska 3716:States 3644:Walton 3624:Taylor 3614:Sumter 3584:Putnam 3554:Orange 3539:Nassau 3528:Monroe 3518:Martin 3513:Marion 3453:Holmes 3433:Hendry 3428:Hardee 3413:Glades 3373:DeSoto 3353:Citrus 2947:region 2926:Sports 2631:Swamps 2601:Rivers 2290:Topics 1959: 1882: 1856:: 383. 1701:, and 1652:party. 1118:quorum 278:Senate 3933:Texas 3813:Maine 3778:Idaho 3629:Union 3569:Pasco 3383:Duval 3378:Dixie 3318:Baker 3295:Davie 3200:Tampa 3195:Miami 3117:Ocala 2952:coast 2887:Miami 2840:Tampa 2835:Miami 2827:Crime 2641:Major 2584:Lakes 2564:Caves 2424:motto 2402:radio 2357:Flora 2352:Fauna 2298:Index 2266:State 1533:, or 316:House 80:Two ( 4005:Guam 3938:Utah 3893:Ohio 3793:Iowa 3579:Polk 3493:Levy 3488:Leon 3478:Lake 3418:Gulf 3358:Clay 2999:Keys 2596:Reef 2579:Keys 2429:seal 2419:flag 2200:2017 2154:2017 2128:2008 2091:2019 2061:2010 2025:2018 1999:2018 1957:ISBN 1880:ISBN 1833:2016 1808:2014 1568:pigs 1252:and 1164:The 1078:and 1058:The 880:The 162:and 3483:Lee 3323:Bay 2382:Law 2268:of 1184:of 913:in 888:of 804:(R) 794:(R) 784:(R) 774:(D) 764:(D) 754:(D) 744:(D) 734:(R) 724:(D) 714:(R) 704:(R) 694:(R) 684:(R) 674:(R) 664:(D) 654:(R) 644:(R) 634:(R) 624:(D) 614:(D) 604:(R) 594:(R) 584:(R) 574:(R) 564:(R) 554:(R) 544:(R) 534:(R) 517:(R) 511:(R) 348:(D) 341:(R) 334:(R) 327:(R) 310:(D) 303:(R) 296:(R) 289:(R) 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