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boom. During the land boom, many local governments sold bonds to pay for projects related to development. After the boom, local government did not have revenue proceeds to pay down bond debt. This resulted in widespread unsecured bond default. Another contributing factor was that numerous counties in southern
Florida would take out "large loans" during the boom to help build infrastructure projects to entice developers which led to these counties going into debt. Doyle Carlton was elected in 1928 as governor and during his tenure he tried to put a limit on the amount of bonded debt local governments could hold. He faced opposition from state representatives in northern Florida whose counties had less debt and did not want to pay for their southern counterparts.
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property and did not pay the taxes. Under state law, the state could not sell the property for less than its assessed value. To remedy the situation, in 1937, the
Florida Legislature passed the Murphy Act. The Act permitted the state to sell tax delinquent property for what could be obtained. Deeds issued to purchasers, colloquially known as “Murphy deeds,” reserved certain rights to the state. Years later, these reservations in many cases enabled the state to acquire rights-of-way without having to pay compensation.
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Florida's economic decline predated the start of the Great
Depression. Therefore, it had fewer resources and more debt "than other regions of the nation." Large amounts of local debt financing through bonds worsened the economic situation in the state with most of it coming from the years of the land
211:
would also see growth during this period as well, but would have a more diversified economy than Miami that included manufacturing and tourism. Miami's economy was primarily based on tourism despite failed attempts during the 1920s to diversify the city economically. Jacksonville, the largest city in
312:
Deposits in
Florida banks had increased steadily between 1922 and 1925, but then started to decline; by 1926 smaller banks began to fail because of many withdrawals by depositors and defaults on loans. Bank assets flowing into the state started to reverse. A "surplus of funds" and easily available
321:
The collapse of
Florida land values caused a severe financial crisis for the state government. Land values had dropped nearly to the vanishing point, but the property was subject to property tax assessments far in excess of its current value. Many property owners simply abandoned the
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capsize incident saved many people from huge possible losses by revealing cracks in the Miami façade. "In the enforced lull which accompanied the efforts to unstopper the Miami Harbor," he wrote, "many a shipper in the North and many a builder in the South got a better grasp of what was actually
203:
proclaiming "It's June In Miami". Fisher's publicity and investments along with those of concurrent pioneers Lummus and
Collins correlated with rapidly rising prices, and the boom began. Brokers and dealers speculated wildly on commodities as well. They ordered supplies in excess of what was
186:
in
Florida. Miami had an image as a tropical paradise and outside investors across the United States began taking an interest in Miami real estate. Due in part to publicity stunts and deed restrictions, developers saw a large influx of Northern tourists and potential residents. Developer
48:
This pioneering era of
Florida land speculation lasted from 1924 to 1926 and attracted investors from all over the nation. The land boom left behind entirely new, planned developments incorporated into towns and cities. Major investors and speculators such as
135:, including the forces of outside speculators, easy credit access for buyers, and rapidly appreciating property values, ending in a financial collapse that ruined thousands of investors and property owners, and crippled the local economy for years thereafter.
250:, and essential commodities to enter or move within the state. Also in 1925, Florida began to pass laws further regulating real estate; with salesmen being required to have licenses and offices which as a result led to a boom in demand for office space.
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Because the railroads were still embargoing non-essential shipments, it now became completely impossible to bring building supplies into the Miami area, and the city's image as a tropical paradise began to crumble. In his book
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taking place here." New buyers failed to arrive, and the property price escalation that fueled the land boom stopped. The days of Miami properties being bought and sold at auction as many as ten times in one day were over.
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made certain it was extinguished. The 1926 hurricane destroyed "whatever public enthusiasm for
Florida vacation properties and real estate development that remained," as there had been little preparation for the storm.
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The economic prosperity of the 1920s coupled with a lack of knowledge about storm frequency and the poor building standards used by boom developers set the conditions for the first
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properties at huge profits began to have a difficult time finding new buyers. To make matters worse, in
October 1925, the "Big Three" railroad companies operating in Florida—the
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Florida, would not be as affected by the boom because municipal leaders had decided to work on expanding industry and commerce rather than tourism after World War I.
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actually needed and sent shipments to general destinations. The result was railroad freight cars became stranded, choking the movement of rail traffic statewide.
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936:(published between 1924 and 1926) was distributed across Florida and beyond. The magazine both promoted and documented the land boom in Florida.
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warned that Florida land prices were based solely upon the expectation of finding a customer, not upon any real land value. The
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592:""Secrecy Has No Excuse": The Florida Land Boom, Tourism, and the 1926 Smallpox Epidemic in Tampa and Miami"
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also left behind a new history of racially deed restricted properties that segregated cities for decades.
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Weathering the Storm: Florida Politics during the Administration of Spessard L. Holland in World War II
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of Miami harbor and blocked access to the harbor. It had been on its way to becoming a floating hotel.
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651:"UNDERWATER LOTS! SWAMP CITIES! $ 10 DOWN! WELCOME TO FLORIDA, THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, SURF AND SCAMS"
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began to scrutinize the Florida real estate boom as a giant sham operation. Speculators intent on
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862:"MURPHY DEED RIGHT-OF-WAY RESERVATIONS: A 1930S TAXPAYER BAILOUT YIELDS RIGHT-OF-WAY COST SAVING"
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124:. The land boom shaped Florida's future for decades and created entire new cities out of the
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By January 1925, investors were beginning to read negative press about Florida investments.
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Bubble in the Sun: The Florida Boom of the 1920s and How It Brought on the Great Depression
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Although the railroads lifted the embargo in May 1926, the boom was about to end. The
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Preserving the Past: Library Development in Florida and the New Deal, 1933-1942
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Miami Millions: the dance of the dollars in the great Florida land boom of 1925
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Ellis, Guy Worthington; Lincoln Road Association; Egbert, Jane (January 1941).
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Miami Millions: The Dance of the Dollars in the Great Florida Land Boom of 1925
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84:. It also left behind the remains of failed development projects such as
816:(MA thesis). Florida State University. p. 48 – via DigiNole.
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The impact of the boom would extend beyond Miami and southern Florida.
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480:"Remembering Miami Beach's Shameful History of Segregation and Racism"
431:
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Greater Jacksonville's Response to the Florida Land Boom of the 1920s
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888:(PhD dissertation). Florida State University – via DigiNole.
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in Florida was primarily caused by the economic prosperity of the
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Bubbles, Booms, and Busts: The Rise and Fall of Financial Assets
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In the background were the well-publicized extensions of the
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377:"Lincoln Road: The World's Most Beautiful Shopping Center"
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of building materials, permitting only foodstuffs, fuel,
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Kleinburg, Howard; Moore Parks, Arva (October 1, 1994).
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became famous by purchasing a huge lighted billboard in
750:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 330.
457:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 330.
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394:(First ed.). Centennial Press. pp. 136–137.
679:
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Lummus, J. N.; Signed Affidavit (November 21, 1949).
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Among those cities at the center of this bubble were
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820:
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602:– via University of Central Florida Libraries.
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171:, increasing the appeal of parts of the U.S. with a
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were being drained, creating new dry land. Finally,
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379:. No. VII:5. The Florida Teacher. p. 18.
25:1922 Florida billboard promoting the sale of lots
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503:"Oscillation Of Anti-Semitism In Greater Miami"
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356:. Miami, Florida: The Franklin Press. p. 5
712:. Miami: The Franklin Press, Inc. p. 139.
432:"Devastation in Miami from the 1926 Hurricane"
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292:Devastation after the Miami hurricane of 1926
1772:History of real estate in the United States
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242:—called an embargo due to the rail traffic
167:cut off the rich from their seasons on the
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725:"1926 Miami: The blow that broke the boom"
332:Draining and development of the Everglades
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928:University of South Florida Libraries:
37:coupled with a lack of knowledge about
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860:Browns, Henry; Brown, Rebecca (2009).
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1787:Land speculation in the United States
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850:Ch. 18296, §2, Laws of Florida (1937)
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723:McIver, Stuart (September 19, 1993).
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434:. Publisher: United States of America
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131:The story includes many parallels to
649:Clark, James C. (October 28, 1990).
501:Simonoff, Harry (January 12, 1951).
300:ended the boom and the much smaller
535:. City of Miami Beach. pp. 1–5
275:, Kenneth Ballinger wrote that the
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893:
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680:Boulton, Alexander O. (May 1990).
619:(MA thesis). University of Florida
533:Clerk Archives City of Miami Beach
529:"The Early History of Miami Beach"
505:. The Jewish Floridian. p. 3.
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16:Florida's first real estate bubble
14:
1798:
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580:. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing.
133:the real estate boom of the 2000s
1105:1830s Chicago real estate bubble
1094:1810s Alabama real estate bubble
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627:– via UNF Digital Commons.
596:The Florida Historical Quarterly
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453:Barnes, J. (October 14, 1998).
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253:Then, on January 10, 1926, the
1297:Western Australian gold rushes
900:Knowlton, Christopher (2020).
613:Miller, Philip Warren (1989).
578:Florida Railroads in the 1920s
554:South Florida: A Brief History
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478:Cooke, Bill (March 10, 2016).
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313:credit also began to dry up.
1726:U.S. higher education bubble
1637:Chinese stock bubble of 2007
1599:United States housing bubble
1593:2000s Danish property bubble
1575:Baltic states housing bubble
1351:Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush
727:. South Florida Sun-Sentinel
240:Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
7:
1563:Japanese asset price bubble
1551:New Zealand property bubble
1520:New Zealand property bubble
1449:Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush
1217:First Nova Scotia Gold Rush
748:Florida's Hurricane History
746:Barnes, J. (May 21, 2007).
706:Ballinger, Kenneth (1936).
455:Florida's Hurricane History
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263:, sank in the mouth of the
259:, a 241-foot, steel-hulled
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1803:
1680:Australian property bubble
1315:Tierra del Fuego gold rush
1199:Colorado River mining boom
1139:Queen Charlottes Gold Rush
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810:Pearia, Alicia A. (2007).
686:American Heritage Magazine
236:Florida East Coast Railway
224:Bureau of Internal Revenue
145:Florida East Coast Railway
1747:1920s in economic history
1716:Social media stock bubble
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1258:2nd Industrial Revolution
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1151:New South Wales gold rush
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1072:1st Industrial Revolution
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657:(Digital). Archived from
516:The Beginning of the Road
302:1928 Okeechobee hurricane
232:Seaboard Air Line Railway
128:land that remain today.
1757:1925 in economic history
1617:Canadian property bubble
1605:Romanian property bubble
1444:1930s Kakamega gold rush
1235:Vermilion Lake gold rush
419:. Springer. p. 164.
1668:Lebanese housing bubble
1629:Lebanese housing bubble
1623:Chinese property bubble
1557:Spanish property bubble
1414:1920s Florida land boom
1339:Cripple Creek Gold Rush
1327:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
1268:1870s Lapland gold rush
1163:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush
1662:2000s commodities boom
1642:Uranium bubble of 2007
1611:Polish property bubble
1587:2000s commodities boom
1503:1970s commodities boom
1273:Coromandel Gold Rushes
1157:Australian gold rushes
906:. Simon and Schuster.
882:Evans, Jon S. (2011).
576:Turner, Gregg (2005).
392:Miami Beach: A History
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139:Background and history
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1762:20th century in Miami
1686:Cryptocurrency bubble
1674:Corporate debt bubble
1581:Irish property bubble
1363:Mount Baker gold rush
1285:Black Hills gold rush
1187:Similkameen Gold Rush
1181:Pennsylvania oil rush
1169:Pike's Peak gold rush
1061:Bengal Bubble of 1769
1033:Commercial revolution
1008:Irrational exuberance
590:Jarvis, Eric (2010).
430:Library of Congress.
291:
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1777:Miami Beach, Florida
1357:Kobuk River Stampede
1291:Colorado Silver Boom
1223:West Coast gold rush
1175:Rock Creek Gold Rush
1133:California gold rush
638:Florida in the 1920s
350:Ballinger, Kenneth.
298:1926 Miami hurricane
155:(1896), and finally
1782:Real estate bubbles
1493:The Great Inflation
1476:Porcupine Gold Rush
1460:Post–WWII expansion
1438:Porcupine Gold Rush
1420:Fairbanks Gold Rush
1393:Porcupine Gold Rush
1375:Fairbanks Gold Rush
1145:Victorian gold rush
1110:Chilean silver rush
1023:Stock market bubble
682:"Tropical Twenties"
1767:History of Florida
1432:Cobalt silver rush
1387:Cobalt silver rush
1345:Klondike Gold Rush
1241:Kildonan Gold Rush
1229:Big Bend Gold Rush
1088:Carolina gold rush
1049:Mississippi bubble
1018:Real-estate bubble
559:2010-04-29 at the
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184:real estate bubble
98:Fulford-by-the-Sea
43:building standards
31:real estate bubble
27:
1734:
1733:
1692:Everything bubble
1341:(c. 1890–c. 1910)
1321:Cayoosh Gold Rush
1311:(c. 1880–c. 1930)
1299:(c. 1880–c. 1900)
1281:(c. 1870–c. 1890)
1279:Cassiar Gold Rush
1275:(c. 1870–c. 1890)
1247:Omineca Gold Rush
1211:Cariboo Gold Rush
1193:Stikine Gold Rush
1129:(c. 1840–c. 1850)
1099:Georgia Gold Rush
1084:(c. 1790–c. 1810)
987:Financial bubbles
913:978-1-9821-2837-1
482:. Miami New Times
92:(original plan),
1794:
1752:1920s in Florida
1536:Great Regression
1531:Great Moderation
1508:Mexican oil boom
1303:Indiana gas boom
1055:South Sea bubble
1013:Social contagion
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265:turning basin
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173:Mediterranean
170:
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154:
151:(1894), then
150:
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123:
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91:
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71:
70:Miami Springs
67:
63:
59:
54:
52:
46:
44:
41:and the poor
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
1711:Green bubble
1413:
1333:Encilhamento
1003:Credit cycle
998:Market trend
950:1920s portal
933:
929:
902:
884:
865:
855:
846:
841:, p. 4.
834:
822:
812:
790:
778:
766:
747:
741:
729:. Retrieved
718:
708:
701:
691:November 26,
689:. Retrieved
675:
665:February 25,
663:. Retrieved
659:the original
654:
644:
633:
621:. Retrieved
615:
608:
599:
595:
585:
577:
549:
537:. Retrieved
532:
522:
511:
496:
484:. Retrieved
473:
454:
448:
436:. Retrieved
425:
416:
410:
391:
385:
370:
358:. Retrieved
352:
345:
320:
317:Murphy deeds
311:
307:
295:
276:
272:
269:
254:
252:
217:
214:
206:
201:Times Square
181:
159:, 1912. The
142:
130:
86:Aladdin City
78:Miami Shores
62:Coral Gables
55:
47:
28:
18:
1664:(2008–2014)
1631:(2005–2008)
1625:(2005–2011)
1613:(2002–2008)
1607:(2002–2007)
1601:(2002–2006)
1595:(2001–2006)
1589:(2000–2008)
1577:(2000–2006)
1571:(1995–2000)
1565:(1986–1990)
1559:(1985–2008)
1539:(1982–2007)
1510:(1977–1981)
1496:(1973–1982)
1484:(1969–1970)
1463:(1945–1973)
1451:(1932–1942)
1440:(1918–1945)
1428:(1918–1945)
1407:(1918–1939)
1395:(1909–1918)
1389:(1903–1918)
1383:(1901–1918)
1371:(1899–1909)
1359:(1897–1899)
1353:(1896–1903)
1347:(1896–1899)
1335:(1886–1890)
1317:(1883–1906)
1293:(1879–1893)
1287:(1874–1880)
1261:(1870–1914)
1237:(1865–1867)
1225:(1864–1867)
1219:(1861–1874)
1213:(1861–1867)
1207:(1861–1864)
1201:(1861–1864)
1183:(1859–1891)
1171:(1858–1861)
1159:(1851–1914)
1153:(1851–1880)
1135:(1848–1855)
1112:(1830–1850)
1090:(1802–1825)
1082:Canal Mania
1075:(1760–1840)
1063:(1757–1769)
1057:(1711–1720)
1051:(1684–1720)
1045:(1634–1637)
1043:Tulip mania
1036:(1000–1760)
248:perishables
165:World War I
147:, first to
58:Miami Beach
1741:Categories
839:Evans 2011
827:Evans 2011
795:Evans 2011
783:Evans 2011
771:Evans 2011
338:References
238:, and the
161:Everglades
126:Everglades
90:Boca Raton
29:The first
1694:(2020–21)
1231:(c. 1865)
1120:1840–1870
179:climate.
118:Poinciana
110:Okeelanta
94:Chevelier
82:Hollywood
74:Opa-locka
934:Suniland
930:Suniland
557:Archived
326:See also
261:schooner
244:gridlock
228:flipping
220:magazine
197:New York
177:Tropical
157:Key West
122:Sun City
1688:(2011–)
1682:(2010–)
1676:(2008–)
1670:(2008–)
1619:(2002–)
1553:(1982–)
876:Sources
360:17 July
193:Indiana
66:Hialeah
1516:(1980)
1329:(1886)
1323:(1884)
1249:(1869)
1243:(1869)
1195:(1861)
1189:(1860)
1177:(1859)
1165:(1858)
1141:(1851)
910:
754:
731:3 July
623:May 9,
539:3 July
486:3 July
461:
438:3 July
398:
234:, the
218:Forbes
120:, and
80:, and
209:Tampa
153:Miami
35:1920s
908:ISBN
752:ISBN
733:2022
693:2014
667:2022
625:2022
541:2022
488:2022
459:ISBN
440:2022
396:ISBN
362:2021
199:'s
191:of
175:or
1743::
864:.
802:^
684:.
653:.
600:89
598:.
594:.
567:^
531:.
116:,
112:,
108:,
104:,
100:,
96:,
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76:,
72:,
68:,
64:,
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1533:/
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972:t
965:v
916:.
868:.
760:.
735:.
695:.
669:.
543:.
490:.
467:.
442:.
404:.
364:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
