484:
742:. The antimony-V acted as the primary activator and produced a broad blue emission. Addition of manganese-II produced a second broad peak to appear at the red end of the emission spectrum at the expense of the antimony peak, excitation energy being transferred from the antimony to the manganese by a non radiative process and making the emitted light appear less blue and more pink. Replacement of some of the fluoride ions with chloride ions in the lattice caused a general shift of the emission bands to the longer wavelength red end of the spectrum. These alterations allowed phosphors for
29:
1498:
496:
754:
tubes, (with corrected color temperatures of 2900, 4100 and 6500 K respectively), to be made. The amounts of the manganese and antimony activators vary between 0.05 and 0.5 mole percent. The reaction used to create halophosphor is shown below. The antimony and manganese must be incorporated in
912:
latticed, manganese-II activated zinc orthosilicate and zinc beryllium orthosilicate phosphors were used in fluorescent tubes. Due to the respiratory toxicity of beryllium compounds the obsolescence of these early phosphor types were advantageous to health.
331:
F (calcium fluorophosphate). Fluorapatite is a hard crystalline solid. Although samples can have various color (green, brown, blue, yellow, violet, or colorless), the pure mineral is colorless, as expected for a material lacking
916:
Since about 1990 the third generation tri-phosphors, three separate red, blue and green phosphors activated with rare earth ions and mixed in proportions to produce acceptable whites, have largely replaced halophosphors.
1261:
901:
giving narrower emission peaks. For special purpose or colored tubes the halophosphor was mixed with small quantities of other phosphors, particularly in De-Luxe tubes with higher
731:
1437:
1258:
1342:
1128:
1236:
1537:
1151:
1303:
1286:
1213:
1335:
99:
1180:
701:, which in turn is used as a starting reagent for synthesis of a range of important industrial and pharmaceutical
206:
483:
352:, whose usual mineral composition is primarily fluorapatite but often with significant amounts of the other.
239:
414:
Fluorapatite as a mineral is the most common phosphate mineral. It occurs widely as an accessory mineral in
1532:
1522:
1328:
1542:
524:
488:
469:. Fluoroapatite has a mild bacteriostatic property as well, which helps decrease the proliferation of
114:
89:
345:
902:
739:
196:
1125:
1087:
471:
403:
Cl) is another related structure. Industrially, the mineral is an important source of both
8:
229:
219:
1091:
1527:
1105:
458:
186:
1447:
1359:
1351:
1299:
1282:
1209:
1109:
728:
698:
686:
512:
431:
419:
408:
316:
51:
161:
Sea-green, violet, purple, blue, pink, yellow, brown, white, colorless, may be zoned
1281:
Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic
Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001.
1095:
1019:
717:
536:
528:
516:
487:
Fluorapatite grains in carbonate groundmass. Photomicrographs of thin section from
355:
Fluorapatite crystallizes in a hexagonal crystal system. It is often combined as a
333:
267:
249:
176:
63:
28:
1228:
1502:
1478:
1470:
1265:
1155:
1132:
690:
404:
337:
1148:
1402:
1392:
356:
349:
109:
1516:
1397:
1367:
694:
466:
415:
277:
166:
121:
1377:
735:
504:
388:
341:
290:
697:. The hydrogen fluoride byproduct is now one of the industrial sources of
1460:
500:
450:
435:
287:
136:
1100:
1075:
1417:
1382:
1204:
Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius Searle; Dana, James Dwight (1999),
921:
908:
Prior to the development of halophosphor in 1942, the first generation
462:
427:
128:
1298:
Henderson and
Marsden, Lamps and Lighting, Edward Arnold Press, 1972,
1172:
495:
1483:
1455:
1427:
1422:
1372:
1320:
909:
898:
709:
34:
1314:
Gemstones of the World By Walter
Schumann, p. 18, 23, 29, 34, 56, 83
1432:
1412:
1407:
720:
713:
702:
454:
439:
423:
449:
and other fishes in varying concentrations. It is also present in
682:
535:)) to give the mineral. This reaction is integral in the global
523:. This material then reacts further with fluoride sources (often
55:
511:
Fluorapatite can be synthesized in a three step process. First,
348:, but for industrial use both minerals are mined in the form of
929:
925:
755:
the correct trace amounts if the product is to be fluorescent.
920:
Fluorapatite can be used as a precursor for the production of
446:
465:. The presence of fluorapatite helps prevent tooth decay or
1229:"How does fluoride protect my teeth and make them strong?"
738:
with broad emission which appeared within the range of
520:
475:, the predominant bacterium related to dental caries.
897:Sometimes some of the calcium was substituted with
681:Fluorapatite as a naturally occurring impurity in
716:-V formed the basis for the second generation of
438:ore deposits. It occurs as a residual mineral in
1514:
1203:
515:is generated by combining calcium and phosphate
905:for use in food market or art studio lighting.
1336:
1235:. Regents of the University of California.
1343:
1329:
1121:
1119:
1199:
1197:
1099:
1057:Fluorapatite is also used as a gemstone.
689:as a byproduct during the production of
494:
482:
1116:
311:, often with the alternate spelling of
1515:
1350:
1194:
445:Fluorapatite is found in the teeth of
1324:
727:. When irradiated with 253.7 nm
499:Fluorapatite. São Geraldo do Baixio,
272:nω = 1.631 – 1.650 nε = 1.633 – 1.646
1239:from the original on 27 October 2017
1076:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
1073:
344:, especially in individuals who use
13:
708:Synthetic fluorapatite doped with
14:
1554:
1259:"The science of caries diagnosis"
434:and is an essential component of
1496:
461:or by using fluoride-containing
171:Massive to prismatic crystalline
27:
1308:
1183:from the original on 2018-03-08
676:
1292:
1275:
1251:
1221:
1165:
1142:
1067:
295:Fluorescent and phosphorescent
33:Fluorapatite (pink) on top of
1:
1060:
693:, as apatite is digested by
478:
7:
1538:Minerals in space group 176
457:ions, for example, through
340:, it can be a component of
10:
1559:
1149:Apatite-(CaF) Mineral Data
525:sodium monofluorophosphate
453:that have been exposed to
422:. It commonly occurs as a
387:) in biological matrices.
224:Vitreous, resinous to dull
1492:
1469:
1446:
1358:
299:
286:
276:
266:
258:
248:
238:
228:
218:
205:
195:
185:
175:
165:
157:
152:
135:
120:
108:
98:
88:
62:
47:
42:
26:
21:
924:. It can be reduced by
359:with hydroxylapatite (Ca
489:Siilinjärvi apatite ore
1257:Trushkowsky, Richard.
1208:(21 ed.), Wiley,
1137:Handbook of Mineralogy
1080:Mineralogical Magazine
508:
492:
346:fluoridated toothpaste
903:color rendering index
498:
486:
244:Transparent to opaque
201:Brittle to conchoidal
100:Strunz classification
1206:Manual of Mineralogy
472:Streptococcus mutans
418:and in calcium rich
1503:Minerals portal
1101:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
1092:2021MinM...85..291W
1074:Warr, L.N. (2021).
928:in the presence of
732:resonance radiation
319:with the formula Ca
1533:Hexagonal minerals
1523:Phosphate minerals
1352:Phosphate minerals
1264:2016-07-01 at the
1154:2016-10-30 at the
1131:2012-02-08 at the
509:
493:
459:water fluoridation
259:Optical properties
181:Contact twins rare
126:Dipyramidal (6/m)
1543:Fluorine minerals
1510:
1509:
1448:Cryptocrystalline
1233:UCSB Science Line
740:acceptable whites
699:hydrofluoric acid
687:hydrogen fluoride
513:calcium phosphate
432:sedimentary rocks
420:metamorphic rocks
334:transition metals
317:phosphate mineral
306:
305:
52:Phosphate mineral
16:Phosphate mineral
1550:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1296:
1290:
1279:
1273:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1169:
1163:
1146:
1140:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1071:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1026:) is generated:
1020:white phosphorus
1014:
1013:
1012:
1002:
1001:
1000:
990:
989:
988:
978:
977:
976:
966:
964:
963:
955:
954:
946:
945:
893:
892:
891:
881:
879:
878:
868:
867:
866:
856:
854:
853:
845:
844:
836:
835:
827:
826:
818:
817:
807:
805:
804:
794:
793:
792:
782:
781:
780:
770:
769:
768:
718:fluorescent tube
672:
670:
669:
661:
660:
652:
651:
641:
640:
639:
629:
628:
627:
619:
618:
610:
609:
595:
594:
593:
585:
584:
576:
575:
565:
564:
563:
553:
552:
551:
537:phosphorus cycle
529:calcium fluoride
268:Refractive index
250:Specific gravity
211:
69:
68:(repeating unit)
31:
19:
18:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1488:
1479:Santabarbaraite
1465:
1442:
1354:
1349:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1297:
1293:
1280:
1276:
1266:Wayback Machine
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1156:Wayback Machine
1147:
1143:
1133:Wayback Machine
1124:
1117:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1004:
999:
996:
995:
994:
992:
987:
984:
983:
982:
980:
975:
972:
971:
970:
968:
962:
959:
958:
957:
953:
950:
949:
948:
944:
941:
940:
939:
937:
890:
887:
886:
885:
883:
877:
874:
873:
872:
870:
865:
862:
861:
860:
858:
852:
849:
848:
847:
843:
840:
839:
838:
834:
831:
830:
829:
825:
822:
821:
820:
816:
813:
812:
811:
809:
803:
800:
799:
798:
796:
791:
788:
787:
786:
784:
779:
776:
775:
774:
772:
767:
764:
763:
762:
760:
723:referred to as
691:phosphoric acid
679:
668:
665:
664:
663:
659:
656:
655:
654:
650:
647:
646:
645:
643:
638:
635:
634:
633:
631:
626:
623:
622:
621:
617:
614:
613:
612:
608:
605:
604:
603:
601:
592:
589:
588:
587:
583:
580:
579:
578:
574:
571:
570:
569:
567:
562:
559:
558:
557:
555:
550:
548:
547:
546:
544:
534:
481:
440:lateritic soils
402:
398:
394:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
338:hydroxylapatite
330:
326:
322:
209:
147:
127:
83:
79:
75:
67:
66:
54:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1556:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1508:
1507:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1403:Metatorbernite
1400:
1395:
1393:Hydroxyapatite
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1307:
1291:
1274:
1250:
1220:
1214:
1193:
1173:"Fluorapatite"
1164:
1160:webmineral.com
1141:
1126:"Fluorapatite"
1115:
1086:(3): 291–320.
1065:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1036:
1023:
1018:Upon cooling,
1016:
1015:
1009:
997:
985:
979:+ 30 C → 20
973:
960:
951:
942:
895:
894:
888:
875:
863:
850:
841:
832:
823:
814:
801:
789:
777:
765:
678:
675:
674:
673:
666:
657:
648:
636:
624:
615:
606:
597:
596:
590:
581:
572:
560:
549:
532:
480:
477:
400:
396:
392:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:solid solution
350:phosphate rock
328:
324:
320:
304:
303:
301:
297:
296:
293:
284:
283:
280:
274:
273:
270:
264:
263:
260:
256:
255:
252:
246:
245:
242:
236:
235:
232:
226:
225:
222:
216:
215:
212:
203:
202:
199:
193:
192:
189:
183:
182:
179:
173:
172:
169:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
153:Identification
150:
149:
145:
139:
133:
132:
124:
118:
117:
112:
110:Crystal system
106:
105:
102:
96:
95:
92:
86:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
60:
59:
49:
45:
44:
40:
39:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1555:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1438:Wycheproofite
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:Lithiophilite
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:Allanpringite
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1311:
1305:
1304:0-7131-3267-1
1301:
1295:
1288:
1287:0-12-352651-5
1284:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1215:0-471-31266-5
1211:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1021:
935:
934:
933:
931:
927:
923:
918:
914:
911:
906:
904:
900:
758:
757:
756:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:
726:
725:halophosphors
722:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
695:sulfuric acid
692:
688:
684:
599:
598:
542:
541:
540:
538:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:
502:
497:
490:
485:
476:
474:
473:
468:
467:dental caries
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:igneous rocks
412:
410:
406:
390:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:. Along with
335:
318:
314:
313:fluoroapatite
310:
302:
298:
294:
292:
289:
285:
281:
279:
278:Birefringence
275:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
231:
227:
223:
221:
217:
213:
208:
204:
200:
198:
194:
190:
188:
184:
180:
178:
174:
170:
168:
167:Crystal habit
164:
160:
156:
151:
143:
140:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
122:Crystal class
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
93:
91:
87:
71:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
41:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1494:
1388:Fluorapatite
1387:
1378:Brazilianite
1310:
1294:
1277:
1270:Dentistry IQ
1269:
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1232:
1223:
1205:
1185:. Retrieved
1176:
1167:
1159:
1144:
1136:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1056:
1017:
919:
915:
907:
896:
751:
747:
743:
724:
707:
680:
677:Applications
510:
505:Minas Gerais
470:
444:
413:
409:hydrofluoric
389:Chlorapatite
354:
342:tooth enamel
312:
309:Fluorapatite
308:
307:
291:fluorescence
262:Uniaxial (−)
141:
22:Fluorapatite
1461:Whitlockite
1360:Crystalline
705:compounds.
519:at neutral
501:Doce valley
451:human teeth
436:phosphorite
430:mineral in
288:Ultraviolet
240:Diaphaneity
137:Space group
1517:Categories
1418:Taranakite
1383:Eosphorite
1187:2013-11-17
1177:mindat.org
1061:References
991:+ 30 CO +
922:phosphorus
744:Warm White
736:fluoresced
685:generates
463:toothpaste
405:phosphoric
300:References
254:3.1 to 3.2
207:Mohs scale
191:Indistinct
129:H-M symbol
90:IMA symbol
1528:Gemstones
1484:Scorodite
1471:Amorphous
1456:Turquoise
1428:Wavellite
1423:Variscite
1373:Beraunite
1110:235729616
910:willemite
899:strontium
721:phosphors
710:manganese
507:, Brazil.
479:Synthesis
282:δ = 0.002
115:Hexagonal
35:muscovite
1433:Xenotime
1413:Struvite
1408:Monazite
1262:Archived
1237:Archived
1181:Archived
1152:Archived
1129:Archived
869:+ (3+x)
857:+ (3+x)
783:+ (1−x)
771:+ (3+x)
752:Daylight
714:antimony
712:-II and
703:fluorine
455:fluoride
428:diagenic
424:detrital
371:OH or Ca
210:hardness
197:Fracture
187:Cleavage
177:Twinning
48:Category
1088:Bibcode
882:+ (2x)
795:+ (2x)
729:mercury
683:apatite
411:acids.
315:, is a
131:: (6/m)
104:8.BN.05
64:Formula
56:Apatite
43:General
37:(green)
1302:
1285:
1243:3 June
1212:
1108:
930:quartz
926:carbon
447:sharks
230:Streak
220:Luster
1106:S2CID
981:CaSiO
967:+ 21
808:→ 2
761:CaHPO
748:White
734:they
642:→ 2
517:salts
234:White
158:Color
58:group
1300:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1245:2016
1210:ISBN
1003:+ 6
773:CaCO
750:and
554:+ 2
531:(CaF
407:and
383:(OH)
1096:doi
1042:→
993:SiF
969:SiO
947:(PO
842:1−x
819:(PO
785:CaF
653:(PO
632:CaF
611:(PO
577:(PO
566:→
527:or
426:or
395:(PO
391:(Ca
375:(PO
363:(PO
323:(PO
94:Fap
76:(PO
1519::
1268:.
1231:.
1196:^
1179:.
1175:.
1158:.
1135:.
1118:^
1104:.
1094:.
1084:85
1082:.
1078:.
1030:2
1022:(P
938:Ca
936:4
932::
884:NH
859:CO
846:Cl
837:(F
810:Ca
806:Cl
797:NH
759:6
746:,
644:Ca
630:+
602:Ca
600:3
568:Ca
556:PO
545:Ca
543:3
539:.
521:pH
503:,
442:.
373:10
148:/m
72:Ca
1344:e
1337:t
1330:v
1289:.
1272:.
1247:.
1190:.
1162:.
1139:.
1112:.
1098::
1090::
1049:4
1044:P
1037:2
1032:P
1024:4
1010:2
1005:P
998:4
986:3
974:2
965:F
961:3
956:)
952:4
943:5
889:3
880:O
876:2
871:H
864:2
855:)
851:x
833:3
828:)
824:4
815:5
802:4
790:2
778:3
766:4
671:F
667:3
662:)
658:4
649:5
637:2
625:2
620:)
616:4
607:3
591:2
586:)
582:4
573:3
561:4
533:2
491:.
401:3
399:)
397:4
393:5
385:2
381:6
379:)
377:4
369:3
367:)
365:4
361:5
329:3
327:)
325:4
321:5
214:5
146:3
144:6
142:P
84:F
82:3
80:)
78:4
74:5
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