Fluoride - Knowledge

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Approximately, 50% of absorbed fluoride is excreted renally with a twenty-four-hour period. The remainder can be retained in the oral cavity, and lower digestive tract. Fasting dramatically increases the rate of fluoride absorption to near 100%, from a 60% to 80% when taken with food. Per a 2013 study, it was found that consumption of one litre of tea a day, can potentially supply the daily recommended intake of 4 mg per day. Some lower quality brands can supply up to a 120% of this amount. Fasting can increase this to 150%. The study indicates that tea drinking communities are at an increased risk of

1411:(EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For women ages 18 and older the AI is set at 2.9 mg/day (including pregnancy and lactation). For men, the value is 3.4 mg/day. For children ages 1–17 years, the AIs increase with age from 0.6 to 3.2 mg/day. These AIs are comparable to the U.S. AIs. The EFSA reviewed safety evidence and set an adult UL at 7.0 mg/day (lower for children). 694: 1259: 75: 1773: 66: 1395:

typically matched to actual average consumption, with the assumption that there appears to be a need, and that need is met by what people consume. The current AI for women 19 years and older is 3.0 mg/day (includes pregnancy and lactation). The AI for men is 4.0 mg/day. The AI for children ages 1–18 increases from 0.7 to 3.0 mg/day. The major known risk of

1669:; this is mostly mild and is unlikely to represent any real effect on aesthetic appearance or on public health. Fluoride was known to enhance bone mineral density at the lumbar spine, but it was not effective for vertebral fractures and provoked more nonvertebral fractures. In areas that have naturally occurring high levels of fluoride in 1606:. The lethal dose for most adult humans is estimated at 5 to 10 g (which is equivalent to 32 to 64 mg elemental fluoride per kg body weight). A case of a fatal poisoning of an adult with 4 grams of sodium fluoride is documented, and a dose of 120 g sodium fluoride has been survived. For 980:

However, upon prolonged contact with moisture, soluble fluoride salts will decompose to their respective hydroxides or oxides, as the hydrogen fluoride escapes. Fluoride is distinct in this regard among the halides. The identity of the solvent can have a dramatic effect on the equilibrium shifting it

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Organofluorine compounds are pervasive. Many drugs, many polymers, refrigerants, and many inorganic compounds are made from fluoride-containing reagents. Often fluorides are converted to hydrogen fluoride, which is a major reagent and precursor to reagents. Hydrofluoric acid and its anhydrous form,

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The upper limit of fluoride intake from all sources (fluoridated water, food, beverages, fluoride dental products and dietary fluoride supplements) is set at 0.10 mg/kg/day for infants, toddlers, and children through to 8 years old. For older children and adults, who are no longer at risk for

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All vegetation contains some fluoride, which is absorbed from soil and water. Some plants concentrate fluoride from their environment more than others. All tea leaves contain fluoride; however, mature leaves contain as much as 10 to 20 times the fluoride levels of young leaves from the same plant.

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According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Dietary Reference Intakes, which is the "highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects" specify 10 mg/day for most people, corresponding to 10 L of fluoridated water with no risk. For young

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L.) is a known accumulator of fluorine compounds, released upon forming infusions such as the common beverage. The fluorine compounds decompose into products including fluoride ions. Fluoride is the most bioavailable form of fluorine, and as such, tea is potentially a vehicle for fluoride dosing.

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Around one-third of the human population drinks water from groundwater resources. Of this, about 10%, approximately 300 million people, obtain water from groundwater resources that are heavily contaminated with arsenic or fluoride. These trace elements derive mainly from minerals. Maps locating

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Yadav, Krishna Kumar; Kumar, Sandeep; Pham, Quoc Bao; Gupta, Neha; Rezania, Shahabaldin; Kamyab, Hesam; Yadav, Shalini; Vymazal, Jan; Kumar, Vinit; Tri, Doan Quang; Talaiekhozani, Amirreza; Prasad, Shiv; Reece, Lisa M.; Singh, Neeraja; Maurya, Pradip Kumar; Cho, Jinwoo (October 2019). "Fluoride

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this can be expected to be a significant source of fluoride, however fluoride is also naturally present in virtually all foods and beverages at a wide range of concentrations. The maximum safe daily consumption of fluoride is 10 mg/day for an adult (U.S.) or 7 mg/day (European Union).

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appears to be an increased risk of bacteria-caused tooth cavities. As for safety, the IOM sets tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of fluoride the UL is 10 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as

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The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for some minerals in 1997. Where there was not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated Adequate Intake (AI) was used instead. AIs are

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fluoride was synthesized that is the closest approximation of a thermodynamically stable and structurally characterized example of a "naked" fluoride source in an aprotic solvent (acetonitrile). The sterically demanding imidazolium cation stabilizes the discrete anions and protects them from

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For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount of a vitamin or mineral in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). Although there is information to set Adequate Intake, fluoride does not have a Daily Value and is not required to be shown on food labels.

771:(well water) concentrations vary even more, depending on the presence of local fluoride-containing minerals. For example, natural levels of under 0.05 mg/L have been detected in parts of Canada but up to 8 mg/L in parts of China; in general levels rarely exceed 10 mg/litre 1167:, in the case where water fluoridation is in effect. Fluoride ion in low doses in the mouth reduces tooth decay. For this reason, it is used in toothpaste and water fluoridation. At much higher doses and frequent exposure, fluoride causes health complications and can be toxic. 2189:

Chandio, Tasawar Ali; Khan, Muhammad Nasiruddin; Muhammad, Maria Taj; Yalcinkaya, Ozcan; Wasim, Agha Arslan; Kayis, Ahmet Furkan (January 2021). "Fluoride and arsenic contamination in drinking water due to mining activities and its impact on local area population".

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to be "one of 10 great public health achievements of the 20th century". In some countries where large, centralized water systems are uncommon, fluoride is delivered to the populace by fluoridating table salt. For the method of action for cavity prevention, see

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Eawag (2015) Geogenic Contamination Handbook – Addressing Arsenic and Fluoride in Drinking Water. C.A. Johnson, A. Bretzler (Eds.), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. (download:

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In 2024, a 300-page report by the National Institutes of Health linked flouridation of drinking water in the United States, in areas where levels are slightly more than twice the recommended limit, to lower IQ in developing children.

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Zupanek, Ž.; Tramšek, M.; Kokalj, A.; Tavčar, G. (2018). "Reactivity of VOF3 with N-Heterocyclic Carbene and Imidazolium Fluoride: Analysis of Ligand–VOF3 Bonding with Evidence of a Minute π Back-Donation of Fluoride".

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Daily intakes of fluoride can vary significantly according to the various sources of exposure. Values ranging from 0.46 to 3.6–5.4 mg/day have been reported in several studies (IPCS, 1984). In areas where water is

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Fluoride can be present in rain, with its concentration increasing significantly upon exposure to volcanic activity or atmospheric pollution derived from burning fossil fuels or other sorts of industry, particularly

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fluoride is another example. However, they all lack structural characterization in aprotic solvents. Because of their high basicity, many so-called naked fluoride sources are in fact bifluoride salts. In late 2016

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Derakhshani, R; Raoof, A; Mahvi, AH; Chatrouz, H (2020). "Similarities in the Fingerprints of Coal Mining Activities, High Ground Water Fluoride, and Dental Fluorosis in Zarand District, Kerman Province, Iran".

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is more dangerous than salts such as NaF because it is corrosive and volatile, and can result in fatal exposure through inhalation or upon contact with the skin; calcium gluconate gel is the usual antidote.

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Bennett, Brian K.; Harrison, Roger G.; Richmond, Thomas G. (1994). "Cobaltocenium Fluoride: A Novel Source of "Naked" Fluoride Formed by Carbon-Fluorine Bond Activation in a Saturated Perfluorocarbon".

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is also used non-systematically, to describe compounds which release fluoride upon dissolving. Hydrogen fluoride is itself an example of a non-systematic name of this nature. However, it is also a

1653:, sodium fluoride can cause pain in the legs and incomplete stress fractures when the doses are too high; it also irritates the stomach, sometimes so severely as to cause ulcers. Slow-release and 1595:

children the values are smaller, ranging from 0.7 mg/d to 2.2 mg/d for infants. Water and food sources of fluoride include community water fluoridation, seafood, tea, and gelatin.

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adopt the same structure. For compounds containing more than one fluoride per cation, the structures often deviate from those of the chlorides, as illustrated by the main fluoride mineral

1657:-coated versions of sodium fluoride do not have gastric side effects in any significant way, and have milder and less frequent complications in the bones. In the lower doses used for 744:

sources, as well as in rainwater, particularly in urban areas. Seawater fluoride levels are usually in the range of 0.86 to 1.4 mg/L, and average 1.1 mg/L (milligrams per

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Wang W, Cho HS, Kim R, et al. (2002). "Structural characterization of the reaction pathway in phosphoserine phosphatase: crystallographic "snapshots" of intermediate states".

959: 898:, and tends to remain as the fluoride ion rather than generating a substantial amount of hydrogen fluoride. That is, the following equilibrium favours the left-hand side in water: 3776:"Prevention and management of osteoporosis: consensus statements from the Scientific Advisory Board of the Osteoporosis Society of Canada. 7. Fluoride therapy for osteoporosis" 2495:

Schwesinger, Reinhard; Link, Reinhard; Wenzl, Peter; Kossek, Sebastian (2005). "Anhydrous Phosphazenium Fluorides as Sources for Extremely Reactive Fluoride Ions in Solution".

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Fluorides include compounds that contain ionic fluoride and those in which fluoride does not dissociate. The nomenclature does not distinguish these situations. For example,

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Alič, B.; Tramšek, M.; Kokalj, A.; Tavčar, G. (2017). "Discrete GeF5– Anion Structurally Characterized with a Readily Synthesized Imidazolium Based Naked Fluoride Reagent".

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Bellomo, Sergio; Aiuppa, Alessandro; D’Alessandro, Walter; Parello, Francesco (August 2007). "Environmental impact of magmatic fluorine emission in the Mt. Etna area".

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Salts containing fluoride are numerous and adopt myriad structures. Typically the fluoride anion is surrounded by four or six cations, as is typical for other halides.

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Alič, B.; Tavčar, G. (2016). "Reaction of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) with different HF sources and ratios – A free fluoride reagent based on imidazolium fluoride".

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Derakhshani, R; Tavallaie, M; Malek Mohammad, T; Abbasnejad, A; Haghdoost, A (2014). "Occurrence of fluoride in groundwater of Zarand region, Kerman province, Iran".

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Muriale L, Lee E, Genovese J, Trend S (1996). "Fatality due to acute fluoride poisoning following dermal contact with hydrofluoric acid in a palynology laboratory".

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show the efficacy of 500 ppm fluoride in toothpastes. However, no beneficial effect can be detected when more than one fluoride source is used for daily oral care.

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Haguenauer, D; Welch, V; Shea, B; Tugwell, P; Adachi, JD; Wells, G (2000). "Fluoride for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic fractures: a meta-analysis".

5758: 4949: 4690: 603:), whose salts are typically white or colorless. Fluoride salts typically have distinctive bitter tastes, and are odorless. Its salts and minerals are important 6689: 5763: 5555: 4888: 5787: 5736: 4653: 2330:

Arnesen, A.K.M.; Abrahamsen, G.; Sandvik, G.; Krogstad, T. (February 1995). "Aluminium-smelters and fluoride pollution of soil and soil solution in Norway".

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Aigueperse, Jean; Mollard, Paul; Devilliers, Didier; Chemla, Marius; Faron, Robert; Romano, René; Cuer, Jean Pierre (2000). "Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic".

1314:) are more commonly used additives, especially in the United States. The fluoridation of water is known to prevent tooth decay and is considered by the U.S. 2400:

Malinowska E, Inkielewicz I, Czarnowski W, Szefer P (2008). "Assessment of fluoride concentration and daily intake by human from tea and herbal infusions".

5271: 4904: 4068: 1070:. Few inorganic fluorides are soluble in water without undergoing significant hydrolysis. In terms of its reactivity, fluoride differs significantly from 6373: 1791: 615:. Fluoride is classified as a weak base since it only partially associates in solution, but concentrated fluoride is corrosive and can attack the skin. 2029: 3938: 1102:) anion. Sources of true F anions are rare because the highly basic fluoride anion abstracts protons from many, even adventitious, sources. Relative 1228:. Formerly, it was mined, but now it is derived from hydrogen fluoride. Fluorite is used on a large scale to separate slag in steel-making. Mined 4168:

Nakagawa M, Matsuya S, Shiraishi T, Ohta M (1999). "Effect of fluoride concentration and pH on corrosion behavior of titanium for dental use".

3269:"BeF(3)(-) acts as a phosphate analog in proteins phosphorylated on aspartate: structure of a BeF(3)(-) complex with phosphoserine phosphatase" 2780:

McDonagh M. S.; Whiting P. F.; Wilson P. M.; Sutton A. J.; Chestnutt I.; Cooper J.; Misso K.; Bradley M.; Treasure E.; Kleijnen J. (2000).

333: 3528: 3067: 3378:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies" 3068:"Remineralization of initial carious lesions in deciduous enamel after application of dentifrices of different fluoride concentrations" 1315: 2365:

Wong MH, Fung KF, Carr HP (2003). "Aluminium and fluoride contents of tea, with emphasis on brick tea and their health implications".

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are worn when handling fluoride compounds. The hazards of solutions of fluoride salts depend on the concentration. In the presence of

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Levy, Steven M.; Guha-Chowdhury, Nupur (1999). "Total Fluoride Intake and Implications for Dietary Fluoride Supplementation".

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Chan, Laura; Mehra, Aradhana; Saikat, Sohel; Lynch, Paul (May 2013). "Human exposure assessment of fluoride from tea (

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in Earth's crust and is widely dispersed in nature, entirely in the form of fluorides. The vast majority is held in

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Abukurah AR, Moser AM Jr, Baird CL, Randall RE Jr, Setter JG, Blanke RV (1972). "Acute sodium fluoride poisoning".

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concentration in seawater is about 19 g/L. The low concentration of fluoride reflects the insolubility of the

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is also used in compositional IUPAC nomenclature which does not take the nature of bonding involved into account.

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Griffin SO, Regnier E, Griffin PM, Huntley V (2007). "Effectiveness of fluoride in preventing caries in adults".

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Worldwide, 50 million people receive water from water supplies that naturally have close to the "optimal level".

4231: 1408: 1326: 1180: 3599: 2474:(1st English ed., by Nils Wiberg. ed.). San Diego, Calif. : Berlin: Academic Press, W. de Gruyter. 3498: 2087:"Fluoride in Drinking-water Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality" 3945: 3010:

Walsh, Tanya; Worthington, Helen V.; Glenny, Anne-Marie; Marinho, Valeria Cc; Jeroncic, Ana (4 March 2019).

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for human health, necessary to prevent dental cavities, and to promote healthy bone growth. The tea plant (

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Smith, Frank A.; Hodge, Harold C.; Dinman, B. D. (9 January 2009). "Airborne fluorides and man: Part II".

1148:, fluoride and hydrogen fluoride are equivalent. Fluorine, in the form of fluoride, is considered to be a 918: 2705: 2276:

Smith, Frank A.; Hodge, Harold C.; Dinman, B. D. (9 January 2009). "Airborne fluorides and man: Part I".

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Gardner EJ, Ruxton CH, Leeds AR (2007). "Black tea—helpful or harmful? A review of the evidence".

1009:, each Ca ion is surrounded by six Cl centers. The difluorides of the transition metals often adopt the 5924: 4530: 1811: 1271: 885: 720:). Natural weathering of some kinds of rocks, as well as human activities, releases fluorides into the 709: 252: 183: 2112:

contamination, health problems and remediation methods in Asian groundwater: A comprehensive review".

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In parts of Asia the groundwater can contain dangerously high levels of fluoride, leading to serious

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is the most common, are toxic, and have resulted in both accidental and self-inflicted deaths from

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dental fluorosis, the upper limit of fluoride is set at 10 mg/day regardless of weight.

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Rodríguez-Lado, L.; Sun, G.; Berg, M.; Zhang, Q.; Xue, H.; Zheng, Q.; Johnson, C.A. (2013).

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are also used as phosphatase inhibitors, since these compounds are structural mimics of the

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www.eawag.ch/en/research/humanwelfare/drinkingwater/wrq/geogenic-contamination-handbook/)

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Newbrun E (1996). "The fluoridation war: a scientific dispute or a religious argument?".

2056: 1796: 1752: 1741: 1396: 647: 565: 109: 4119: 3814: 3284: 2343: 2254: 2203: 2125: 163: 6679: 5802: 5712: 5654: 5628: 5402: 5394: 5351: 5339: 5244: 5236: 5036: 5001: 4876: 4822: 4815: 4663: 4585: 4514: 4502: 4322: 4314: 4249: 4193: 4139: 3919: 3792: 3775: 3672: 3655: 3472: 3436:. Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from 3209: 3182: 3044: 3011: 2988: 2866: 2683: 2223: 2145: 1682: 1658: 1619: 1425: 1375: 1371: 1283: 1253: 1225: 1164: 1114:, and a powerful nucleophile. Some quaternary ammonium salts of naked fluoride include 852: 838: 786: 3752: 3245: 3158: 3110: 2378: 1563: 5705: 5647: 5027: 4974: 4808: 4682: 4567: 4434: 4326: 4299: 4287: 4185: 4143: 4131: 3911: 3876: 3825: 3797: 3756: 3712: 3708: 3677: 3631: 3606: 3577: 3476: 3359: 3349: 3308: 3303: 3268: 3249: 3214: 3163: 3122: 3114: 3049: 3031: 2992: 2905: 2858: 2813: 2808: 2781: 2675: 2639: 2549: 2530:

Haoran Sun & Stephen G. DiMagno (2005). "Anhydrous Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride".

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride

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The main uses of fluoride, in terms of volume, are in the production of cryolite, Na

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Fluoride salts and hydrofluoric acid are the main fluorides of industrial value.

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This article is about the fluoride ion. For a review of fluorine compounds, see

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name, is determined according to the additive nomenclature. However, the name

6673: 6382: 4896: 3118: 3035: 2799: 1948: 1336: 1279: 1149: 1123: 764: 569: 6351: 4228:"Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Review of Fluoridation and Regulation Issues" 4127: 3094: 2448: 2165:"Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Review of Fluoridation and Regulation Issues" 1991: 572: 6566: 6461: 4359: 4227: 4189: 4135: 3915: 3880: 3871: 3854: 3681: 3480: 3363: 3333: 3312: 3293: 3253: 3218: 3126: 3053: 2862: 2817: 2734: 2679: 2643: 2553: 2516: 2508: 2456: 2421: 2386: 2219: 2141: 1650: 1352: 1287: 1145: 785:

In other locations the level of fluoride is very low, sometimes leading to

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such as rivers or lakes generally contains between 0.01 and 0.3 mg/L.

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due to its smaller radius/charge ratio. Its closest chemical relative is

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to the right-hand side, greatly increasing the rate of decomposition.

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U.S. government site for checking status of local water fluoridation

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Research links high levels of fluoride in water to lower IQs in kids

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Organic and inorganic anions are produced from fluoride, including:

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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

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Fluoride salts are commonly used in biological assay processing to

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fluoride, which does exist in aprotic solvents, is called "naked".

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of public water supplies to bring the level to around 0.7–1.2 ppm.

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National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) (2007).

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Source: Data taken from United States Department of Agriculture,

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Upon treatment with a standard acid, fluoride salts convert to

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A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation

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FLUORIDES - Environmental Health Criteria 227 : 1st draft

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Concentrated fluoride solutions are corrosive. Gloves made of

1005:) where the Ca ions are surrounded by eight F centers. In CaCl 535: 6576: 3009: 2188: 2015: 1971: 1902: 907: 745: 662: 631: 619: 154: 132: 4167: 2952:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from 2830: 2529: 2055:

Liteplo, Dr R.; Gomes, R.; Howe, P.; Malcolm, Heath (2002).

1665:, which can alter the appearance of children's teeth during 1290:. Originally, sodium fluoride was used to fluoridate water; 654:

are not sources of fluoride ions under ordinary conditions.

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and industrial chemicals, mainly used in the production of

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The Merck Index, 12th edition, Merck & Co., Inc., 1996

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used as an electrolyte in commercial secondary batteries.

1033:. With strong acids, it can be doubly protonated to give 623: 468: 4212:"Ammonium bifluoride in the glass industry - Chimex Ltd" 3571: 3738: 3399:

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals

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Hausen, H.; Kärkkäinen, S.; Seppä, L. (February 2000).

2621: 2566: 2054: 763:

Concentrations in fresh water vary more significantly.

934: 3328: 3092: 1896: 1240:

is employed in the purification of uranium isotopes.

1090:

Most fluoride salts dissolve to give the bifluoride (

921: 550: 529: 4104:"Groundwater arsenic contamination throughout China" 1914: 1908: 1899: 1768: 1629:

Treatment may involve oral administration of dilute

1074:

and other halides, and is more strongly solvated in

553: 541: 532: 34:. For the fluoride additive used in toothpaste, see 3992:"Fluoride Exposure: Neurodevelopment and Cognition" 3495:"Food Composition Databases: Food Search: Fluoride" 3181:Schenk G, Elliott TW, Leung E, et al. (2008). 2110: 1893: 1792:

Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

547: 526: 3598: 3458: 3180: 2434: 1262:Fluoride is sold in tablets for cavity prevention. 953: 1494:Bottle, 750 mL (26 imp fl oz) 1236:) is a commodity chemical used in steel-making. 933: 932: 6671: 2884:Winston A. E.; Bhaskar S. N. (1 November 1998). 2302: 2275: 2032:. Government of British Columbia. Archived from 1637:to prevent further absorption, and injection of 273: 3773: 3601:Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man 2162: 1922:is a possible pronunciation in British English. 1718:, which is corrosive, especially toward glass. 118: 2469: 2243:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1941:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1831:"Fluorides – PubChem Public Chemical Database" 984: 736:Fluoride is naturally present in groundwater, 712:, the most commercially important of which is 6690:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements 6381: 6367: 4257: 2305:CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 2278:CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 2030:"Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Fluoride" 1641:to increase the calcium levels in the blood. 3628:Environmental health criteria 227 (Fluoride) 2930:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2773: 2393: 2364: 2192:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 622:. In terms of charge and size, the fluoride 3653: 3392: 3390: 3139: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2170:. Congressional Research Service. p. 3 1698:potential problematic wells are available. 1192: 6374: 6360: 4264: 4250: 3574:Clinical toxicology of commercial products 3324: 3322: 3267:Cho H, Wang W, Kim R, et al. (2001). 3266: 3231: 2699: 2697: 2594: 1389: 1316:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 202: 3870: 3791: 3671: 3572:Gosselin, RE; Smith RP; Hodge HC (1984). 3531:. United States Department of Agriculture 3302: 3292: 3208: 3198: 3157: 3099:Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 3043: 2974: 2852: 2807: 2782:"Systematic review of water fluoridation" 2084: 2080: 2078: 1925: 1418: 1144:is usually fully ionised to fluoride. In 293: 3852: 3649: 3647: 3387: 2723: 2570:Journal of the American Chemical Society 2533:Journal of the American Chemical Society 1526:Medium potato, 140 g (0.31 lb) 1323:. Fluoridation of water has its critics 1257: 1212:Production of metals and their compounds 692: 3503:United States Department of Agriculture 3319: 3016:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2886:"Caries prevention in the 21st century" 2694: 2523: 1864: 1693:Hazard maps for fluoride in groundwater 1554:1 large carrot, 72 g (2.5 oz) 1266:Fluoride-containing compounds, such as 1013:structure whereas the dichlorides have 251: 14: 6672: 4293: 4272:Salts and covalent derivatives of the 3596: 3409: 3405:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006 2437:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2114:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2075: 1382:group and can act as analogues of the 1082:, since both have similar geometries. 1020: 816: 6355: 5887: 4245: 4041: 4015: 3723: 3644: 2061:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1870: 1847: 1342: 1286:and in many products associated with 954:{\displaystyle {\ce {<<=>}}} 724:through what is sometimes called the 320:Key: KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 182: 162: 3660:Canadian Medical Association Journal 3625: 1721: 1370:ion in these enzymes' active sites. 1243: 900: 884:In aqueous solution, fluoride has a 843: 3553:. U.S. National Library of Medicine 1787:Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances 1661:, the only clear adverse effect is 873:This neutralization reaction forms 264: 234: 24: 3937:World Health Organization (2004). 3473:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03272.x 3461:Journal of Public Health Dentistry 2989:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1996.tb02447.x 2977:Journal of Public Health Dentistry 2703: 1649:In the higher doses used to treat 1480:small box, 43 g (1.5 oz) 1363:phosphatases. Fluoride mimics the 795:can increase local fluoride levels 634:in several minerals, particularly 618:Fluoride is the simplest fluorine 73: 64: 25: 6706: 4221: 4016:Stone, William (23 August 2024). 3111:10.1034/j.1600-0528.2000.280104.x 1598:Soluble fluoride salts, of which 1274:are used in topical and systemic 1085: 894:value of 10.8. It is therefore a 704:is estimated to be the 13th-most 3774:Murray TM, Ste-Marie LG (1996). 3709:10.1001/jama.1972.03210070046014 2332:Science of the Total Environment 2263:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.04.013 1889: 1873:Longman pronunciation dictionary 1771: 1749:used in organometallic synthesis 1512:3 litres (0.79 US gal) 522: 4204: 4161: 4157:Groundwater Assessment Platform 4150: 4095: 4085: 4061: 4035: 4009: 3984: 3930: 3887: 3808: 3767: 3732: 3688: 3619: 3590: 3565: 3543: 3521: 3487: 3452: 3426: 3370: 3260: 3225: 3174: 3133: 3086: 3060: 3003: 2968: 2942: 2920: 2902:10.14219/jada.archive.1998.0104 2877: 2824: 2759: 2650: 2615: 2588: 2560: 2488: 2470:Wiberg; Holleman, A.F. (2001). 2463: 2428: 2358: 2323: 2296: 2269: 2234: 2182: 2156: 2104: 1170: 1135: 641: 502:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 4232:Congressional Research Service 3028:10.1002/14651858.CD007868.pub3 2928:"Community Water Fluoridation" 2609:10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.11.004 2163:Tiemann, Mary (5 April 2013). 2048: 2022: 2004: 1985: 1965: 1841: 1823: 1733:, used as an etchant for glass 1540:Chop, 170 g (6.0 oz) 1409:European Food Safety Authority 1327:Water fluoridation controversy 1208:, are particularly important. 1181:Biological aspects of fluorine 944: 928: 13: 1: 3753:10.1016/S0003-4878(96)00010-5 3499:Agricultural Research Service 3246:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00324-8 3159:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42179-0 2753:10.1016/j.foodres.2013.01.025 2672:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02377 2636:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01606 2497:Chemistry: A European Journal 2379:10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00385-5 1817: 1685:can be prevalent and severe. 1437:Examples of fluoride content 688: 4182:10.1177/00220345990780091201 3939:"Fluoride in drinking-water" 3273:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2706:"Fluoride in Drinking-water" 2352:10.1016/0048-9697(95)04479-K 2134:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.045 1887:. According to this source, 1802:Fluoride selective electrode 1589: 1116:tetramethylammonium fluoride 807: 630:ion. Fluoride ions occur on 7: 3996:National Toxicology Program 3140:Nakai C, Thomas JA (1974). 2741:Food Research International 2711:. World Health Organization 2092:. World Health Organization 1764: 1324: 1120:tetrabutylammonium fluoride 985:Structure of fluoride salts 970: 863: 821: 731: 60: 10: 6711: 5892: 4170:Journal of Dental Research 3896:Osteoporosis International 3656:"Acute Fluoride Poisoning" 2845:10.1177/154405910708600504 2212:10.1007/s11356-020-10575-9 2085:Fawell, J.K.; et al. 1812:Sodium monofluorophosphate 1701: 1582: 1564:National Nutrient Database 1272:sodium monofluorophosphate 1247: 1196: 1174: 40: 29: 6614: 6561: 6508: 6460: 6412: 6392: 5898: 5894: 4295: 4281: 4081:– via www.wcvb.com. 2739:L.): A UK based issue?". 2414:10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.039 2317:10.1080/10643387909381666 2290:10.1080/10643387709381665 1759:Trifluoromethanesulfonate 1714:, fluoride salts release 1578: 1561: 1510:Recommended daily intake, 1402:Dietary Reference Intakes 1304:sodium hexafluorosilicate 496: 460: 429:145.58 J/mol K (gaseous) 404: 346: 329: 304: 102: 92: 87: 59: 3654:Rabinowitch, IM (1945). 2800:10.1136/bmj.321.7265.855 1949:10.1002/14356007.a11_307 1199:Organofluorine chemistry 1193:Organofluorine chemistry 830:. It can combine with a 41:Not to be confused with 4128:10.1126/science.1237484 2787:British Medical Journal 2449:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602489 1852:. NIST. pp. 1–1951 1390:Dietary recommendations 1177:Fluorochemical industry 3972:Cite journal requires 3872:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400578 3294:10.1073/pnas.131213698 2509:10.1002/chem.200500838 1520:Baked potatoes, Russet 1466:1 cup, 240 g (8 fl oz) 1419:Estimated daily intake 1292:hexafluorosilicic acid 1263: 1140:At physiological pHs, 955: 826:Fluoride can act as a 698: 78: 69: 3908:10.1007/s001980070051 3330:Institute of Medicine 3200:10.1186/1472-6807-8-6 2983:(5 Spec No): 246–52. 1848:Chase, M. W. (1998). 1608:sodium fluorosilicate 1261: 956: 696: 77: 68: 32:Compounds of fluorine 2036:on 24 September 2015 1871:Wells, J.C. (2008). 1737:Tetrafluoroberyllate 1502:Municipal tap-water, 1282:. They are used for 1238:Uranium hexafluoride 919: 756:fluorides, e.g., CaF 679:preferred IUPAC name 657:The systematic name 652:carbon tetrafluoride 4120:2013Sci...341..866R 3597:Baselt, RC (2008). 3285:2001PNAS...98.8525C 2666:(21): 13866–13879. 2630:(16): 10070–10077. 2582:10.1021/ja00103a045 2576:(24): 11165–11166. 2472:Inorganic chemistry 2344:1995ScTEn.163...39A 2255:2007JVGR..165...87B 2204:2021ESPR...28.2355C 2126:2019EcoES.18209362Y 1835:The PubChem Project 1797:Fluoride deficiency 1753:Hexafluorophosphate 1742:Hexafluoroplatinate 1438: 1397:fluoride deficiency 1021:Inorganic chemistry 817:Chemical properties 748:). For comparison, 648:sulfur hexafluoride 388: g·mol 317:InChI=1S/FH/h1H/p-1 56: 3841:on 14 October 2009 3551:"Fluoride in diet" 3509:on 5 December 2018 3072:springermedizin.de 2890:J. Am. Dent. Assoc 2402:Food Chem. Toxicol 2367:Toxicology Letters 1683:skeletal fluorosis 1673:which is used for 1659:water fluoridation 1620:median lethal dose 1569:2014-03-01 at the 1460:Black tea (brewed) 1447:(mg per 1000g/ppm) 1436: 1376:aluminium fluoride 1372:Beryllium fluoride 1343:Laboratory reagent 1335:is in common use. 1284:water fluoridation 1264: 1254:Water fluoridation 1226:aluminium smelting 1165:skeletal fluorosis 951: 940: 802:aluminium smelters 699: 506:Infobox references 461:Related compounds 79: 70: 54: 6667: 6666: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6343: 4114:(6148): 866–868. 4018:"Flouride and IQ" 3853:Yeung CA (2008). 3831:978-1-86496-415-8 3637:978-92-4-157227-9 3612:978-0-9626523-7-0 3583:978-0-683-03632-9 3355:978-0-309-06403-3 2794:(7265): 855–859. 2737:Camellia sinensis 2546:10.1021/ja0440497 2481:978-0-12-352651-9 2018:. September 2003. 1747:Tetrafluoroborate 1722:Other derivatives 1716:hydrogen fluoride 1667:tooth development 1643:Hydrogen fluoride 1639:calcium gluconate 1631:calcium hydroxide 1585:Fluoride toxicity 1576: 1575: 1474:Raisins, seedless 1455:(mg per portion) 1386:of the reaction. 1244:Cavity prevention 1206:hydrogen fluoride 1155:Camellia sinensis 1142:hydrogen fluoride 1027:hydrogen fluoride 978: 977: 948: 875:hydrogen fluoride 871: 870: 697:Fluorite crystals 609:hydrogen fluoride 605:chemical reagents 514:Chemical compound 512: 511: 399:Hydrogen fluoride 144:Interactive image 83: 82: 16:(Redirected from 6702: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6405: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6353: 6352: 6330: 6320: 6288: 6287: 6286: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5060: 4850: 4284: 4283: 4266: 4259: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4216: 4215: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4165: 4159: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4073:. 23 August 2024 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4042:Alltucker, Ken. 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3950: 3944:. Archived from 3943: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3874: 3859:Evid.-Based Dent 3850: 3848: 3846: 3840: 3834:. Archived from 3823: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3795: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3675: 3651: 3642: 3641: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3604: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3505:. Archived from 3491: 3485: 3484: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3434:"Nutrient Lists" 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3326: 3317: 3316: 3306: 3296: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3212: 3202: 3187:BMC Struct. Biol 3178: 3172: 3171: 3161: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3047: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2956:on 13 March 2016 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2916:on 15 July 2012. 2912:. Archived from 2881: 2875: 2874: 2856: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2811: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2732: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2691: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2597:J. Fluorine Chem 2592: 2586: 2585: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2284:(1–4): 293–371. 2273: 2267: 2266: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2198:(2): 2355–2368. 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2091: 2082: 2073: 2072: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1936: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1886: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1850:"Fluorine anion" 1845: 1839: 1838: 1827: 1807:Fluoride therapy 1781: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1663:dental fluorosis 1635:calcium chloride 1439: 1435: 1384:transition state 1351:the activity of 1330: 1321:Fluoride therapy 1276:fluoride therapy 1250:Fluoride therapy 1224:. It is used in 1132:polymerization. 1101: 1100: 1099: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1043: 1015:cadmium chloride 972: 963: 960: 958: 957: 952: 950: 949: 947: 942: 941: 939: 931: 924: 915: 914: 901: 865: 856: 851: 844: 837: 710:mineral deposits 706:abundant element 602: 601: 600: 592: 591: 590: 581:chemical formula 563: 562: 559: 558: 555: 552: 549: 544: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 452: 425: 405:Thermochemistry 387: 386: 383: 368: 367: 366: 354:Chemical formula 297: 277: 266: 255: 238: 216:Gmelin Reference 206: 186: 166: 146: 122: 61: 57: 53: 36:Fluoride therapy 21: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6610: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6408: 6401: 6388: 6383:Monatomic anion 6380: 6350: 6345: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6303: 6298: 6296: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6253: 6251: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6230: 6228: 6223: 6221: 6213: 6208: 6206: 6201: 6199: 6194: 6192: 6184: 6179: 6177: 6172: 6170: 6165: 6163: 6155: 6150: 6148: 6143: 6141: 6136: 6134: 6126: 6121: 6119: 6111: 6106: 6104: 6096: 6086: 6081: 6079: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6056: 6048: 6040: 6035: 6033: 6028: 6026: 6018: 6013: 6011: 6003: 5995: 5990: 5988: 5980: 5975: 5973: 5965: 5957: 5952: 5950: 5945: 5943: 5935: 5930: 5928: 5920: 5915: 5913: 5905: 5837: 5826: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5761: 5754: 5749: 5747: 5742: 5740: 5731: 5726: 5724: 5716: 5711: 5709: 5701: 5696: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5632: 5627: 5620: 5615: 5613: 5608: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5595: 5587: 5582: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5568: 5566: 5561: 5559: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5516: 5514: 5509: 5507: 5499: 5494: 5492: 5487: 5485: 5480: 5478: 5470: 5465: 5463: 5458: 5456: 5448: 5440: 5432: 5421: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5386: 5384: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5364: 5362: 5357: 5355: 5350: 5343: 5338: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5294: 5289: 5287: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5259: 5254: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5232: 5226: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5213: 5205: 5200: 5198: 5193: 5191: 5186: 5184: 5176: 5171: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5111: 5106: 5104: 5099: 5097: 5089: 5084: 5082: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5040: 5035: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5007: 5005: 4997: 4992: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4971: 4966: 4964: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4915: 4910: 4908: 4900: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4849: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4836: 4834: 4826: 4821: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4686: 4676: 4671: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4591: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4571: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4552: 4547: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4488: 4481: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4374: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4330: 4325: 4318: 4303: 4277: 4270: 4224: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4151: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3954: 3952: 3951:on 4 March 2016 3948: 3941: 3935: 3931: 3892: 3888: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3772: 3768: 3741:Ann. Occup. Hyg 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3693: 3689: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3356: 3327: 3320: 3279:(15): 8525–30. 3265: 3261: 3230: 3226: 3179: 3175: 3152:(20): 6459–67. 3138: 3134: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3022:(3): CD007868. 3008: 3004: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2896:(11): 1579–87. 2882: 2878: 2829: 2825: 2778: 2774: 2769:. 27 June 2016. 2765: 2764: 2760: 2733: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2695: 2655: 2651: 2620: 2616: 2593: 2589: 2565: 2561: 2528: 2524: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2468: 2464: 2433: 2429: 2398: 2394: 2373:(1–2): 111–20. 2363: 2359: 2328: 2324: 2301: 2297: 2274: 2270: 2249:(1–2): 87–101. 2239: 2235: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2157: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2076: 2069: 2053: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1990: 1986: 1970: 1966: 1959: 1937: 1926: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1869: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1846: 1842: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1779:Medicine portal 1777: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1724: 1704: 1695: 1625: 1617: 1613: 1604:acute poisoning 1600:sodium fluoride 1592: 1587: 1581: 1571:Wayback Machine 1511: 1503: 1454: 1446: 1421: 1392: 1345: 1313: 1309: 1302:) and its salt 1301: 1297: 1278:for preventing 1268:sodium fluoride 1256: 1248:Main articles: 1246: 1235: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1201: 1195: 1187: 1173: 1138: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1076:protic solvents 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1059: 1050: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1023: 1008: 1004: 995:sodium chloride 991:Sodium fluoride 987: 961: 943: 935: 927: 926: 925: 923: 922: 920: 917: 916: 911: 906: 904: 892: 849: 847: 835: 824: 819: 810: 777:health problems 759: 734: 719: 691: 644: 599: 597: 596: 595: 594: 589: 587: 586: 585: 583: 546: 525: 521: 515: 508: 503: 492: 471: 453: 450: 444: 440: 437: 436:Std enthalpy of 426: 423: 416: 413: 384: 381: 379: 365: 363: 362: 361: 359: 356: 342: 337: 336: 325: 322: 321: 318: 312: 311: 300: 280: 267: 241: 218: 209: 189: 169: 149: 136: 125: 112: 98: 50: 39: 28: 27:Ion of fluorine 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6708: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6625: 6623: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6572: 6570: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6519: 6517: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6466: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6418: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6398: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6379: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6347: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6327: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5808: 5793: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5679: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5531: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5157: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5128: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4839: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4458: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4413: 4409: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4223: 4222:External links 4220: 4218: 4217: 4203: 4176:(9): 1568–72. 4160: 4149: 4094: 4084: 4060: 4034: 4008: 3983: 3974:|journal= 3929: 3886: 3830: 3807: 3766: 3747:(6): 705–710. 3731: 3722: 3687: 3643: 3636: 3618: 3611: 3589: 3582: 3564: 3542: 3520: 3486: 3467:(4): 211–223. 3451: 3440:on 26 May 2014 3425: 3408: 3386: 3369: 3354: 3318: 3259: 3224: 3173: 3132: 3085: 3059: 3002: 2967: 2941: 2919: 2876: 2823: 2772: 2758: 2747:(2): 564–570. 2722: 2693: 2649: 2614: 2587: 2559: 2522: 2487: 2480: 2462: 2427: 2408:(3): 1055–61. 2392: 2357: 2338:(1–3): 39–53. 2322: 2295: 2268: 2233: 2181: 2155: 2103: 2074: 2068:978-9241572279 2067: 2047: 2021: 2003: 1984: 1964: 1958:978-3527306732 1957: 1924: 1881: 1863: 1840: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1723: 1720: 1708:nitrile rubber 1703: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1675:drinking water 1623: 1615: 1611: 1591: 1588: 1583:Main article: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1448: 1443: 1420: 1417: 1391: 1388: 1344: 1341: 1331:. Fluoridated 1311: 1307: 1299: 1295: 1245: 1242: 1233: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1197:Main article: 1194: 1191: 1172: 1169: 1137: 1134: 1108:Naked fluoride 1096: 1087: 1086:Naked fluoride 1084: 1064: 1049: 1040: 1022: 1019: 1006: 1002: 986: 983: 976: 975: 966: 964: 946: 938: 930: 909: 890: 879:conjugate acid 869: 868: 859: 857: 823: 820: 818: 815: 809: 806: 797: 796: 790: 783: 780: 757: 754:alkaline earth 733: 730: 726:fluorine cycle 717: 690: 687: 643: 640: 626:resembles the 598: 593:(also written 588: 513: 510: 509: 504: 500:standard state 497: 494: 493: 491: 490: 485: 480: 474: 472: 466: 463: 462: 458: 457: 454: 448: 442: 434: 431: 430: 427: 421: 410: 407: 406: 402: 401: 396: 394:Conjugate acid 390: 389: 377: 371: 370: 364: 357: 352: 349: 348: 344: 343: 341: 340: 332: 331: 330: 327: 326: 324: 323: 319: 316: 315: 307: 306: 305: 302: 301: 299: 298: 290: 288: 282: 281: 279: 278: 270: 268: 260: 257: 256: 249: 243: 242: 240: 239: 231: 229: 223: 222: 219: 214: 211: 210: 208: 207: 199: 197: 191: 190: 188: 187: 179: 177: 171: 170: 168: 167: 159: 157: 151: 150: 148: 147: 139: 137: 130: 127: 126: 124: 123: 115: 113: 108: 105: 104: 100: 99: 96: 90: 89: 85: 84: 81: 80: 71: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6707: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6567:Chalcogenides 6564: 6560: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6321: 6312: 6306: 6304: 6297: 6291: 6289: 6275: 6269: 6267: 6259: 6252: 6246: 6244: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6216: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6187: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6158: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6129: 6127: 6120: 6114: 6112: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6080: 6074: 6072: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6043: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6012: 6006: 6004: 5998: 5996: 5989: 5983: 5981: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5938: 5936: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5900: 5897: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5799: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5768: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5732: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5702: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5682: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5652: 5644: 5633: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5537: 5522: 5515: 5508: 5502: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5451: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5288: 5282: 5280: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5233: 5225: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5134: 5120: 5114: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5083: 5077: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5053: 5051: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5014: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4885: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4842: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4711: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4650: 4643: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4572: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4489: 4483: 4476: 4465: 4454: 4450: 4439: 4433: 4431: 4423: 4416: 4405: 4401: 4390: 4383: 4377: 4375: 4368: 4357: 4351: 4349: 4342: 4331: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4297: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4213: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4088: 4072: 4071: 4064: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4023: 4019: 4012: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3979: 3966: 3947: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3902:(9): 727–38. 3901: 3897: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3820: 3819: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3786:(7): 949–54. 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3648: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3626:IPCS (2002). 3622: 3614: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3593: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3552: 3546: 3530: 3524: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3418: 3412: 3401: 3400: 3393: 3391: 3379: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3346:10.17226/5776 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3323: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3240:(2): 421–31. 3239: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3146:J. Biol. Chem 3143: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2929: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2776: 2768: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2707: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2540:(7): 2050–1. 2539: 2535: 2534: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2503:(2): 438–45. 2502: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2166: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2051: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2000:(2): 133–138. 1999: 1995: 1988: 1981:(2): 257–267. 1980: 1976: 1968: 1960: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1919: 1884: 1882:9781405881180 1878: 1874: 1867: 1851: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1822: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1769: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1621: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1586: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1504:(Fluoridated) 1501: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1337:Meta-analysis 1334: 1328: 1322: 1317: 1305: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1241: 1239: 1231: 1227: 1209: 1207: 1200: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1150:micronutrient 1147: 1143: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1124:Cobaltocenium 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1058: 1054: 1032: 1028: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1000: 996: 992: 982: 974: 967: 965: 936: 913: 903: 902: 899: 897: 893: 889: 882: 881:of fluoride. 880: 876: 867: 860: 858: 854: 846: 845: 842: 840: 833: 829: 814: 805: 803: 794: 791: 788: 784: 781: 778: 774: 773: 772: 770: 766: 765:Surface water 761: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 729: 727: 723: 715: 711: 707: 703: 695: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 616: 614: 613:fluorocarbons 610: 606: 582: 578: 574: 571: 567: 561: 519: 507: 501: 495: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 475: 473: 470: 465: 464: 459: 455: 447: 439: 433: 432: 428: 420: 415: 409: 408: 403: 400: 397: 395: 392: 391: 378: 376: 373: 372: 358: 355: 351: 350: 345: 339: 338: 335: 328: 314: 313: 310: 303: 296: 292: 291: 289: 287: 284: 283: 276: 272: 271: 269: 263: 259: 258: 254: 250: 248: 245: 244: 237: 233: 232: 230: 228: 225: 224: 220: 217: 213: 212: 205: 201: 200: 198: 196: 193: 192: 185: 181: 180: 178: 176: 173: 172: 165: 161: 160: 158: 156: 153: 152: 145: 141: 140: 138: 134: 129: 128: 121: 117: 116: 114: 111: 107: 106: 101: 95: 91: 86: 76: 72: 67: 63: 62: 58: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 6695:Nephrotoxins 6629: 4273: 4206: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4152: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4087: 4075:. Retrieved 4069: 4063: 4051:. Retrieved 4047: 4037: 4025:. Retrieved 4021: 4011: 3999:. Retrieved 3995: 3986: 3965:cite journal 3953:. Retrieved 3946:the original 3932: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3865:(2): 39–43. 3862: 3858: 3843:. Retrieved 3836:the original 3817: 3810: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3703:(7): 816–7. 3700: 3696: 3690: 3666:(4): 345–9. 3663: 3659: 3627: 3621: 3600: 3592: 3573: 3567: 3555:. Retrieved 3545: 3533:. Retrieved 3523: 3511:. Retrieved 3507:the original 3489: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3442:. Retrieved 3438:the original 3428: 3411: 3398: 3372: 3337: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3237: 3234:J. Mol. Biol 3233: 3227: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3105:(1): 26–34. 3102: 3098: 3088: 3076:. Retrieved 3071: 3062: 3019: 3015: 3005: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2958:. Retrieved 2954:the original 2944: 2932:. Retrieved 2922: 2914:the original 2893: 2889: 2879: 2839:(5): 410–5. 2836: 2833:J. Dent. Res 2832: 2826: 2791: 2785: 2775: 2761: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2713:. 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