808:, 11 U.S. 116 (1812), the Supreme Court held that a private party could not sue the government of France. In that case, the Supreme Court concluded that a plaintiff cannot sue a foreign sovereign claiming ownership to a warship which had taken refuge in Philadelphia. Following international practice and common law principles, U.S. courts routinely refused to hear claims against foreign governments, even where those claims related to commercial activities. The U.S. State Department followed the absolute theory of immunity for foreign states, and courts generally relied on suggestions of immunity by the State Department in actions against foreign sovereigns. In 1952, the
1177:, or New York. Because the case concerned a default in Argentina on bonds issued in Argentina (i.e., an act performed outside the United States in connection with activity outside the United States), in order to establish jurisdiction, the plaintiff's could only rely on the third basis to sue Argentina under the commercial activity exception. Argentina made two primary arguments as to why the FSIA commercial activity exception should not apply: (1) the issuance of sovereign debt to investors was not a "commercial" activity and (2) the alleged default could not be considered to have had a "direct effect" in the United States. In a unanimous opinion written by Justice
1185:", the Court concluded that Argentina's issuance of the bonds was of a commercial character. As for the "direct effect" in the United States, the Court rejected the suggestion that under the FSIA the effect in the United States necessarily needed to be "substantial" or "foreseeable", and instead concluded that in order to be "direct", the effect need only follow "as an immediate consequence of the defendant's activity". Because New York was the place where payment was supposed to be made, and payment "was not forthcoming", the Court concluded that the effect was direct, notwithstanding the fact that none of the plaintiffs were situated in New York.
31:
1470:
1030:
1512:. According to a legislative digest provided by House Republicans, the bill "narrowly amends the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) to make it easier for U.S. cultural and educational institutions to borrow art and other culturally significant objects from foreign countries". However, the changes made by the bill would not provide any immunity to art or objects that were "taken in violation of international law by
1116:, 538 F.3d 71 (2d Cir. 2008) (finding Saudi government officials to be entitled to immunity under the FSIA). Other courts however, noting that the language and structure of the FSIA and particularly § 1603(b) appear to contemplate that entities and not individuals are covered by the "agency or instrumentality" definition, had concluded that individuals are not entitled to immunity under the FSIA. See
878:. "Foreign state" is defined at 28 U.S.C. § 1603(a),(b). Once the defendant establishes that it is a foreign state, for the lawsuit to proceed, the plaintiff must prove that one of the Act's exceptions to immunity apply. The exceptions define both the types of actions as to which immunity does not attach and the territorial nexus required for adjudication in U.S. courts. The Act creates a form of
1104:
argument that Israel's majority interest in the companies through indirect ownership qualified as an "other ownership interest" under the FSIA or that Israel's actual control over the corporations would qualify. In reaching its conclusion, the court also held that the determination as to whether a defendant qualifies as a foreign state is made at the time the plaintiff files the complaint.
863:, the defendant challenged the jurisdiction of the district court, saying that FSIA could not give jurisdiction to the district court since it was not a case "arising under" federal law. The Supreme Court found that since any invocation of jurisdiction under the FSIA would necessarily involve analysis of the exceptions to FSIA, FSIA cases by definition arise under federal law.
886:
United States causing "personal injury or death, or damage to or loss of property" (such as a common traffic collision) (§ 1605(a)(5)), or expropriates property in violation of international law (§ 1605(a)(3)). The FSIA also excludes immunity in cases involving certain counterclaims (§ 1607) and admiralty claims (§ 1605(b)). Section 221 of the
1165:, 504 U.S. 607 (1992), concerned a breach of contract claim asserted by the bond-holder (two Panamanian corporations and a Swiss bank) against the government (Argentina) that issued the bonds arising from Argentina's default on the bond payments. Under the terms of the bonds, the bond-holders were given the option of having the bonds paid in
1091:, 538 U.S. 468 (2003), the Supreme Court determined that in order for a government owned corporation to qualify as a foreign state under the FSIA because a majority of its "shares or other ownership interest" are owned by a foreign state or political subdivision, the foreign state must directly own a majority of the corporation's shares. In
1525:
activity in which foreign governments are engaged does not have immunity in federal courts. H.R. 4292 would clarify that importing works of art into the United States for temporary display is not a commercial activity, and thus that such works would be immune from seizure". The bill was scheduled to be voted on under
1257:, which ruled in a unanimous decision in February 2021 that FSIA does not permit legal action to be taken against foreign states for property taken from individuals by foreign states, as the provisions of FSIA are directed towards state property taken by other states, and vacated the lower court rulings. The case,
885:
The exceptions are listed at 28 U.S.C. §§ 1605, 1605A, and 1607. The most common exceptions are when the foreign state waives immunity (§ 1605(a)(1)) or agrees to submit a dispute to arbitration (§ 1605(a)(6)), engages in a commercial activity (§ 1605(a)(2)), commits a tort in the
827:
Though the Act places the determination of sovereign immunity fully in the hands of the judiciary, many courts have expressed reluctance to find that a defendant is a sovereign if the "state" in question is one that the U.S. government has not officially recognized, even if the defendant may arguably
1524:
reported that "under current law, works of art loaned by foreign governments generally are immune to certain decisions made by federal courts and cannot be confiscated if the
President, or the President's designee, determines that display of the works is in the national interest. However, commercial
1217:
pass on the internet from a US-based travel agent. She used the pass to board a train operated by the
Austrian national railway, ÖBB Personenverkehr AG (ÖBB), but during the process she fell onto the tracks and her legs were crushed by the moving train, requiring the amputation of both of her legs.
1129:
decided in June 2010, the
Supreme Court found that there is nothing to suggest that "foreign state" within the FSIA should be read to include an official acting on behalf of that state. Justice Stevens, with the unanimous support of the Supreme Court, made the decision into common law with his many
851:
The FSIA is a jurisdictional statute. It indicates what conditions must be met in order for a lawsuit against a foreign state to be instituted, not what conduct by a foreign sovereign is actionable. If a foreign defendant qualifies as a "foreign state" under the FSIA, the Act provides that it shall
786:
courts. The Act also establishes specific procedures for service of process, attachment of property and execution of judgment in proceedings against a foreign state. The FSIA provides the exclusive basis and means to bring a civil suit against a foreign sovereign in the United States. It was signed
1537:
the bill in
September 2016, but the Senate overrode the veto in a 97–1 vote. With the bill becoming a law it added an amended the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act to allow the families of 9/11 to sue the sponsors of "terrorist attacks on U.S. soil", as chairman Goodlatte said on the override vote.
1103:
on the basis that the FSIA applied. The
Supreme Court concluded that because the Israeli government did not directly own a majority of the companies shares, the corporations could not be considered foreign states and the FSIA therefore did not apply. The court specifically rejected the companies'
1156:
In determining whether a foreign state's activities are commercial, the FSIA requires that courts look to the nature of the act itself, rather than the purpose for which the foreign sovereign engaged in the act (28 U.S.C. § 1603(d)). For example, the operation of a fee-based transportation
823:
The United States was the first country to codify the law of foreign sovereign immunity by statute. The FSIA had three broad objectives: (1) to transfer responsibility for immunity determinations from the
Department of State to the judiciary; (2) to define and codify the "restrictive" theory of
1346:
against a foreign state, only against individuals. This decision filtered through the other circuit courts, which prompted
Congress to significantly modify the exemptions related to terrorism in the 2008 NDAA to specifically allow for foreign states to be sued on a private cause of action,
1222:
for damages related to the incident. She reasoned that the suit was not barred by the FSIA because it was "based upon" the sale of the ticket by the US-based travel agent. The court ruled that the suit did not fall within the commercial activities exception. It was appealed to the
573:
1011:
28 U.S.C. § 1350 and general admiralty law. Because the Court found that the FSIA provided the exclusive means of suing the foreign sovereign, the Court determined that the plaintiffs were not permitted to bring suit under the Alien Tort
Statute or general
1418:, the Supreme Court ruled in March 2019 that the FSIA requires that civil process (court summons and civil complaints) be addressed and delivered directly to the foreign minister of a foreign state, and that delivery to an embassy in the US is not sufficient.
1107:
There had been disagreement among the courts as to whether an individual government official is covered by the FSIA, and therefore immune to suit according to its provisions or whether traditional (pre-FSIA) common law rules of immunity apply. The majority of
1181:, the Supreme Court held that Argentina was not entitled to sovereign immunity. Reasoning that "when a foreign government acts, not as regulator of a market, but in the manner of a private player within it, the foreign sovereign's actions are 'commercial
1122:, 552 F.3d 371 (4th Cir. 2009) (holding that former Somalian government official is not covered by, and therefore entitled to immunity under the FSIA and remanding to District Court to determine whether defendant is entitled to common law immunity).
267:
1505:
1408:
recused herself from both cases without giving a reason for doing so), gave permission for those bondholders to seek information on
Argentina's assets in the United States and abroad by issuing subpoenas to banks to trace those assets.
1927:
Based on the legislative history, international law practice, and
American constitutional law, Congress did not intend to use § 1605(a)(3) to cover international human rights abuses and, particularly, takings in the context of
1212:
that the purchase of a rail ticket from an authorized agent in the US does not fall within the commercial activity exception when the lawsuit concerns a rail accident in a foreign country. Carol Sachs, a US resident, purchased a
1914:
41:
An Act to define the jurisdiction of United States courts in suits against foreign states, the circumstances in which foreign states are immune from suit and in which execution may not be levied on their property, and for other
1151:
When the plaintiff's claim is based upon an act by the foreign state which is performed outside the United States in connection with commercial activity outside the United States and which causes a direct effect in the United
742:
693:
457:
381:
995:
286:
1157:
system would likely be a commercial act, while imposing fines for parking tickets would be a public act, even if the former was undertaken to provide a public service, and the latter was initiated to raise revenue.
981:. That case involved a claim by the descendants of owners of famous paintings against the Austrian government for return of those paintings, which were allegedly seized during the Nazi era. As a consequence of
1231:. The Supreme Court looked at the "particular conduct on which the is based" and held that, because that conduct occurred in Austria, the case did not fall within the commercial activities exception.
1245:
One student's note has argued that matters of genocidal takings are regarded as exceeding the jurisdictional limits of the FSIA's international takings exception. In June 2017, a divided panel of the
1141:
The most important exception to sovereign immunity is the commercial activity exception, 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(2). This section provides three bases on which a plaintiff can sue a foreign state:
248:
2180:
1400:'s appeal of a lower court ruling that Argentina's government must uphold its contractual obligation to pay in full those bondholders who refused to accept reduced payments negotiated in foreign
1196:(1978) that "direct effect" is to be given its common sense interpretation: a direct effect "has no intervening element, but, rather, flows in a straight line without deviation or interruption".
2352:
733:
1219:
1902:
1339:
1246:
1161:
985:, for lawsuits filed after the enactment of the FSIA (1976), FSIA standards of immunity and its exceptions apply, even where the conduct that took place prior to enactment of the FSIA.
305:
2291:
1404:
carried out by Argentina in 2005 and 2010 after that state's government defaulted on its debt in 2001. Later the same day, the U.S. Supreme Court, in a 7–1 ruling (Associate Justice
1203:
or a body incorporated in the United States is not in itself sufficient to establish a "direct effect" in the United States if a case involves no other form of direct connection.
1148:
When the plaintiff's claim is based upon an act by the foreign state which is performed in the United States in connection with commercial activity outside the United States.
1007:
in 1982 was struck by an air to surface rocket fired by an Argentine jet. The shipping company sued Argentina in federal court claiming that Argentina's actions violated the
1087:
343:
476:
1279:
of property rather than an act of genocide, although granting that other means of recovery are still potentially available. The decision also concluded a related case,
1189:
852:
be immune to suit in any U.S. court—federal or state—unless a statutory exception to immunity applies. The applicability of an exception to immunity is a matter of
2487:
1100:
920:
1130:
paragraphs on the court case. This helped define what is considered to be a foreign state, which now included state officials acting within their jurisdiction.
2113:
2015:
1654:
Letter, dated 19 May 1952, from the U.S. State Department's Acting Legal Adviser Jack B. Tate to the Acting Attorney-General (26 State Dept. Bull. 984 (1952).
1327:
887:
722:
702:
682:
662:
642:
622:
602:
582:
562:
542:
519:
500:
481:
462:
443:
424:
405:
386:
367:
348:
329:
310:
291:
272:
253:
234:
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2472:
1224:
936:
2172:
923:
greatly expanded the terrorism exceptions by moving these as a whole to § 1605A, making foreign states liable for the actions of their officers in
999:, 488 U.S. 428 (1989), the Supreme Court held that the FSIA provides the "sole basis for obtaining jurisdiction over a foreign state". In that case, a
1125:
However, the Supreme Court in 2010 decided that the Act does not extend immunity to a government official acting on behalf of a state. In the case of
713:
2344:
1697:
1620:
1786:
1060:
The FSIA only applies to lawsuits involving a foreign state. The FSIA defines (28 U.S.C. § 1603(a)) "foreign state" to include three entities:
419:
400:
1868:
2287:
1275:. The court unanimously ruled that FSIA does not allow these survivors to sue Germany in U.S. court, reasoning that the sale was an act of
2262:
2082:
2203:
2231:
2135:
1987:
1534:
1388:
1322:
911:
514:
1530:
1363:
947:
836:
812:, noting changes in international practice, adopted the restrictive theory of sovereign immunity according to which the public acts (
210:
2482:
1750:
1074:"Agency or instrumentality" is then defined (28 U.S.C. § 1603(b)) as any entity which has a separate legal identity and is either:
2444:
2374:
Bennett, John (September 12, 2016). "Obama Veto Would Block Lawsuits Against Foreign Governments Linked to Terrorist Attacks".
1509:
2436:
1618:
Feldman, Mark B. (April 1986). "The United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 in Perspective: A Founder's View".
824:
immunity; and (3) to provide a comprehensive, uniform regime for litigation against foreign states and governmental agencies.
2049:
1133:
Moreover, the potential of the FSIA to undermine foreign policy goals of the executive branch has been an ongoing concern.
1003:-owned oil tanker which was traveling outside of the "war zones" designated by the United Kingdom and Argentina during the
804:
1112:
had concluded that individuals are covered under § 1603(b) as "agencies or instrumentalities" of foreign states. See
1432:
1338:
from Iran. While an earlier case by the hostage was successful in winning compensatory damages in his original suit, the
1305:
as well as their subsidiaries and joint ventures, particularly those owned by the People's Republic of China, accused of
779:
438:
1310:
968:
217:
778:(or its political subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities) is immune from the jurisdiction of the United States'
593:
2105:
1942:"Recent Case: D.C. Circuit Interprets Expropriation Exception to Allow Genocide Victims to Sue Their Own Government"
1855:, Civ. A. No. 77-1000. United States District Court, District of Columbia, 19 October 1978, accessed 12 January 2024
1145:
When the plaintiff's claim is based upon a commercial activity carried on in the United States by the foreign state.
1200:
155:
2321:
1081:
has a "majority of ... shares or other ownership interest" owned by a foreign state or political subdivision.
2457:
1882:
1208:
1109:
533:
100:
92:
1227:, which reversed the judgment, holding that the purchase of the ticket from a US-based travel agent established
973:
950:
removed the requirement that a state sponsor of terrorism be officially listed, so that victim families of the
788:
362:
2477:
1941:
1414:
890:
added an exception for U.S. victims of terrorism, for any government designated by the State Department as a
613:
2449:
1871:, US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, p. 7, decided 6 April 2010, accessed 21 May 2024
856:, meaning if there is no exception to immunity, a court cannot hear the claim and must dismiss the suit. In
1401:
1334:
to FSIA, which were related to punitive damages from emotional distress from family members of a surviving
673:
2431:
2317:
1693:
1521:
1393:
1254:
853:
783:
64:
1869:
Cruise Connections Charter Mgt, et al v. Attorney General of Canada, et al, No. 09-7060 (D.C. Cir. 2010)
2453:
1423:
1366:(JASTA), amending FSIA and allowing the families' suit against Saudi Arabia to proceed in U.S. courts.
1249:
found the FSIA did not prevent the survivors of a Holocaust victim from suing to recover art stolen by
891:
633:
173:
1584:
See Senate Report No. 94-1310. September 27, 1976. This report concerned the identical Senate bill,
1095:, two chemical corporations indirectly owned by the Israeli government sought to remove a case from a
1722:
Hunt, Sivonnia L. (May 1, 2013). "The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act: The Roadblocks to Recovery".
229:
169:
1267:
to sue Germany in the United States court systems for compensation for items that were taken by the
1973:
553:
1526:
1371:
903:
859:
2423:
2074:
2397:
Goodlatte, Robert (September 28, 2016). "Goodlatte Floor Statement on Veto Override of JASTA".
2258:
1888:
1585:
1506:
Foreign Cultural Exchange Jurisdictional Immunity Clarification Act (H.R. 4292; 113th Congress)
1335:
1302:
324:
147:
2146:
1566:"This Act shall take effect ninety days after the date of its enactment." Pub. Law. 94-583, §8
1427:, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled in May 2020 that FSIA allowed for punitive damages on a
2402:
2379:
1547:
1517:
1456:
to sue Germany for compensation for possessions taken or forced into sale by the Nazi Party.
932:
867:
809:
746:
726:
706:
686:
666:
646:
626:
606:
586:
566:
546:
523:
504:
485:
466:
447:
428:
409:
390:
371:
352:
333:
314:
295:
276:
257:
238:
30:
1380:
1355:
1306:
951:
718:
698:
678:
638:
618:
538:
738:
658:
598:
578:
558:
8:
1758:
1445:
1285:
1096:
1483:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1043:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2440:
2427:
2016:"Supreme Court Denies Holocaust Victims' Property Claims Against Nazi Germany, Hungary"
1949:
1835:
1780:
1637:
1440:
1259:
1240:
1118:
1008:
771:
653:
526:
507:
495:
488:
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450:
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393:
374:
355:
336:
317:
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279:
260:
241:
124:
2055:
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1817:
978:
829:
458:
Ministry of Defense and Support for Armed Forces of Islamic Republic of Iran v. Elahi
382:
Ministry of Defense and Support for Armed Forces of Islamic Republic of Iran v. Elahi
1773:
American Law Yearbook 2010: A Guide to the Year's Major Legal Cases and Developments
1809:
1629:
1331:
895:
879:
2136:"Syllabus and Opinion of the Court, in Republic of Argentina vs. NML Capital, Ltd"
2406:
2383:
1428:
1405:
1343:
924:
916:
871:
775:
770:
law, codified at Title 28, §§ 1330, 1332, 1391(f), 1441(d), and 1602–1611 of the
151:
1383:
in various U.S. churches. The ruling ultimately did not rely on state immunity.
2236:
2208:
1992:
1910:
1864:
1848:
1178:
940:
899:
875:
2059:
1668:
1664:
1633:
2466:
1821:
1276:
1228:
1013:
1004:
767:
1354:
invoked the FSIA to preclude a lawsuit filed by families and victims of the
802:
Foreign state immunity has a long history in U.S. courts. In an early case,
574:
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela v. Helmerich & Payne Int'l Drilling Co.
1513:
1501:
1453:
1351:
1272:
1250:
1347:
retroactively applying this to the other legal cases pending at the time.
1813:
1362:. Congress responded in 2016 by overriding President Obama's veto of the
791:
194:
1431:
from conduct before the enactment of the FSIA, in a case related to the
104:
2313:
1801:
1268:
1263:, dealt with the applicability of the FSIA for heirs of victims of the
816:) of a foreign state are entitled to immunity, while the private acts (
159:
1641:
1449:
1397:
1264:
1170:
840:
1220:
United States District Court for the Northern District of California
1174:
919:
lawsuits against foreign states even with the Flatow Amendment, the
1740:
See Note, 79 Tul. L. Rev. 1113 (2005) (discussing history of FSIA).
1444:, the Supreme Court ruled in 2021 that the FSIA does not allow for
1376:
1359:
1247:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
1296:
1000:
928:
906:, which made those responsible for such attacks liable in court.
870:
is initially on the defendant to establish that it is a "foreign
47:
2232:"Nazi-Era Claims Can't Be Heard Now in U.S. Courts, SCOTUS Says"
2204:"Supreme Court Revives $ 4.3 Billion Terror Award Against Sudan"
1988:"Nazi-Era Claims Can't Be Heard Now in U.S. Courts, SCOTUS Says"
1529:
on May 6, 2014. In May 2016 the Senate passed a bill called the
1214:
1166:
882:
establishing jurisdiction over claims that meet the criteria.
268:
First Nat. City Bank v. Banco Para El Comercio Exterior De Cuba
839:
in 2016 has allowed U.S. citizens to sue foreign powers over
2145:. United States Supreme Court. June 16, 2014. Archived from
2042:
Stealth war: how China took over while America's elite slept
1903:"Genocidal Takings and the FSIA: Jurisdictional Limitations"
1836:
Republic of Argentina v. Weltover, Inc., 504 U.S. 607 (1992)
2345:"The week ahead: House to hold ex-IRS official in contempt"
1358:
who alleged that the Saudi leaders had indirectly financed
1078:
an "organ of a foreign state or political subdivision", or
1019:
1802:"Foreign Sovereign Immunity in a Hyper Globalized World"
1533:
which also was passed by the house shortly after. Obama
1342:
ruled that the amended FSIA did not allow for a private
1253:. However, the ruling was challenged by Germany to the
1101:
United States District Court for the District of Hawaii
921:
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008
2106:"Argentina's Debt Appeal Is Rejected by Supreme Court"
1717:
1715:
1328:
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
902:
who fought to sue Iran over the suicide bombing that
888:
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
1838:, p. 618, decided 12 June 1992, accessed 21 May 2024
1225:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
774:, that established criteria as to whether a foreign
694:
Cassirer v. Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection Foundation
2230:Robinson, Kimberly Strawbridge (February 3, 2021).
2075:"U.S. court rules Saudi Arabia immune in 9/11 case"
1986:Robinson, Kimberly Strawbridge (February 3, 2021).
1712:
1667:, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training,
996:Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corp.
287:Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corp.
2464:
1136:
2488:Foreign sovereign immunity in the United States
2202:Robinson, Kimberly Strawbridge (May 18, 2020).
2164:
2039:
1621:The International and Comparative Law Quarterly
1297:Industrial espionage by state-owned enterprises
1206:In 2015, the Supreme Court unanimously held in
1070:An agency or instrumentality of a foreign state
420:Powerex Corp. v. Reliant Energy Services, Inc.
401:Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York
1326:in 2004 was heard after the additions of the
1114:In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001
2399:Federal Information & News Dispatch, Inc
1575:See House Report No. 94-1487. Sept 9, 1976.
2493:United States foreign relations legislation
2473:United States federal judiciary legislation
2007:
1669:https://adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Feldman.Mark.pdf
1190:District Court for the District of Columbia
988:
898:was also added in 1996, named after lawyer
874:" under the FSIA and therefore entitled to
2336:
2282:
2280:
1785:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1389:Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.
1323:Cicippio-Puleo v. Islamic Republic of Iran
1067:A political subdivision of a foreign state
962:
957:
912:Cicippio-Puleo v. Islamic Republic of Iran
828:satisfy the definition of statehood under
714:Türkiye Halk Bankası A.Ş. v. United States
515:Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.
2396:
1613:
1611:
1531:Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act
1379:invoked the FSIA in a lawsuit related to
1364:Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act
948:Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act
846:
837:Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act
211:Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act
2450:Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976
2229:
2201:
2040:Spalding, Robert; Kaufman, Seth (2019).
1985:
1900:
760:Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976
2373:
2306:
2277:
2251:
1665:Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection
1617:
1500:On March 25, 2014, U.S. Representative
927:lawsuits, and expanding exceptions for
915:that made it difficult to seek private
249:Verlinden BV v. Central Bank of Nigeria
181:on September 29, 1976 (Voice vote)
2465:
2342:
2116:from the original on February 15, 2018
2103:
2013:
1901:Djoukeng, Françoise N. (August 2018).
1608:
1510:United States House of Representatives
1459:
1316:
2085:from the original on January 31, 2009
2072:
1375:, 557 F.3d 1066 (9th Cir. 2009), the
2170:
1939:
1799:
1721:
1463:
1234:
1023:
977:, 541 U.S. 677 (2004) that the FSIA
187:on October 1, 1976 (Voice vote)
2437:As codified in 28 U.S.C. chapter 97
2424:As codified in 28 U.S.C. chapter 97
2294:from the original on March 22, 2017
1917:from the original on April 11, 2019
1433:1998 United States embassy bombings
439:Republic of Philippines v. Pimentel
130:§1330, §1391(f), §1441(d), §1602–11
13:
2390:
2324:from the original on July 13, 2014
1700:from the original on July 21, 2014
1313:, as a defense from legal action.
14:
2504:
2417:
2183:from the original on May 31, 2019
2014:Bravin, Jess (February 3, 2021).
1162:Republic of Argentina v. Weltover
904:killed his daughter Alisa in 1995
805:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon
594:Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran
306:Republic of Argentina v. Weltover
2355:from the original on May 4, 2014
2343:Marcos, Cristina (May 2, 2014).
2288:"Legislative Digest – H.R. 4292"
2265:from the original on May 6, 2014
2073:Honan, Edith (August 14, 2008).
1969:de Csepel v. Republic of Hungary
1775:. Detroit. 2011. pp. 92–93.
1468:
1396:ruled on June 16, 2014, against
1028:
29:
24:Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
2483:1976 in international relations
2367:
2290:. House Republican Conference.
2223:
2195:
2128:
2097:
2066:
2033:
1979:
1961:
1933:
1894:
1883:OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs
1874:
1858:
1841:
1828:
1793:
1765:
1757:. February 2023. Archived from
1743:
1734:
1686:
1209:OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs
909:In response to the decision of
534:OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs
2104:Liptak, Adam (June 16, 2014).
1674:
1657:
1648:
1599:
1590:
1578:
1569:
1560:
974:Republic of Austria v. Altmann
363:Republic of Austria v. Altmann
1:
1553:
1516:between January 30, 1933 and
1415:Republic of Sudan v. Harrison
1137:Commercial activity exception
1020:Definition of "foreign state"
843:acts committed on U.S. soil.
614:Republic of Sudan v. Harrison
2171:Howe, Amy (March 26, 2019).
734:Republic of Hungary v. Simon
674:Republic of Hungary v. Simon
7:
2445:US House of Representatives
2318:Congressional Budget Office
1541:
1522:Congressional Budget Office
1448:or heirs of victims of the
1311:intellectual property theft
1255:United States Supreme Court
1088:Dole Food Co. v. Patrickson
854:subject-matter jurisdiction
344:Dole Food Co. v. Patrickson
218:United States Supreme Court
65:94th United States Congress
10:
2509:
2261:. United States Congress.
1976: (D.C. Cir. 2017).
1887: (U.S. 2015),
1424:Opati v. Republic of Sudan
1238:
892:state sponsor of terrorism
797:
634:Opati v. Republic of Sudan
230:Dames & Moore v. Regan
174:Senate Judiciary Committee
1477:This article needs to be
1301:FSIA has been invoked by
1110:Federal Courts of Appeals
1037:This article needs to be
477:Republic of Iraq v. Beaty
224:
216:
209:
204:
170:House Judiciary Committee
139:
134:
123:
115:
110:
91:
83:
78:
70:
59:
46:
37:
28:
18:United States federal law
2044:. Penguin Random House.
989:Exclusive basis for suit
954:could sue Saudi Arabia.
554:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
2020:The Wall Street Journal
1806:SSRN Electronic Journal
1634:10.1093/iclqaj/35.2.302
1527:suspension of the rules
1372:John V. Doe v. Holy See
1303:state-owned enterprises
963:Retroactive application
958:Scope and applicability
860:Central Bank of Nigeria
789:United States President
166:Committee consideration
2112:. The New York Times.
1853:Upton v Empire of Iran
1761:on September 24, 2015.
1724:Seventh Circuit Review
1336:Lebanon hostage crisis
1218:Sachs sued ÖBB in the
1194:Upton v Empire of Iran
847:Jurisdictional statute
325:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson
162:) on December 19, 1975
2259:"H.R. 4292 – Summary"
1974:859 F.3d 1094
1605:122 Cong. Rec. S17721
1596:122 Cong. Rec. H11587
1548:Long-arm jurisdiction
1381:child abuse incidents
1199:The involvement of a
979:applies retroactively
933:extrajudicial killing
835:The enactment of the
810:U.S. State Department
794:on October 21, 1976.
2478:1976 in American law
2458:US Statutes at Large
1814:10.2139/ssrn.1547442
1751:"Samantar v. Yousuf"
1356:September 11 attacks
1307:industrial espionage
1283:, which was decided
952:September 11 attacks
866:Under the FSIA, the
1694:"Public Law 110-18"
1460:Proposed amendments
1402:debt restructurings
1317:Notable legal cases
197:on October 21, 1976
135:Legislative history
25:
2441:United States Code
2428:United States Code
2320:. April 21, 2014.
2173:"Opinion Analysis"
1950:Harvard Law Review
1907:law.georgetown.edu
1834:US Supreme Court,
1800:Wafa, Tim (2010).
1441:Germany v. Philipp
1260:Germany v. Philipp
1241:Germany v. Philipp
1127:Samantar v. Yousuf
1119:Yousuf v. Samantar
1097:Hawaii state court
1009:Alien Tort Statute
858:Verlinden B.V. v.
772:United States Code
654:Germany v. Philipp
496:Samantar v. Yousuf
23:
2314:"CBO – H.R. 4292"
2051:978-0-593-08434-2
1498:
1497:
1289:on the ruling of
1235:Genocidal takings
1058:
1057:
937:aircraft sabotage
830:international law
756:
755:
185:Passed the Senate
94:Statutes at Large
2500:
2411:
2410:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
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2340:
2334:
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2310:
2304:
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2301:
2299:
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2249:
2248:
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2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2152:on June 17, 2014
2151:
2143:supremecourt.gov
2140:
2132:
2126:
2125:
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2101:
2095:
2094:
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2028:
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2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
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1958:
1946:
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1898:
1892:
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1471:
1464:
1340:DC Circuit Court
1332:Flatow Amendment
1281:Hungary v. Simon
1184:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1032:
1031:
1024:
896:Flatow Amendment
880:long-arm statute
205:Major amendments
179:Passed the House
146:in the House as
127:sections created
95:
74:January 19, 1977
52:
33:
26:
22:
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2098:
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2012:
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1996:
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1966:
1962:
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1879:
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1847:District Judge
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1735:
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1703:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1683:, U.S. (2022).
1681:Cassirer v. TBC
1679:
1675:
1663:Feldman, Mark,
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1600:
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1579:
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1544:
1504:introduced the
1494:
1488:
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1473:
1469:
1462:
1429:cause of action
1406:Sonia Sotomayor
1344:cause of action
1319:
1299:
1251:Nazi plunderers
1243:
1237:
1182:
1139:
1064:A foreign state
1054:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1022:
991:
965:
960:
925:cause of action
917:cause of action
868:burden of proof
849:
800:
776:sovereign state
752:
200:
191:Signed into law
152:Peter W. Rodino
148:H.R. 11315
93:
60:Enacted by
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2237:Bloomberg News
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2209:Bloomberg News
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1993:Bloomberg News
1978:
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1911:Georgetown Law
1893:
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1849:Charles Richey
1840:
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1628:(2): 302–319.
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900:Stephen Flatow
876:state immunity
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818:jure gestionis
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749:___ (2025)
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2267:. Retrieved
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2187:November 25,
2185:. Retrieved
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2147:the original
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2109:
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2019:
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1997:. Retrieved
1991:
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1906:
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1759:the original
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1586:S. 3553
1580:
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1502:Steve Chabot
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1999:February 3,
1518:May 8, 1945
820:) are not.
792:Gerald Ford
529: (2014)
510: (2010)
491: (2009)
472: (2009)
453: (2008)
434: (2007)
415: (2007)
396: (2006)
377: (2004)
358: (2003)
339: (1993)
320: (1992)
301: (1989)
282: (1983)
263: (1983)
244: (1981)
195:Gerald Ford
2467:Categories
2407:1824342775
2384:1818673821
2177:SCOTUSBlog
2060:1102323878
1704:August 18,
1554:References
1286:per curiam
1269:Nazi Party
1201:US citizen
144:Introduced
84:Public law
38:Long title
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2443:from the
2430:from the
2110:Deal Book
1928:genocide.
1921:April 11,
1865:Tatel, D.
1822:1556-5068
1781:cite book
1508:into the
1450:Holocaust
1446:survivors
1398:Argentina
1350:In 2008,
1265:Holocaust
1171:Frankfurt
841:terrorist
79:Citations
71:Effective
42:purposes.
2403:ProQuest
2380:ProQuest
2353:Archived
2349:The Hill
2322:Archived
2292:Archived
2263:Archived
2181:Archived
2156:June 17,
2120:June 17,
2114:Archived
2083:Archived
1915:Archived
1755:oyez.org
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798:History
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