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competition for light, water, or soil nutrients, this is called natural thinning. Singular deaths caused by natural thinning go unnoticed, but many deaths can help form forest ecosystems. There are four stages to forest regrowth after a disturbance, the establishment phase which is rapid increase in seedlings, the thinning phase which happens after a canopy is formed and the seedlings covered by it die, the transition phase which occurs when one tree from the canopy dies and creates a pocket of light giving new seedlings opportunity to grow, and lastly the steady-state phase which happens when the forest has different sizes and ages of trees.
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94:. Forests produce approximately 28% of the Earth's oxygen (the vast majority being created by oceanic plankton), they also serve as homes for millions of people, and billions depend on forests in some way. Likewise, a large proportion of the world's animal species live in forests. Forests are also used for economic purposes such as fuel and wood products. Forest ecology therefore has a great impact upon the whole biosphere and human activities that are sustained by it.
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on mid-sized trees which help support their tall and vertical structures in the shallow and moist soil. Tropical forests grow very densely due to the heavy rainfall and year-round growing season. This creates competition for light which causes many trees to grow very tall, blocking out most or all of
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ecosystems in the world. Although there are many different tree species present per acre of forest, many share similar appearances due to the similar environmental pressures. Some of these shared traits, possessed by many tropical trees, include thick and leathery leaves that are elongated and ovular
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Since trees can grow larger than other plant life-forms, there is the potential for a wide variety of forest structures (or physiognomies). The infinite number of possible spatial arrangements of trees of varying size and species makes for a highly intricate and diverse micro-environment in which
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Some trees leave behind eerie skeletons after death. In reality these deaths are actually very few compared to the amount of tree deaths that go unnoticed. Thousands of seedlings can be produced from a single tree but only a few can actually grow to maturity. Most of those deaths are caused from
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The ecological potential of a particular species is a measure of its capacity to effectively compete in a given geographical area, ahead of other species, as they all try to occupy a natural space. For some areas it has been quantified, as for instance by Hans-Jürgen Otto, for central Europe. He
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ecology, however, the presence of trees makes forest ecosystems and their study unique in numerous ways due to the potential for a wide variety of forest structures created by the uniquely large size and height of trees compared with other terrestrial plants.
388:. These adaptations are possessed by different species depending on where they are located. For example, there are similar looking animals in the rainforests of South America and Africa that share ecological niches, however the mammals from South America are
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and the physical environment where they occur. Also, in forests of high productivity, the rapid growth of the trees themselves induces biotic and environmental changes, although at a slower rate and lower intensity than relatively instantaneous
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is able to reach farther into the soil than the roots of the plant, allowing it to better access phosphorus and water. The mycorrhizal network can also transport water and nutrients between plants. These interactions can help provide
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can form a major repository of water storage. When this litter is removed or compacted (through grazing or human overuse), erosion and flooding are exacerbated as well as deprivation of dry season water for forest organisms.
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Forests accumulate large amounts of standing biomass, and many are capable of accumulating it at high rates, i.e. they are highly productive. Such high levels of biomass and tall vertical structures represent large stores of
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Forest trees store large amounts of water because of their large size and anatomical/physiological characteristics. They are therefore important regulators of hydrological processes, especially those involving groundwater
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Every parameter is scored between 0 and 5 for each considered species, and then a global mean value calculated. A value above 3.5 is considered high, below 3.0 low, and intermediate for those in between. In this study
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costs more than the benefit they receive. While many plants rely on mycorrhizal symbiosis, not all possess this ability, and those without are shown to be negatively affected by the presence of mycorrhizal fungi.
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communities. This heterogeneity in turn can enable great biodiversity of species of both plants and animals. Some structures, such as tree ferns may be keystone species for a diverse range of other species.
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creates an acidic forest floor that is distinct to coniferous forests. Because of the types of leaves possessed by conifers, they face the problem of soil nutrient loss; this problem is solved through
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A number of factors within the forest affect biodiversity; primary factors enhancing wildlife abundance and biodiversity was the presence of diverse tree species within the forest and the absence of
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Berger, John J.; Restoring the Earth (Organization); University of
California, Berkeley; University of California, Berkeley; San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission, eds. (1990).
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Fountain-Jones, N.M, Baker, S.B and Jordan, G (2015). ‘Moving beyond the guild concept: developing a consistent functional trait framework for terrestrial beetles’ Ecological
Entomology. 40, 1-13.
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Fountain-Jones N.M, Mc
Quillan P and Grove S. (2012) ‘Beetle communities associated with the tree fern Dicksonia antarctica Labill. in Tasmania’ Australian Journal of Entomology. 51, 154-165.
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Forest management techniques that mimic natural disturbance events (variable retention forestry) can allow community diversity to recover rapidly for a variety of groups including beetles.
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that facilitate the establishment and seedling growth of understory plants. The forest canopy protects young understory plants from extremes of temperature and dry conditions.
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exhibits distinct stratified layers from the tallest trees to the tightly packed midstory trees below. Due to low light on the forest floor, there is a diverse population of
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The benefits of mycorrhizal fungi interacting with plant roots to improve nutrient absorption among other benefits compared to a plant without this symbiotic relationship.
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Van der
Heijden, Marcel G. A.; Horton, Thomas R. (2009). "Socialism in Soil? the Importance of Mycorrhizal Fungal Networks for Facilitation in Natural Ecosystems".
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Martinkova, Zdenka; Honek, Alois; Pekar, Stano (2014). "The Role of Nurse Plants in
Facilitating the Germination of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Seeds".
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relationships. Mycorrhizal networks have been shown to increase the uptake of important nutrients, especially ones which disperse slowly into the soil like
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An estimated 399 million ha of forest is designated primarily for the protection of soil and water, an increase of 119 million ha since 1990.
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have unique traits that make them especially adapted to harsh conditions, including cold, drought, wind, and snow. Their leaves have a
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Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million ha of forests in 2015, mainly in the temperate and boreal domains.
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Specific risks: Resistance to late freezing, resistance to wind/ice storm, resistance to fire, resistance to biotic agents.
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Paca the South
American rodent species that has shared features with the African chevrotain due to convergent evolution.
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Overall decline in a forest-specialist index for 268 forest vertebrate species (455 populations), 1970–2014, from the
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can vary considerably over large and small distances. In addition, an important proportion of a forest ecosystem's
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and hydrological studies in regional ecosystem or resource planning studies. Perhaps more importantly the duff or
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The
African chevrotain an ungulate that shares convergently evolved features with the South American paca.
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Ganjegunte, Girisha K; Condron, Leo M; Clinton, Peter W; Davis, Murray R; Mahieu, Nathalie (2004-01-23).
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and quantity, and levels of various soil nutrients can vary greatly. Thus, forests are often highly
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and/or cold environments do so especially slowly. Thus, tree trunks and branches can remain on the
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Related to site requirements: Tolerance to low temperatures, tolerance to dry climate, frugality.
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tree in northern
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publication The State of the World's
Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief
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are an important component of forest research, but the wide variety of other life forms and
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Forest ecology shares characteristics and methodological approaches with other areas of
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species that can survive. The species more commonly found in coniferous forests are
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is a natural woodland unit consisting of all plants, animals, and micro-organisms (
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to help prevent moisture loss, this makes them unpalatable to animals and slow to
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variations exist and its numbers are diminished by even aged timber management.
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Forest ecologists are interested in the effects of large disturbances, such as
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Peet, Robert K.; Christensen, Norman L. (1987). "Competition and Tree Death".
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Forests are studied at a number of organisational levels, from the individual
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to their symbiotic plants, helping protect them through the progression of
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that help transport the limited nutrients to the trees in exchange for
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important ecosystems. They have also been historically sought for the
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in tropical forests also show many unique adaptations to fill various
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decreases as nutrient density increases, because the plants' loss of
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Forest Ecology: a foundation for sustainable forest management and
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Thus, forest ecological studies are sometimes closely aligned with
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Study of interactions between the biota and environment in forests.
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is the scientific study of the interrelated patterns, processes,
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growth and prevent water reflecting the sunlight or restricting
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1473:(in French). Paris: Institut pour le Développement Forestier.
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relatively slowly in many forests in comparison to most other
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Forests have an enormously important role to play in the
1064:"Forest Pathology | Diseases of forest and shade trees"
1018:"The Role of Abiotic Factors in Community Organization"
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between species found in tropical forest environments.
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Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings
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Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings
931:"Forest functions, ecosystem stability and management"
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An important interaction in forest ecosystems is the
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for long periods, affecting such things as wildlife
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Towards sustainable management of the boreal forest
507:. Coniferous forests contain a variety of valuable
141:in most forests means that other elements, such as
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1668:Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical Geography
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645:2.92; and are examples of the three categories.
565:, which consists of fungi and plants that share
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1420:Bingham, Marcus A.; Simard, Suzanne W. (2011).
523:due to the animals species that inhabit them.
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693:Two such conversions of great importance are
1708: This article incorporates text from a
1255:Ehrlich, Paul R.; Roughgarden, Joan (1987).
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541:In forests, trees and shrubs often serve as
262:is often underground, where soil structure,
121:connotes an area inhabited by more than one
1712:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (
1016:Dunson, William A.; Travis, Joseph (1991).
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58:. The management of forests is known as
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823:Forest Ecology and Management (journal)
117:to the ecosystem. However, as the term
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1678:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
1537:Smerdon, Brian D; et al. (2009).
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1310:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1981.
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686:The world’s forests contain about 606
603:Ecological potential of forest species
355:. Commonly, tropical trees have large
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762:Woody material, often referred to as
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1308:The International book of the forest
701:, both of which radically alter the
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188:maladies affecting the health of a
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1088:"Forest Pathology Journal Overview"
978:"Save the Plankton, Breathe Freely"
515:trees making them some of the most
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218:is part of the broader approach of
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13:
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1399:. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
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608:takes three groups of parameters:
229:Community diversity and complexity
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2021:Global Forest Information Service
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239:Food and Agriculture Organization
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1676:Wild turkey: Meleagris gallopavo
1666:Robert W. Christopherson. 1996.
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818:Deforestation and climate change
396:. This clearly demonstrates the
286:thrives when uneven heights and
246:environmental variables such as
169:This section is an excerpt from
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992:"Forest Ecology and Management"
683:under the right circumstances.
270:environments compared to other
152:, are also crucial components.
1152:. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020.
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967:Robert W. Christopherson. 1996
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491:. There are also a variety of
82:) factors of the environment.
1:
1595:10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00332-3
1583:Forest Ecology and Management
947:10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00377-7
935:Forest Ecology and Management
916:
97:
85:
1754:
1714:license statement/permission
1659:Philip Joseph Burton. 2003.
929:Führer, Erwin (2000-06-15).
415:coating and are filled with
364:the light from reaching the
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790:, fire behaviour, and tree
392:while the African ones are
297:Types of Forests Ecosystems
280:even aged timber management
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2132:Growth and yield modelling
1552:(1): 22–44. Archived from
1469:Otto, Hans-Jürgen (1998).
1206:Philip Joseph Burton. 2003
723:and local evaporation and
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2706:Earth sciences portal
2692:Climate change portal
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2273:Great Green Wall (Africa)
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679:that can be converted to
133:or ecosystem. Logically,
2278:Great Green Wall (China)
1851:Close to nature forestry
1673:C. Michael Hogan. 2008.
833:Intact forest landscapes
813:Close to nature forestry
713:
537:Plant-Plant Interactions
180:is the research of both
3117:Ecological anthropology
2312:Million Tree Initiative
1716:). Text taken from
1345:10.1614/WS-D-13-00162.1
1022:The American Naturalist
649:Matter and energy flows
532:Ecological Interactions
368:. Because of this, the
3127:Ecological engineering
2734:Environment portal
2166:Sustainable management
2061:Trillion Tree Campaign
1722:, FAO, FAO.
1257:The science of ecology
1188:James P. Kimmins. 2004
853:Regeneration (ecology)
759:
746:Death and regeneration
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324:
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203:. It is a subfield of
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2659:Wood process engineer
2363:Urban forest inequity
1426:Ecology and Evolution
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633:has a score of 3.82,
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549:Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
429:mycorrhizal symbiosis
359:on larger trees, and
330:are some of the most
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3122:Ecological economics
3049:Evolutionary ecology
3016:Ecological phenomena
2846:Quantitative ecology
2322:Shifting cultivation
2263:Forest fragmentation
2233:Carbon sequestration
2103:Woodland Carbon Code
2068:Forest certification
1976:Even-aged management
1891:Sustainable forestry
1689:environmental ethics
1670:. Prentice Hall Inc.
778:). Trees growing in
615:Specific qualities:
398:convergent evolution
3168:Restoration ecology
3158:Glossary of ecology
3104:Interdisciplinarity
2851:Theoretical ecology
2825:Branches of ecology
2127:Formally designated
1971:Ecological thinning
1881:Plantation forestry
1789:Research institutes
1500:. Rome: FAO. 2020.
1471:Écologie Forestière
1215:Franklin et al 1997
1110:. Rome: FAO. 2020.
980:. 28 February 2012.
764:coarse woody debris
563:mycorrhizal network
282:. For example, the
25:Daintree Rainforest
3153:History of ecology
3059:Functional ecology
3024:Behavioral ecology
2903:Population ecology
2720:Ecology portal
2253:Forest degradation
2248:Ecosystem services
1856:Community forestry
1373:Journal of Ecology
760:
672:
636:Fraxinus excelsior
584:drought resistance
559:
455:, including large
404:Coniferous Forests
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139:abiotic components
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3132:Political ecology
3074:Molecular ecology
3069:Landscape ecology
2937:Microbial ecology
2913:Ecosystem ecology
2908:Community ecology
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2534:green woodworking
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1167:978-92-5-132707-4
1125:978-92-5-132581-0
996:Climate Transform
843:Old-growth forest
828:Forest Principles
725:rainfall/snowfall
495:species and some
302:Temperate Forests
272:terrestrial plant
252:relative humidity
220:forest protection
157:terrestrial plant
76:biotic components
68:forest management
3213:
3029:Chemical ecology
3001:Tropical ecology
2818:
2811:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2762:Trees portal
2760:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2732:
2731:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2675:
2674:
2396:Forest gardening
2353:Timber recycling
2300:Invasive species
2188:Tree measurement
1749:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1707:
1699:Copyright notice
1683:James P. Kimmins
1647:
1646:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1506:10.4060/ca8753en
1494:
1485:
1484:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1392:
1381:
1380:
1368:
1357:
1356:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1304:
1271:
1270:
1252:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1158:10.4060/ca8985en
1144:
1138:
1137:
1116:10.4060/ca8753en
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1068:Forest Pathology
1060:
1054:
1053:
1028:(5): 1067–1091.
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
988:
982:
981:
974:
968:
965:
959:
958:
926:
908:
907:
896:
895:
894:
884:
883:
872:
871:
870:
863:
838:Mountain ecology
677:potential energy
670:, United States.
328:Tropical forests
307:Tropical Forests
197:fungal pathogens
178:Forest pathology
171:Forest pathology
164:Forest pathology
92:global ecosystem
3221:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3180:Natural history
3163:Applied ecology
3141:
3137:Systems ecology
3098:
3094:Thermal ecology
3089:Spatial ecology
3064:Genetic ecology
3034:Disease ecology
3010:
2966:biogeographical
2956:
2919:
2878:
2855:
2827:
2822:
2792:
2787:
2754:
2740:
2726:
2714:
2712:
2700:
2698:
2686:
2684:
2663:
2540:
2517:spruce-pine-fir
2490:Christmas trees
2372:
2288:Illegal logging
2220:
2214:
1929:Controlled burn
1914:
1905:
1886:Social forestry
1866:Energy forestry
1846:Bamboo forestry
1841:Analog forestry
1815:
1758:
1753:
1701:
1696:
1655:
1650:
1635:10.2307/1310669
1619:
1610:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1516:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1467:
1463:
1438:10.1002/ece3.24
1418:
1414:
1407:
1393:
1384:
1369:
1360:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1306:
1305:
1274:
1267:
1253:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1168:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1126:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1014:
1010:
1001:
999:
990:
989:
985:
976:
975:
971:
966:
962:
927:
923:
919:
914:
902:
892:
890:
878:
868:
866:
858:
804:
758:, United States
748:
716:
710:such as fires.
656:
651:
630:Fagus sylvatica
617:Shade tolerance
605:
551:
539:
534:
529:
406:
309:
304:
299:
250:, temperature,
248:solar radiation
231:
226:
225:
209:plant pathology
174:
166:
100:
88:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3219:
3209:
3208:
3206:Forest ecology
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3084:Social ecology
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:Forest ecology
2988:
2986:Desert ecology
2983:
2982:
2981:
2979:Arctic ecology
2970:
2968:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2947:Insect ecology
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2765:
2751:
2737:
2723:
2709:
2695:
2681:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Timber cruiser
2646:
2644:Shingle weaver
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2480:Rail transport
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2421:pulp and paper
2418:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:Forest farming
2388:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2339:slash-and-char
2336:
2334:slash-and-burn
2331:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Forest dieback
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1901:Urban forestry
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1680:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1629:(8): 586–595.
1608:
1589:(2): 197–211.
1569:
1529:
1514:
1486:
1479:
1461:
1432:(3): 306–316.
1412:
1405:
1382:
1358:
1339:(3): 474–482.
1323:
1316:
1272:
1265:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1166:
1139:
1124:
1099:
1079:
1055:
1034:10.1086/285270
1008:
983:
969:
960:
920:
918:
915:
913:
912:
900:
898:Earth sciences
888:
876:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
803:
800:
747:
744:
735:meteorological
715:
712:
681:kinetic energy
655:
652:
650:
647:
624:
623:
620:
613:
604:
601:
588:climate change
550:
547:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
527:Island Forests
525:
493:migratory bird
405:
402:
357:buttress roots
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
230:
227:
201:insect vectors
175:
167:
165:
162:
99:
96:
87:
84:
36:Forest ecology
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3218:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Ecotoxicology
3042:
3040:
3039:Ecophysiology
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3006:Urban ecology
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:Polar ecology
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2952:Human ecology
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:Plant ecology
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2861:Spatial scale
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Field ecology
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Rubber tapper
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:Choker setter
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2406:Manufacturing
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Deforestation
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:Environmental
2217:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:reforestation
2118:
2116:
2115:afforestation
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:Arboriculture
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:Permaforestry
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1559:on 2016-11-22
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1480:9782904740657
1476:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1089:
1083:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
997:
993:
987:
979:
973:
964:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
921:
911:
906:
901:
899:
889:
887:
882:
877:
875:
865:
864:
861:
854:
851:
849:
848:Plant ecology
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
808:Clear cutting
806:
805:
799:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
757:
756:Cascade Range
752:
743:
740:
736:
731:
728:
726:
722:
711:
709:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
684:
682:
678:
669:
665:
660:
646:
644:
643:
642:Juglans regia
638:
637:
632:
631:
621:
618:
614:
611:
610:
609:
600:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
555:
546:
544:
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2283:High grading
2268:Ghost forest
2238:Clearcutting
2161:Silviculture
2137:Horticulture
1981:Fire ecology
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1871:Mycoforestry
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2833:Methodology
2678:WikiProject
2602:smokejumper
2582:Firefighter
2545:Occupations
2529:Woodworking
2110:Forestation
2041:restoration
1996:informatics
1861:Ecoforestry
1691:in forestry
886:Environment
794:processes.
739:leaf litter
654:Energy flux
573:. The fine
425:leaf litter
361:stilt roots
284:wild turkey
70:. A forest
31:, Australia
2898:Synecology
2893:Autecology
2624:Lumberjack
2619:Log scaler
2502:engineered
2453:non-timber
2426:sawmilling
2378:Industries
2345:svedjebruk
2056:transition
2036:protection
2026:old-growth
2011:governance
1966:Dendrology
1916:management
1782:Ministries
1663:1039 pages
1623:BioScience
1563:2016-11-21
1093:2023-11-15
1073:2023-11-15
1002:2021-03-15
917:References
727:patterns.
688:gigatonnes
571:phosphorus
457:herbivores
256:wind speed
199:and their
127:population
98:Approaches
86:Importance
52:ecosystems
29:Queensland
2572:Ecologist
2485:Tree farm
2386:Coppicing
2328:chitemene
2228:Acid rain
2176:allometry
2098:SmartWood
2046:secondary
2031:pathology
2006:inventory
1944:driftwood
1810:Arbor Day
1603:0378-1127
1524:130116768
1176:241416114
1134:130116768
1042:0003-0147
955:0378-1127
721:hydrology
699:treefalls
664:wildfires
639:3.08 and
567:symbiotic
521:fur trade
469:predators
449:amphibian
445:reptilian
441:evergreen
421:decompose
394:ungulates
374:epiphytes
341:drip-tips
216:pathology
193:ecosystem
150:nutrients
131:community
72:ecosystem
3200:Category
3175:Ecosophy
2925:Taxonomy
2886:or scope
2773:Category
2587:handcrew
2557:Arborist
2552:Forester
2512:mahogany
2458:palm oil
2448:charcoal
2433:Products
2368:Wildfire
2181:breeding
2142:GM trees
1991:dynamics
1803:Journals
1796:Colleges
1756:Forestry
1685:. 2054.
1456:22393502
1353:85658841
802:See also
579:mycelium
499:such as
459:such as
409:Conifers
337:mid-ribs
205:forestry
143:wildlife
123:organism
115:organism
60:forestry
2783:Outline
2597:lookout
2592:hotshot
2473:tanbark
2443:biomass
2438:biochar
2416:plywood
2401:Logging
2305:wilding
1954:log jam
1911:Ecology
1643:1310669
1447:3287316
1050:2462508
910:Biology
874:Ecology
860:Portals
788:habitat
772:organic
668:Montana
577:of the
481:rabbits
453:mammals
423:. This
390:rodents
332:diverse
260:biomass
214:Forest
186:abiotic
107:Redwood
80:abiotic
56:forests
2629:Ranger
2577:Feller
2562:Bucker
2468:rubber
2411:lumber
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1986:Forest
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1934:Debris
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768:decays
596:sugars
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487:, and
477:wolves
437:sugars
386:niches
370:canopy
349:lichen
288:canopy
254:, and
190:forest
182:biotic
119:forest
66:, and
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3146:Other
2962:Biome
2929:taxon
2463:rayon
2198:girth
2193:crown
2154:urban
2051:stand
1959:slash
1949:large
1820:Types
1768:Index
1639:JSTOR
1557:(PDF)
1542:(PDF)
1520:S2CID
1349:S2CID
1172:S2CID
1130:S2CID
1046:JSTOR
714:Water
703:biota
695:fires
575:hypha
505:hawks
485:foxes
473:bears
471:like
461:moose
433:fungi
431:with
417:resin
382:fauna
378:vines
345:algae
335:with
135:trees
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2507:fuel
2497:Wood
2317:REDD
2171:Tree
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2073:ATFS
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