1182:", which is a hormonal state they experience marked by increased aggression. The male secretes fluid from the temporal gland between his ear and eye during this time. Younger bulls often experience musth for a shorter period of time, while older bulls do for a longer time. When in musth, bulls have a more erect walk with their head high and tusks inward, they may rub their heads on trees or bushes to spread the musth scent, and they may even flap their ears, accompanied by a musth rumble, so that their smell can be blown toward other elephants. Another behavior affiliated with musth is urination. Bulls allow their urine to slowly come out and spray the insides of their hind legs. All of these behaviors are to advertise to receptive females and competing bulls that they are in the musth state. Bulls only return to the herd to breed or to socialize; they do not provide prenatal care to their offspring but rather play a fatherly role to younger bulls to show dominance.
1219:
in a 6-month period, corresponding to around 60–70 days of total hunting time, meaning that despite the large quantity of meat provided by each individual elephant, it did not provide reliable subsistence, with the Mbuti instead relying on hunting smaller animals. Following the death of the animal, the Mbuti hunters returned to their homes, with the whole community moving to dismember the elephant carcass. Meat was shared equally among the community with the exception of a few body parts which were reserved for certain community members, with the feast on the animals remains lasting for several days. Elephant hunting was a dangerous activity that was known to result in the deaths of hunters.
814:
throughout life, tusks of cows cease growing when they are sexually mature. The tusks are used to push through the dense undergrowth of their habitat. The largest tusk recorded for the species is 2.41 metres (7.9 ft) long and 60 kilograms (130 lb) in weight. A larger tusk measuring 2.96 metres (9.7 ft) long and weighing 70 kilograms (150 lb) has been recorded, but this may belong to a forest-bush elephant hybrid. The average tusk size is uncertain due to measurements historically being lumped in with those of
African bush elephants, but based on the sizes of the largest known tusks may be in the region of 1.6–2 metres (5.2–6.6 ft) and 25–30 kilograms (55–66 lb).
803:
10 in), and weighed 4,000–7,000 kg (8,800–15,400 lb), while females were about 1.8–2.4 m (5 ft 11 in – 7 ft 10 in) tall at the shoulder and 2,000–4,000 kg (4,400–8,800 lb). However, a 2003 study of forest elephants at a reserve in Gabon did not find any elephants taller than 2.16 metres (7.1 ft). A 2015 study alternately suggested that fully grown
African forest elephant males in optimal condition were only on average 2.2 metres (7.2 ft) tall and 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb) in weight, with the largest individuals no bigger than 2.75 metres (9.0 ft) tall and 3,500 kilograms (7,700 lb) in weight.
1209:, typically to stab at the lower abdomen (as is done among the Mbuti) or knees, both of which are effective at rendering the animal immobile. Anthropologist Mitsuo Ichikawa observed the hunting of elephants by Mbuti pygmies in fieldwork during the 1970s and 1980s, when the Mbuti used spears tipped with metal points (though earlier reports suggest that that prior to this they used purely wooden spears, which may have been less effective at breaking the elephants hide). As observed by Ichikawa, elephant hunting by the Mbuti pygmies involved both small and large groups of hunters, which was led by at least one experienced hunter called a
1381:
market poses the greatest threat not only to forest elephants where hunters can target elephants of all ages, including calves, but to all of the larger species in the forests. There are actions that can be taken to lower the incentive for supplying to the bushmeat market. Regional markets, and international trade, require the transporting of extensive amounts of animal meat which, in turn, requires the utilisation of vehicles. Having checkpoints on major roads and railroads can potentially help disrupt commercial networks. In 2006, it was estimated that 410 African forest elephants are killed yearly in the
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905:
897:
241:
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1189:, meaning they are capable of conceiving multiple times a year, which is a reason why they do not appear to have a breeding season. However, there does appear to be a peak in conceptions during the two rainy seasons of the year. Generally, the female conceives after two or three matings. Though the female has plenty of room in her uterus for twins, twins are rarely conceived. Gestation lasts 22 months. Based on the maturity, fertility, and gestation rates, African forest elephants have the capacity to increase their population by 5% annually under ideal conditions.
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810:. It is sparsely covered with black coarse hair, which is 20–200 mm (0.8–8 in) long around the tip of the tail. The length of the tail varies between individuals from half the height of the rump to almost touching ground. It has five toenails on the fore foot and four on the hind foot. Its back is nearly straight. Its oval-shaped ears have small elliptical-shaped tips. and the tip of the trunk has two finger-like processes.
968:
1334:, is contrived exclusively from African forest elephant tusks. In the impenetrable and often trackless expanses of the rain forests of the Congo Basin, poaching is extremely difficult to detect and track. Levels of off-take, for the most part, are estimated from ivory seizures. The scarcely populated and unprotected forests in Central Africa are most likely becoming increasingly alluring to organized poacher gangs.
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leading to more information on their ecology, numbers, and behavior, including their interactions with elephants and other species. Scientists have learned more about how the elephants, who have poor night vision, negotiate their environment using only their hearing and olfactory senses. They also appeared to be much more active sexually during the night compared to the day, which was unexpected.
940:, they separate from the family group and form loose bachelor groups for a few days, but usually stay alone. Adult bulls associate with family groups only during the mating season. Family groups travel about 7.8 km (4.8 mi) per day and move in a home range of up to 2,000 km (770 sq mi). Their seasonal movement is related to the availability of ripe fruits in
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Late in the 20th century, conservation workers established a DNA identification system to trace the origin of poached ivory. Due to poaching to meet high demand for ivory, the
African forest elephant population approached critical levels in the 1990s and early 2000s. Over several decades, numbers are
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Baby elephants weigh around 105 kg (232 lb) at birth. Almost immediately, they can stand up and move around, allowing the mother to roam around and forage, which is also essential to reduce predation. The baby suckles using its mouth while its trunk is held over its head. Their tusks do not
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interbred with
African forest elephants, with over 1/3 of the nuclear genome as well as the mitochondrial genome of the straight-tusked elephant deriving from that of African forest elephants, with the genomic contribution more closely related to modern West African populations of the forest elephant
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species, reaching a shoulder height of 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in). As with other
African elephants, both sexes have straight, down-pointing tusks, which begin to grow once the animals reach 1–3 years old. The forest elephant lives in highly sociable family groups of up to 20 individuals. Since
1405:
since 1989. This listing banned commercial international trade of wild
African elephants and their parts and derivatives by countries that signed the CITES agreement. Populations of Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe were listed in CITES Appendix II in 1997 as was the population of South Africa in 2000.
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contained seeds of at least 96 plant species, with a minimum of 30 intact seeds and up to 1102 large seeds of more than 1 cm (0.39 in) in a single pile. Based on the analysis of 855 dung piles, it has been estimated that
African forest elephants disperse a daily mean of 346 large seeds per
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The
African forest elephant's tusks are straight and point downwards, and are present in both males and females. The African forest elephant has pink tusks, which are thinner and harder than the tusks of the African bush elephant. The length and diameter vary between individuals. Tusks of bulls grow
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protected area complex and the adjacent Dzanga Sangha
Reserve in the Central African Republic. So did partly worked ivory confiscated between 2013 and 2014 at warehouses in Togo comprising 4,555 kg (10,042 lb) of tusks. The hard ivory of the African forest elephant makes for more enhanced
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and stabbed. It typically took several hours to several days from the first stab to the death of the elephant. Many hunts failed due to elephants detecting the hunters before being stabbed and fleeing, with field research by
Ichikawa finding that only 1 out of 6 Mbuti elephant hunts were successful
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African forest elephants are estimated to constitute up to one-third of the continent's elephant population but have been poorly studied because of the difficulty in observing them through the dense vegetation that makes up their habitat. Thermal imaging has facilitated observation of the species,
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Females reach sexual maturity between the age of 8 and 12 years, depending on the population density and nutrition available. On average, they begin breeding at the age of 23 and give birth every 5–6 years. As a result, the birth rate is lower than the bush species, which starts breeding at age 12
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For these mammals, hearing and smell are the most important senses they possess because they do not have good eyesight. They can recognize and hear vibrations through the ground and can detect food sources with their sense of smell. Elephants are also an arrhythmic species, meaning they have the
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It is not ivory alone that drives African forest elephant poaching. Killing for bushmeat in Central Africa has evolved into an international business in recent decades with markets reaching New York and other major cities of the United States, and the industry is still on the rise. This illegal
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Before the hunt began, ritual acts of singing and dancing were performed by the community to support the success of the hunt. These hunters often went into the forest without food, living off of wild honey and vegetables, smearing themselves in mud, elephant dung, and charcoal made from certain
1150:. Communication patterns vary across age and sex, with adult males typically producing more combinatorial calls than adult females. Additionally, certain events may provoke a behavioral change, as evidenced by lowered levels of vocalizations in response to gunfire sounds related to poaching.
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with studies emphasizing significance in acoustic structure and their social dynamics. Vocalization patterns can be classified into three main types: single rumble, single broadband, and combinatorial. Rumbles are tonal, low-frequency calls, while broadband are calls that lack clear harmonic
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The African forest elephant is considerably smaller than the African bush elephant, though the size of the species has been subject to contradictory estimates. A 2000 study suggested that bulls of the species reach a shoulder height of 2.4–3.0 m (7 ft 10 in – 9 ft
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structures, resembling barks and roars. The utilization of rumbles and broadband calls in combinatorial calls may involve distinct acoustic elements, forming multi-element calls, which combine meaningless elements to generate context-specific meaningful calls.
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Pardo, Michael A; Poole, Joyce H; Stoeger, Angela S; Wrege, Peter H; O'Connell-Rodwell, Caitlin E; Padmalal, Udaha Kapugedara; de Silva, Shermin (2019-06-13). "Differences in combinatorial calls among the 3 elephant species cannot be explained by phylogeny".
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Nonetheless, it was estimated that the population of African forest elephants in Central Africa had declined by around 86% (in the 31 years preceding 2021) due to poaching and loss of habitat. In places such as Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
1205:, among others. It is unknown how long the active hunting of elephants in the region has been practised, and it may have only begun as a response for the demand for ivory beginning in the 19th century or earlier. Elephants are traditionally hunted using
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they forage primarily on leaves, seeds, fruit, and tree bark, they have often been referred to as the 'megagardener of the forest'; the species is one of many that contributes significantly to maintaining the composition, diversity and structure of the
311:. Seeds of various plants will go through the elephant's digestive tract and eventually pass through in the animal's droppings (likely in a new location where they will sprout), thus helping to maintain the spread and biodiversity of the forests.
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of the species was published in 1900. During the 20th century, overhunting caused a sharp decline in population, and by 2013 it was estimated that fewer than 30,000 individuals remained. It is threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation, and
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In 1986, the African Elephant Database was initiated with the aim to monitor the status of African elephant populations. This database includes results from aerial surveys, dung counts, interviews with local people, and data on poaching.
1372:, was convicted to 30 years in prison for charges of poaching and others. Guyvanho was the first poacher to be tried criminally in the Republic of the Congo, and has the longest prison sentence for a poacher in the Republic of the Congo.
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Forest elephants have a lifespan of about 60 to 70 years and mature slowly, coming to puberty in their early teens. Bulls generally pass puberty within the next year or two of females. Between the ages of 15 and 25, bulls experience
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faster. The African forest elephant is one of the most effective seed dispersers in the tropics and has been referred to as the "megagardener of the forest" due to its significant role in maintaining plant diversity. In the
1346:. Communications equipment, video cameras, and additional training of park guards were provided following the massacre to improve protection of the site. From mid-April to mid-June 2014, poachers killed 68 elephants in
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and the National Parks of Gabon, it was reported that an estimated 95,000 forest elephants lived in Gabon. Prior to this the population had been estimated to be as low as 50,000 to 60,000 individuals.
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at least 1.9 million years ago. They are therefore considered distinct species. Despite evidence of hybridization between the two species where their ranges overlap, there appears to have been little
3177:
Swider, Colin R.; Gemelli, Christopher F.; Wrege, Peter H.; Parks, Susan E. (December 2022). "Passive acoustic monitoring reveals behavioural response of African forest elephants to gunfire events".
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come until around 16 months and calves are not weaned until they are roughly 4 or 5 years old. By this time, their tusks are around 14 cm (5.5 in) long and begin to get in the way of
3422:
Ichikawa, Mitsuo (2021). "Elephant hunting by the Mbuti hunter-gatherers in the eastern Congo Basin". In Konidaris, Georges E.; Harvati, Katerina; Barkai, Ran; Tourloukis, Evangelis (eds.).
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Barnes, R. F. W.; Beardsley, K.; Michelmore, F.; Barnes, K. L.; Alers, M. P. T.; Blom, A. (1997). "Estimating forest elephant numbers with dung counts and a geographic information system".
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3150:"Implications of target signal choice in passive acoustic monitoring: an example of age- and sex-dependent vocal repertoire use in African forest elephants ( Loxodonta cyclotis )"
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ability to see just as well in dim light as they can in the daylight. They are capable of doing so because the retina in their eyes adjusts nearly as quickly as light does.
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858:, many areas of appropriate forest habitat have been reduced after years of warfare and human conflict. During the first wildlife survey in 30 years (in 2021) by the
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of nine specimens from museum collections indicates that it is an African forest elephant whose diminutive size or early maturity is due to environmental conditions.
3573:
Barnes RF, Beardsley K, Michelmore F, Barnes KL, Alers MP, Blom A (1997). "Estimating Forest Elephant Numbers with Dung Counts and a Geographic Information System".
1812:
Lin, Haifeng; Hu, Jiaming; Baleka, Sina; Yuan, Junxia; Chen, Xi; Xiao, Bo; Song, Shiwen; Du, Zhicheng; Lai, Xulong; Hofreiter, Michael; Sheng, Guilian (July 2023).
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Yumoto, T.; Maruhashi, T.; Yamagiwa, J. & Mwanza, N. (1995). "Seed-Dispersal by Elephants in a Tropical Rain Forest in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire".
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Civil unrest, human encroachment, and habit fragmentation leaves some elephants confined to small patches of forest without sufficient food. In January 2014,
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Eggert, L. S.; Eggert, J. A.; Woodruff, D. S. (2003). "Estimating population sizes for elusive animals: the forest elephants of Kakum National Park, Ghana".
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Alers, M. P. T.; Blom, A.; Kiyengo, C. S.; Masunda, T.; Barnes, R. F. W. (1992). "Preliminary assessment of the status of the forest elephant in Zaire".
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plants to disguise their scent from the elephants. Once the traces of an elephant are detected, it was carefully tracked, before being approached from
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also exhibits a more balanced distribution of combinatorial call types compared to other elephant species. Despite having a simpler social structure,
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1 km (0.39 sq mi) of at least 73 tree species; they transport about a third of the large seeds for more than 5 km (3.1 mi).
885:
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888:(Hines, pers. comm. 2015) and sightings of these elephants are marked as point records. Which are the southernmost forest elephants in Africa.
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estimated to have fallen from approximately 700,000 to less than 100,000, with about half of the remaining population in Gabon. In May 2013,
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The elephant's feet are sensitive and can detect vibrations through the ground, whether thunder or elephant calls, from up to 10 miles away.
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Poulsen, J.R.; Rosin, C.; Meier, A.; Mills, E.; Nuñez, C.L.; Koerner, S.E.; Blanchard, E.; Callejas, J.; Moore, S. & Sowers, M. (2018).
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Evolutionary and demographic processes shaping geographic patterns of genetic diversity in a keystone species, the African forest elephant
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Blake, S.; Deem, S. L.; Strindberg, S.; Maisels, F.; Momont, L.; Isia, I. B.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Karesh, W. B.; Kock, M. D. (2008).
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Blake, Stephen; Inkamba-Nkulu, Clement (September 2004). "Fruit, Minerals, and Forest Elephant Trails: Do All Roads Lead to Rome?".
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Barnes, R.F.W.; Blom, A.; Alers, M.P.T. (1995). "A review of the status of forest elephants Loxodonta africana in Central Africa".
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Debruyne, RĂ©gis; Van Holt, Arnaud; Barriel, VĂ©ronique; Tassy, Pascal (July 2003). "Status of the so-called African pygmy elephant (
1357:, twelve British soldiers traveled to Gabon in 2015 to assist in training park rangers following the poaching of many elephants in
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Hunting elephants is banned in the Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, CĂ´te d'Ivoire, and Senegal.
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959:. They stayed longer when other groups were also present. Smaller groups joined large groups, and bulls joined family units.
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Stoeger, Angela S.; De Silva, Shermin (2014). "African and Asian Elephant Vocal Communication: A Cross-Species Comparison".
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https://www.facebook.com/elephantcrisisfund/photos/a.1703842119888710/2884517008487876/?type=3&mibextid=rS40aB7S9Ucbxw6v
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Tchamba, M. N.; Seme, P. M. (1993). "Diet and feeding behaviour of the forest elephant in the Santchou Reserve, Cameroon".
944:. They use a complex network of permanent trails that pass through stands of fruit trees and connect forest clearings with
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Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L. & Hofreiter, M. (2010).
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between 1984 and 1991 comprised between three and eight individuals. Groups of up to 20 individuals were observed in the
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Blanc, J. J.; Thouless, C. R.; Hart, J. A.; Dublin, H. T.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Craig, G. C.; Barnes, R. F. W. (2003).
2306:"Forest elephants in a rainforest fragment: preliminary findings from a wildlife conservation project in southern Ghana"
1326:. This preference is evident in Japan, where hard ivory has nearly monopolized the trade for some time. Premium quality
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3807:"Getting to grips with the magnitude of exploitation: bushmeat in the Cross–Sanaga rivers region, Nigeria and Cameroon"
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2639:"Geophagy by large mammals at natural licks in the rain forest of the Dzanga National Park, Central African Republic"
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is a significant threat in Central Africa. Because of a spike in poaching, the African forest elephant was declared
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1100:, 14 of 18 megafaunal tree species depend on seed dissemination by African forest elephants, including wild mango (
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323:. The conservation status of populations varies across range countries. Since 2021, the species has been listed as
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17:
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58:
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1698:"Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants"
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White, L. J. T.; Tutin, C. E. G. & Fernandez, M. (1993). "Group composition and diet of forest elephants,
932:, comprising adult cows, their daughters and subadult sons. Family members look after calves together, called
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Phylogeny showing the relationship between living and extinct elephantids including the hybridization between
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There is a small population of perhaps 10-25 elephants living on the escarpment to the east of Luanda in the
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A family of African forest elephants in the Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve wetlands, Central African Republic
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Vanleeuwe, H.; Gautier-Hion, A.; Cajani, S. (1997). "Forest clearings and the conservation of elephants (
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between 1996 and 2005 originated in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo; 2,871 tusks seized in
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3276:"Slow intrinsic growth rate in forest elephants indicates recovery from poaching will require decades"
1942:. Vol. I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 195–200.
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farming, and building urban and industrial areas. As a result, human-elephant conflict has increased.
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2015:
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Single-nucleotide polymorphism discovery and panel characterization in the African forest elephant
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in 2021 after it was found that the population had decreased by more than 80% over 3 generations.
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revealed that the African forest elephant and African bush elephant are two distinct species that
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3492:"Genetic assignment of large seizures of elephant ivory reveals Africa's major poaching hotspots"
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Fa, J. E.; Seymour, S.; Dupain, J. E. F.; Amin, R.; Albrechtsen, L. & Macdonald, D. (2006).
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3099:"Does Social Complexity Drive Vocal Complexity? Insights from the Two African Elephant Species"
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1119:. These 14 species are not able to survive without elephants. African forest elephants provide
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3850:. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 29. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN.
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Wasser, S. K.; Brown, L.; Mailand, C.; Mondol, S.; Clark, W.; Laurie, C.; Weir, B. S. (2015).
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Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Maisels, F.; Wittemyer, G.; Balfour, D.; Taylor, R.D. (2021) .
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Fishlock, V. & Lee, P. C. (2013). "Forest elephants: fission–fusion and social arenas".
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1938:. In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Hoffmann, M.; Butynski, T.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.).
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3682:"Chaos and Confusion Following Elephant Poaching in a Central African World Heritage Site"
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2016:"Estimating tusk masses in proboscideans: a comprehensive analysis and predictive model"
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Diagram of the relationships of elephant mitochondrial genomes, after Lin et al. 2023.
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Swider, Colin R.; Hedwig, Daniela; Wrege, Peter H.; Parks, Susan E. (8 January 2024).
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1661:(Noack 1906)): phylogeny of cytochrome b and mitochondrial control region sequences".
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of confiscated ivory showed that 328 tusks of African forest elephants seized in the
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3387:"African Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation. Observations from the Dzanga Saline"
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2086:"Roadless wilderness area determines forest elephant movements in the Congo Basin"
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in 1900 who described the skulls of a female and a male specimen collected by the
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African Elephant Status Report 2002: An update from the African Elephant Database
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3790:
2994:
2831:
2553:"How Humans Benefit From a Highway of Trails Created by African Forest Elephants"
2110:
1714:
1198:
937:
357:
4872:
2944:
2921:
2800:
481:
carried multiple separate mitochondrial lineages derived from forest elephants.
4568:
4230:
4215:
4185:
3977:
3963:
3769:
3432:
2814:
Beaune, D.; Fruth, B.; Bollache, L.; Hohmann, G. & Bretagnolle, F. (2012).
2394:
https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/SSC-OP-060_D.pdf
2268:
1756:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1560:
1399:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
1114:
831:
806:
The African forest elephant has grey skin, which looks yellow to reddish after
444:
440:
3393:
African Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
2847:"Ecological consequences of forest elephant declines for Afrotropical forests"
2657:
1878:
4954:
4854:
4700:
4368:
4323:
4273:
4235:
3949:
2035:
1602:
Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N.; Pecon-Slattery, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001).
1497:
1438:
1186:
1171:
1004:
980:
933:
600:
472:
416:
361:
328:
230:
86:
3804:
3515:
3469:"Success and Tragedy: IFAW's Project to Relocate Elephants in CĂ´te d'Ivoire"
3300:
3275:
3083:
1776:
1627:
1462:
4363:
4338:
3971:
3533:
3134:
3055:
3013:
2881:
2372:
2129:
1910:
1893:
1847:
1829:
1795:
1733:
1682:
1635:
1323:
1228:
1202:
955:, groups were observed to frequently meet at forest clearings indicating a
945:
920:
The African forest elephant lives in family groups. Groups observed in the
432:
365:
180:
2968:
Hedwig, Daniela; Kohlberg, Anna (2024-03-18). Ntalampiras, Stavros (ed.).
1144:
can display a comparable repertoire of rumble-roar call combinations than
798:
Skulls of African bush elephant (left) and African forest elephant (right)
410:
4911:
4815:
4709:
4500:
3389:. In Weber, W.; White, L. J. T.; Vedder, A.; Naughton-Treves, L. (eds.).
2722:
Blake, S.; Deem, S.L.; Mossimbo, E.; Maisels, F. & Walsh, P. (2009).
2469:
Short, J. C. (1983). "Density and seasonal movements of forest elephant (
1750:
Eleftheria Palkopoulou; Mark Lipson; Swapan Mallick; et al. (2018).
1302:
1290:
1271:
1017:
921:
878:
870:
436:
295:
291:
170:
39:
3920:
3442:
3115:
2844:
1123:
that maintain the composition and structure of Central African forests.
240:
4807:
4537:
3705:"Former Commando Turns Conservationist To Save Elephants Of Dzanga Bai"
3594:
2873:
2774:"Megagardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal"
2708:
2613:
2199:
1601:
1049:
381:
4820:
3345:
The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation
3198:
3162:
3149:
3047:
1306:
1240:
1092:
976:
807:
535:
456:
130:
4671:
3746:"British troops head to West Africa to help stem elephant slaughter"
3586:
2700:
2191:
1603:
1535:
Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin
49:
4694:
4547:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4112:
3273:
1561:
Grubb, P.; Groves, C. P.; Dudley, J. P. & Shoshani, J. (2000).
1365:
1252:
1244:
1215:
835:
369:
320:
299:
150:
2219:"Gabon is the last bastion of endangered African forest elephants"
967:
4559:
4225:
4018:
3097:
Hedwig, Daniela; Poole, Joyce; Granli, Petter (27 October 2021).
2970:"Call combination in African forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis"
2816:"Doom of the elephant-dependent trees in a Congo tropical forest"
2636:
1752:"A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants"
1444:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
992:
517:
393:
283:
1368:, a poacher who killed over 500 African forest elephants in the
1083:. Dung piles collected in a lowland rain forest in the northern
995:, they congregate at mineral-rich waterholes and mineral licks.
4794:
4737:
4513:
4313:
4278:
3572:
2177:
1342:
poachers killed 26 elephants in the Central African Republic's
1236:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1042:
160:
140:
2405:
https://africanelephantdatabase.org/population_submissions/723
403:) was uncertain for a long time. Phylogenetic analysis of the
4318:
4138:
3786:"Congo elephant poacher jailed for 30 years in landmark case"
2678:
2304:
Dudley, J. P.; Mensah-Ntiamoah, A. Y.; Kpelle, D. G. (1992).
1339:
1327:
1309:
between 2006 and 2013 originated in Tridom, the tri-national
1275:
1248:
1206:
1179:
988:
874:
843:
103:
97:
4081:
1814:"A genetic glimpse of the Chinese straight-tusked elephants"
1656:
1447:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 91.
1294:
Tridom is a hotspot for poaching of African forest elephants
971:
The African forest elephant feeds on bark, leaves, and fruit
3873:"Status and trends of the ivory trade in Africa, 1989–1999"
3765:"Congo Republic Jails Man Accused of Killing 500 Elephants"
3029:"Combinatoriality in the vocal systems of nonhuman animals"
2303:
1865:) stature in the Reserve de Faune du Petit Loango, Gabon".
984:
979:. Elephants observed in Lopé National Park fed mostly tree
908:
Group of African forest elephants digging at a mineral lick
865:
They are also distributed in the evergreen moist deciduous
822:
2813:
2083:
3957:
3264:(Kingdon, 1979; Morgan and Lee, 2003; Roca, et al., 2001)
1968:"General Information on Elephants with Emphasis on Tusks"
1227:
Both African elephant species are threatened foremost by
389:
4498:
3663:"At least 26 elephants massacred in World Heritage site"
3489:
3397:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp.
2721:
1695:
1604:"Genetic Evidence for Two Species of Elephant in Africa"
459:
between the two species since their initial divergence.
380:
The African forest elephant was long considered to be a
4029:
ARKive .org: Images and movies of the forest elephant (
3843:
3176:
2142:
1894:"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"
1235:
following conversion of forests for plantations of non-
948:. These trails are reused by humans and other animals.
470:) indicates that members of the extinct elephant genus
4038:
BBC Wildlife Finder - video clips from the BBC archive
3147:
3068:
1397:
Both African elephant species have been listed by the
3274:
Turkalo, A.; Wrege, P.H. & Wittemyer, G. (2017).
2250:"Distribution and status of elephants in West Africa"
1929:
1270:
undertook a relocation project at the request of the
3939:
3645:"In Gabon, Lure of Ivory Is Hard for Many to Resist"
2342:
2247:
1861:
Morgan, B. J.; Lee, P. C. (2003). "Forest elephant (
846:, where suitable habitat covers 90% of the country.
399:
The taxonomic status of the African pygmy elephant (
3027:Engesser, Sabrina; Townsend, Simon W. (July 2019).
2637:Klaus, G.; Klaus-Hugi, C. & Schmid, B. (1998).
2429:
1531:"Geographische Abarten des Afrikanischen Elefanten"
1512:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en
3390:
2771:
2507:
3907:Clabby, C. (2012). "Forest Elephant Chronicles".
3900:
3424:Human-elephant Interactions: From Past to Present
3096:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1563:"Living African elephants belong to two species:
834:range in large contiguous rainforest tracts from
4952:
3026:
1330:, a traditional Japanese plucking tool used for
5001:Mammals of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3607:
3426:. Tübingen University Press. pp. 455–468.
2934:
1961:
1959:
1811:
1197:African forest elephants are hunted by various
4012:"Elephant Listening Project: Forest Elephants"
3359:"Loxodonta cyclotis (African forest elephant)"
3242:"Loxodonta cyclotis (African forest elephant)"
2967:
2724:"Forest Elephants: Tree Planters of the Congo"
1918:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1524:
1522:
830:Populations of the African forest elephant in
4484:
4097:
1998:
916:A female with her calf drinking from a spring
4259:
3870:
3545:
3543:
2914:) vocal behavior and its use in conservation
2434:Matschie 1900, in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon".
2425:
2423:
1956:
1528:
618:North central African forest elephant clade
290:. It is native to humid tropical forests in
5016:Species endangered by habitat fragmentation
4961:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
4458:List of elephants in mythology and religion
3724:"Poachers massacre elephants in Congo park"
3702:
3552:"Demand for forest elephant ivory in Japan"
2578:
2048:
1885:
1545:
1519:
817:
669:West central African forest elephant clade
392:analysis showed that they are two distinct
384:of the African elephant, together with the
4491:
4477:
4391:
4104:
4090:
3384:
3154:Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation
2772:Campos-Arceiz, A. & Blake, S. (2011).
2473:, Matschie) in Bia National Park, Ghana".
2248:Roth, H. H.; Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1991).
2213:
2211:
2209:
2013:
1891:
1322:carving and fetches a higher price on the
375:
239:
75:
48:
5046:National symbols of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3655:
3642:
3636:
3549:
3540:
3523:
3441:
3431:
3299:
3161:
3124:
3114:
3003:
2993:
2420:
2119:
2109:
2001:Elephants: a Cultural and Natural History
1983:
1909:
1860:
1837:
1785:
1775:
1723:
1713:
1586:
1510:
298:. It is the smallest of the three living
3783:
3421:
3380:
3378:
2907:
1965:
1425:
1289:
1201:groups in the Congo basin, including by
966:
930:Dzanga-Sangha Complex of Protected Areas
911:
903:
895:
891:
842:, with the largest stable population in
821:
793:
409:
4996:Mammals of the Central African Republic
4126:
3550:Nishihara, Tomoaki (31 December 2012).
3342:
2550:
2206:
1992:
1650:
1274:government, moving four elephants from
900:African forest elephants in a waterhole
14:
4953:
4356:
4156:
4014:. The Cornell Lab, Cornell University.
3906:
3721:
3566:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1350:, including young ones without tusks.
1192:
689:Western African forest elephant clade
439:of African bush and forest elephants,
5041:National symbols of Equatorial Guinea
5031:Critically endangered fauna of Africa
4676:
4675:
4472:
4085:
4043:PBS Nature: Tracking Forest Elephants
3466:
3375:
3213:"A Sight to Behold – Elephant Vision"
2903:
2901:
2899:
2468:
1807:
1805:
1268:International Fund for Animal Welfare
1002:contained seeds and fruit remains of
248:Range of the African forest elephant
5006:Mammals of the Republic of the Congo
3679:
3601:
3347:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1745:
1743:
1131:Vocalization is a trait found among
4296:
3996:Stéphanie Bourgeois et al. (2018).
3762:
3385:Turkalo, A. K.; Fay, J. M. (2001).
2227:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1498:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1469:
1419:
24:
4019:African Forest Elephant Foundation
3935:
3784:Cockburn, Harry (26 August 2020).
3575:The Journal of Wildlife Management
3308:
2896:
2551:Santoro, Helen (15 October 2020).
2530:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2004.tb00332.x
2495:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1983.tb01179.x
2456:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1993.tb00532.x
2330:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1992.tb00485.x
2180:The Journal of Wildlife Management
2165:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1992.tb00504.x
2071:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1993.tb00529.x
1802:
1383:Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests
975:The African forest elephant is an
25:
5057:
4004:
1740:
1375:
998:Elephant dung piles collected in
4434:Cultural depictions of elephants
4072:AWF.org: African Forest Elephant
4024:WCS.org: Forest Elephant Program
3970:
3956:
3942:
2908:Thompson, Mya Elizabeth (2009).
2751:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00512.x
2618:) in northeast Congo Republic".
2365:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01822.x
2014:Larramendi, Asier (2023-12-10).
1999:Groning, K.; Saller, M. (1999).
1930:Turkalo, A.; Barnes, R. (2013).
1166:and has a calf every 3–4 years.
1126:
991:. To supplement their diet with
840:Democratic Republic of the Congo
341:African elephant § Taxonomy
259: Possibly Extant (resident)
117:
4055:Elephant Information Repository
3871:Stiles, D.; Martin, E. (2001).
3864:
3837:
3798:
3777:
3763:Bax, Pauline (24 August 2020).
3756:
3738:
3715:
3696:
3673:
3483:
3460:
3415:
3351:
3336:
3267:
3258:
3234:
3205:
3170:
3141:
3090:
3062:
3020:
2961:
2928:
2838:
2807:
2765:
2715:
2672:
2630:
2607:
2572:
2544:
2501:
2462:
2409:
2398:
2387:
2336:
2297:
2241:
2171:
2136:
2077:
2042:
2007:
1854:
1388:
1160:
4976:Fauna of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4066:in-depth resource on elephants
3703:Joyce, C.; McQuay, B. (2014).
1966:Shoshani, Jehskel (May 1978).
1689:
1595:
1344:Dzanga Bai World Heritage Site
789:
462:DNA from the extinct European
428:) and African forest elephants
305:Guinean Forests of West Africa
13:
1:
5026:Critically endangered animals
4111:
3985:Yasuko Ishida et al. (2018).
2820:Forest Ecology and Management
2593:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.11.004
2028:10.1080/08912963.2023.2286272
1898:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1675:10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00158-6
1413:
1091:Seeds passed by elephant gut
860:Wildlife Conservation Society
4453:List of fictional pachyderms
4439:List of individual elephants
3831:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.031
3630:10.1016/0006-3207(94)00014-H
2995:10.1371/journal.pone.0299656
2832:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.041
2111:10.1371/journal.pone.0003546
1985:10.22237/elephant/1491234053
1715:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564
1588:10.22237/elephant/1521732169
1370:Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park
1353:At the request of President
987:, and at least 72 different
59:Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park
57:African forest elephants in
7:
5036:Taxa named by Paul Matschie
3882:(30): 24–36. Archived from
2945:10.1007/978-94-007-7414-8_3
2937:Biocommunication of Animals
2912:Loxodonta africana cyclotis
2801:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014
2646:Journal of Tropical Ecology
2616:Loxodonta africana cyclotis
2471:Loxodonta africana cyclotis
2432:Loxodonta africana cyclotis
1863:Loxodonta africana cyclotis
1285:
953:Odzala-Kokoua National Park
477:than to other populations.
334:
282:) is one of the two living
10:
5062:
4607:Elephas maximus sumatranus
4580:Elephas maximus borneensis
3433:10.15496/publikation-55581
3280:Journal of Applied Ecology
3179:African Journal of Ecology
2475:African Journal of Ecology
2436:African Journal of Ecology
2310:African Journal of Ecology
2269:10.1515/mamm.1991.55.4.489
2145:African Journal of Ecology
2051:African Journal of Ecology
1505:: e.T181007989A204404464.
1222:
1000:Kahuzi-Biéga National Park
338:
5011:Mammals described in 1900
4684:
4658:
4642:African forest elephant (
4619:
4557:
4546:
4508:
4426:
4381:
4252:
4119:
3993:). Ecology and Evolution.
2910:African forest elephant (
2658:10.1017/S0266467498000595
1879:10.1017/s0952836902003291
1663:Comptes Rendus. Biologies
936:. Once young bulls reach
700:
687:
680:
667:
660:
636:
629:
616:
609:
573:
566:
559:
532:
514:
507:
500:
492:
247:
238:
219:
212:
114:Scientific classification
112:
95:
73:
64:
56:
47:
34:
5021:Afrotropical realm fauna
4000:. Ecology and Evolution.
3930:
856:Central African Republic
818:Distribution and habitat
580:(African bush elephant)
464:straight-tusked elephant
422:straight-tusked elephant
27:African elephant species
4971:Fauna of Central Africa
4633:African bush elephant (
4598:Elephas maximus maximus
4589:Elephas maximus indicus
4181:African forest elephant
3811:Biological Conservation
3610:Biological Conservation
3516:10.1126/science.aaa2457
3301:10.1111/1365-2664.12764
3036:WIREs Cognitive Science
1892:Larramendi, A. (2015).
1777:10.1073/pnas.1720554115
1628:10.1126/science.1059936
1567:(Blumenbach, 1797) and
962:
606:Loxodonta cyclotis
376:Phylogeny and evolution
274:African forest elephant
35:African forest elephant
4169:North African elephant
3643:Gettleman, J. (2012).
3219:. 2017. Archived from
1911:10.4202/app.00136.2014
1830:10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078
1441:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
1295:
1037:Tetrapleura tetraptera
972:
957:fission–fusion society
917:
909:
901:
827:
799:
640:Palaeoloxodon antiquus
468:Palaeoloxodon antiquus
429:
426:Palaeoloxodon antiquus
316:scientific description
265: Possibly extinct
4933:Paleobiology Database
4596:Sri Lankan elephant (
4445:Elephant Encyclopedia
4164:African bush elephant
4144:Seismic communication
3324:www.birds.cornell.edu
3084:10.1093/beheco/arz018
1940:The Mammals of Africa
1529:Matschie, P. (1900).
1359:Minkebe National Park
1348:Garamba National Park
1293:
1280:Assagny National Park
1257:Critically Endangered
1233:habitat fragmentation
1025:Klainedoxa gabonensis
970:
915:
907:
899:
892:Behaviour and ecology
867:Upper Guinean forests
852:Republic of the Congo
825:
797:
420:, represented by the
413:
386:African bush elephant
325:Critically Endangered
309:Congolese rainforests
82:Critically Endangered
3732:The Associated Press
3479:on February 3, 2014.
3363:Animal Diversity Web
3343:Sukumar, R. (2003).
3316:"Forest Elephants -
3246:Animal Diversity Web
2854:Conservation Biology
453:genetically diverged
405:mitochondrial genome
388:. Morphological and
4986:Mammals of Cameroon
4981:Herbivorous mammals
4626:(African elephants)
4605:Sumatran elephant (
4201:Sri Lankan elephant
3921:10.1511/2012.98.416
3823:2006BCons.129..497F
3722:Schemm, P. (2014).
3686:National Geographic
3622:1995BCons..71..125B
3508:2015Sci...349...84W
3473:National Geographic
3292:2017JApEc..54..153T
3217:The Kota Foundation
3191:2022AfJEc..60..882S
3116:10.3390/ani11113071
2986:2024PLoSO..1999656H
2866:2018ConBi..32..559P
2793:2011AcO....37..542C
2743:2009Biotr..41..459B
2693:1995Biotr..27..526Y
2522:2004Biotr..36..392B
2487:1983AfJEc..21..175S
2448:1993AfJEc..31..181W
2357:2003MolEc..12.1389E
2322:1992AfJEc..30..116D
2157:1992AfJEc..30..279A
2102:2008PLoSO...3.3546B
2063:1993AfJEc..31..165T
2003:. Cologne: Koneman.
1768:2018PNAS..115E2566P
1762:(11): E2566–E2574.
1620:2001Sci...293.1473R
1614:(5534): 1473–1477.
1364:On 19 August 2020,
1193:Traditional hunting
1121:ecological services
1103:Irvingia gabonensis
942:Primary Rainforests
67:Conservation status
4782:loxodonta-cyclotis
4743:loxodonta-cyclotis
4730:Loxodonta_cyclotis
4716:Loxodonta cyclotis
4686:Loxodonta cyclotis
4060:2009-03-18 at the
4048:2008-05-03 at the
4031:Loxodonta cyclotis
3991:Loxodonta cyclotis
3909:American Scientist
3649:The New York Times
3467:Russo, C. (2014).
3318:Loxodonta cyclotis
3072:Behavioral Ecology
2939:. pp. 21–39.
2874:10.1111/cobi.13035
2229:. 19 November 2021
2020:Historical Biology
1934:Loxodonta cyclotis
1867:Journal of Zoology
1569:Loxodonta cyclotis
1565:Loxodonta africana
1491:Loxodonta cyclotis
1433:Loxodonta cyclotis
1332:string instruments
1296:
973:
926:Lopé National Park
918:
910:
902:
828:
800:
577:Loxodonta africana
449:American mastodons
430:
279:Loxodonta cyclotis
223:Loxodonta cyclotis
4966:African elephants
4948:
4947:
4920:Open Tree of Life
4678:Taxon identifiers
4669:
4668:
4654:
4653:
4587:Indian elephant (
4578:Borneo elephant (
4503:species by family
4466:
4465:
4422:
4421:
4377:
4376:
4352:
4351:
4304:Ballista elephant
4292:
4291:
4269:Elephant crushing
4248:
4246:
4245:
4206:Sumatran elephant
4152:
4151:
3750:Belfast Telegraph
3680:Neme, L. (2013).
3453:978-3-947251-33-9
3199:10.1111/aje.13070
2954:978-94-007-7413-1
2345:Molecular Ecology
1659:Loxodonta pumilio
1571:(Matschie, 1900)"
1454:978-0-8018-8221-0
1355:Ali Bongo Ondimba
1085:Republic of Congo
1031:Treculia africana
786:
785:
777:
776:
768:
767:
759:
758:
750:
749:
741:
740:
732:
731:
723:
722:
589:
588:
548:
547:
521:(Asian elephant)
401:Loxodonta pumilio
270:
269:
107:
90:
16:(Redirected from
5053:
4991:Mammals of Gabon
4941:
4940:
4928:
4927:
4915:
4914:
4902:
4901:
4889:
4888:
4876:
4875:
4863:
4862:
4850:
4849:
4837:
4836:
4824:
4823:
4811:
4810:
4798:
4797:
4785:
4784:
4772:
4771:
4759:
4758:
4746:
4745:
4733:
4732:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4673:
4672:
4569:Asian elephant (
4555:
4554:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4389:
4388:
4354:
4353:
4294:
4293:
4257:
4256:
4247:
4154:
4153:
4124:
4123:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4083:
4082:
4015:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3925:
3924:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3877:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3692:on June 7, 2013.
3688:. Archived from
3677:
3671:
3670:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3581:(4): 1384–1393.
3570:
3564:
3563:
3547:
3538:
3537:
3527:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3475:. Archived from
3464:
3458:
3457:
3445:
3435:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3396:
3382:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:10.1002/rse2.380
3145:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3048:10.1002/wcs.1493
3033:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3007:
2997:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2905:
2894:
2893:
2851:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2778:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2728:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2643:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2581:Animal Behaviour
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2427:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2351:(6): 1389–1402.
2340:
2334:
2333:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2279:. Archived from
2254:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2215:
2204:
2203:
2186:(4): 1384–1393.
2175:
2169:
2168:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1936:Forest Elephant"
1927:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1708:(12): e1000564.
1693:
1687:
1686:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1558:
1543:
1542:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1484:
1467:
1466:
1423:
1403:CITES Appendix I
1299:Genetic analysis
1117:omphalocarpoides
1109:Parinari excelsa
1098:Cuvette Centrale
1056:Gambeya africana
1012:Anonidium mannii
683:
682:
663:
662:
632:
631:
612:
611:
569:
568:
562:
561:
510:
509:
503:
502:
495:
494:
488:
487:
288:African elephant
264:
258:
252:
243:
225:
205:L. cyclotis
122:
121:
101:
84:
79:
78:
52:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5050:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4936:
4931:
4923:
4918:
4910:
4907:Observation.org
4905:
4897:
4892:
4884:
4879:
4871:
4866:
4858:
4853:
4845:
4840:
4832:
4827:
4819:
4814:
4806:
4801:
4793:
4788:
4780:
4775:
4767:
4762:
4754:
4749:
4741:
4736:
4728:
4723:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4650:
4625:
4615:
4571:Elephas maximus
4550:
4542:
4504:
4497:
4467:
4462:
4418:
4373:
4348:
4334:Temple elephant
4288:
4242:
4211:Syrian elephant
4196:Indian elephant
4191:Borneo elephant
4174:Desert elephant
4148:
4115:
4110:
4076:photos and info
4062:Wayback Machine
4050:Wayback Machine
4010:
4007:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:Further reading
3933:
3928:
3905:
3901:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3875:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3842:
3838:
3803:
3799:
3791:The Independent
3782:
3778:
3761:
3757:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3720:
3716:
3701:
3697:
3678:
3674:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3641:
3637:
3606:
3602:
3587:10.2307/3802142
3571:
3567:
3548:
3541:
3502:(6243): 84–87.
3488:
3484:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3248:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3224:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3175:
3171:
3146:
3142:
3095:
3091:
3067:
3063:
3031:
3025:
3021:
2980:(3): e0299656.
2966:
2962:
2955:
2933:
2929:
2906:
2897:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2812:
2808:
2781:Acta Oecologica
2776:
2770:
2766:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2701:10.2307/2388968
2677:
2673:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2612:
2608:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2549:
2545:
2506:
2502:
2467:
2463:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2388:
2341:
2337:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2192:10.2307/3802142
2176:
2172:
2141:
2137:
2082:
2078:
2047:
2043:
2012:
2008:
1997:
1993:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1928:
1919:
1890:
1886:
1859:
1855:
1818:Biology Letters
1810:
1803:
1748:
1741:
1694:
1690:
1655:
1651:
1600:
1596:
1559:
1546:
1527:
1520:
1485:
1470:
1455:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1391:
1378:
1288:
1225:
1199:hunter-gatherer
1195:
1163:
1129:
965:
938:sexual maturity
894:
886:Kambondo forest
820:
792:
787:
778:
769:
760:
751:
742:
733:
724:
590:
549:
445:woolly mammoths
441:Asian elephants
378:
358:scientific name
343:
337:
266:
262:
260:
256:
254:
250:
234:
227:
221:
208:
116:
108:
91:
80:
76:
69:
43:
36:
28:
23:
22:
18:Forest elephant
15:
12:
11:
5:
5059:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4929:
4916:
4903:
4890:
4877:
4864:
4851:
4838:
4825:
4812:
4799:
4786:
4773:
4760:
4747:
4734:
4721:
4706:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4667:
4666:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4639:
4629:
4627:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4602:
4593:
4584:
4565:
4563:
4552:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4344:White elephant
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4231:Dwarf elephant
4228:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4216:Javan elephant
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4186:Asian elephant
4183:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4160:
4158:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4069:
4052:
4040:
4035:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4006:
4005:External links
4003:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3982:
3981:
3978:Animals portal
3967:
3964:Mammals portal
3953:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3915:(5): 416–417.
3899:
3863:
3856:
3836:
3817:(4): 497–510.
3797:
3776:
3770:Bloomberg News
3755:
3737:
3714:
3695:
3672:
3654:
3635:
3616:(2): 125–132.
3600:
3565:
3539:
3482:
3459:
3452:
3414:
3407:
3374:
3350:
3335:
3307:
3286:(1): 153–159.
3266:
3257:
3233:
3204:
3185:(4): 882–894.
3169:
3140:
3089:
3078:(3): 809–820.
3061:
3019:
2960:
2953:
2927:
2895:
2860:(3): 559–567.
2837:
2806:
2787:(6): 542–553.
2764:
2737:(4): 459–468.
2714:
2687:(4): 526–530.
2671:
2652:(6): 829–839.
2629:
2606:
2587:(2): 357–363.
2571:
2543:
2516:(3): 392–401.
2500:
2481:(3): 175–184.
2461:
2442:(3): 181–199.
2419:
2408:
2397:
2386:
2335:
2316:(2): 116–126.
2296:
2263:(4): 489–528.
2240:
2205:
2170:
2151:(4): 279–291.
2135:
2076:
2057:(2): 165–171.
2041:
2006:
1991:
1955:
1948:
1917:
1884:
1873:(4): 337–344.
1853:
1801:
1739:
1688:
1669:(7): 687–697.
1649:
1594:
1544:
1518:
1468:
1453:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1390:
1387:
1377:
1376:Bushmeat trade
1374:
1287:
1284:
1224:
1221:
1194:
1191:
1162:
1159:
1128:
1125:
1115:Tridesmostemon
1060:G. lacourtiana
964:
961:
893:
890:
832:Central Africa
819:
816:
791:
788:
784:
783:
780:
779:
775:
774:
771:
770:
766:
765:
762:
761:
757:
756:
753:
752:
748:
747:
744:
743:
739:
738:
735:
734:
730:
729:
726:
725:
721:
720:
717:
716:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
686:
681:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
666:
661:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
635:
630:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
615:
610:
608:
596:
595:
592:
591:
587:
586:
583:
582:
572:
567:
565:
560:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
546:
545:
542:
541:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
513:
508:
506:
501:
499:
493:
491:
486:
377:
374:
336:
333:
268:
267:
261:
255:
253: Resident
249:
245:
244:
236:
235:
228:
217:
216:
210:
209:
202:
200:
196:
195:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
110:
109:
96:
93:
92:
74:
71:
70:
65:
62:
61:
54:
53:
45:
44:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5058:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4664:
4663:
4657:
4647:
4645:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4610:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4502:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4370:
4369:Howdah pistol
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4274:Elephant goad
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4261:Domestication
4258:
4255:
4251:
4237:
4236:Pygmy mammoth
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4008:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3959:
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3889:on 2020-01-03
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2096:(10): e3546.
2095:
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2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
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2017:
2010:
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1995:
1986:
1981:
1977:
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1969:
1962:
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1951:
1949:9781408189962
1945:
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1250:
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1238:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:Mbuti pygmies
1200:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1127:Communication
1124:
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1118:
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1038:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1009:, junglesop (
1008:
1006:
1005:Omphalocarpum
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
969:
960:
958:
954:
949:
947:
946:mineral licks
943:
939:
935:
934:allomothering
931:
927:
923:
914:
906:
898:
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876:
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868:
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861:
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837:
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824:
815:
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773:
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678:
677:
674:
673:
670:
665:
664:
658:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
648:
647:Palaeoloxodon
642:
641:
634:
633:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
614:
613:
607:
603:
602:
601:Palaeoloxodon
598:
597:
594:
593:
585:
584:
581:
579:
578:
571:
570:
564:
563:
557:
556:
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540:
538:
537:
530:
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520:
519:
512:
511:
505:
504:
498:Elephantidae
497:
496:
490:
489:
485:
482:
480:
479:Palaeoloxodon
475:
474:
473:Palaeoloxodon
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
427:
423:
419:
418:
417:Palaeoloxodon
412:
408:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
373:
371:
367:
363:
362:Paul Matschie
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
332:
330:
329:IUCN Red List
326:
322:
317:
312:
310:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:
275:
246:
242:
237:
232:
226:
224:
218:
215:
214:Binomial name
211:
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186:
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111:
105:
99:
94:
88:
83:
72:
68:
63:
60:
55:
51:
46:
41:
33:
30:
19:
4685:
4660:
4643:
4641:
4634:
4620:
4606:
4597:
4588:
4579:
4570:
4558:
4548:Elephantidae
4443:
4409:Kerala state
4364:Elephant gun
4339:War elephant
4180:
4075:
4065:
4030:
3997:
3990:
3986:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3891:. Retrieved
3884:the original
3879:
3866:
3846:
3839:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3789:
3779:
3768:
3758:
3749:
3740:
3727:
3717:
3708:
3698:
3690:the original
3685:
3675:
3666:
3657:
3648:
3638:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3559:
3555:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3477:the original
3462:
3443:10900/114206
3423:
3417:
3392:
3366:. Retrieved
3362:
3353:
3344:
3338:
3327:. Retrieved
3323:
3317:
3310:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3260:
3249:. Retrieved
3245:
3236:
3225:. Retrieved
3221:the original
3216:
3207:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3153:
3143:
3109:(11): 3071.
3106:
3102:
3092:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3042:(4): e1493.
3039:
3035:
3022:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2936:
2930:
2913:
2909:
2857:
2853:
2840:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2784:
2780:
2767:
2734:
2730:
2717:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2649:
2645:
2632:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2556:
2546:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2411:
2400:
2389:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2288:. Retrieved
2281:the original
2260:
2256:
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2222:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2019:
2009:
2000:
1994:
1978:(2): 20–31.
1975:
1971:
1939:
1933:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1821:
1817:
1759:
1755:
1705:
1702:PLOS Biology
1701:
1691:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1538:
1534:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1443:
1439:Wilson, D.E.
1432:
1427:Shoshani, J.
1421:
1408:
1396:
1392:
1389:Conservation
1379:
1363:
1352:
1336:
1324:black market
1297:
1265:
1229:habitat loss
1226:
1210:
1196:
1185:Females are
1184:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1161:Reproduction
1156:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1090:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1003:
997:
974:
950:
919:
883:
864:
848:
829:
812:
805:
801:
712:mnaidriensis
711:
707:
702:
701:
688:
668:
646:
638:
637:
617:
605:
599:
575:
574:
534:
533:
516:
515:
483:
478:
471:
467:
461:
435:analysis of
433:Phylogenetic
431:
425:
415:
400:
398:
379:
368:in southern
366:Sanaga River
360:proposed by
353:
349:
345:
344:
313:
278:
277:
273:
271:
222:
220:
204:
203:
191:
181:Elephantidae
29:
4816:iNaturalist
4710:Wikispecies
4644:L. cyclotis
4635:L. africana
4551:(Elephants)
4536:Superorder
4530:Infraclass
4501:Proboscidea
4392:By locality
4385:and history
2826:: 109–117.
2558:Smithsonian
2233:19 November
1303:Philippines
1272:Ivory Coast
1187:polyestrous
1147:L. Africana
1142:L. Cyclotis
1138:L. Cyclotis
1133:L. Cyclotis
1081:midlbrandii
1052:congolensis
1018:Antrocaryon
924:of Gabon's
922:rain forest
879:West Africa
871:Ivory Coast
790:Description
703:P. antiquus
539:(mammoths)
437:nuclear DNA
296:Congo Basin
292:West Africa
171:Proboscidea
40:Pleistocene
4955:Categories
4538:Afrotheria
4309:Executions
3893:2019-06-10
3667:WWF Global
3368:2017-06-30
3329:2017-06-30
3251:2017-06-29
3227:2017-06-29
2916:(Thesis).
2731:Biotropica
2681:Biotropica
2564:19 October
2510:Biotropica
2290:2019-06-10
1581:(4): 1–4.
1541:: 189–197.
1414:References
1050:Autranella
1045:guineensis
1007:mortehanii
382:subspecies
339:See also:
314:The first
100:Appendix I
4860:181007989
4622:Loxodonta
4253:Human use
4134:Cognition
4113:Elephants
3880:Pachyderm
3556:Pachyderm
2922:304871826
2620:Pachyderm
2538:247703701
2036:0891-2963
1307:Hong Kong
1241:livestock
1093:germinate
1074:dinklagei
977:herbivore
808:wallowing
536:Mammuthus
457:gene flow
350:Loxodonta
199:Species:
192:Loxodonta
137:Kingdom:
131:Eukaryota
4886:11500010
4834:11414570
4695:Wikidata
4662:Category
4532:Eutheria
4526:Mammalia
4520:Chordata
4514:Animalia
4512:Kingdom
4414:Thailand
4284:Trainers
4222:Extinct
4127:Behavior
4058:Archived
4046:Archived
3728:CTV News
3562:: 55–65.
3534:26089357
3135:34827803
3056:30724476
3014:38498501
3005:10947659
2974:PLOS ONE
2918:ProQuest
2882:29076179
2759:86090603
2666:85354157
2626:: 46–52.
2601:53147174
2381:19346262
2373:12755869
2277:85307838
2257:Mammalia
2223:ABC News
2130:18958284
2090:PLOS ONE
2022:: 1–14.
1972:Elephant
1848:37463654
1839:10353889
1796:29483247
1734:21203580
1683:14556388
1644:38285623
1636:11520983
1575:Elephant
1463:62265494
1429:(2005).
1366:Guyvanho
1340:Sudanese
1286:Poaching
1253:bushmeat
1245:Poaching
1216:downwind
1172:suckling
1067:africana
1020:nannanii
993:minerals
854:and the
836:Cameroon
645:Chinese
370:Cameroon
356:was the
354:cyclotis
335:Taxonomy
321:poaching
307:and the
300:elephant
294:and the
231:Matschie
177:Family:
161:Mammalia
151:Chordata
147:Phylum:
141:Animalia
127:Domain:
87:IUCN 3.1
4873:1000523
4808:2435349
4701:Q189514
4560:Elephas
4518:Phylum
4499:Extant
4427:Related
4383:Culture
4357:Weapons
4226:Mammoth
4157:Species
4120:General
3819:Bibcode
3752:. 2015.
3669:. 2013.
3618:Bibcode
3595:3802142
3525:5535781
3504:Bibcode
3496:Science
3399:207–213
3288:Bibcode
3187:Bibcode
3126:8614502
3103:Animals
2982:Bibcode
2890:3628593
2862:Bibcode
2789:Bibcode
2739:Bibcode
2709:2388968
2689:Bibcode
2518:Bibcode
2483:Bibcode
2444:Bibcode
2353:Bibcode
2318:Bibcode
2200:3802142
2153:Bibcode
2121:2570334
2098:Bibcode
2059:Bibcode
1787:5856550
1764:Bibcode
1725:3006346
1616:Bibcode
1608:Science
1319:Minkébé
1259:by the
1239:crops,
1223:Threats
838:to the
518:Elephas
394:species
346:Elephas
327:on the
284:species
233:, 1900)
187:Genus:
167:Order:
157:Class:
102: (
85: (
42:–Recent
4938:157820
4925:418570
4847:609784
4821:357910
4795:289547
4756:462386
4738:ARKive
4524:Class
4404:Europe
4329:Racing
4314:Howdah
4279:Mahout
3854:
3593:
3532:
3522:
3450:
3405:
3133:
3123:
3054:
3012:
3002:
2951:
2920:
2888:
2880:
2757:
2707:
2664:
2599:
2536:
2379:
2371:
2275:
2198:
2128:
2118:
2034:
1946:
1846:
1836:
1794:
1784:
1732:
1722:
1681:
1642:
1634:
1461:
1451:
1315:Odzala
1237:timber
1211:mtuma.
1207:spears
1079:Grewia
1076:, and
1072:Cissus
1065:Mammea
1043:Uapaca
989:fruits
985:leaves
263:
257:
251:
4912:81753
4899:99490
4829:IRMNG
4769:3W9KX
4399:China
4319:Ivory
4139:Musth
3931:Notes
3887:(PDF)
3876:(PDF)
3591:JSTOR
3032:(PDF)
2886:S2CID
2850:(PDF)
2777:(PDF)
2755:S2CID
2727:(PDF)
2705:JSTOR
2662:S2CID
2642:(PDF)
2597:S2CID
2534:S2CID
2377:S2CID
2284:(PDF)
2273:S2CID
2253:(PDF)
2196:JSTOR
1824:(7).
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