837:
48:
918:
2157:
891:
1299:
1521:
2311:
2289:
727:
910:'s "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood", the imagery of which he "fashioned from a complex mix of pastoral aesthetics, pantheistic views of divinity, and an idea of spiritual purity based on an Edenic notion of pastoral innocence infused with Neoplatonic notions of reincarnation". This Romantic conception of childhood, historian Margaret Reeves suggests, has a longer history than generally recognized, with its roots traceable to similarly imaginative constructions of childhood circulating, for example, in the neo-platonic poetry of seventeenth-century metaphysical poet
571:
689:, and the peak of height velocity occurring. These changes usually occur between ages 11 and 14. It may also be defined as the 2-year period before the major onset of puberty. Preadolescence can bring its own challenges and anxieties. Preadolescent children have a different view of the world from younger children in many significant ways. Typically, theirs is a more realistic view of life than the intense, fantasy-oriented world of earliest childhood. Preadolescents have more mature, sensible, realistic thoughts and actions: 'the most "sensible" stage of development...the child is a much
997:
1421:
adopted by the Church. In the 19th century, children younger than seven years old were believed incapable of crime. Children from the age of seven forward were considered responsible for their actions. Therefore, they could face criminal charges, be sent to adult prison, and be punished like adults by whipping, branding or hanging. However, courts at the time would consider the offender's age when deliberating sentencing. Minimum employment age and marriage age also vary. The age limit of voluntary/involuntary military service is also disputed at the international level.
81:
2074:
1250:
595:
583:
475:
1954:, and extend beyond it. At the level of prevention, their aim includes supporting and strengthening families to reduce social exclusion, and to lower the risk of separation, violence and exploitation. Responsibilities are often spread across government agencies, with services delivered by local authorities, non-State providers, and community groups, making coordination between sectors and levels, including routine referral systems etc.., a necessary component of effective child protection systems."
2172:, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. This has continued in England, and in the 21st century child mortality rates have fallen across the world. About 12.6 million under-five infants died worldwide in 1990, which declined to 6.6 million in 2012. The infant mortality rate dropped from 90 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990, to 48 in 2012. The highest average infant mortality rates are in sub-Saharan Africa, at 98 deaths per 1,000 live births – over double the world's average.
982:
1445:
970:
618:, early childhood also includes infancy. At this stage children are learning through observing, experimenting and communicating with others. Adults supervise and support the development process of the child, which then will lead to the child's autonomy. Also during this stage, a strong emotional bond is created between the child and the care providers. The children also start preschool and kindergarten at this age: and hence their social lives.
772:
1242:
friendships). Unstructured play encourages creativity and imagination. Playing and interacting with other children, as well as some adults, provides opportunities for friendships, social interactions, conflicts and resolutions. However, adults tend to (often mistakenly) assume that virtually all children's social activities can be understood as "play" and, furthermore, that children's play activities do not involve much skill or effort.
2208:
958:
1430:
627:
become more independent and enhance their individuality. During middle childhood, children enter the school years, where they are presented with a different setting than they are used to. This new setting creates new challenges and faces for children. Upon the entrance of school, mental disorders that would normally not be noticed come to light. Many of these disorders include:
1231:
341:
1246:
allows children to learn how to work in groups, to share, to negotiate, to resolve conflicts, and to learn self-advocacy skills. However, when play is controlled by adults, children acquiesce to adult rules and concerns and lose some of the benefits play offers them. This is especially true in developing creativity, leadership, and group skills.
1332:, scrub and wasteland, and to local shops. It often imposes imaginative status on certain sections of the urban realm (local buildings, kerbs, street objects, etc.). Children designate specific areas that serve as informal meeting and relaxation places (see: Sobel, 2001). An urban area that looks faceless or neglected to an adult may have deep '
1921:(also called child welfare) is the safeguarding of children from violence, exploitation, abuse, and neglect. It involves identifying signs of potential harm. This includes responding to allegations or suspicions of abuse, providing support and services to protect children, and holding those who have harmed them accountable.
1562:
Europe and North
America were minimal. Child marriage is more prevalent with girls, but also involves boys. A 2018 study in the journal Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies found that, worldwide, 4.5% of males are married before age 18, with the Central African Republic having the highest average rate at 27.9%.
934:, often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low pay. As the century wore on, the contradiction between the conditions on the ground for poor children and the middle-class notion of childhood as a time of simplicity and innocence led to the first campaigns for the imposition of legal protection for children.
1536:
Social attitudes toward children differ around the world in various cultures and change over time. A 1988 study on
European attitudes toward the centrality of children found that Italy was more child-centric and the Netherlands less child-centric, with other countries, such as Austria, Great Britain,
1245:
It is through play that children at a very early age engage and interact in the world around them. Play allows children to create and explore a world they can master, conquering their fears while practicing adult roles, sometimes in conjunction with other children or adult caregivers. Undirected play
1241:
Play is essential to the cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being of children. It offers children opportunities for physical (running, jumping, climbing, etc.), intellectual (social skills, community norms, ethics and general knowledge) and emotional development (empathy, compassion, and
2564:
1936:
It is the responsibility of individuals, organizations, and governments to ensure that children are protected from harm and their rights are respected. This includes providing a safe environment for children to grow and develop, protecting them from physical, emotional and sexual abuse, and ensuring
1275:
The initiation of play in a classroom setting allows teachers and students to interact through playfulness associated with a learning experience. Therefore, playfulness aids the interactions between adults and children in a learning environment. “Playful
Structure” means to combine informal learning
1279:
Even though play is considered to be the most important to optimal child development, the environment affects their play and therefore their development. Poor children confront widespread environmental inequities as they experience less social support, and their parents are less responsive and more
1083:
Childhood evolves and changes as lifestyles change and adult expectations alter. In the modern era, many adults believe that children should not have any worries or work, as life should be happy and trouble-free. Childhood is seen as a mixture of simplicity, innocence, happiness, fun, imagination,
1932:
way. This means taking into account the social, economic, cultural, psychological, and environmental factors that can contribute to the risk of harm for individual children and their families. Collaboration across sectors and disciplines to create a comprehensive system of support and safety for
1561:
report on child marriage, 37% of females were married before the age of 18 in sub-Saharan Africa, followed by South Asia at 30%. Lower levels were found in Latin
America and Caribbean (25%), the Middle East and North Africa (18%), and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (11%), while rates in Western
662:
Middle childhood is the time when children begin to understand responsibility and are beginning to be shaped by their peers and parents. Chores and more responsible decisions come at this time, as do social comparison and social play. During social play, children learn from and teach each other,
1671:
around the world. Where violent conflicts are the norm, the lives of young children are significantly disrupted and their families have great difficulty in offering the sensitive and consistent care that young children need for their healthy development. Studies on the effect of emergencies and
1420:
The age at which children are considered responsible for their society-bound actions (e. g. marriage, voting, etc.) has also changed over time, and this is reflected in the way they are treated in courts of law. In Roman times, children were regarded as not culpable for crimes, a position later
1388:
With increasing use of cellphones, computers, video games and television, children have more reasons to stay inside rather than outdoors exploring. “The average
American child spends 44 hours a week with electronic media”. Research in 2007 has drawn a correlation between the declining number of
626:
Middle childhood begins at around age 7, and ends at around age 9 or 10. Together, early and middle childhood are called formative years. In this middle period, children develop socially and mentally. They are at a stage where they make new friends and gain new skills, which will enable them to
1590:
was estimated to be 2.37 children per woman, adding about 80 million people to the world population per year. In order to measure the total number of children, scientists often prefer the completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50). Although the number of children is also influenced by
756:
and behavioral changes. The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function, and even within a single nation-state or culture there may be different ages at which an individual is considered to be mature enough to be entrusted by society with certain tasks.
929:
in
England in 1760, the divergence between high-minded romantic ideals of childhood and the reality of the growing magnitude of child exploitation in the workplace, became increasingly apparent. By the late 18th century, British children were specially employed in factories and mines and as
2573:
A person may be physically mature and a biological adult by age 16 or so, but not defined as an adult by law until older ages. For example, in the U.S., you cannot join the armed forces or vote until age 18, and you cannot take on many legal and financial responsibilities until age
1145:
Children's health includes the physical, mental and social well-being of children. Maintaining children's health implies offering them healthy foods, insuring they get enough sleep and exercise, and protecting their safety. Children in certain parts of the world often suffer from
5047:
Léveillé, Sophie; Chamberland, Claire (1 July 2010). "Toward a general model for child welfare and protection services: A meta-evaluation of international experiences regarding the adoption of the
Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and Their Families (FACNF)".
4670:
Katz, Ilan; Katz, Carmit; Andresen, Sabine; Bérubé, Annie; Collin-Vezina, Delphine; Fallon, Barbara; Fouché, Ansie; Haffejee, Sadiyya; Masrawa, Nadia; Muñoz, Pablo; Priolo Filho, Sidnei R.; Tarabulsy, George; Truter, Elmien; Varela, Natalia; Wekerle, Christine (June 2021).
613:
when the child begins speaking or taking steps independently. While toddlerhood ends around age 3 when the child becomes less dependent on parental assistance for basic needs, early childhood continues approximately until the age of 5 or 6. However, according to the
804:
have challenged this view and argued that childhood has been seen as a separate stage since at least the medieval period. Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection and training by the adults around them. The
English philosopher
2043:
1511:
is preventing 28 million children worldwide from receiving an education, due to the risk of sexual violence and attacks in schools. Other factors that keep children out of school include poverty, child labor, social attitudes, and long distances to school.
1007:
The modern attitude to children emerged by the late 19th century; the
Victorian middle and upper classes emphasized the role of the family and the sanctity of the child – an attitude that has remained dominant in Western societies ever since. The genre of
1924:
The primary goal of child protection is to ensure that all children are safe and free from harm or danger. Child protection also works to prevent future harm by creating policies and systems that identify and respond to risks before they lead to harm.
1466:
Education, in the general sense, refers to the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and preparing intellectually for mature life. Formal education most often takes place through
1950:"The set of laws, policies, regulations and services needed across all social sectors – especially social welfare, education, health, security and justice – to support prevention and response to protection-related risks. These systems are part of
2687:
813:, which considered the mind at birth to be a "blank slate". A corollary of this doctrine was that the mind of the child was born blank, and that it was the duty of the parents to imbue the child with correct notions. During the early period of
5815:
1028:
The market economy of the 19th century enabled the concept of childhood as a time of fun, happiness, and imagination. Factory-made dolls and doll houses delighted the girls and organized sports and activities were played by the boys. The
1352:
The geographies of childhood involves how (adult) society perceives the idea of childhood, the many ways adult attitudes and behaviors affect children's lives, including the environment which surrounds children and its implications.
752:, adolescents are legally considered children, as they tend to lack adult rights and are still required to attend compulsory schooling in many cultures, though this varies. The onset of adolescence brings about various physical,
5083:
Winkworth, Gail; White, Michael (March 2011). "Australia's
Children 'Safe and Well'?1 Collaborating with Purpose Across Commonwealth Family Relationship and State Child Protection Systems: Australia's Children 'Safe and Well'".
2657:
1603:
and other social factors, the CCF50 appears to be most heavily dependent on the educational level of women, ranging from 5–8 children in women without education to less than 2 in women with 12 or more years of education.
2131:
experience a higher burden of disease and are less capable of coping with climate change-related threats. Nearly every child in the world is at risk from climate change and pollution, while almost half are at extreme
2038:
1618:
5330:
Watts, Nick; Amann, Markus; Arnell, Nigel; Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja; Belesova, Kristine; Boykoff, Maxwell; Byass, Peter; Cai, Wenjia; Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid; Capstick, Stuart; Chambers, Jonathan (16 November 2019).
4953:
Nixon, Kendra L.; Tutty, Leslie M.; Weaver-Dunlop, Gillian; Walsh, Christine A. (December 2007). "Do good intentions beget good policy? A review of child protection policies to address intimate partner violence".
1506:
indicate that in 2011, 57 million children were out of school; and more than 20% of African children have never attended primary school or have left without completing primary education. According to a UN report,
47:
520:
is legally defined as someone under the age of 14 under the "Children and Young Persons Act" whereas the age of majority is 21. In U.S. Immigration Law, a child refers to anyone who is under the age of 21.
1393:
visits in the U.S. and increasing consumption of electronic media by children. The media has accelerated the trend for children's nature disconnection by deemphasizing views of nature, as in Disney films.
466:, or signify group membership in a clan, tribe, or religion; it can also signify being strongly affected by a specific time, place, or circumstance, as in "a child of nature" or "a child of the Sixties."
2695:
1022:, published in 1865 in England, was a landmark in the genre; regarded as the first "English masterpiece written for children", its publication opened the "First Golden Age" of children's literature.
3213:
Del Col L (September 1930). "The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth-Century [sic] England — Evidence Given Before the Sadler Committee (1831–1832)". In Scott JF, Baltzly A (eds.).
4198:
Yun S (2014). "BreakingImaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law – The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child".
1321:
where children are traditionally free to play out in the streets for long periods without supervision. It is invented and largely sustained by children themselves with little adult interference.
5627:
2665:
5652:
4084:"Is love of nature in the US becoming love of electronic media? 16-year downtrend in national park visits explained by watching movies, playing video games, internet use, and oil prices"
1975:, in addition to other child protection systems. Some literature argues that child protection begins at conception; even how the conception took place can affect the child's development.
2048:
1091:. It is usually thought of as an experience or period in a child's life that widens their awareness of evil, pain or the world around them. This theme is demonstrated in the novels
1025:
The latter half of the 19th century saw the introduction of compulsory state schooling of children across Europe, which decisively removed children from the workplace into schools.
4673:"Child maltreatment reports and Child Protection Service responses during COVID-19: Knowledge exchange among Australia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Germany, Israel, and South Africa"
2198:
4037:
1480:
836:
371:
4500:"Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study"
5111:
Wulcyzn, Fred; Daro, Deborah; Fluke, John; Gregson, Kendra (2010). "Adapting a Systems Approach to Child Protection in a Cultural Context: Key Concepts and Considerations".
5024:
Wulcyzn, Fred; Daro, Deborah; Fluke, John; Gregson, Kendra (2010). "Adapting a Systems Approach to Child Protection in a Cultural Context: Key Concepts and Considerations".
2196:
877:
and other 17th-century thinkers, Jean-Jaques Rousseau described childhood as a brief period of sanctuary before people encounter the perils and hardships of adulthood. Sir
482:
In the biological sciences, a child is usually defined as a person between birth and puberty, or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty. Legally, the term
543:
Children generally have fewer rights than adults and are classed as unable to make serious decisions, and legally must always be under the care of a responsible adult or
1054:. In 1961 he published a study of paintings, gravestones, furniture, and school records, finding that before the 17th century, children were represented as mini-adults.
1684:
occurs in anywhere from 3 to 87 percent of affected children. However, rates of PTSD for children living in chronic conflict conditions varies from 15 to 50 percent.
4038:"Are your kids really spending enough time outdoors? Getting up close with nature opens a child's eyes to the wonders of the world, with a bounty of health benefits"
1272:
as a right of every child. Children who are being raised in a hurried and pressured style may limit the protective benefits they would gain from child-driven play.
615:
1390:
2106:
review on health and climate change lists children as the worst-affected category by climate change. Children under 14 are 44 percent more likely to die from
1967:, a 'child protection system' provides for the protection of children in and out of the home. One of the ways this can be enabled is through the provision of
5600:
4580:
Shannon MP, Lonigan CJ, Finch AJ, Taylor CM (January 1994). "Children exposed to disaster: I. Epidemiology of post-traumatic symptoms and symptom profiles".
4403:
2197:
2125:, between and within countries, determine how climate change impacts children. Children often have no voice in terms of global responses to climate change.
5333:"The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate"
4129:
Prévot-Julliard AC, Julliard R, Clayton S (August 2015). "Historical evidence for nature disconnection in a 70-year time series of Disney animated films".
3664:
2639:. General Assembly Resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989. The Policy Press, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from
5451:
4173:
3575:
364:
312:
5623:
1630:
1622:
5804:
5794:
2539:
302:
4060:
3858:
Walsh G, Sproule L, McGuinness C, Trew K (July 2011). "Playful structure: a novel image of early years pedagogy for primary school classrooms".
5663:
2319:
2297:
1502:
Children in some countries (especially in parts of Africa and Asia) are often kept out of school, or attend only for short periods. Data from
1280:
authoritarian. Children from low income families are less likely to have access to books and computers which would enhance their development.
1084:
and wonder. It is thought of as a time of playing, learning, socializing, exploring, and worrying in a world without much adult interference.
5408:
Bartlett, Sheridan (2008). "Climate change and urban children: Impacts and implications for adaptation in low- and middle-income countries".
2633:
1180:
Child protection, according to UNICEF, refers to "preventing and responding to violence, exploitation and abuse against children – including
357:
3050:
914:(e.g., "The Retreate", 1650; "Childe-hood", 1655). Such views contrasted with the stridently didactic, Calvinist views of infant depravity.
4045:
1553:
rates of female children under the age of 18 reached 75% in Niger, 68% in Central African Republic and Chad, 66% in Bangladesh, and 47% in
5211:
1385:
refers to the trend in the United States and Canada towards less time for outdoor play, resulting in a wide range of behavioral problems.
793:, artistic depictions of children increased dramatically, which did not have much effect on the social attitude toward children, however.
740:
is usually determined to be between the onset of puberty and legal adulthood: mostly corresponding to the teenage years (13–19). However,
6671:
3988:"For more children, less time for outdoor play: Busy schedules, less open space, more safety fears, and lure of the Web keep kids inside"
317:
1037:
in 1908, which provided young boys with outdoor activities aiming at developing character, citizenship, and personal fitness qualities.
4551:
3752:
Björk-Willén P, Cromdal J (2009). "When education seeps into 'free play': How preschool children accomplish multilingual education".
2825:
Collins WA, et al. (National Research Council (US) Panel to Review the Status of Basic Research on School-Age Children) (1984).
2118:
1324:
Young children's street culture usually takes place on quiet backstreets and pavements, and along routes that venture out into local
1269:
1964:
4006:
2255:
917:
6835:
2028:
143:
1939:
Child protection systems are a set of services, usually government-run, designed to protect children and young people who are
5951:
5753:
Hutchison, Elizabeth D., and Leanne W. Charlesworth. "Securing the welfare of children: Policies past, present, and future."
5691:
5266:
4888:
4654:
4624:
4564:
4279:
3970:
3815:
3551:
3406:
3347:
3258:
3128:
3086:
2980:
2915:
2882:
2844:
2811:
2448:
2398:
1201:
493:
327:
5708:
3108:
2612:
1905:
1018:
899:
809:
was particularly influential in defining this new attitude towards children, especially with regard to his theory of the
5774:
5386:
3448:
2769:
2586:
2156:
416:
and puberty. The term may also refer to an unborn human being. In English-speaking countries, the legal definition of
6911:
5543:
Helldén, Daniel; Andersson, Camilla; Nilsson, Maria; Ebi, Kristie L.; Friberg, Peter; Alfvén, Tobias (1 March 2021).
5181:
3033:
1959:
United Nations Economic and Social Council (2008), UNICEF Child Protection Strategy, E/ICEF/2008/5/Rev.1, par. 12–13.
881:' extensive children portraiture demonstrated the new enlightened attitudes toward young children. His 1788 painting
237:
5891:
5521:
1869:
5592:
4413:
6664:
6474:
4376:
Jones RK, Brayfield A (June 1997). "Life's greatest joy?: European attitudes toward the centrality of children".
3625:"Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles"
3612:. U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
2688:"Proposal to lower the Age of Contractual Capacity from 21 years to 18 years, and the Civil Law (Amendment) Bill"
883:
841:
17:
2740:
397 (6th ed. 2007), which's first definition is "A fetus; an infant;...". See also ‘The Compact Edition of the
800:
argued that during the 1600s, the concept of childhood began to emerge in Europe, however other historians like
681:. Preadolescence is commonly defined as ages 9–12, ending with the major onset of puberty, with markers such as
6396:
3186:
2384:
1968:
1411:
1181:
322:
5459:
3671:
744:
usually begins before the teenage years. Although biologically a child is a human being between the stages of
6680:
6535:
6195:
5789:
Michail, Samia. "Understanding school responses to students’ challenging behaviour: A review of literature."
1972:
1681:
1642:
895:
656:
648:
409:
70:
5784:
5734:
4833:"After Safety, What is the Goal of Child Welfare Services: Permanency, Family Continuity or Social Benefit?"
4773:"Protecting children from abuse: a neglected but crucial priority for the international child health agenda"
3568:
432:
even after said age of majority), regardless of their physical, mental and sexual development as biological
6916:
6714:
3438:
2114:
2033:
1289:
282:
3831:
Cromdal J (2009). "Childhood and social interaction in everyday life: Introduction to the special issue".
1988:
is considered an important contemporary goal. This includes protecting children from exploitation such as
1928:
In order to achieve these goals, research suggests that child protection services should be provided in a
1532:
was widespread until the early 20th century. In the 21st century, child labor rates are highest in Africa.
6745:
6308:
5851:
3705:"The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds"
2691:
2066:
1344:, concerns have been expressed about the vitality – or even the survival – of children's street culture.
1069:
512:
may also refer to someone below another legally defined age limit unconnected to the age of majority. In
105:
3109:"'A Prospect of Flowers', Concepts of Childhood and Female Youth in Seventeenth-Century British Culture"
1655:, safety, and well-being of children. There are many different kinds of conflicts and emergencies, e.g.
1268:
Play is considered to be very important to optimal child development that it has been recognized by the
6657:
3534:
Cunningham H (July 2016). "The Growth of Leisure in the Early Industrial Revolution, c. 1780–c. 1840".
2044:
Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse
1293:
1175:
1140:
855:
The modern notion of childhood with its own autonomy and goals began to emerge during the 18th-century
694:
257:
62:
39:
5738:
1298:
194:
6545:
6511:
4068:
2742:
2736:
2587:"For example, the US Social Security department specifically defines an adult child as being over 18"
2325:
Creating sustainable futures for all; Global education monitoring report, 2016; Gender review
2232:
2089:
2085:
2053:
1780:
1357:
1193:
1012:
took off, with a proliferation of humorous, child-oriented books attuned to the child's imagination.
706:
297:
35:
5764:
The end of American childhood: A history of parenting from life on the frontier to the managed child
2786:
1048:, suggested that childhood was not a natural phenomenon, but a creation of society in his 1960 book
890:
6740:
4083:
2390:
2275:
2013:
1634:
1009:
887:
emphasizes the innocence and natural grace of the posing child and soon became a public favourite.
833:
stressed the importance of individual salvation and concern for the spiritual welfare of children.
652:
556:
440:
and responsibilities than adults. They are generally classed as unable to make serious decisions.
307:
272:
242:
228:
2640:
2110:, and those in urban areas are disproportionately impacted by lower air quality and overcrowding.
6598:
6486:
4427:
2750:, Oxford 1971): 396, which defines it as: ‘The unborn or newly born human being; foetus, infant’.
1898:
1859:
1638:
1520:
1380:
1369:
1136:
906:
The idea of childhood as a locus of divinity, purity, and innocence is further expounded upon in
869:
726:
5731:
The moral project of childhood: Motherhood, material life, and early children's consumer culture
3251:
Charles Dickens and the Victorian child : romanticizing and socializing the imperfect child
2310:
2288:
570:
5283:"Climate changes reproductive and children's health: a review of risks, exposures, and impacts"
5224:
3178:
3008:
1680:
of children between birth and 8 years old show that where the disaster is natural, the rate of
1314:. It is most common in children between the ages of seven and twelve. It is strongest in urban
1050:
31:
4227:
1276:
with formal learning to produce an effective learning experience for children at a young age.
6593:
6552:
5911:
5681:
2434:
2357:
2265:
2169:
1225:
1093:
926:
864:
247:
5832:
5748:
6694:
6633:
6613:
6603:
6540:
6496:
6406:
6338:
5884:
5417:
5135:
4906:"WHO Regional Office for Europe and UNAIDS report on progress since the Dublin Declaration"
4641:
4327:
4095:
3605:
2323:
2301:
2240:
2228:
2128:
2107:
1764:
1587:
1484:
856:
766:
437:
199:
2907:
2900:
2303:
Investing against Evidence: The Global State of Early Childhood Care and Education
8:
6573:
6530:
6523:
6225:
6182:
2493:
2122:
1318:
1150:, which is often associated with other conditions, such diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria.
1034:
179:
5545:"Climate change and child health: a scoping review and an expanded conceptual framework"
5421:
4099:
6906:
5513:
5505:
5433:
5378:
5163:
4810:
4705:
4672:
4524:
4499:
4215:
4154:
4014:
3875:
3734:
3516:
3339:
3335:
3307:
3274:
3142:
3134:
2005:
2001:
1937:
they have access to education, healthcare, and resources to fulfill their basic needs.
1891:
1472:
1261:
941:
from the 1830s onward, bolstered by the horrific descriptions of London street life by
907:
677:
Preadolescence is a stage of human development following early childhood and preceding
429:
80:
5561:
5544:
5348:
4515:
3987:
3792:
3231:
2464:
996:
6757:
6735:
6618:
6506:
6333:
6303:
6056:
5941:
5687:
5574:
5566:
5497:
5382:
5370:
5362:
5312:
5304:
5262:
5167:
5155:
5097:
5065:
5061:
5006:
4971:
4967:
4935:
4927:
4884:
4854:
4802:
4794:
4753:
4745:
4710:
4692:
4650:
4620:
4597:
4593:
4560:
4529:
4475:
4223:
4219:
4146:
4111:
3966:
3939:
3910:
3879:
3811:
3726:
3646:
3547:
3520:
3508:
3491:
Ulbricht J (November 2005). "J.C. Holz Revisited: From Modernism to Visual Culture".
3454:
3444:
3402:
3353:
3343:
3312:
3294:
3254:
3182:
3146:
3124:
3082:
3029:
2986:
2976:
2911:
2878:
2850:
2840:
2765:
2444:
2404:
2394:
2073:
2009:
1993:
1951:
1626:
1579:
1185:
1132:
1099:
962:
702:
644:
560:
345:
292:
267:
5517:
5437:
5281:
Anderko, Laura; Chalupka, Stephanie; Du, Maritha; Hauptman, Marissa (January 2020).
4814:
4498:
Vollset SE, Goren E, Yuan CW, Cao J, Smith AE, Hsiao T, et al. (October 2020).
4158:
3738:
3214:
3004:
2906:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
1434:
1087:
A "loss of innocence" is a common concept, and is often seen as an integral part of
1041:
797:
252:
6608:
6270:
6260:
6255:
6230:
6061:
6040:
5936:
5556:
5489:
5425:
5352:
5344:
5294:
5254:
5147:
5116:
5093:
5057:
5029:
4998:
4963:
4917:
4876:
4844:
4789:
4784:
4772:
4737:
4700:
4684:
4589:
4519:
4511:
4465:
4385:
4305:
4241:
4207:
4138:
4103:
3958:
3935:
3902:
3867:
3840:
3788:
3761:
3716:
3636:
3539:
3504:
3500:
3302:
3286:
3116:
2832:
2489:
2440:
2412:
2260:
2151:
2039:
Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography
2017:
1918:
1827:
1821:
1790:
1694:
1660:
1646:
1619:
Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict
1415:
1249:
1221:
1163:
1045:
594:
582:
463:
4643:
Investing against Evidence: The Global State of Early Childhood Care and Education
4470:
4453:
4283:
4107:
3779:
Cromdal J (2001). "Can I be with?: Negotiating play entry in a bilingual school".
6885:
6801:
6638:
6501:
6481:
6469:
6401:
6250:
6245:
6235:
6125:
5931:
5926:
5877:
4741:
4688:
3929:
3871:
3844:
3765:
2717:
2147:
1723:
1673:
1664:
1583:
1407:
1333:
1213:
985:
942:
878:
829:, brought about a new family ideology centred around the upbringing of children.
602:
537:
505:
425:
52:
6649:
2826:
1574:
became widely available in the 20th century, women had little choice other than
1475:
has been recognized by some governments. At the global level, Article 13 of the
508:
is attained earlier." This is ratified by 192 of 194 member countries. The term
474:
6825:
6433:
6381:
6348:
6343:
6265:
6205:
6115:
6085:
5921:
5861:
4922:
4905:
2213:
2097:
1854:
1805:
1550:
1492:
1476:
1403:
1197:
1065:. Since then, historians have increasingly researched childhood in past times.
822:
672:
490:
132:
5299:
5282:
4280:"Out-of-School Children Initiative | Basic education and gender equality"
4211:
3906:
2616:
2514:
1444:
981:
6900:
6628:
6568:
6363:
6280:
6210:
6110:
5760:
5683:
America's promise: a concise history of the United States (Volume 1: To 1877)
5570:
5501:
5429:
5366:
5308:
5159:
5151:
5069:
5010:
4975:
4931:
4858:
4798:
4749:
4696:
4479:
4354:
4142:
3512:
3298:
3166:
2990:
2408:
2250:
2245:
2024:. There exist several international instruments for these purposes, such as:
1997:
1785:
1677:
1600:
1571:
1315:
1167:
1088:
1080:, to what he refers to as the Post War Period of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.
1013:
1000:
931:
911:
818:
801:
753:
544:
5332:
5258:
4849:
4832:
3641:
3624:
3543:
3357:
3290:
6491:
6453:
6448:
6275:
6120:
5578:
5471:
5469:
5374:
5316:
5249:"Protecting Children from Violence: Historical Roots and Emerging Trends",
5120:
5033:
4939:
4873:
Child Custody & Domestic Violence: A Call for Safety and Accountability
4806:
4757:
4714:
4533:
4389:
4150:
4115:
3914:
3730:
3721:
3704:
3650:
3458:
3316:
3138:
2854:
2590:
2315:
2293:
2270:
2168:, about two-thirds of all children died before the age of four. During the
1800:
1652:
1538:
1375:
1336:' meanings in to children. Since the advent of indoor distractions such as
1253:
1189:
1147:
946:
867:
formulated the romantic attitude towards children in his famous 1762 novel
779:
710:
5493:
5189:
5002:
4880:
4601:
3962:
2416:
1449:
6880:
6847:
6830:
6583:
6373:
6328:
6172:
6066:
6021:
5844:
5829:
Social work practice with children and families: a family health approach
4989:
Holland, S. (1 January 2004). "Liberty and Respect in Child Protection".
4728:
Oates, Kim (July 2013). "Medical dimensions of child abuse and neglect".
4617:
Trauma, War, and Violence: Public Mental Health in Socio Cultural Context
2353:
1989:
1985:
1849:
1833:
1733:
1592:
1529:
1525:
1337:
1171:
1159:
1077:
1058:
969:
938:
860:
810:
790:
782:
737:
731:
678:
636:
421:
262:
148:
137:
5801:
Changing images of childhood: Reconceptualising early childhood practice
5509:
5477:
5466:
3120:
2216:
was created from a revision of this article dated 24 June 2008
6852:
6767:
6730:
6588:
6518:
6391:
6353:
6215:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6142:
6130:
6070:
6026:
5781:
The Best Medicine: How Science and Public Health Gave Children a Future
5357:
3670:. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UniCeF). May 2006. Archived from
2931:
2102:
1864:
1759:
1704:
1575:
1499:
being recognized as valid forms of education in certain jurisdictions.
1496:
1341:
1329:
1217:
874:
851:/8. Reynolds emphasized the natural grace of children in his paintings.
830:
814:
806:
745:
686:
587:
536:). In many cultures, a child is considered an adult after undergoing a
486:
may refer to anyone below the age of majority or some other age limit.
401:
189:
153:
6806:
6578:
6290:
6167:
5916:
5820:
Vissing, Yvonne. "History of Children’s Human Rights in the USA." in
4408:
3385:
Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914
3332:
Victorian child savers and their culture : a thematic evaluation
3175:
Pictures of Innocence: Portraits of Children from Hogarth to Lawrence
1879:
1874:
1795:
1738:
1468:
1461:
1260:
1898. It depicts poorer boys playing outdoors in a rural part of the
1121:
1104:
1030:
771:
698:
513:
428:(there are exceptions like, for example, the consume and purchase of
209:
184:
5810:
Sorin, Reesa. "Childhood through the eyes of the child and parent."
5624:"A billion children at 'extreme risk' from climate impacts – Unicef"
1448:
Children seated in a Finnish classroom at the school of Torvinen in
6386:
6323:
6318:
6295:
6240:
6200:
5986:
4306:"BBC News - Unesco: Conflict robs 28 million children of education"
2081:
2021:
1940:
1668:
1596:
1235:
682:
632:
459:
455:
4582:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
2973:
Forgotten children : parent-child relations from 1500 to 1900
2049:
Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
6857:
6796:
6750:
6313:
6220:
6190:
6103:
5998:
5993:
5824:(Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023) pp. 181–212.
2468:
2165:
2093:
1728:
1508:
1453:
1307:
826:
749:
741:
610:
413:
405:
204:
158:
121:
5822:
Children's Human Rights in the USA: Challenges and Opportunities
4454:"Child marriage among boys: a global overview of available data"
2836:
2386:
Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions
1663:. As of 2010 approximately 13 million children are displaced by
1310:
created by young children and is sometimes referred to as their
949:, which mitigated the exploitation of children at the workplace
713:: 'may feel an individual, no longer "just one of the family."'
6791:
6762:
6704:
6699:
6623:
6443:
6438:
6093:
6075:
6003:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5900:
5659:
5219:
3477:
1944:
1929:
1718:
1558:
1503:
1488:
1438:
974:
957:
701:
figures). Alongside that, they may begin to develop a sense of
628:
606:
575:
447:
214:
116:
100:
95:
4721:
4128:
1481:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
1429:
817:, the rise of a large, commercial middle class, mainly in the
659:
are all specialized plans to help children with disabilities.
500:
as, "A human being below the age of 18 years unless under the
30:"Children" and "Childhood" redirect here. For other uses, see
6864:
6842:
6820:
6772:
6709:
6428:
6031:
5593:"Unless we act now: The impact of climate change on children"
5329:
4328:"UK | Education | Barriers to getting an education"
3622:
1743:
1565:
1554:
1360:
which examines the places and spaces in which children live.
529:
433:
397:
219:
163:
110:
4952:
1582:
concerns have only become possible with drastically reduced
1356:
The geographies of childhood is similar in some respects to
697:
differently (e.g. they may notice the flawed, human side of
6358:
6098:
6035:
5812:
Journal of Australian Research in Early Childhood Education
4875:. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2003.
3623:
Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Blössner M, Black RE (July 2004).
1483:(ICESCR) recognizes the right of everyone to an education.
1325:
640:
469:
5542:
3857:
1230:
540:, which may or may not correspond to the time of puberty.
478:
Children playing ball games, Roman artwork, 2nd century AD
5981:
5869:
5280:
4579:
4553:
The State of the World's Children Report, Special Edition
3893:
Evans GW (2004). "The environment of childhood poverty".
2306:, 118–125, Marope PT, Kaga Y, UNESCO. UNESCO.
1656:
989:
501:
451:
1651:
Emergencies and conflicts pose detrimental risks to the
616:
National Association for the Education of Young Children
5771:
The Routledge History of Childhood in the Western World
5679:
5253:, Psychology Press, pp. 21–32, 13 September 2010,
5110:
5023:
3426:. Brownsea Island Scout and Guide Management Committee.
3191:
1076:, looking at British childhood from the year 1000, the
5803:(Faculty of Education, University of Melbourne, 2005)
5743:
Fawcett, Barbara, Brid Featherstone, and Jim Goddard.
5452:"WHO | The global burden of disease: 2004 update"
4826:
4824:
4669:
4174:"बच्चे चुनौतियों का जवाब दे सकते हैं – द समझ एन.जी.ओ."
4007:"U.S. children and teens spend more time on academics"
2746:: Complete Text Reproduced Micrographically’, Vol. I (
1487:
in most places up to a certain age, but attendance at
716:
4771:
Southall, David; MacDonald, Rhona (1 November 2013).
3953:
Holloway SL (2004). Holloway SL, Valentine G (eds.).
3173:" Child Portraiture in Georgian Art and Society", in
1302:
Children in front of a movie theatre, Toronto, 1920s.
5478:"Children and Climate Change: Introducing the Issue"
4404:"Child brides around the world sold off like cattle"
2092:
estimated that 88% of the existing global burden of
2077:
A child at a climate demonstration in Juneau, Alaska
550:
5046:
4821:
4497:
4200:
Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies
3751:
1306:Children's street culture refers to the cumulative
1107:was the embodiment of a childhood that never ends.
4451:
2899:
2831:. Washington D.C.: National Academies Press (US).
424:, in this case as a person younger than the local
51:International children in traditional clothing at
6679:
4770:
3421:
2436:Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development
1631:Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies
961:Children play in a fountain in a summer evening,
6898:
4904:Editorial team, Collective (11 September 2008).
4412:. Associated Press. 8 March 2013. Archived from
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3051:"Poor Children's Rights in Early Modern England"
1578:or having often many children. In fact, current
5475:
5134:Howe, R. Brian; Covell, Katherine (July 2010).
4355:"Africa gold rush lures children out of school"
3595:. Hodder & Stoughton, 1928, Act V, Scene 2.
3208:
3206:
3081:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 20.
2318:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (
2296:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (
952:
5647:
5645:
5082:
4903:
4545:
4543:
4375:
4260:
4081:
2868:
2866:
2864:
1979:
902:(center) with an unidentified friend, c. 1860.
6665:
5885:
5680:Rorabaugh WJ, Critchlow DT, Baker PC (2004).
4452:Gastón CM, Misunas C, Cappa C (3 July 2019).
3808:Talk and social interaction in the playground
3689:
2121:of children and their well-being. Prevailing
1899:
1491:may not be, with alternative options such as
1204:protects the fundamental rights of children.
365:
4573:
4075:
4013:. The University of Michigan. Archived from
3886:
3203:
2818:
2314: This article incorporates text from a
2292: This article incorporates text from a
2100:affects children under five years of age. A
1623:Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
1612:
1586:and sustained fertility. In 2017 the global
1515:
6372:
5745:Contemporary child care policy and practice
5642:
5086:Australian Journal of Public Administration
4540:
3232:"Poverty and Families in the Victorian Era"
2861:
2382:
1347:
1234:Dancing at Mother of Peace AIDs orphanage,
1192:and harmful traditional practices, such as
6672:
6658:
5892:
5878:
5621:
5476:Currie, Janet; Deschênes, Olivier (2016).
5136:"Miseducating children about their rights"
5133:
4777:Paediatrics and International Child Health
4639:
4058:
3629:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3533:
3474:Notes to 2004 edition of Scouting for Boys
3115:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 40.
2875:The Developing Person through the Lifespan
2728:
1906:
1892:
1566:Fertility and number of children per woman
1374:Nature Deficit Disorder, a term coined by
1363:
578:in a group recital, Ithaca, New York, 2011
372:
358:
5560:
5356:
5298:
5140:Education, Citizenship and Social Justice
4921:
4848:
4788:
4704:
4523:
4469:
4082:Pergams OR, Zaradic PA (September 2006).
4052:
3720:
3640:
3436:
3396:
3306:
3248:
3102:
3100:
3098:
2328:, 20, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.
1270:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
693:now.' Preadolescents may well view human
547:, whether their parents divorce or not.
5686:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 47.
5407:
3952:
3702:
3490:
3424:Why Brownsea? The Beginnings of Scouting
3072:
3070:
3068:
2428:
2426:
2224:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
2207:
2155:
2072:
1965:UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
1947:defines a 'child protection system' as:
1519:
1443:
1428:
1397:
1297:
1248:
1229:
995:
980:
968:
956:
916:
889:
835:
770:
725:
593:
581:
569:
473:
470:Biological, legal and social definitions
446:may also describe a relationship with a
46:
4988:
4837:International Journal of Social Welfare
4614:
3985:
3830:
3778:
3471:
3212:
2970:
2824:
2634:"Convention on the Rights of the Child"
2515:"When Is It Legal For Minors To Drink?"
2378:
2376:
2374:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2256:Depression in childhood and adolescence
14:
6899:
4549:
3927:
3810:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
3805:
3581:from the original on 11 December 2019.
3329:
3197:
3160:
3106:
3095:
2897:
2872:
2432:
2029:Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
6653:
5873:
5706:
5622:Carrington, Damian (20 August 2021).
4830:
4727:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4458:Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies
4352:
3931:Geographies of Children and Childhood
3892:
3440:Baden-Powell; the two lives of a hero
3399:Children at Play: An American History
3372:A Social History of Germany 1648–1914
3076:
3065:
3003:
2784:
2628:
2626:
2423:
2160:World infant mortality rates in 2012.
1687:
1202:Convention on the Rights of the Child
1110:
1044:, a French historian specializing in
945:. The campaign eventually led to the
524:Some English definitions of the word
494:Convention on the Rights of the Child
4004:
3536:Leisure in the Industrial Revolution
3275:"The Factory and Workshop Act, 1901"
3023:
2759:
2371:
2339:
1433:Children in an outdoor classroom in
1126:
973:An old man and his granddaughter in
730:An adolescent girl, photographed by
709:, and to have increased feelings of
5766:(Princeton University Press, 2016).
5709:"Modernization – Population Change"
5630:from the original on 28 August 2021
4649:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 118–125.
4197:
4088:Journal of Environmental Management
3569:"Major themes in Lord of the Flies"
3229:
3048:
2828:Development during Middle Childhood
1971:, the fourth of the United Nations
1943:and to encourage family stability.
1153:
717:Developmental stages post-childhood
621:
389:
24:
5723:
5603:from the original on 18 April 2021
5524:from the original on 18 April 2021
5389:from the original on 19 April 2021
5050:Children and Youth Services Review
4956:Children and Youth Services Review
4633:
4486:
4171:
3285:(2139): 1871–1872. December 1901.
2718:"8 U.S. Code § 1101 - Definitions"
2623:
2194:
2141:
1115:
1057:In 1966, the American philosopher
565:
25:
6928:
5251:Protecting Children from Violence
4035:
3566:
2812:"Development In Middle Childhood"
2722:LII / Legal Information Institute
2615:. 7 December 2007. Archived from
2164:During the early 17th century in
2117:in all its forms. Climate change
2059:
1544:
1528:in Pittston, Pennsylvania, 1911.
1283:
666:
551:Developmental stages of childhood
5783:(WW Norton & Company, 2020)
5700:
5673:
5653:"Infant Mortality Rates in 2012"
5615:
5585:
5536:
5444:
5401:
5323:
5098:10.1111/j.1467-8500.2010.00706.x
5062:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.03.009
4968:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.09.007
4594:10.1097/00004583-199401000-00012
3422:Woolgar B, La Riviere S (2002).
3111:. In Cohen ES, Reeves M (eds.).
2787:"Infant and toddler development"
2658:"Children and Young Persons Act"
2309:
2287:
2206:
2065:This section is an excerpt from
1870:Men in early childhood education
1693:This section is an excerpt from
1019:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
436:. Children generally have fewer
339:
79:
5274:
5242:
5204:
5174:
5127:
5104:
5076:
5040:
5017:
4982:
4946:
4897:
4865:
4764:
4663:
4608:
4445:
4420:
4396:
4369:
4346:
4320:
4298:
4272:
4234:
4191:
4165:
4131:Public Understanding of Science
4122:
4029:
3998:
3979:
3946:
3921:
3851:
3824:
3799:
3772:
3745:
3657:
3616:
3598:
3585:
3560:
3527:
3484:
3465:
3430:
3415:
3390:
3377:
3364:
3323:
3267:
3242:
3223:
3113:The Youth of Early Modern Women
3042:
3017:
2997:
2964:
2951:
2938:
2924:
2891:
2804:
2778:
2753:
2710:
2680:
2650:
2605:
27:Human between birth and puberty
6397:Genealogical numbering systems
5747:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017)
4991:British Journal of Social Work
4790:10.1179/2046905513Y.0000000097
4172:RJ, Raawat (9 December 2021).
3940:10.1093/OBO/9780199874002-0193
3505:10.1080/00043125.2005.11651564
2975:. Cambridge University Press.
2932:"APA Dictionary of Psychology"
2613:"American Heritage Dictionary"
2579:
2557:
2532:
2507:
2482:
2457:
1412:Age of criminal responsibility
1182:commercial sexual exploitation
721:
657:individualized education plans
13:
1:
6681:Development of the human body
6536:International Day of Families
6196:Australian Aboriginal kinship
5562:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30274-6
5349:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6
5212:"Economic and Social Council"
4516:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30677-2
4471:10.1080/17450128.2019.1566584
4177:Navbharat Times Reader's Blog
4108:10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.02.001
3992:The Christian Science Monitor
3793:10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00131-9
3538:. Routledge. pp. 15–56.
3401:. New York University Press.
2332:
2113:Children are physically more
1973:Sustainable Development Goals
1643:International child abduction
845:
649:least restrictive environment
5410:Environment and Urbanization
4831:Barth, R.P. (October 1999).
4742:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.05.004
4689:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105078
4011:The University Record Online
3872:10.1080/09575146.2011.579070
3845:10.1016/j.pragma.2007.03.008
3766:10.1016/j.pragma.2007.06.006
3703:Ginsburg KR (January 2007).
3216:Readings in European History
3055:The Journal of Psychohistory
2785:Purdy ER (18 January 2019).
2320:license statement/permission
2298:license statement/permission
2115:vulnerable to climate change
2034:Minimum Age Convention, 1973
1984:Protection of children from
1424:
953:Modern concepts of childhood
400:being between the stages of
283:Developmental stage theories
144:Emerging and early adulthood
7:
5852:Stages of human development
5707:Kumar K (29 October 2020).
5549:The Lancet Planetary Health
4353:Melik J (11 October 2012).
3934:. Oxford University Press.
3665:"What is child Protection?"
3437:Hillcourt, William (1964).
2175:
2119:affects the physical health
2084:are more vulnerable to the
2067:Climate change and children
1980:Child abuse and child labor
937:British reformers attacked
873:. Building on the ideas of
663:often through observation.
10:
6933:
5899:
4923:10.2807/ese.13.37.18981-en
4640:Marope PT, Kaga Y (2015).
4248:. Dictionary.reference.com
3986:Gardner M (29 June 2006).
3480:: Oxford University Press.
3219:. Appleton-Century-Crofts.
2902:The Evolution of Childhood
2281:
2145:
2064:
1814:Institutions and standards
1692:
1616:
1459:
1401:
1367:
1287:
1211:
1176:Protection of Children Act
1157:
1141:List of childhood diseases
1130:
1119:
1103:. The fictional character
764:
760:
670:
554:
229:Development and psychology
40:Childhood (disambiguation)
29:
6873:
6781:
6723:
6687:
6561:
6497:National Grandparents Day
6462:
6421:
6289:
6181:
6141:
6084:
6049:
6014:
5950:
5907:
5858:
5849:
5841:
5300:10.1038/s41390-019-0654-7
4730:Child Abuse & Neglect
4677:Child Abuse & Neglect
4308:. Bbc.co.uk. 1 March 2011
4212:10.1163/18781527-00501008
3907:10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.77
3895:The American Psychologist
3028:. Yale University Press.
2743:Oxford English Dictionary
2737:Oxford English Dictionary
2662:Singapore Statutes Online
2589:. Ssa.gov. Archived from
2136:
2090:World Health Organization
2086:effects of climate change
2054:Hague Adoption Convention
1781:Early childhood education
1613:Emergencies and conflicts
1607:
1516:Attitudes toward children
1290:Children's street culture
1194:female genital mutilation
598:Child playing piano, 1984
504:applicable to the child,
36:Children (disambiguation)
6912:Developmental psychology
5430:10.1177/0956247808096125
5152:10.1177/1746197910370724
4282:. UNICEF. Archived from
4143:10.1177/0963662513519042
2760:Alam, Gajanafar (2014).
2391:Elsevier Health Sciences
2276:Archaeology of childhood
2014:military use of children
1963:Under Article 19 of the
1635:Military use of children
1348:Geographies of childhood
653:response to intervention
557:Child development stages
308:Psychosexual development
6599:Sociology of the family
6439:Philia (brotherly love)
6015:Second-degree relatives
5713:Encyclopædia Britannica
5259:10.4324/9780203852927-8
4850:10.1111/1468-2397.00091
3544:10.4324/9781315637679-2
3291:10.1136/bmj.2.2139.1871
3279:British Medical Journal
3253:. New York: Routledge.
3079:The development of play
3024:Orme, Nicholas (2001).
2791:Encyclopedia Britannica
2748:Oxford University Press
2322:). Text taken from
2300:). Text taken from
1860:Child Online Protection
1639:Trafficking of children
1485:Education is compulsory
1381:Last Child in the Woods
1370:Nature deficit disorder
1364:Nature deficit disorder
1294:Children's street games
1207:
1137:Childhood immunizations
921:Armenian scouts in 1918
870:Emile: or, On Education
785:Su Hanchen, c. 1150 AD.
6444:Storge (familial love)
6050:Third-degree relatives
5952:First-degree relatives
5793:14.2 (2011): 156–171.
5662:. 2013. Archived from
5482:The Future of Children
5121:10.1037/e516652013-176
5034:10.1037/e516652013-176
3955:Children's Geographies
3722:10.1542/peds.2006-2697
3383:Weber, Eugen. (1976).
3370:Sagarra, Eda. (1977).
3179:Holburne Museum of Art
3010:Centuries of Childhood
2948:(1991) p. 13 and p. 78
2762:Population and Society
2540:"Children and the law"
2202:
2182:Listen to this article
2161:
2078:
1962:
1933:children is required.
1557:. According to a 2019
1533:
1457:
1441:
1358:children's geographies
1303:
1265:
1238:
1074:Invention of Childhood
1051:Centuries of Childhood
1004:
993:
988:children playing with
978:
966:
922:
903:
852:
786:
734:
609:stage and begins with
599:
591:
579:
479:
420:generally refers to a
55:
32:Child (disambiguation)
6594:Middle child syndrome
6553:National Adoption Day
6429:Agape (parental love)
5757:81.6 (2000): 576–585.
5729:Cook, Daniel Thomas.
5494:10.1353/foc.2016.0000
4881:10.4135/9781452231730
4065:Pittsburgh City Paper
3963:10.4324/9780203017524
3833:Journal of Pragmatics
3781:Journal of Pragmatics
3754:Journal of Pragmatics
3642:10.1093/ajcn/80.1.193
3397:Chudacoff HP (2007).
3049:Fox VC (April 1996).
2957:E. Fenwick/T. Smith,
2764:. K.K. Publications.
2358:TheFreeDictionary.com
2266:Religion and children
2201:
2170:Industrial Revolution
2159:
2108:environmental factors
2076:
1948:
1523:
1447:
1432:
1402:Further information:
1398:Age of responsibility
1301:
1252:
1233:
1226:Childhood secret club
1212:Further information:
1158:Further information:
1131:Further information:
1094:To Kill a Mockingbird
1063:The Cult of Childhood
1040:In the 20th century,
1010:children's literature
999:
984:
972:
960:
920:
894:Brazilian princesses
893:
865:Jean Jacques Rousseau
839:
796:The French historian
774:
729:
597:
585:
574:Children playing the
573:
555:Further information:
477:
346:Psychology portal
248:Nature versus nurture
172:Biological milestones
50:
6634:Sibling estrangement
6614:Dysfunctional family
6604:Museum of Motherhood
6541:National Family Week
6407:Quarters of nobility
5343:(10211): 1836–1878.
4619:. New York: Kluwer.
4559:. New York: UNICEF.
4510:(10258): 1285–1306.
4390:10.1093/sf/75.4.1239
4357:. Bbc.com – BBC News
3928:Disney, Tom (2018).
3443:. New York: Putnam.
3249:Malkovich A (2013).
3171:The Age of Innocence
2877:. Worth Publishers.
2619:on 29 December 2007.
2571:. 31 December 2018.
2569:LibreTexts - Biology
2383:O'Toole, MT (2013).
2241:Outline of childhood
2233:More spoken articles
2129:low-income countries
1773:Educational settings
1765:Pre-school playgroup
1588:total fertility rate
1541:falling in between.
1319:industrial districts
1262:Northeast of England
884:The Age of Innocence
842:The Age of Innocence
789:During the European
767:History of childhood
691:less emotional being
410:developmental period
200:Language acquisition
6917:Kinship and descent
6574:Wedding anniversary
6531:American Family Day
6487:Father–Daughter Day
6434:Eros (marital love)
6183:Kinship terminology
5827:Yuen, Francis K.O.
5769:Fass, Paula S. ed.
5755:Families in Society
5733:(NYU Press, 2020).
5422:2008EnUrb..20..501B
5003:10.1093/bjsw/bch003
4615:De Jong JT (2002).
4100:2006JEnvM..80..387P
4061:"Outside Agitators"
3606:"Children's Health"
3121:10.2307/j.ctv8pzd5z
2971:Pollock LA (2000).
2961:(London 1993) p. 29
2646:on 31 October 2010.
2494:Merriam-Webster.com
1072:published the book
1061:published the book
1035:Robert Baden-Powell
1033:was founded by Sir
323:Cultural-historical
6836:Emerging adulthood
6339:collateral descent
5831:(Routledge, 2014)
5287:Pediatric Research
5230:on 23 January 2018
5182:"Child protection"
4242:"Define Education"
3806:Butler CW (2008).
3472:Boehmer E (2004).
3340:Edwin Mellen Press
3336:Lewiston, New York
3330:Jordan TE (1998).
2668:on 3 February 2018
2433:Rathus SA (2013).
2203:
2162:
2079:
2006:child prostitution
2002:child sexual abuse
1534:
1473:right to education
1458:
1442:
1304:
1266:
1239:
1111:Healthy childhoods
1005:
1003:girls in Ethiopia.
994:
979:
967:
925:With the onset of
923:
908:William Wordsworth
904:
863:that followed it.
853:
787:
735:
600:
592:
580:
532:(sometimes termed
480:
430:alcoholic beverage
238:Pre- and perinatal
56:
6894:
6893:
6758:Adult development
6736:Child development
6647:
6646:
6619:Domestic violence
6417:
6416:
6334:Lineal descendant
6304:Bilateral descent
6057:Great-grandparent
5942:Matrifocal family
5868:
5867:
5859:Succeeded by
5791:Improving schools
5693:978-0-7425-1189-7
5462:on 24 March 2009.
5268:978-0-203-85292-7
5113:PsycEXTRA Dataset
5026:PsycEXTRA Dataset
4962:(12): 1469–1486.
4890:978-0-7619-1826-4
4656:978-92-3-100113-0
4626:978-0-306-47675-4
4566:978-92-806-4445-6
3972:978-0-203-01752-4
3817:978-0-7546-7416-0
3553:978-1-315-63767-9
3408:978-0-8147-1665-6
3349:978-0-7734-8289-0
3260:978-1-135-07425-8
3200:, pp. 41–42.
3130:978-90-485-3498-2
3107:Reeves M (2018).
3088:978-1-134-86782-0
3026:Medieval Children
2982:978-0-521-25009-2
2917:978-0-674-04566-8
2898:Konner M (2010).
2884:978-1-319-01587-9
2873:Berger K (2017).
2846:978-0-309-03478-4
2593:on 1 October 2013
2565:"23.8: Adulthood"
2450:978-1-285-67759-0
2400:978-0-323-07403-2
2199:
2127:People living in
2088:than adults. The
2010:child pornography
1994:child trafficking
1969:quality education
1952:social protection
1916:
1915:
1661:natural disasters
1627:Save the Children
1580:population growth
1378:in his 2005 book
1133:Childhood obesity
1127:Children's health
1100:Lord of the Flies
963:Davis, California
927:industrialisation
821:countries of the
645:Special education
561:Child development
516:, for example, a
408:, or between the
382:
381:
16:(Redirected from
6924:
6874:Social and legal
6674:
6667:
6660:
6651:
6650:
6609:Astronaut family
6370:
6369:
6271:Iroquois kinship
6261:Sudanese kinship
6256:Hawaiian kinship
6231:Family of choice
6062:Great-grandchild
5937:Immediate family
5894:
5887:
5880:
5871:
5870:
5842:Preceded by
5839:
5838:
5717:
5716:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5669:on 14 July 2014.
5668:
5657:
5649:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5626:. The Guardian.
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5564:
5555:(3): e164–e175.
5540:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5473:
5464:
5463:
5458:. Archived from
5448:
5442:
5441:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5360:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5302:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5229:
5223:. Archived from
5216:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5188:. Archived from
5178:
5172:
5171:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5021:
5015:
5014:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4925:
4910:Eurosurveillance
4901:
4895:
4894:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4852:
4828:
4819:
4818:
4792:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4708:
4683:(Pt 2): 105078.
4667:
4661:
4660:
4648:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4558:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4495:
4484:
4483:
4473:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4428:"Child marriage"
4424:
4418:
4417:
4416:on 8 March 2013.
4400:
4394:
4393:
4384:(4): 1239–1269.
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4286:on 6 August 2014
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4206:(1–2): 213–257.
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4071:on 14 June 2011.
4067:. Archived from
4056:
4050:
4049:
4048:on 28 July 2012.
4044:. Archived from
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3760:(8): 1493–1518.
3749:
3743:
3742:
3724:
3700:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3677:on 17 April 2021
3676:
3669:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3602:
3596:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3573:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3394:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3104:
3093:
3092:
3077:Cohen D (1993).
3074:
3063:
3062:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2905:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2870:
2859:
2858:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2757:
2751:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2694:. Archived from
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2664:. Archived from
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2441:Cengage Learning
2430:
2421:
2420:
2389:. St. Louis MO:
2380:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2350:
2313:
2291:
2261:One-child policy
2223:
2221:
2210:
2209:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2152:Infant mortality
2018:child laundering
1960:
1919:Child protection
1908:
1901:
1894:
1828:In loco parentis
1822:Child protection
1791:Pre-kindergarten
1752:Outside the home
1701:
1700:
1695:Child protection
1688:Child protection
1672:conflict on the
1647:Refugee children
1416:Marriageable age
1222:Imaginary friend
1164:Child labor laws
1154:Child protection
1046:medieval history
850:
847:
776:Playing Children
622:Middle childhood
464:authority figure
458:of any age) or,
391:
374:
367:
360:
344:
343:
342:
243:Infant and child
83:
58:
57:
21:
6932:
6931:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6886:Age of majority
6869:
6802:Early childhood
6777:
6724:Birth and after
6719:
6715:Gestational age
6683:
6678:
6648:
6643:
6639:Sibling rivalry
6557:
6458:
6413:
6402:Seize quartiers
6368:
6309:Common ancestor
6293:
6285:
6251:Chinese kinship
6246:Nurture kinship
6236:Fictive kinship
6177:
6137:
6126:daughter-in-law
6080:
6045:
6010:
5946:
5932:Conjugal family
5927:Extended family
5903:
5898:
5864:
5854:
5847:
5726:
5724:Further reading
5721:
5720:
5705:
5701:
5694:
5678:
5674:
5666:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5541:
5537:
5527:
5525:
5474:
5467:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5406:
5402:
5392:
5390:
5328:
5324:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5193:
5192:on 7 March 2023
5180:
5179:
5175:
5132:
5128:
5109:
5105:
5081:
5077:
5045:
5041:
5022:
5018:
4987:
4983:
4951:
4947:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4829:
4822:
4769:
4765:
4726:
4722:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4613:
4609:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4556:
4550:UNICEF (2010).
4548:
4541:
4496:
4487:
4450:
4446:
4436:
4434:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4335:
4334:. 10 April 2006
4326:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4287:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4170:
4166:
4127:
4123:
4080:
4076:
4057:
4053:
4042:Canadian Living
4034:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4003:
3999:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3951:
3947:
3926:
3922:
3891:
3887:
3856:
3852:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3804:
3800:
3777:
3773:
3750:
3746:
3701:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3621:
3617:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3571:
3567:Bloom, Harold.
3565:
3561:
3554:
3532:
3528:
3489:
3485:
3470:
3466:
3451:
3435:
3431:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3395:
3391:
3382:
3378:
3369:
3365:
3350:
3328:
3324:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3247:
3243:
3236:hiddenlives.org
3228:
3224:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3131:
3105:
3096:
3089:
3075:
3066:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3022:
3018:
3002:
2998:
2983:
2969:
2965:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2871:
2862:
2847:
2823:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2758:
2754:
2733:
2729:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2698:on 26 June 2018
2692:Ministry of Law
2686:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2431:
2424:
2401:
2393:. p. 345.
2381:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2340:
2335:
2284:
2237:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2214:This audio file
2211:
2204:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2154:
2148:Child mortality
2146:Main articles:
2144:
2142:Child mortality
2139:
2134:
2133:
2070:
2062:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1961:
1958:
1912:
1724:Extended family
1698:
1690:
1665:armed conflicts
1649:
1615:
1610:
1584:child mortality
1568:
1547:
1518:
1464:
1427:
1418:
1408:Age of majority
1400:
1372:
1366:
1350:
1334:spirit of place
1296:
1288:Main articles:
1286:
1258:The Tournament,
1228:
1214:Play (activity)
1210:
1178:
1156:
1143:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:Role of parents
1113:
1070:Hugh Cunningham
955:
943:Charles Dickens
879:Joshua Reynolds
861:Romantic period
848:
769:
763:
724:
719:
675:
669:
624:
603:Early childhood
568:
566:Early childhood
563:
553:
538:rite of passage
472:
426:age of majority
378:
340:
338:
285:
140:
124:
113:
73:and development
72:
53:Liberty Weekend
43:
28:
23:
22:
18:Formative years
15:
12:
11:
5:
6930:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6826:Preadolescence
6818:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6733:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6677:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6654:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6507:Children's Day
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6389:
6384:
6382:Pedigree chart
6378:
6376:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6349:Patrilineality
6346:
6344:Matrilineality
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6300:
6298:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6266:Eskimo kinship
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6187:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6147:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6118:
6116:Sibling-in-law
6113:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6090:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6064:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5956:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5922:Nuclear family
5919:
5914:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5897:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5874:
5866:
5865:
5862:Preadolescence
5860:
5857:
5848:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5825:
5818:
5808:
5799:Sorin, Reesa.
5797:
5787:
5779:Klass, Perri.
5777:
5767:
5761:Fass, Paula S.
5758:
5751:
5741:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5699:
5692:
5672:
5641:
5614:
5597:www.unicef.org
5584:
5535:
5465:
5443:
5416:(2): 501–519.
5400:
5322:
5293:(2): 414–419.
5273:
5267:
5241:
5203:
5186:www.unicef.org
5173:
5126:
5103:
5075:
5056:(7): 929–944.
5039:
5016:
4981:
4945:
4896:
4889:
4864:
4843:(4): 244–252.
4820:
4783:(4): 199–206.
4763:
4736:(7): 427–429.
4720:
4662:
4655:
4632:
4625:
4607:
4572:
4565:
4539:
4485:
4464:(3): 219–228.
4444:
4419:
4395:
4368:
4345:
4319:
4297:
4271:
4269:, Article 13.1
4259:
4246:Dictionary.com
4233:
4190:
4164:
4137:(6): 672–680.
4121:
4094:(4): 387–393.
4074:
4059:O'Driscoll B.
4051:
4028:
4017:on 2 July 2007
3997:
3978:
3971:
3945:
3920:
3885:
3866:(2): 107–119.
3850:
3839:(8): 1473–76.
3823:
3816:
3798:
3787:(4): 515–543.
3771:
3744:
3715:(1): 182–191.
3688:
3656:
3635:(1): 193–198.
3615:
3597:
3591:Barrie, J. M.
3584:
3559:
3552:
3526:
3483:
3464:
3450:978-0839535942
3449:
3429:
3414:
3407:
3389:
3376:
3363:
3348:
3322:
3266:
3259:
3241:
3222:
3202:
3190:
3167:Postle, Martin
3159:
3129:
3094:
3087:
3064:
3041:
3034:
3016:
2996:
2981:
2963:
2950:
2946:Okay Parenting
2937:
2923:
2916:
2890:
2883:
2860:
2845:
2817:
2803:
2777:
2771:978-8178441986
2770:
2752:
2727:
2709:
2679:
2649:
2622:
2604:
2578:
2556:
2544:NSPCC Learning
2531:
2506:
2481:
2456:
2449:
2443:. p. 48.
2422:
2399:
2370:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2307:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2226:
2212:
2205:
2193:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2098:climate change
2071:
2063:
2061:
2060:Climate change
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
1981:
1978:
1956:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:Child marriage
1852:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1806:Primary school
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1593:cultural norms
1567:
1564:
1551:child marriage
1546:
1545:Child marriage
1543:
1517:
1514:
1493:home-schooling
1477:United Nations
1460:Main article:
1456:, in the 1920s
1426:
1423:
1404:Age of consent
1399:
1396:
1368:Main article:
1365:
1362:
1349:
1346:
1285:
1284:Street culture
1282:
1209:
1206:
1198:child marriage
1155:
1152:
1128:
1125:
1120:Main article:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1042:Philippe Ariès
954:
951:
932:chimney sweeps
823:Dutch Republic
798:Philippe Ariès
783:Chinese artist
765:Main article:
762:
759:
723:
720:
718:
715:
673:Preadolescence
671:Main article:
668:
667:Late childhood
665:
623:
620:
567:
564:
552:
549:
491:United Nations
471:
468:
460:metaphorically
380:
379:
377:
376:
369:
362:
354:
351:
350:
349:
348:
333:
332:
331:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
287:
286:
281:
278:
277:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
232:
231:
225:
224:
223:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
174:
173:
169:
168:
167:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
135:
130:
125:
119:
114:
108:
103:
98:
90:
89:
85:
84:
76:
75:
67:
66:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6929:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6863:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6675:
6670:
6668:
6663:
6661:
6656:
6655:
6652:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6629:Sibling abuse
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6569:Single parent
6567:
6566:
6564:
6560:
6554:
6551:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6422:Relationships
6420:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6364:Royal descent
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6281:Omaha kinship
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6211:Consanguinity
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6111:Parent-in-law
6109:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6086:Family-in-law
6083:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5895:
5890:
5888:
5883:
5881:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5863:
5856:
5853:
5846:
5840:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5817:
5814:14.1 (2007).
5813:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5740:
5739:online review
5736:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5695:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5676:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5472:
5470:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5326:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5245:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5213:
5207:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5146:(2): 91–102.
5145:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5020:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4900:
4892:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4825:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4652:
4645:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4568:
4562:
4555:
4554:
4546:
4544:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4378:Social Forces
4372:
4356:
4349:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4307:
4301:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4178:
4175:
4168:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3673:
3666:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3594:
3588:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3493:Art Education
3487:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3373:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3262:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3207:
3199:
3198:Reeves (2018)
3194:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3061:(3): 286–306.
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3035:0-300-08541-9
3031:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2947:
2944:Mavis Klein,
2941:
2933:
2927:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2894:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2697:
2693:
2690:. Singapore:
2689:
2683:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2642:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Childlessness
2249:
2247:
2246:Child slavery
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2215:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2068:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:child selling
1995:
1991:
1987:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1955:
1953:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Homeschooling
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:mental health
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1605:
1602:
1601:peer pressure
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:contraception
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1392:
1391:National Park
1386:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:working class
1313:
1309:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1196:/cutting and
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:Risk aversion
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1123:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1089:coming of age
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1014:Lewis Carroll
1011:
1002:
998:
991:
987:
983:
976:
971:
964:
959:
950:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
928:
919:
915:
913:
912:Henry Vaughan
909:
901:
897:
892:
888:
886:
885:
880:
876:
872:
871:
866:
862:
858:
857:Enlightenment
844:
843:
838:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
802:Nicholas Orme
799:
794:
792:
784:
781:
777:
773:
768:
758:
755:
754:psychological
751:
747:
743:
739:
733:
728:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:relationships
692:
688:
684:
680:
674:
664:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
619:
617:
612:
608:
604:
596:
589:
584:
577:
572:
562:
558:
548:
546:
545:child custody
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:
487:
485:
476:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
387:
375:
370:
368:
363:
361:
356:
355:
353:
352:
347:
337:
336:
335:
334:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
288:
284:
280:
279:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
234:
233:
230:
227:
226:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
180:Fertilization
178:
177:
176:
175:
171:
170:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
139:
136:
134:
133:Preadolescent
131:
129:
126:
123:
120:
118:
115:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
92:
91:
87:
86:
82:
78:
77:
74:
69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6853:Middle adult
6811:
6788:Early years
6688:Before birth
6502:Parents' Day
6492:Siblings Day
6482:Father's Day
6470:Mother's Day
6454:Polyfidelity
6449:Filial piety
6374:Family trees
6276:Crow kinship
6226:Estrangement
6121:Child-in-law
6041:Niece/Nephew
5976:
5850:
5828:
5821:
5811:
5800:
5790:
5780:
5770:
5763:
5754:
5744:
5730:
5712:
5702:
5682:
5675:
5664:the original
5632:. Retrieved
5617:
5605:. Retrieved
5596:
5587:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5526:. Retrieved
5485:
5481:
5460:the original
5455:
5446:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5391:. Retrieved
5340:
5336:
5325:
5290:
5286:
5276:
5250:
5244:
5232:. Retrieved
5225:the original
5218:
5206:
5194:. Retrieved
5190:the original
5185:
5176:
5143:
5139:
5129:
5112:
5106:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5025:
5019:
4997:(1): 21–36.
4994:
4990:
4984:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4913:
4909:
4899:
4872:
4867:
4840:
4836:
4780:
4776:
4766:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4680:
4676:
4665:
4642:
4635:
4616:
4610:
4588:(1): 80–93.
4585:
4581:
4575:
4552:
4507:
4503:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4435:. Retrieved
4431:
4422:
4414:the original
4407:
4398:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4359:. Retrieved
4348:
4336:. Retrieved
4331:
4322:
4310:. Retrieved
4300:
4288:. Retrieved
4284:the original
4274:
4266:
4262:
4250:. Retrieved
4245:
4236:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4181:. Retrieved
4176:
4167:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4069:the original
4064:
4054:
4046:the original
4041:
4031:
4019:. Retrieved
4015:the original
4010:
4005:Swanbrow D.
4000:
3991:
3981:
3954:
3948:
3930:
3923:
3901:(2): 77–92.
3898:
3894:
3888:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3807:
3801:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3712:
3708:
3679:. Retrieved
3672:the original
3659:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3609:
3600:
3592:
3587:
3562:
3535:
3529:
3499:(6): 12–17.
3496:
3492:
3486:
3473:
3467:
3439:
3432:
3423:
3417:
3398:
3392:
3387:, pp. 303–38
3384:
3379:
3374:, pp. 275–84
3371:
3366:
3331:
3325:
3282:
3278:
3269:
3250:
3244:
3235:
3225:
3215:
3193:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3150:. Retrieved
3112:
3078:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3025:
3019:
3009:
2999:
2972:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2940:
2926:
2901:
2893:
2874:
2827:
2820:
2806:
2794:. Retrieved
2790:
2780:
2761:
2755:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2734:See Shorter
2730:
2721:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2696:the original
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2666:the original
2661:
2652:
2641:the original
2617:the original
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2591:the original
2581:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2543:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2518:
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2484:
2472:. Retrieved
2459:
2435:
2385:
2361:. Retrieved
2324:
2316:free content
2302:
2294:free content
2271:Youth rights
2163:
2123:inequalities
2112:
2101:
2080:
2004:, including
1983:
1949:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1826:
1801:Kindergarten
1650:
1569:
1548:
1539:West Germany
1537:Ireland and
1535:
1526:breaker boys
1501:
1465:
1419:
1387:
1379:
1376:Richard Louv
1373:
1355:
1351:
1323:
1312:secret world
1311:
1305:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1257:
1254:Ralph Hedley
1244:
1240:
1190:child labour
1179:
1148:malnutrition
1144:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1039:
1027:
1024:
1017:
1006:
947:Factory Acts
936:
924:
905:
882:
868:
854:
840:
795:
788:
780:Song dynasty
775:
736:
711:independence
690:
676:
661:
625:
605:follows the
601:
586:Children in
542:
533:
528:include the
525:
523:
517:
509:
497:
488:
483:
481:
443:
442:
417:
393:
385:
383:
328:Evolutionary
303:Psychosocial
154:Middle adult
127:
71:Human growth
44:
6858:Elder adult
6848:Young adult
6831:Adolescence
6695:Development
6584:Birth order
6329:Inheritance
6314:Family name
6173:Stepsibling
6067:Great-uncle
6022:Grandparent
5845:Toddlerhood
5735:online book
5358:10871/40583
5092:(1): 1–14.
4432:UNICEF DATA
4183:13 December
3860:Early Years
3610:MedlinePlus
3230:Daniels B.
3181:, pp. 7–8.
3152:11 February
3139:j.ctv8pzd5z
2959:Adolescence
2837:10.17226/56
2519:Alcohol.org
2020:in illegal
1990:child labor
1850:Child abuse
1530:Child labor
1338:video games
1330:playgrounds
1186:trafficking
1172:Child abuse
1160:Child labor
1078:Middle Ages
1059:George Boas
1016:'s fantasy
939:child labor
898:(left) and
849: 1785
811:tabula rasa
791:Renaissance
738:Adolescence
732:Paolo Monti
722:Adolescence
679:adolescence
637:dyscalculia
611:toddlerhood
263:Young adult
149:Young adult
6901:Categories
6768:Senescence
6589:Only child
6519:Family Day
6392:Ahnentafel
6354:Progenitor
6216:Disownment
6161:stepmother
6156:stepfather
6151:Stepparent
6143:Stepfamily
6131:son-in-law
6071:Great-aunt
6027:Grandchild
5855:Childhood
5737:see also
5488:(1): 3–9.
5234:23 January
4179:(in Hindi)
3709:Pediatrics
3187:0903679094
3169:. (2005) "
2702:21 October
2672:20 October
2333:References
2229:Audio help
2220:2008-06-24
2096:caused by
1865:Family law
1734:Babysitter
1617:See also:
1576:abstinence
1497:e-learning
1342:television
1218:Playground
1031:Boy Scouts
896:Leopoldina
875:John Locke
831:Puritanism
819:Protestant
815:capitalism
807:John Locke
687:spermarche
588:Madagascar
534:the unborn
298:Ecological
293:Attachment
253:Adolescent
190:Childbirth
138:Adolescent
6907:Childhood
6843:Adulthood
6807:Childhood
6579:Godparent
6291:Genealogy
6168:Stepchild
5917:Household
5634:29 August
5571:2542-5196
5502:1054-8289
5383:207976337
5367:1474-547X
5309:1530-0447
5168:145540907
5160:1746-1979
5070:0190-7409
5011:0045-3102
4976:0190-7409
4932:1560-7917
4859:1369-6866
4799:2046-9047
4750:0145-2134
4697:0145-2134
4480:1745-0128
4409:USA Today
4220:153558830
4036:Burak T.
4021:7 January
3880:154926596
3681:7 January
3593:Peter Pan
3521:190482412
3513:0004-3125
3299:0959-8138
3147:189343394
2991:255923951
2597:9 October
2417:Q19573070
2409:800721165
2363:5 January
2022:adoptions
1880:Parenting
1875:Orphanage
1796:Preschool
1739:Governess
1705:Childcare
1549:In 2013,
1524:Group of
1469:schooling
1462:Education
1450:Sodankylä
1425:Education
1122:Parenting
1105:Peter Pan
1068:In 2006,
699:authority
514:Singapore
456:daughters
450:(such as
318:Cognitive
210:Menopause
185:Pregnancy
159:Old adult
6463:Holidays
6387:Genogram
6324:Heredity
6319:Heirloom
6241:Marriage
6206:Affinity
6201:Adoption
5987:daughter
5628:Archived
5607:16 April
5601:Archived
5579:33713617
5528:16 April
5522:Archived
5518:77559783
5510:43755227
5438:55860349
5393:17 April
5387:Archived
5375:31733928
5317:31731287
5196:18 March
4940:18801311
4815:29250788
4807:24070186
4758:23790510
4715:33931238
4534:32679112
4437:27 April
4361:3 August
4338:3 August
4332:BBC News
4312:3 August
4290:3 August
4252:3 August
4159:43190714
4151:24519887
4116:16580127
3915:14992634
3739:54617427
3731:17200287
3651:15213048
3576:Archived
3358:39465039
3317:20759953
3177:. Bath:
3007:(1960).
2855:25032422
2499:11 April
2474:11 April
2413:Wikidata
2231: ·
2176:See also
2082:Children
1957:—
1941:underage
1930:holistic
1674:physical
1669:violence
1597:religion
1236:Zimbabwe
986:Nepalese
859:and the
707:identity
683:menarche
633:dyslexia
506:majority
496:defines
394:children
273:Maturity
63:a series
61:Part of
6797:Toddler
6751:Puberty
6562:Related
6296:lineage
6221:Divorce
6191:Kinship
6104:husband
5999:brother
5994:Sibling
5912:History
5773:(2012)
5418:Bibcode
4706:8446926
4602:8138525
4525:7561721
4228:2556825
4096:Bibcode
3459:1338723
3308:2507680
3005:Ariès P
2908:512–513
2490:"Child"
2469:OED.com
2465:"Child"
2354:"Child"
2282:Sources
2218: (
2189:minutes
2166:England
2094:disease
1842:Related
1760:Daycare
1729:Au pair
1719:Parents
1711:At home
1570:Before
1509:warfare
1479:' 1966
1454:Finland
1308:culture
1200:". The
827:England
761:History
750:puberty
742:puberty
607:infancy
414:infancy
406:puberty
396:) is a
205:Puberty
195:Walking
122:Toddler
6792:Infant
6782:Phases
6763:Ageing
6741:Stages
6705:Embryo
6700:Zygote
6624:Incest
6524:Canada
6094:Spouse
6076:Cousin
6004:sister
5970:father
5965:mother
5960:Parent
5901:Family
5833:online
5816:online
5805:online
5795:online
5785:online
5775:online
5749:online
5690:
5660:UNICEF
5577:
5569:
5516:
5508:
5500:
5436:
5381:
5373:
5365:
5337:Lancet
5315:
5307:
5265:
5220:UNICEF
5166:
5158:
5068:
5009:
4974:
4938:
4930:
4916:(37).
4887:
4857:
4813:
4805:
4797:
4756:
4748:
4713:
4703:
4695:
4653:
4623:
4600:
4563:
4532:
4522:
4504:Lancet
4478:
4267:ICESCR
4226:
4218:
4157:
4149:
4114:
3969:
3913:
3878:
3814:
3737:
3729:
3649:
3550:
3519:
3511:
3478:Oxford
3457:
3447:
3405:
3356:
3346:
3315:
3305:
3297:
3257:
3185:
3145:
3137:
3127:
3085:
3032:
2989:
2979:
2914:
2881:
2853:
2843:
2796:27 May
2768:
2549:31 May
2524:31 May
2447:
2415:
2407:
2397:
2137:Health
2103:Lancet
2016:, and
1945:UNICEF
1653:health
1645:, and
1608:Issues
1559:UNICEF
1504:UNICEF
1489:school
1439:Angola
1414:, and
1340:, and
1224:, and
1174:, and
1139:, and
1001:Harari
975:Turkey
900:Isabel
639:, and
629:autism
590:, 2011
576:violin
448:parent
438:rights
434:adults
392:
215:Ageing
117:Infant
106:Embryo
101:Zygote
96:Gamete
88:Stages
38:, and
6881:Minor
6865:Dying
6821:Youth
6812:Child
6773:Death
6746:Early
6731:Birth
6710:Fetus
6512:Japan
6032:Uncle
5977:Child
5667:(PDF)
5656:(PDF)
5514:S2CID
5506:JSTOR
5434:S2CID
5379:S2CID
5228:(PDF)
5215:(PDF)
5164:S2CID
4811:S2CID
4647:(PDF)
4557:(PDF)
4216:S2CID
4155:S2CID
3876:S2CID
3735:S2CID
3675:(PDF)
3668:(PDF)
3579:(PDF)
3572:(PDF)
3517:S2CID
3143:S2CID
3135:JSTOR
2644:(PDF)
2637:(PDF)
2132:risk.
1986:abuse
1834:Minor
1744:Nanny
1555:India
1326:parks
778:, by
746:birth
530:fetus
526:child
518:child
510:child
498:child
484:child
462:, an
444:Child
422:minor
418:child
402:birth
398:human
386:child
313:Moral
268:Adult
258:Youth
220:Death
164:Dying
128:Child
111:Fetus
6475:U.S.
6359:Clan
6294:and
6099:wife
6036:Aunt
5688:ISBN
5636:2021
5609:2021
5575:PMID
5567:ISSN
5530:2021
5498:ISSN
5395:2021
5371:PMID
5363:ISSN
5313:PMID
5305:ISSN
5263:ISBN
5236:2018
5198:2023
5156:ISSN
5066:ISSN
5007:ISSN
4972:ISSN
4936:PMID
4928:ISSN
4885:ISBN
4855:ISSN
4803:PMID
4795:ISSN
4754:PMID
4746:ISSN
4711:PMID
4693:ISSN
4651:ISBN
4621:ISBN
4598:PMID
4561:ISBN
4530:PMID
4476:ISSN
4439:2020
4363:2014
4340:2014
4314:2014
4292:2014
4254:2014
4224:SSRN
4185:2021
4147:PMID
4112:PMID
4023:2021
3967:ISBN
3911:PMID
3812:ISBN
3727:PMID
3683:2021
3647:PMID
3548:ISBN
3509:ISSN
3455:OCLC
3445:ISBN
3403:ISBN
3354:OCLC
3344:ISBN
3313:PMID
3295:ISSN
3255:ISBN
3183:ISBN
3154:2018
3125:ISBN
3083:ISBN
3030:ISBN
2987:OCLC
2977:ISBN
2912:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2851:PMID
2841:ISBN
2798:2020
2766:ISBN
2704:2017
2674:2017
2599:2013
2551:2024
2526:2024
2501:2023
2476:2023
2445:ISBN
2405:OCLC
2395:ISBN
2365:2013
2150:and
2008:and
1996:and
1682:PTSD
1676:and
1667:and
1659:and
1657:wars
1471:. A
1292:and
1208:Play
1097:and
990:cats
825:and
748:and
703:self
655:and
641:ADHD
559:and
489:The
454:and
452:sons
404:and
5982:son
5557:doi
5490:doi
5456:WHO
5426:doi
5353:hdl
5345:doi
5341:394
5295:doi
5255:doi
5148:doi
5117:doi
5094:doi
5058:doi
5030:doi
4999:doi
4964:doi
4918:doi
4877:doi
4845:doi
4785:doi
4738:doi
4701:PMC
4685:doi
4681:116
4590:doi
4520:PMC
4512:doi
4508:396
4466:doi
4386:doi
4208:doi
4139:doi
4104:doi
3959:doi
3936:doi
3903:doi
3868:doi
3841:doi
3789:doi
3762:doi
3717:doi
3713:119
3637:doi
3540:doi
3501:doi
3303:PMC
3287:doi
3117:doi
2833:doi
2574:21.
1495:or
1435:Bié
502:law
412:of
390:pl.
6903::
6546:UK
5711:.
5658:.
5644:^
5599:.
5595:.
5573:.
5565:.
5551:.
5547:.
5520:.
5512:.
5504:.
5496:.
5486:26
5484:.
5480:.
5468:^
5454:.
5432:.
5424:.
5414:20
5412:.
5385:.
5377:.
5369:.
5361:.
5351:.
5339:.
5335:.
5311:.
5303:.
5291:87
5289:.
5285:.
5261:,
5217:.
5184:.
5162:.
5154:.
5142:.
5138:.
5115:.
5090:70
5088:.
5064:.
5054:32
5052:.
5028:.
5005:.
4995:34
4993:.
4970:.
4960:29
4958:.
4934:.
4926:.
4914:13
4912:.
4908:.
4883:.
4853:.
4839:.
4835:.
4823:^
4809:.
4801:.
4793:.
4781:33
4779:.
4775:.
4752:.
4744:.
4734:37
4732:.
4709:.
4699:.
4691:.
4679:.
4675:.
4596:.
4586:33
4584:.
4542:^
4528:.
4518:.
4506:.
4502:.
4488:^
4474:.
4462:14
4460:.
4456:.
4430:.
4406:.
4382:75
4380:.
4330:.
4244:.
4222:.
4214:.
4202:.
4153:.
4145:.
4135:24
4133:.
4110:.
4102:.
4092:80
4090:.
4086:.
4063:.
4040:.
4009:.
3990:.
3965:.
3957:.
3909:.
3899:59
3897:.
3874:.
3864:31
3862:.
3837:41
3835:.
3785:33
3783:.
3758:41
3756:.
3733:.
3725:.
3711:.
3707:.
3691:^
3645:.
3633:80
3631:.
3627:.
3608:.
3574:.
3546:.
3515:.
3507:.
3497:58
3495:.
3476:.
3453:.
3352:.
3342:.
3338::
3334:.
3311:.
3301:.
3293:.
3281:.
3277:.
3234:.
3205:^
3141:.
3133:.
3123:.
3097:^
3067:^
3059:23
3057:.
3053:.
2985:.
2910:.
2863:^
2849:.
2839:.
2789:.
2720:.
2660:.
2625:^
2567:.
2542:.
2517:.
2492:.
2467:.
2439:.
2425:^
2411:.
2403:.
2373:^
2356:.
2341:^
2012:,
2000:,
1992:,
1641:,
1637:,
1633:,
1629:,
1625:,
1621:,
1599:,
1595:,
1452:,
1437:,
1410:,
1406:,
1328:,
1256:,
1220:,
1216:,
1188:,
1184:,
1170:,
1166:,
1162:,
1135:,
846:c.
685:,
651:,
647:,
643:.
635:,
631:,
384:A
65:on
34:,
6673:e
6666:t
6659:v
6069:/
6034:/
5893:e
5886:t
5879:v
5835:.
5807:.
5715:.
5696:.
5638:.
5611:.
5581:.
5559::
5553:5
5532:.
5492::
5440:.
5428::
5420::
5397:.
5355::
5347::
5319:.
5297::
5257::
5238:.
5200:.
5170:.
5150::
5144:5
5123:.
5119::
5100:.
5096::
5072:.
5060::
5036:.
5032::
5013:.
5001::
4978:.
4966::
4942:.
4920::
4893:.
4879::
4861:.
4847::
4841:8
4817:.
4787::
4760:.
4740::
4717:.
4687::
4659:.
4629:.
4604:.
4592::
4569:.
4536:.
4514::
4482:.
4468::
4441:.
4392:.
4388::
4365:.
4342:.
4316:.
4294:.
4256:.
4230:.
4210::
4204:5
4187:.
4161:.
4141::
4118:.
4106::
4098::
4025:.
3994:.
3975:.
3961::
3942:.
3938::
3917:.
3905::
3882:.
3870::
3847:.
3843::
3820:.
3795:.
3791::
3768:.
3764::
3741:.
3719::
3685:.
3653:.
3639::
3556:.
3542::
3523:.
3503::
3461:.
3411:.
3360:.
3319:.
3289::
3283:2
3263:.
3238:.
3156:.
3119::
3091:.
3038:.
3013:.
2993:.
2934:.
2920:.
2887:.
2857:.
2835::
2814:.
2800:.
2774:.
2724:.
2706:.
2676:.
2601:.
2553:.
2528:.
2503:.
2478:.
2453:.
2419:.
2367:.
2235:)
2227:(
2222:)
2191:)
2187:3
2184:(
2069:.
1907:e
1900:t
1893:v
1697:.
1383:,
1264:.
992:.
977:.
965:.
705:-
388:(
373:e
366:t
359:v
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.