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1654:
120:
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1959:
26:
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152:
127:
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1070:
507:. This was an experimental design and the purpose was to maximize the number of cannon overlooking the river. While the design of a semicircular bastion is vulnerable to a land assault, this section of the fort is on the eastern bank of the Elizabeth River; therefore, it was not susceptible to a land assault. In 1797, records showed that Fort Norfolk had only a small
403:. With the original buildings having been built between 1795 and 1809, the fort encloses 11 buildings: main gate, guardhouse, officers' quarters, powder magazine, and carpenter's shop. Fort Norfolk is the last remaining fortification of President George Washington's 18th century harbor defenses, later termed the
681:
office use was built. In 1983, a new Army Corps of
Engineers building was constructed next to Fort Norfolk, but they still retain offices in the fort. However, in collaboration with the Army Corps of Engineers, the Norfolk Historical Society began making restorations and giving tours of the fort in 1991.
680:
The Army Corps of
Engineers occupied Fort Norfolk in 1923 and used the fort as offices to plan engineering works for the east coast. During World War II, the fort continued to be used as offices for the Army Corps of Engineers, existing brick structures were renovated, and an additional structure for
584:
closed the entrance of
Chesapeake Bay to potential enemies and made Fort Norfolk obsolete. Located outside of what were then the city limits, the fort remained standing but it was ungarrisoned. In 1853 local historian William S. Forrest described the fort as "long neglected, and is fast falling into
528:
was added on the east side of the fort to further reinforce the fort in preparation of a land assault. Additionally, this provided needed protection to the
Officers' Quarters building, (used as the Shell House during the Civil War) which also served as the center part the eastern perimeter wall. The
523:
In 1807–1809 the fort was completely rebuilt with masonry, with a capacity of 30 guns and barracks for two companies, as part of the second system of US fortifications. The defensive sea wall was reinforced to reach 12 feet high and 20 feet thick. The eastern and northern inland-facing sides
667:
landed at
Willoughby and marched on the city of Norfolk. This caused the Confederates to evacuate both the fort and the city, resulting in Norfolk's surrender. For the remainder of the Civil War, under Union occupation, Fort Norfolk was used to imprison captured Confederate
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In 1794 Congress authorized
President George Washington to build defensive fortifications along what they determined the "Maritime Frontier" in order to defend American harbors. This was later termed the
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601:, now known as Norfolk Naval Shipyard. Later, steps were taken to defend Norfolk from seceding armies. Fort Norfolk was again operational and a garrison company was assigned there.
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1742:
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620:. Fort Norfolk was then used by the Confederate Army to defend the shipyard. The fort's newly added powder magazine also supplied Confederate ships attempting to break the
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1130:
185:
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1904:
1899:
751:
714:
1862 General Wool landed at
Willoughby after the Confederate evacuation of Norfolk. Union army occupies Fort Norfolk and uses it as a federal prison.
515:
with France. In 1795 Captain
Richard S. Blackburn's company was being formed, and by 1799 the company garrisoned both Fort Norfolk and Fort Nelson.
597:, in 1849–1856 a naval powder magazine was added and used to assemble, store, and load munitions for ships built or repaired at what was then the
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1794 Congress authorizes
President George Washington to construct a number of forts to protect U.S. harbors, including Fort Norfolk.
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458:. Ultimately this failed as these positions were too weak to prevent a naval bombardment on Norfolk, later known as the
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605:
430:
Although private property at the time, the site of Fort
Norfolk was first fortified by citizens of Norfolk during the
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1049:
396:
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and utilized either wooden or brick supports. The northern, eastern, and southern facing sides are designed after a
841:
463:
365:
1781 British map showing forts in the Norfolk-Portsmouth area, including one on the site of the later Fort Norfolk
2014:
1940:
711:
1861 Confederate General Taliaferro takes command of the fort and sets up a battery as the Civil War is declared.
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in order to prevent the British Fleet from attacking Gosport Navy Yard, Norfolk, and/or Portsmouth. During the
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1955:
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565:. Although the British were repulsed in that battle and did not enter Norfolk, they proceeded up
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1894:
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occupied Norfolk and Portsmouth beginning on April 21, thereby occupying both the fort and the
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on January 1, 1776. At the time, Norfolk had been largely abandoned by its mostly pro-British
2125:
1914:
1042:
Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States
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570:
422:
in 2013. Now it is preserved as a historic fort and is open to the public during the summer.
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894:
2069:
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508:
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491:. By 1795, construction was largely complete on Fort Norfolk. It was originally built with
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on the opposite bank of the river in Portsmouth. This was done with the aim of providing a
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8:
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Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications, 1794–1815
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345:
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2074:
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353:
1113:
American Forts Network, lists US, Canadian, some Latin American, and US overseas forts
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1963:
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1834 Construction of Fort Monroe is completed and government abandons Fort Norfolk.
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garrison. In 1798 the fort was garrisoned with one company due to the start of the
541:. Although Fort Norfolk itself never saw conflict, it was in operation during the
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25:
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557:, soldiers stationed at Fort Norfolk were sent to reinforce the defense at
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on any ships attempting to bombard and/or conduct an amphibious assault on
2304:
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
434:
in order provide harbor defense. The fort is located at a point where the
377:
2064:
1152:
870:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Fort Norfolk"
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581:
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349:
735:
Norfolk Historical Society, 1992 pamphlet on Fort Norfolk (archive link)
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1016:
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The Union Army reoccupied Fort Norfolk in May 1862 after Major General
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39:
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577:, as there were no forts guarding the mouth of the bay at the time.
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2079:
1108:
Youtube link - French Influence On Forts Of The American Revolution
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525:
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1660:
699:
1813 22 June, Soldiers take part in the battle of Craney Island.
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530:
503:. The western side resembles a half moon shape and is called a
369:
2349:
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places
868:
Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Staff (December 1975).
612:
was soon forced to abandon both Norfolk and Fort Norfolk. The
2344:
Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
1081:
Fort Norfolk at U.S. Army Engineer District, Norfolk website
895:
Fort Norfolk at U.S. Army Engineer District, Norfolk website
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1810 Brick perimeter walls and most structures were built.
2314:
National Register of Historic Places in Norfolk, Virginia
1021:
934:
151:
126:
690:
1776 Commonwealth of Virginia establishes Fort Norfolk
1086:
Norfolk Historical Society’s webpage on Fort Norfolk
969:. Annapolis: Leeward Publications. pp. 26, 28.
1900:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1103:
Youtube link - Fort Norfolk, From Humble Beginnings
752:
List of coastal fortifications of the United States
726:
1983 Army Corps of Engineers moves to new building.
705:
1850 U.S. Navy converts fort into ammunition depot.
717:1863 Returned to U.S. Navy for ammunition storage.
946:
846:. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 668.
2295:
909:The American Revolution in the Southern colonies
723:1921 Army Corps of Engineers occupies the fort.
407:. It has served as the district office for the
628:. The most famous of these encounters was the
474:Whig forces made some effort to repel British
2309:Buildings and structures in Norfolk, Virginia
1941:
1138:
967:Seacoast Fortifications of the United States
875:. Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
843:The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812
818:. Virginia Department of Historic Resources
1948:
1934:
1145:
1131:
1118:FortWiki, lists most US and Canadian forts
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1154:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1091:Norfolk Historical Society’s Virtual Tour
835:
833:
529:fort's armament included nine 18-pounder
438:narrows and was used in conjunction with
84:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2254:(headquartered in Norfolk prior to 2020)
912:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 74.
376:
368:
360:
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996:. CDSG Press. pp. 28, 42, 45, 58.
905:
885:
863:
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801:Fort Norfolk at American Forts Network
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775:"National Register Information System"
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729:1992 Fort Norfolk opens to the public.
425:
1929:
1126:
964:
747:Seacoast defense in the United States
708:1856 The large magazine is completed.
321:United States Army Corps of Engineers
2339:Military and war museums in Virginia
2324:American Civil War forts in Virginia
1044:. New York: Macmillan. p. 819.
1027:
989:
952:
940:
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780:National Register of Historic Places
533:with large quantities of gunpowder,
416:National Register of Historic Places
409:U.S. Army Engineer District, Norfolk
791:
764:
549:was stretched from Fort Norfolk to
381:Battle of Craney Island during the
13:
580:By the 1830s, the construction of
524:continued to mimic a star fort. A
14:
2370:
2146:Lambert's Point Deperming Station
1062:
489:first system of US fortifications
405:first system of US fortifications
2319:American Revolutionary War forts
2277:
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1957:
1659:
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150:
143:
125:
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24:
2359:1795 establishments in Virginia
2267:Hampton Roads Metropolitan Area
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983:
965:Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979).
958:
481:
2224:Governor's School for the Arts
899:
653:because it was previously the
518:
254:
241:
1:
2354:Military in Norfolk, Virginia
2164:Norfolk International Airport
816:"Virginia Landmarks Register"
757:
733:(Dates for timeline found at
159:Show map of the United States
2334:Museums in Norfolk, Virginia
1017:Fort Norfolk at FortWiki.com
588:
55:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
30:Plan of Fort Norfolk in 1860
7:
1882:National Historic Landmarks
1040:Roberts, Robert B. (1988).
906:Russell, David Lee (2000).
740:
720:1880 Navy vacates the fort.
684:
102:Virginia Landmarks Register
10:
2375:
2141:Joint Forces Staff College
649:(often referred to as the
432:American Revolutionary War
2261:
2242:
2207:Matthew Fontaine Maury HS
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2118:
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2031:
1970:
1964:City of Norfolk, Virginia
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240:NRHP reference
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2229:Norfolk State University
2085:Norfolk Botanical Garden
990:Wade, Arthur P. (2011).
840:Lossing, Benson (1868).
313:1807–1809 (masonry fort)
305:1775 (temporary battery)
2234:Old Dominion University
2217:Booker T. Washington HS
676:Army Corps of Engineers
630:Battle of Hampton Roads
608:on April 17, 1861, the
563:Battle of Craney Island
2192:Norfolk Public Schools
2060:Chrysler Museum of Art
1895:Keeper of the Register
1807:Poquoson (no listings)
1075:Fort Norfolk, Virginia
418:in 1976, and became a
385:
374:
366:
93:U.S. Historic district
2169:Norfolk Train Station
2126:Naval Station Norfolk
1915:Contributing property
943:, pp. 10–15, 59.
785:National Park Service
573:, and unsuccessfully
571:burn Washington, D.C.
561:and took part in the
414:It was listed on the
380:
372:
364:
220:4 acres (1.6 ha)
201:36.85667°N 76.30667°W
2070:Harrison Opera House
1077:at Wikimedia Commons
1030:, pp. 238, 245.
505:semicircular bastion
373:Fort Norfolk in 1853
134:Show map of Virginia
2251:The Virginian-Pilot
426:American Revolution
346:American Revolution
337:Stone, brick, earth
292:intact and occupied
277:Designated VLR
206:36.85667; -76.30667
197: /
2075:MacArthur Memorial
1096:2015-07-16 at the
880:Accompanying photo
595:American Civil War
460:Burning of Norfolk
386:
375:
367:
354:American Civil War
2329:War of 1812 forts
2291:
2290:
1923:
1922:
1910:Historic district
1073:Media related to
1003:978-0-9748167-2-2
976:978-0-929521-11-4
919:978-0-7864-0783-5
599:Gosport Navy Yard
456:Gosport Navy Yard
420:Virginia Landmark
401:Norfolk, Virginia
397:historic district
359:
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280:December 16, 1975
264:Significant dates
174:Norfolk, Virginia
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618:Gosport Shipyard
614:Confederate Army
606:Virginia seceded
575:attack Baltimore
272:October 29, 1976
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787:. July 9, 2010.
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2090:Norfolk Scope
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626:Hampton Roads
623:
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593:Prior to the
586:
583:
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559:Craney Island
556:
552:
548:
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527:
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493:earthen walls
490:
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395:and national
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328:
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318:Built by
316:
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295:
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279:
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271:
269:Added to NRHP
267:
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27:
22:
17:
2275:
2249:
2136:Fort Norfolk
2135:
2095:Virginia Zoo
1856:Williamsburg
1788:Newport News
1783:Martinsville
1753:Harrisonburg
1728:Falls Church
1629:Westmoreland
1594:Spotsylvania
1544:Rappahannock
1514:Pittsylvania
1419:King William
1274:Chesterfield
1264:Charles City
1041:
1035:
1023:
1012:
992:
985:
966:
960:
948:
936:
908:
901:
879:
842:
820:. Retrieved
778:
732:
679:
665:John E. Wool
662:
656:
650:
645:
638:
632:between the
603:
592:
579:
522:
485:
482:Construction
470:population.
464:Lord Dunmore
429:
413:
411:since 1923.
389:Fort Norfolk
388:
387:
342:Battles/wars
329:1795–present
297:Site history
76:Fort Norfolk
61:Open to
19:Fort Norfolk
2065:Harbor Park
2043:Attractions
1870:Other lists
1688:Buena Vista
1589:Southampton
1484:Northampton
1459:Mecklenburg
1414:King George
1369:Greensville
651:Merrimac(k)
582:Fort Monroe
555:War of 1812
551:Fort Nelson
543:War of 1812
519:War of 1812
440:Fort Nelson
399:located at
383:War of 1812
350:War of 1812
326:In use
307:1794–1795 (
204: /
180:Coordinates
2298:Categories
2265:See also:
2212:Norview HS
2131:Camp Allen
1861:Winchester
1851:Waynesboro
1811:Portsmouth
1803:Petersburg
1698:Chesapeake
1678:Alexandria
1624:Washington
1579:Shenandoah
1564:Rockingham
1559:Rockbridge
1469:Montgomery
1404:James City
1349:Gloucester
1294:Cumberland
1244:Buckingham
1199:Appomattox
758:References
610:Union Army
452:Portsmouth
192:76°18′24″W
189:36°51′24″N
2197:Granby HS
2184:Education
2100:Waterside
1768:Lynchburg
1763:Lexington
1708:Covington
1464:Middlesex
1444:Lunenburg
1424:Lancaster
1354:Goochland
1339:Frederick
1304:Dinwiddie
1299:Dickenson
1269:Charlotte
1234:Brunswick
1229:Botetourt
1204:Arlington
1184:Alleghany
1179:Albemarle
1167:by county
1028:Wade 2011
953:Wade 2011
941:Wade 2011
928:248087936
657:Merrimack
634:ironclads
589:Civil War
513:Quasi-War
509:caretaker
501:star fort
454:, or the
444:crossfire
334:Materials
289:Condition
253:VLR
40:Star fort
2282:Category
2271:Virginia
2119:Military
2110:Mermaids
2080:Nauticus
1988:Timeline
1978:Downtown
1836:Staunton
1821:Richmond
1773:Manassas
1758:Hopewell
1733:Franklin
1713:Danville
1614:Tazewell
1599:Stafford
1549:Richmond
1519:Powhatan
1494:Nottoway
1479:New Kent
1394:Highland
1334:Franklin
1329:Fluvanna
1319:Fauquier
1289:Culpeper
1254:Caroline
1249:Campbell
1239:Buchanan
1174:Accomack
1158:Virginia
1094:Archived
822:19 March
741:See also
685:Timeline
646:Virginia
585:ruins".
259:122-0007
247:76002225
169:Location
2020:Economy
2000:Culture
1983:History
1877:Bridges
1841:Suffolk
1826:Roanoke
1816:Radford
1793:Norfolk
1748:Hampton
1723:Fairfax
1718:Emporia
1683:Bristol
1671:by city
1569:Russell
1554:Roanoke
1539:Pulaski
1509:Patrick
1454:Mathews
1449:Madison
1434:Loudoun
1384:Henrico
1379:Hanover
1374:Halifax
1359:Grayson
1314:Fairfax
1259:Carroll
1219:Bedford
1209:Augusta
1194:Amherst
639:Monitor
531:cannons
526:ravelin
472:Patriot
448:Norfolk
230: (
2010:Sports
2005:People
1971:Topics
1798:Norton
1619:Warren
1609:Sussex
1499:Orange
1474:Nelson
1439:Louisa
1364:Greene
1279:Clarke
1189:Amelia
1048:
1000:
973:
926:
916:
537:, and
499:style
497:Vauban
2243:Media
2015:Media
1831:Salem
1743:Galax
1669:Lists
1639:Wythe
1604:Surry
1584:Smyth
1574:Scott
1389:Henry
1344:Giles
1324:Floyd
1309:Essex
1284:Craig
1224:Bland
1165:Lists
873:(PDF)
604:When
547:chain
539:shell
462:, by
302:Built
225:Built
51:Owner
1644:York
1634:Wise
1504:Page
1214:Bath
1046:ISBN
998:ISBN
971:ISBN
924:OCLC
914:ISBN
877:and
824:2013
655:USS
644:CSS
642:and
637:USS
535:shot
468:Tory
393:fort
232:1794
228:1794
217:Area
66:Yes
36:Type
1429:Lee
1156:in
660:).
624:on
569:to
255:No.
242:No.
2300::
2269:,
922:.
887:^
852:^
832:^
807:^
793:^
783:.
777:.
766:^
737:)
672:.
450:,
1949:e
1942:t
1935:v
1146:e
1139:t
1132:v
1054:.
1006:.
979:.
930:.
826:.
311:)
234:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
