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Galleries 6–10 were additionally connected by a second passageway, designated
Gallery No. 1, running parallel to the main tunnel at a distance of 24.5 metres (80 ft). Further workings existed at depths of 62 m (203 ft), 47 m (154 ft) and 30 m (98 ft), each serving different purposes associated with the drifts and the guns. The 62 m workings were constructed to facilitate the removal of spoil from the drifts, while those at 47 m were connected with the handling of exhaust gases from the guns and those at 30 m gave access to the breeches of the guns. The lower levels of the workings were accessed via lift shafts, and mining cages were used during construction.
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techniques that had been used against the flying bomb and the rocket appeared to have failed against HDP , and there had to be a reason. Basically, it was that with our limited effort we had to concentrate on the most urgent problem, and thus on catching weapons not so much at the research stage (although we sometimes achieved this) as in the development stage – which usually meant when trials were showing promise." He concluded at the time, in April 1945, that the intelligence failure had not made much practical difference given the fact that the
Germans had failed to develop the HDP into an effective weapon: "there was little warning; there was little danger."
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582:, 158 metres (518 ft) high and 165 kilometres (103 mi) from London, was chosen to house the gun. It had been selected with care; the hill in which the facility was built is primarily chalk with very little topsoil cover, and the chalk layer extends several hundred metres below the surface, providing a deep but easily tunnelled rock layer. The chalk is easy to excavate and strong enough to dig tunnels without using timber supports. Although the site's road links were poor, it was only a few kilometres west of the main railway line between
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1708:... when all the preparations being made on the coasts of France and Holland could be examined in detail, in scientific detail, that we knew how grave had been the peril, not only from rockets and flying-bombs but from multiple long range artillery which was being prepared against London. Only just in time did the Allied armies blast the viper in his nest. Otherwise the autumn of 1944, to say nothing of 1945, might well have seen London as shattered as Berlin.
447:, inspired by previous designs of multi-chamber guns, suggested that the gradual acceleration of the shell by a series of small charges spread over the length of the barrel might be the solution to the problem of designing very long-range guns. Coenders proposed the use of electrically activated charges to eliminate the problem of the premature ignition of the subsidiary charges experienced by previous multi-chamber guns.
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destruction is a matter of importance." Sandys brought the matter to the attention of
Churchill and advised: "Since this installation constitutes a potential threat to London, it would be wise to ensure that it is demolished whilst our forces are still in France." Churchill later commented that the V-3 installation at Mimoyecques "might well have launched the most devastating attack of all on London."
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farm. 30 metres (98 ft) of the southern tunnel had to be removed to clear the blockage; the entrance now visible is not the original one built by the
Germans. The southern entrance had been bricked up again by the 1970s. Moved to discover this forgotten construction, Vasseur, helped by family and friends, cleared the tunnels and installed an electricity supply. The
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to the railway tunnel into the site. A subsequent investigation by the
British Bombing Research Mission concluded that the entrances had been heavily blocked and that it would be a very difficult and lengthy engineering task to reinstate them. The British action was taken without informing the French beforehand and infuriated
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of standard gauge, connected to the Calais–Boulogne main line, and underground ammunition storage galleries which were tunneled at a depth of about 33 m (108 ft). The western site was abandoned at an early stage after being disrupted by Allied bombing, and only the eastern complex was built.
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Despite the closure of the railway tunnel entrances it was still possible for many years to get into the complex by climbing down one of the inclined drifts. In 1969, Marie-Madeleine
Vasseur, a farmer from Landrethun, had the southern entrance excavated so that the tunnels could be used as a mushroom
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After the war, the
Mimoyecques site lay abandoned. Much of the equipment left by the Germans was disposed of as scrap metal. A complete set of four steel plates, weighing 60 tons, that were intended to protect the entrances to the drifts were bought by the manager of the Hidrequent-Rixent quarries to
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After the devastating raid of 6 July, the
Germans held a high-level meeting on the site's future at which Hitler ordered major changes to the site's development. On 12 July 1944 he signed an order instructing that only five HDP guns were to be installed in a single drift. The two other drifts were to
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and Soviet prisoners of war who were used as slave labourers. The intensive Allied bombing campaign caused delays, but construction work continued nonetheless at a high pace underground. The original plans had envisaged having the first battery of five guns ready by March 1944 and the full complement
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design of the HDP would enable a much higher rate of fire than was possible with conventional guns. The entire battery would be able to fire up to 10 shots a minute, capable in theory of hitting London with 600 projectiles every hour. Both facilities were to be served by an underground railway tunnel
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The site reopened to the public on 1 July 2010. As well as presenting a history of the V-weapons and of the site, the museum enables visitors to see some of the tunnels and a mock-up of the HDP gun. The tunnels also house memorials to Joseph
Kennedy, the other bomber crew members killed during raids
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stacked ten tons of
British 500 lb (230 kg) bombs and captured German plastic explosive in the tunnels at Mimoyecques and detonated them on 9 May. This failed to achieve the desired effect, and on 14 May, a further 25 tons of explosives were used to bring down the north and south entrances
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The railway tunnel ran in a straight line for a distance of about 630 m (2,070 ft) . Along its west side was an unloading platform which gave access to ten cross galleries (numbered 3–13 by the Germans), driven at right angles to the main tunnel at intervals of 24 metres (79 ft). Each
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Three times we got a permit to visit the quarry. Our original intention was to photograph the Dom Bunker and the entrance to the gun tunnel. The unexpected and emotions were at the end of the road: a motley mass of steel plates. Our guide knew nothing about it and had no objection to photography of
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30 m (98 ft) wide and 5.5 m (18 ft) thick, in which there were narrow openings to allow the projectiles to pass through. The openings in the slab were protected by large steel plates, and the railway tunnel entrances were further protected by armoured steel doors. Each drift was
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The OKW refuses to renounce to the HDP gun originally planned in Mimoyecques, it will be transferred to the site Rinxent which, in turn, finds a new role at the time of abandonment. The choice of Rinxent is based on several considerations: the absence of any bombing of the site that apparently has
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To reach England, the weapon needed barrels 127 metres (417 ft) long, so it could not be moved; it would have to be deployed from a fixed site. A study carried out in early 1943 had shown that the optimal location for its deployment would be within a hill with a rock core into which inclined
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Around 300 Germans and forced labourers were buried alive by the collapses. Adding to the Germans' difficulties, major technical problems were discovered with the HDP gun projectiles. They had been designed to exit the barrels at a speed of about 1,500 m/s (4,900 ft/s), but the Germans
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The Allied air forces carried out several bombing raids on Mimoyecques between November 1943 and June 1944 but caused little damage. The bombing disrupted the construction project and the initial raids of 5 and 8 November 1943 caused work to be delayed for about a month. The Germans subsequently
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Construction began in September 1943 with the building of railway lines to support the work, and excavation of the gun shafts began in October. The initial layout comprised two parallel complexes approximately 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) apart, each with five drifts which were to hold a stacked
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The discovery of the site's true purpose produced some recriminations in London, as – unlike the V-1 and V-2 projects – the V-3 had not been uncovered by Allied intelligence before the war's end. The British scientist and military intelligence expert Reginald Victor Jones later commented that "
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to fire a one-ton shell. Sanders' investigation brought to light the V-3 project for the first time, to the alarm of the British government. He concluded that although the site had been damaged it "could be completed or adapted for offensive action against this country at some future date, and
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The Allies were unaware of the HDP gun and therefore of the Mimoyecques site's true purpose. Allied intelligence believed at the time that the V-2 rocket had to be launched from tubes or "projectors", so it was assumed that the inclined shafts at Mimoyecques were intended to house such devices.
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The drifts were angled at 50 degrees, reaching a depth of 105 m (344 ft). Owing to technical problems with the gun prototype, the scope of the project was reduced; drifts I and II were abandoned at an early date and only III, IV and V were taken forward. They came to the surface at a
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In 1943 French agents reported that the Germans were planning to mount an offensive against the United Kingdom that would involve the use of secret weapons resembling giant mortars sunk in the ground and served by rail links. The first signs of abnormal activity at Mimoyecques were spotted by
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Galleries 6–10, the central group, gave access to the guns, while galleries 3–5 and 11–13 were intended for use as access tunnels and perhaps also storage areas. They were all connected by Gallery No. 2, which ran parallel to the main railway tunnel at a distance of 100 metres (330 ft).
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and the authorities in nearby Landrethun set up a partnership to operate the site under the management of the existing museum of La Coupole near Saint-Omer. The director of the latter, historian Yves le Maner, designed the contents of a new museum that was constructed at a cost of €360,000.
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Forty years after the destruction of the building, Marie-Madeleine Vasseur opened the site to the public as a museum and a mausoleum. By 1969, this farmer from Landrethun proposed to reopen the tunnel for growing mushrooms. ... Twenty-five years later, Marie-Madeilene Vasseur take a
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The gun was still in its prototype stages, but Hitler was an enthusiastic supporter of the idea and ordered that maximum support be given to its development and deployment. In August 1943 he approved the construction of a battery of HDP guns in France to supplement the planned
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The complex was partly demolished just after the war on Churchill's direct orders (and to the great annoyance of the French, who were not consulted), as it was still seen as a threat to the United Kingdom. It was later reopened by private owners, first in 1969 to serve as a
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found that a design fault caused the projectiles to begin "tumbling" in flight at speeds above 1,000 m/s (3,300 ft/s), causing them to fall well short of the target. This was not discovered until over 20,000 projectiles had already been manufactured.
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in September 1943, when aerial reconnaissance revealed that the Germans were building railway loops leading to the tunnels into the eastern and western sites. Further reconnaissance flights in October 1943 photographed large-scale activity around the tunnels.
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Long-Range Rockets, in Plans file 8090-71; 9th AF Hist. Sec., CROSSBOW Operations Against Ski Sites, 5 December 1943–18 March 1944 (hereinafter cited as 9th AF CB Opns.); AAF Operations Against CROSSBOW and Ski Site Installations, in AC/AS, Plans file
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Mimoyecques was targeted for intensive bombardment by the Allied air forces from late 1943 onwards. Construction work was seriously disrupted, forcing the Germans to abandon work on part of the complex. The rest was partly destroyed on 6 July 1944 by
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330,000, with funding provided by the Nord-Pas-de-Calais regional council, the European Union and a private benefactor. The Conservatory's interest was due to the presence on the site of a large bat colony that included rare species, such as the
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to collapse tunnels and shafts. This also entombed hundreds of slave workers underground. Though attempts were made to continue construction, the Germans soon halted work at Mimoyecques entirely as the Allies advanced up the coast following the
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On my suggestion, the FĂĽhrer has decided that the risk must be stood to award contracts at once for the "high-pressure pump," without waiting for the results of firing trials. Maximum support is to be accorded to the experimental ranges at
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missile launchers were to be installed at the tunnel entrances. These plans were soon abandoned as Allied ground forces advanced towards Mimoyecques, and on 30 July the Organisation Todt engineers were ordered to end construction work.
667:) gauge railway track. On the east side of the tunnel were chambers intended to be used as store rooms, offices and quarters for the garrison. Trains would have entered the facility and unloaded shells and propellant for the guns.
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fighter. The bombers hit one of the shafts with a Tallboy that bored into the earth and exploded underground, leaving an enormous crater. This was Cheshire's last operation leading No. 617 Squadron, completing his 100th mission.
639:. Although the elevation and direction of the guns could not be changed, it would have been possible to alter the range by varying the amount of propellant used in each shot. This would have brought much of London within range.
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An analyst named André Kenny discovered a series of shafts when he saw from a reconnaissance photograph that a haystack concealing one of them had disintegrated, perhaps through the effects of a gale, revealing the entrance, a
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Over 500 Eighth Air Force heavy bombers carried out an early morning raid on V-weapon sites in northern France. Owing to bad weather only 129 heavy bombers were able to attack the V-weapon sites at Mimoyecques, Watten, and
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be cut up for use in rock-crushing machinery. Rediscovered by local historians in the 1990s, they remained at the quarries until 2010, when the surviving plates were returned to Mimoyecques, where they are now on display.
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Constructions spéciales : histoire de la construction par l'"Organisation Todt", dans le Pas-de-Calais et la Cotentin, des neufs grands sites protégés pour le tir des V1, V2, V3, et la production d'oxygène liquide,
1222:. One Tallboy hit the concrete slab on top of Drift IV, collapsing the drift. Three others penetrated the tunnels below and substantially damaged the facility, causing several of the galleries to collapse in places.
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be reused to house a pair of Krupp K5 artillery pieces, reamed out to a smooth bore with a diameter of 310 millimetres (12 in), which were to use a new type of long-range rocket-propelled shell. A pair of
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454:) would be accelerated by numerous small low-pressure detonations from charges in branches off the barrel, each fired electrically in sequence. Each barrel would be 15 cm (5.9 in) in diameter.
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307 B-17s of the Eighth Air Force 1st and 3d Bombardment Division and 169 2d Bombardment Division B-24s attacked V-weapons sites in the Pas-de-Calais and Cherbourg areas, for the loss of four bombers.
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agent reported that "a concrete chamber was to be built near one of the tunnels for the installation of a tube, 40 to 50 metres long, which he referred to as a 'rocket launching cannon
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on the site, and the forced labourers who lost their lives during construction. In 2011, the museum had about 11,000 visitors, of whom 53% were French, 18% Belgian and 16% British.
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bombed "construction works" at Mimoyecques, but poor visibility and bad weather caused one group to miss the primary target and numerous other aircraft to abort their attacks.
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later commented would have constituted "the most devastating attack of all". The Allies knew nothing about the V-3 but identified the site as a possible launching base for
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to begin intensive attacks on the so-called "Heavy Crossbow" sites, including Mimoyecques, which was still believed to be intended for use as a rocket-launching site.
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The complex consists of a network of tunnels dug under a chalk hill, linked to five inclined shafts in which 25 V-3 guns would have been installed, all aimed at
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1195:, one of the "Crossbow Committee" members, that little information was leaking out because the workforce was predominantly German. The committee's head,
334:. The guns would have been able to fire ten dart-like explosive projectiles a minute – 600 rounds every hour – into the British capital, which
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104 Halifaxes from No. 4 Group with 5 Mosquitos and 2 Lancasters of the Pathfinders attacked Mimoyecques in good weather without sustaining any losses.
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attacked a total of 16 V-weapon sites in northern France, including Mimoyecques, dropping 1,271 tons of bombs. Allied losses were four B-17s and one
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drone (a modified PB4Y-1 Liberator) targeted on Mimoyecques detonated prematurely over the Blyth Estuary in Suffolk. The US Navy crew, Lieutenants
327:. It was constructed by a mostly German workforce recruited from major engineering and mining concerns, augmented by prisoner-of-war slave labour.
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The Mimoyecques site was never formally abandoned, but German forces left it at the start of September 1944 as the Allies advanced northeast from
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Investigation of the "Heavy" Crossbow installations in Northern France. Report by the Sanders Mission to the Chairman of the Crossbow Committee
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be tasked to kidnap a German technician who could be interrogated for information. The suggestion was approved, but was never put into effect.
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Even at this stage the true purpose of the site was unclear. Claims that it had been intended to be used for "electro-magnetic projectors" (
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Long-range guns were not a new development, but the high-pressure detonations used to fire shells from previous such weapons, including the
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this bizarre material. Examination of the photographs confirmed our initial hypothesis : it could be the Mimoyecques plates. (transl.)
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The HDP would have a smooth barrel over 100 metres (330 ft) long, along which a 97-kilogram (214 lb) finned shell (known as the
1176:". The shafts were interpreted as "air holes to allow for the expansion of the gases released by the explosion of the launching charge."
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housing a former V-2 rocket base, took over its management. It continues to be open to the public as a vast underground museum complex.
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not worried the Allies, tunnels allowing to work within with virtually ensured safety, nature of the soil (marble), location. (transl.)
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decided to abandon the western site, where work had not progressed very far, and concentrated on the eastern site. On 6 July 1944 the
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One of the concrete slabs through which the V-3 guns would have been fired. It was demolished in May 1945 by the Royal Engineers.
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The construction work was carried out by over 5,000 workers, mostly German engineers drafted in from several companies including
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1168:. The purpose of the site was unclear, but it was thought to be some kind of shelter for launching rockets or flying bombs. An
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mission was flown using four radio-controlled B-17s as flying bombs. None of the targets, including Mimoyecques, were hit.
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and subsequently as a museum in 1984. A nature conservation organisation acquired the Fortress of Mimoyecques in 2010, and
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47 B-24s of the Eighth Air Force, escorted by 50 P-47s of the 361st Fighter Group, bombed Mimoyecques. One B-24 was lost.
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Map of the Pas-de-Calais and south-eastern England showing the location of Mimoyecques and other major V-weapons sites
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824:) reported bursts on the railway, in the target area, and on the tunnel entrance. The third wave (19 aircraft of
2351:"Évolution des populations de chauves-souris en hibernation entre 2000 et 2011 – Forteresse de Mimoyecques"
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attacked a number of V-weapon sites and stores, bombing the sites at Mimoyecques and Siracourt with the aid of
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In September 1944, Duncan Sandys ordered the constitution of a Technical Inter-Services Mission under Colonel
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packed with explosives. Two such attacks were mounted but failed; in the second such attack, on 12 August, Lt
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ballistic missiles, based on reconnaissance photographs and fragmentary intelligence from French sources.
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also attacked. In the course of the raid one Mitchell was shot down and 12 bombers were damaged by flak.
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capable of firing hundreds of shells an hour over long distances. The newly designed gun, codenamed the
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flies over Mimoyecques on 6 July 1944 as exploding bombs send smoke and clouds of dust into the air.
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towards the Pas de Calais. It was captured on 5 September by the Canadian 3rd Infantry Division.
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375 B-17s and 174 B-24s of the Eighth Air Force attacked V-weapon sites in the Pas-de-Calais and
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25 B-17s of the Eighth Air Force bombed Mimoyecques; 13 aircraft were damaged by enemy fire.
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on 5 September 1944 without resistance, a few days after the Germans withdrew from the area.
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The museum closed at the end of the 2008 season when the owner retired. Subsequently, the
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Deutschlands Rüstung im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Hitlers Konferenzen mit Albert Speer 1942–1945
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Second World War underground military complex built by Nazi Germany between 1943 and 1944
1420:(Conservatory of natural sites of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais) purchased it at a cost of
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missile campaigns against London and the south-east of England. Speer noted afterwards:
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The Allies were unaware of this and mounted further attacks on the site as part of the
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British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations
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2263:"Forteresse V3 de Mimoyecques – La base secrète d'Hitler change de propriétaire"
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projectile, which would have been fired from the V-3 at a rate of 1 every 6 seconds.
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permanently aimed at London, 165 kilometres (103 mi) away. Originally codenamed
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176 Halifaxes, 40 Lancasters and 10 Mosquitos attacked Mimoyecques without loss.
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2265:[Fortress V3 of Mimoyecques – Hitler's secret base changes hands].
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The area was already heavily militarised; as well as the fortifications of the
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The Somme Battlefields: a comprehensive guide from Crécy to the two world wars
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The lack of intelligence on Mimoyecques was frustrating for those involved in
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2893:[The return of the historic pieces to the Fortress of Mimoyecques].
2823:(11). Centre Liégeois d'Histoire et d'Archéologie Militaires. Archived from
2790:(11). Centre Liégeois d'Histoire et d'Archéologie Militaires. Archived from
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was constituted in 1984 to operate the site as a museum under the name of
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2414:"Forteresse de Mimoyecques – Quand histoire et nature ne font qu'un"
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Connection of railway of the Fortress of Mimoyecques with the main line.
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oriented on a bearing of 299°, to the nearest degree – a direct line on
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about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the south in the nearby quarries of
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to the northwest, there was a firing base for at least one conventional
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Forteresse de Mimoyecques – Quand histoire et nature ne font qu'un
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Conservatoire d'espaces naturels du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais (2012).
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Conservatoire d'espaces naturels du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais (2010).
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Conservatoire d'espaces naturels du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais (2011).
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of the Ninth Air Force 1st and 3d Bombardment Divisions, escorted by
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The site was identified by a fortification expert, Major Bock of the
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Chroniques Historiques – Les tunnels de Mimoyecques: la Base V3
1530:
North entrance of the railway tunnel of the Fortress of Mimoyecques.
1324:
Following the recommendation that the site should be destroyed, the
1138:
3838:
3823:
3251:
3246:
3166:
1434:
1301:
1262:
1161:
969:
38 of 58 B-17s of the 1st Bombardment Division bombed Mimoyecques.
744:
of 25 guns by 1 October 1944, but these target dates were not met.
602:
216:
2824:
1587:
The branch line to Mimoyecques connected with the main line here:
1333:, who considered it a violation of France's national sovereignty.
421:("High Pressure Pump", HDP for short) and later designated as the
3801:
3211:
609:
548:
409:, the Reich's Minister of Armaments and War Production, informed
2891:"Le retour de pièces historiques à la forteresse de Mimoyecques"
2232:"Le retour de pièces historiques à la forteresse de Mimoyecques"
1570:
South exit of the railway tunnel of the Fortress of Mimoyecques.
849:
772:
2519:
US Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronology 1941–1945
2008:, pp. 204–205, 265, 268, 283, 287–288, 290, 299, 301, 353.
1165:
728:
583:
350:, who used ground-penetrating 5,400-kilogram (12,000 lb) "
331:
133:
2324:"Conservatoire d'espaces naturels du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais"
1362:
Entrance to the railway tunnel at the Mimoyecques eastern site
1060:. The target was marked by the squadron's commanding officer,
1743:"La forteresse de Mimoyecques devrait rouvrir le 1er juillet"
732:
895:
Bombers of the USAAF Eighth Air Force attacked Mimoyecques.
150:
Conservatoire d'espaces naturels du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais
56:
Reconstructed view of the installation as originally planned
3964:
2713:
Pallud, Jean-Paul (2001). "The Secret Weapons: V3 and V4".
1421:
740:
621:
cluster of five HDP gun tubes, for a total of 25 guns. The
2652:
The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence, 1939–1945
1408:
Forteresse de Mimoyecques – Un Mémorial International
3969:
2815:[The adventures of the Hydrequent-Rinxent site].
1418:
Conservatoire d'espaces naturels du Nord et Pas-de-Calais
1169:
551:, and especially to the completion of the actual battery.
535:
339:
2950:
1191:
discussed the shortage of intelligence but were told by
832:) reported bomb bursts near the north aiming point. Six
171:
2968:
History of the HDP from Hillersleben to Buhl/Guebwiller
1882:
1880:
1187:
to counter the V-weapons. On 21 March 1944 the British
2782:[Where are the armor plates of Mimoyecques?].
711:
Photo map of the area around the two Mimoyecques sites
2441:"Les chiffres de la saison touristique Ă Mimoyecques"
2696:
Marauder Men: an account of the Martin B-26 Marauder
1877:
1199:, pressed for greater efforts and proposed that the
882:; a further 236 bombers were damaged by enemy fire.
808:
medium bombers. The first two waves (24 aircraft of
516:
Central V-3 installation (Laatziger Ablage, Misdroy)
283:
underground military complex built by the forces of
2867:
2861:
Report on 'Large' Crossbow Sites in Northern France
1838:
1809:
1724:
1667:
1644:
307:("Construction Project 711"), it is located in the
2672:
2649:
2017:11 Group ORB Appendix, 8 Nov 1944, TNA AIR 25/207.
1304:), firing huge shells at London, were debunked by
1269:Subsequent investigations and attempted demolition
1206:In the end the Chiefs of Staff instructed General
287:between 1943 and 1944. It was intended to house a
1254: – the elder brother of future US President
804:attacked Mimoyecques with three waves each of 24
4021:
2780:"Où sont les plaques cuirassées de Mimoyecques?"
2735:
1780:
1374:Inside the tunnel, which is now open to visitors
861:, bombed V-weapons sites including Mimoyecques.
739:, supplemented by 430 miners recruited from the
413:of work that was being carried out to produce a
2863:. Memo C.O.S. (45) 177 (O). London: War Office.
2540:
2226:
2224:
2215:
2108:Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary
2035:Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary
1218:began bombing the site with ground-penetrating
74:
2641:V-Missiles of the Third Reich, the V-1 and V-2
1737:
1735:
1733:
319:region of northern France, near the hamlet of
3596:
3004:
2813:"Les péripéties du site d'Hydrequent-Rinxent"
2811:Richely, Paul; Neve, André (September 1991).
2778:Richely, Paul; Neve, André (September 1991).
2622:German Secret Weapons of the Second World War
2605:. Vol. 3. London: H.M.S.O. p. 380.
2515:
1974:
1390:(V-3) gun barrels in Drift IV at Mimoyecques.
687:Cross-section of the Mimoyecques eastern site
2923:
2656:. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan.
2543:Le Nord-Pas-de-Calais dans la main allemande
2221:
2025:
2023:
1490:Literal translation "Fortress Pioneer Staff"
1121:
472:
466:
148:
2777:
2758:
2670:
2564:. Pacifica, CA: Pacifica Military History.
2310:
2141:
2131:
2129:
1939:
1937:
1924:
1922:
1909:
1907:
1886:
1871:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1730:
1678:
1676:
240:Opened as museum 1984, reopened 1 July 2010
4050:Military installations established in 1944
3603:
3589:
3011:
2997:
2389:(in French). 10 April 2010. Archived from
1749:(in French). 10 April 2010. Archived from
1720:
1718:
1716:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
615:
578:area. A limestone hill near the hamlet of
560:could be tunneled to support the barrels.
4055:Buildings and structures in Pas-de-Calais
3018:
2899:(in French). 15 July 2010. Archived from
2541:Dejonge, Étienne; Le Maner, Yves (1999).
2509:Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion
2383:"Un site d'hibernation de chauves-souris"
2294:
2292:
2238:(in French). 15 July 2010. Archived from
2187:
2185:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2020:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1682:
2929:(in French) (2 ed.). Paris: Cerin.
2578:
2516:Carter, Kit C.; Mueller, Robert (1991).
2176:
2135:
2126:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
1934:
1919:
1904:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1844:
1827:
1673:
1272:
1137:
1125:
456:
396:
2871:; Johnson, Hugh; Taylor, Chris (2008).
2843:
2638:
2597:
2502:
2464:
2164:
2147:
2090:
2059:
1955:
1943:
1928:
1913:
1850:
1821:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1713:
1650:
4022:
3610:
3565:PeenemĂĽnde Historical Technical Museum
2855:
2712:
2693:
2559:
2298:
2289:
2203:
2191:
2182:
2153:
2005:
1980:
1961:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1688:"Forward, Till the Whole Task is Done"
672:Maps and plans of the Mimoyecques site
323:about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from
3584:
2992:
2647:
2545:(in French). Lille: Le Voix du Nord.
2483:
2077:
1898:
1860:
1797:
1142:Two US Army soldiers with a captured
912:areas, for the loss of nine bombers.
274:
2619:
2071:
1786:
699:Plan of the Mimoyecques eastern site
2698:. Longwood, FL: Malia Enterprises.
2284:well-deserved retirement. (transl.)
2053:
1765:
1102:and Wilford J. Willy, were killed.
13:
2917:
2260:
1499:North entrance of railway tunnel:
1153:Allied Central Interpretation Unit
440:, rapidly wore out their barrels.
14:
4076:
4035:World War II in the Pas-de-Calais
2944:
2643:. Monogram Aviation Publications.
1855:Technical details – Wizernes
1839:Zaloga, Johnson & Taylor 2008
1810:Zaloga, Johnson & Taylor 2008
1725:Zaloga, Johnson & Taylor 2008
1668:Zaloga, Johnson & Taylor 2008
1645:Zaloga, Johnson & Taylor 2008
3721:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques (Watten)
3237:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques (Watten)
2522:. Center for Air Force History.
2507:(in German). Frankfurt am Main:
1402:société à responsabilité limitée
1379:
1367:
1355:
1110:
1077:
1048:
1035:
990:
977:
964:
946:
933:
920:
903:
890:
869:
848:
792:
771:
704:
692:
680:
73:
66:
50:
3426:Upper Atmosphere Research Panel
3378:WWII guided missiles of Germany
2960:Une base pour bombarder Londres
2817:Bulletin d'Information du CLHAM
2784:Bulletin d'Information du CLHAM
2583:. Stroud: Strutton Publishing.
2457:
2432:
2405:
2375:
2342:
2316:
2304:
2254:
2209:
2197:
2170:
2096:
2065:
2011:
1949:
1892:
1581:
1493:
1484:
1336:
874:500 heavy bombers of the USAAF
236:Critically damaged 6 July 1944;
189:September 1943 – July 1944
4045:World War II museums in France
3436:White Sands V-2 Launching Site
2763:(1 ed.). London: Kimber.
2648:Jones, Raymond Victor (1978).
2484:Bates, Herbert Ernest (1994).
1815:
1803:
1638:
1404:"La Forteresse de Mimoyecques"
365:Canadian 3rd Infantry Division
207:Never completed, captured 1944
1:
3458:Operations Sandy and Pushover
2924:Hautefeuille, Roland (1995).
2875:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
2873:German V-Weapon Sites 1943–45
2267:La Semaine dans le Boulonnais
1692:Churchill's War Time Speeches
1632:
1246:, involving radio-controlled
1240:United States Army Air Forces
855:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses
802:RAF Second Tactical Air Force
386:
4065:World War II sites in France
3077:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg
2759:Powys-Lybbe, Ursula (1983).
2104:"Campaign diary August 1944"
1201:Special Operations Executive
753:Attacks on Mimoyecques site
747:
7:
2624:. London: Greenhill Books.
2416:(in French). Archived from
2356:(in French). Archived from
2326:(in French). Archived from
2269:(in French). Archived from
2216:Dejonge & Le Maner 1999
1456:
880:Consolidated B-24 Liberator
279:) is the modern name for a
10:
4081:
3839:Raxwerke (Wiener Neustadt}
3082:LXV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)
2671:Middlebrook, Mary (1991).
2562:Air War Europa: Chronology
2261:P., M. (3 December 2008).
2110:. UK Crown. Archived from
2037:. UK Crown. Archived from
2031:"Campaign diary June 1944"
1347:The Mimoyecques site today
1220:Tallboy "earthquake" bombs
859:Republic P-47 Thunderbolts
643:gallery was fitted with a
485:), Poland. Site location:
390:
238:Captured 5 September 1944;
3982:
3957:
3936:
3918:
3902:
3851:
3789:
3754:
3713:
3692:
3685:
3649:
3618:
3557:
3511:
3466:
3398:
3391:
3355:
3265:
3192:
3100:
3059:
3030:
2579:Henshall, Philip (2002).
2486:Flying Bombs over England
1975:Carter & Mueller 1991
1122:Discovery and destruction
757:
505:53.8983083°N 14.4385889°E
257:
249:
244:
232:
222:
211:
203:
193:
185:
180:
166:
156:
144:
139:
129:
92:
61:
49:
38:
21:
4060:Ruins in Hauts-de-France
4040:Museums in Pas-de-Calais
3641:Strategic Bombing Survey
3193:Construction and bunkers
2694:Moench, John O. (1999).
2639:Hölsken, Dieter (1994).
2450:(in French). p. 39.
2448:Rapport d'activités 2011
1607:50.8448972°N 1.8124139°E
1559:50.8526833°N 1.7590611°E
1519:50.8589306°N 1.7638194°E
1478:
995:234 aircraft – 119
834:North American Mitchells
565:Festungs-Pionier-Stab 27
22:Fortress of Mimoyecques
3923:Operation Crossbow Site
3731:Fortress of Mimoyecques
3322:Operation Crossbow Site
3257:Fortress of Mimoyecques
2951:Fortress of Mimoyecques
2761:The eye of intelligence
2581:Hitler's V-Weapon Sites
2503:Boelcke, Willi (1969).
2488:. Westerham: Froglets.
2467:No 617 'Dambusters' Sqn
1872:Richely & Neve 1991
1463:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques
1314:Battersea Power Station
956:, and three airfields.
616:Design and construction
268:Fortress of Mimoyecques
81:Fortress of Mimoyecques
3859:B-17 "Flying Fortress"
2953: – museum website
2845:Sanders, Terence R. B.
2465:Bateman, Alex (2009).
1415:nonprofit organisation
1386:Replica of one of the
1278:
1252:Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.
1147:
1135:
1100:Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.
1005:de Havilland Mosquitos
1001:Handley Page Halifaxes
553:
526:
510:53.8983083; 14.4385889
473:
467:
402:
149:
3736:La Coupole (Wizernes)
3392:Post-WWII development
3315:Bombing of PeenemĂĽnde
3242:La Coupole (Wizernes)
2851:. London: War Office.
2620:Hogg, Ian V. (1999).
2560:Hammel, Eric (2009).
1781:After the Battle 1974
1612:50.8448972; 1.8124139
1564:50.8526833; 1.7590611
1524:50.8589306; 1.7638194
1427:Greater Horseshoe Bat
1276:
1193:Reginald Victor Jones
1141:
1129:
778:Martin B-26 Marauders
737:Vereinigte Stahlwerke
540:
460:
400:
391:Further information:
272:French pronunciation:
215:150,000 cubic metres
4030:V-weapon subterranea
4000:Defence of the Reich
3222:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent
3145:Army Research Center
1132:Handley Page Halifax
1054:No. 617 Squadron RAF
348:No. 617 Squadron RAF
245:Garrison information
33:Marquise-Mimoyecques
3812:Operation Bellicose
3441:V-2 sounding rocket
3431:Operation Paperclip
3327:Operation Aphrodite
3087:PeenemĂĽnde Airfield
2599:Hinsley, Francis H.
1602: /
1554: /
1514: /
1446:Terre des Deux Caps
1244:Operation Aphrodite
1185:Crossbow operations
1084:Operation Aphrodite
754:
729:Gute HoffnungshĂĽtte
500: /
110: /
3612:Operation Crossbow
3548:Operation Crossbow
3489:Operation Backfire
3406:Republic-Ford JB-2
3337:Operation Teardrop
3305:Operation Crossbow
3293:Operation Most III
3162:The Bäckebo rocket
2679:. London: Viking.
2469:. Oxford: Osprey.
1684:Churchill, Winston
1279:
1148:
1144:Sprenggranate 4481
1136:
752:
637:Westminster Bridge
610:Hidrequent-Rinxent
527:
452:Sprenggranate 4481
403:
313:Landrethun-le-Nord
227:Operation Crossbow
42:Landrethun-le-Nord
40:Mimoyecques, near
4015:
4014:
3978:
3977:
3847:
3846:
3662:Sir Arthur Harris
3636:Strategic bombing
3578:
3577:
3541:Ministry of Space
3534:Gravity's Rainbow
3520:Battle of the V-1
3507:
3506:
3135:Walter Dornberger
3130:Wernher von Braun
2882:978-1-84603-247-9
2869:Zaloga, Steven J.
2859:(19 March 1945).
2794:on 23 August 2011
2770:978-0-7183-0468-3
2736:"The V-Weapons".
2705:978-1-877597-06-0
2686:978-0-670-83083-1
2631:978-1-85367-325-2
2612:978-0-11-630935-8
2571:978-0-935553-65-9
2552:978-2-84393-015-7
2529:978-1-4289-1543-5
2495:978-1-872337-04-3
2476:978-1-84603-429-9
2420:on 4 October 2011
2062:, pp. 77–78.
1331:Charles de Gaulle
1310:Winston Churchill
1119:
1118:
630:concrete slab or
597:on the cliffs of
431:Vergeltungswaffen
425:, was one of the
415:large-calibre gun
363:. It fell to the
361:Normandy landings
336:Winston Churchill
276:[mimɔjɛk]
264:
263:
258:firing detachment
198:Organisation Todt
4072:
3916:
3915:
3864:B-24 "Liberator"
3690:
3689:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3570:Monkeys in space
3396:
3395:
3368:Aggregat rockets
3288:Polish Home Army
3118:Greifswalder Oie
3013:
3006:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2940:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2886:
2864:
2852:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2827:on 11 March 2012
2807:
2801:
2799:
2774:
2755:
2739:After the Battle
2732:
2716:After the Battle
2709:
2690:
2678:
2667:
2655:
2644:
2635:
2616:
2594:
2575:
2556:
2537:
2512:
2499:
2480:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2355:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2330:on 30 April 2010
2320:
2314:
2311:Middlebrook 1991
2308:
2302:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2027:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1978:
1972:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1887:Powys-Lybbe 1983
1884:
1875:
1869:
1858:
1857:; Vol III, p. 5.
1848:
1842:
1836:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1784:
1778:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1739:
1728:
1722:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1694:. Archived from
1680:
1671:
1665:
1648:
1642:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1442:intercommunality
1383:
1371:
1359:
1175:
1151:analysts at the
1114:
1081:
1062:Leonard Cheshire
1052:
1039:
994:
981:
968:
950:
937:
924:
907:
894:
876:Eighth Air Force
873:
852:
838:No. 320 Squadron
796:
789:8 November 1943
775:
768:
755:
751:
708:
696:
684:
666:
664:
663:
659:
656:
647:
588:Boulogne-sur-Mer
524:
523:
521:
520:
519:
517:
512:
511:
506:
501:
498:
497:
496:
493:
476:
470:
468:Laatziger Ablage
379:, a museum near
356:earthquake bombs
325:Boulogne-sur-Mer
281:Second World War
278:
273:
259:
176:
173:
152:
140:Site information
125:
124:
122:
121:
120:
115:
114:50.854°N 1.759°E
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
77:
76:
70:
54:
45:
19:
18:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4011:
3974:
3953:
3932:
3912:
3898:
3869:B-26 "Marauder"
3843:
3807:Friedrichshafen
3785:
3750:
3709:
3686:Bombing targets
3681:
3677:Babington-Smith
3645:
3614:
3609:
3579:
3574:
3553:
3503:
3494:Project Big Ben
3462:
3416:PGM-11 Redstone
3387:
3356:Related weapons
3351:
3347:Barrage balloon
3332:Operation Diver
3310:Operation Hydra
3269:countermeasures
3261:
3188:
3096:
3092:Kawanishi Baika
3055:
3036:V-1 flying bomb
3026:
3017:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2947:
2937:
2920:
2918:Further reading
2915:
2906:
2904:
2903:on 3 April 2012
2896:La Voix du Nord
2889:
2883:
2830:
2828:
2810:
2797:
2795:
2771:
2746:: 23–24. 1974.
2706:
2687:
2664:
2632:
2613:
2591:
2572:
2553:
2530:
2496:
2477:
2460:
2455:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2393:on 3 April 2012
2387:La Voix du Nord
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2290:
2276:
2274:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2242:on 3 April 2012
2236:La Voix du Nord
2230:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2041:on 11 June 2007
2029:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2004:
1981:
1973:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1861:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1787:
1779:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1753:on 3 April 2012
1747:La Voix du Nord
1741:
1740:
1731:
1723:
1714:
1701:
1699:
1686:(13 May 1945).
1681:
1674:
1666:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1473:Project Babylon
1459:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1372:
1363:
1360:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1326:Royal Engineers
1271:
1256:John F. Kennedy
1248:B-24 Liberators
1216:Royal Air Force
1189:Chiefs of Staff
1173:
1124:
1107:27 August 1944
1096:Operation Anvil
1091:12 August 1944
997:Avro Lancasters
954:Bois de l'Enfer
782:Ninth Air Force
767:5 November 1943
766:
750:
717:
716:
715:
712:
709:
700:
697:
688:
685:
674:
673:
661:
657:
654:
652:
651:1 ft
650:
645:
618:
515:
513:
509:
507:
503:
502:
499:
494:
491:
489:
487:
486:
465:gun in 1942 at
445:August Coenders
395:
389:
304:Bauvorhaben 711
271:
239:
237:
170:
159:the public
158:
118:
116:
112:
109:
104:
101:
99:
97:
96:
88:
87:
86:
85:
84:
83:
82:
78:
57:
39:
31:
29:Bauvorhaben 711
27:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3667:Dr R. V. Jones
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3626:Aerial defence
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3421:Hermes Project
3418:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3272:
3270:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3205:Mittelbau-Dora
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3179:Arthur Rudolph
3176:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3150:Test Stand VII
3147:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2945:External links
2943:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2887:
2881:
2865:
2857:Sandys, Duncan
2853:
2841:
2808:
2775:
2769:
2756:
2733:
2710:
2704:
2691:
2685:
2668:
2662:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2617:
2611:
2595:
2589:
2576:
2570:
2557:
2551:
2538:
2528:
2513:
2500:
2494:
2481:
2475:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2431:
2404:
2374:
2341:
2315:
2303:
2288:
2253:
2220:
2218:, p. 378.
2208:
2196:
2181:
2179:, p. 176.
2169:
2167:, p. 435.
2152:
2140:
2125:
2114:on 7 June 2007
2095:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2019:
2010:
1979:
1960:
1958:, p. 178.
1948:
1933:
1918:
1903:
1901:, p. 158.
1891:
1889:, p. 210.
1876:
1859:
1843:
1826:
1824:, p. 290.
1814:
1802:
1800:, p. 463.
1785:
1764:
1729:
1712:
1698:on 21 May 2011
1672:
1649:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1580:
1539:. South exit:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1431:Geoffroy's Bat
1393:
1392:
1388:Hochdruckpumpe
1385:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1283:T.R.B. Sanders
1270:
1267:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1075:
1074:4 August 1944
1071:
1070:
1056:attacked with
1046:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1028:
988:
984:
983:
975:
971:
970:
962:
958:
957:
944:
940:
939:
931:
930:28 April 1944
927:
926:
918:
917:27 April 1944
914:
913:
901:
900:20 April 1944
897:
896:
888:
887:10 April 1944
884:
883:
867:
866:26 March 1944
863:
862:
846:
845:19 March 1944
842:
841:
806:Douglas Boston
790:
786:
785:
776:More than 150
769:
763:
762:
759:
749:
746:
714:
713:
710:
703:
701:
698:
691:
689:
686:
679:
676:
675:
671:
670:
669:
617:
614:
569:Fifteenth Army
463:Hochdruckpumpe
461:The prototype
419:Hochdruckpumpe
388:
385:
301:("Meadow") or
262:
261:
251:
247:
246:
242:
241:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
213:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
178:
177:
168:
164:
163:
160:
154:
153:
146:
142:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
94:
90:
89:
80:
79:
72:
71:
65:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
36:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4077:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4018:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:Duncan Sandys
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:Lord Cherwell
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3499:Ghost rockets
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Bumper Rocket
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:MGM-1 Matador
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Project Danny
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3281:Double agents
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3184:Staveley Road
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Rocket U-boat
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:Test launches
3155:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2936:2-9500899-0-9
2932:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2826:
2822:
2819:(in French).
2818:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2793:
2789:
2786:(in French).
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2665:
2663:9780698108967
2659:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2590:0-7509-2607-4
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2363:on 2014-11-06
2359:
2352:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2313:, p. 33.
2312:
2307:
2301:, p. 11.
2300:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2273:on 2012-03-23
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2217:
2212:
2206:, p. 93.
2205:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2178:
2177:Henshall 2002
2173:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2138:, p. 41.
2137:
2136:Henshall 2002
2132:
2130:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2093:, p. 78.
2092:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2074:, p. 48.
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2014:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1841:, p. 13.
1840:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1727:, p. 14.
1726:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1670:, p. 16.
1669:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1647:, p. 17.
1646:
1641:
1637:
1624:
1594:50°50′41.63″N
1584:
1576:
1536:
1506:50°51′32.15″N
1496:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:Lord Cherwell
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:experimental
1241:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:Duncan Sandys
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1171:
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839:
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830:305 Squadrons
827:
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822:180 Squadrons
819:
815:
814:342 Squadrons
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
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780:of the USAAF
779:
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495:14°26′18.92″E
492:53°53′53.91″N
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30:
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3527:633 Squadron
3525:
3518:
3276:Intelligence
3256:
3125:Meillerwagen
3067:Argus As 014
3048:
3041:
3034:
2925:
2905:. Retrieved
2901:the original
2894:
2872:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2829:. Retrieved
2825:the original
2820:
2816:
2803:
2796:. Retrieved
2792:the original
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2485:
2466:
2458:Bibliography
2447:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2418:the original
2407:
2395:. Retrieved
2391:the original
2386:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2358:the original
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2328:the original
2318:
2306:
2282:
2275:. Retrieved
2271:the original
2266:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2240:the original
2235:
2211:
2199:
2172:
2165:Hinsley 1984
2150:, p. 5.
2148:Sanders 1945
2143:
2116:. Retrieved
2112:the original
2107:
2098:
2091:Bateman 2009
2067:
2060:Bateman 2009
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2039:the original
2034:
2013:
1956:Hölsken 1994
1951:
1946:, p. 6.
1944:Sanders 1945
1931:, p. 9.
1929:Sanders 1945
1916:, p. 7.
1914:Sanders 1945
1894:
1854:
1851:Sanders 1945
1846:
1822:Boelcke 1969
1817:
1812:, p. 6.
1805:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:the original
1746:
1707:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:the original
1691:
1640:
1597:1°48′44.69″E
1583:
1549:1°45′32.62″E
1546:50°51′9.66″N
1509:1°45′49.75″E
1495:
1486:
1451:
1439:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1387:
1340:
1337:Preservation
1323:
1319:
1299:
1280:
1260:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1212:
1205:
1182:
1178:
1158:
1149:
1143:
1045:6 July 1944
974:21 May 1944
961:15 May 1944
722:
718:
641:
631:
628:
619:
599:Cap Gris Nez
592:
564:
562:
554:
545:Hillersleben
541:
528:
483:Międzyzdroje
462:
451:
449:
442:
435:
430:
418:
411:Adolf Hitler
407:Albert Speer
405:In May 1943
404:
369:
344:
329:
303:
302:
297:
296:
285:Nazi Germany
267:
265:
253:
223:Battles/wars
181:Site history
157:Open to
32:
28:
24:
3958:Electronics
3928:Pathfinders
3790:Other sites
3631:Oslo Report
3373:Wunderwaffe
3300:RĂ©seau AGIR
2981:(in French)
2973:(in French)
2965:(in German)
2957:(in French)
2927:(1943–1944)
2299:Pallud 2001
2204:Moench 1999
2192:Sandys 1945
2006:Hammel 2009
1610: /
1562: /
1522: /
1066:Mustang III
1064:, from his
1007: – of
943:1 May 1944
798:No. 2 Group
646:600 mm
606:railway gun
580:Mimoyecques
508: /
321:Mimoyecques
293:V-3 cannons
204:In use
172:mimoyecques
117: /
93:Coordinates
4024:Categories
3983:Opposition
3944:Grand Slam
3906:Technology
3894:Wellington
3834:PeenemĂĽnde
3829:Mittelwerk
3779:facilities
3767:facilities
3693:Operations
3650:Key people
3512:In fiction
3446:V-2 No. 13
3363:Wasserfall
3200:Mittelwerk
3140:PeenemĂĽnde
3108:Facilities
3072:Facilities
3050:V-3 cannon
3043:V-2 rocket
1899:Bates 1994
1798:Jones 1978
1633:References
1616: (
1568: (
1528: (
1468:La Coupole
1208:Eisenhower
1082:The first
1025:Pathfinder
816:and 24 of
725:Mannesmann
623:smoothbore
572:LVII Corps
514: (
393:V-3 cannon
387:Background
381:Saint-Omer
377:La Coupole
256:(English:
102:50°51′14″N
3995:Luftwaffe
3879:Lancaster
3746:Sottevast
3741:Siracourt
3705:Aphrodite
3619:Overviews
3383:Rheinbote
3232:Siracourt
3217:Sottevast
3024:V-weapons
2752:0306-154X
2729:0306-154X
2072:Hogg 1999
1287:Siracourt
1232:Rheinbote
1027:marking.
910:Cherbourg
748:Air raids
477:), today
443:In 1942,
438:Paris gun
427:V-weapons
291:of fixed
212:Materials
105:1°45′32″E
44:(France)
3889:Stirling
3884:Mosquito
3852:Aircraft
3824:Lehesten
3726:Brécourt
3252:Raxwerke
3247:Lehesten
3227:Brécourt
3167:MW 18014
2847:(1945).
2723:: 2–29.
2601:(1984).
2535:8090-69.
1457:See also
1435:Pond Bat
1433:and the
1302:railguns
1295:Wizernes
1263:Normandy
1162:windlass
1058:Tallboys
1021:8 Groups
826:Nos. 226
735:and the
665: in
603:Krupp K5
429: –
250:Garrison
217:concrete
3949:Tallboy
3909:Tactics
3874:Halifax
3802:Ebensee
3714:"Heavy"
3558:Related
3212:Nucourt
2907:21 June
2831:21 June
2798:21 June
2424:25 June
2397:22 June
2367:25 June
2334:24 June
2277:25 June
2246:22 June
1757:22 June
1702:26 June
1444:of the
1130:An RAF
1003:and 13
818:Nos. 98
810:Nos. 88
800:of the
660:⁄
567:of the
549:Misdroy
479:Zalesie
474:Misdroy
352:Tallboy
315:in the
309:commune
289:battery
167:Website
3819:Kassel
3797:Blizna
3755:Noball
3267:Allied
3113:Blizna
3020:German
2933:
2879:
2767:
2750:
2727:
2702:
2683:
2660:
2628:
2609:
2587:
2568:
2549:
2526:
2492:
2473:
2118:24 May
2045:24 May
1293:, and
1291:Watten
1166:pulley
1009:Nos. 1
999:, 102
761:Notes
632:Platte
584:Calais
576:Dieppe
558:drifts
332:London
233:Events
134:Bunker
4007:Blitz
3937:Bombs
3700:Hydra
3467:Other
3022:WWII
2444:(PDF)
2361:(PDF)
2354:(PDF)
1479:Notes
1019:and
758:Date
733:Krupp
298:Wiese
260:705)
186:Built
145:Owner
25:Wiese
3990:Flak
3965:Azon
3484:DF-1
2931:ISBN
2909:2011
2877:ISBN
2833:2011
2800:2011
2765:ISBN
2748:ISSN
2725:ISSN
2700:ISBN
2681:ISBN
2658:ISBN
2626:ISBN
2607:ISBN
2585:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2547:ISBN
2524:ISBN
2490:ISBN
2471:ISBN
2426:2011
2399:2011
2369:2011
2336:2011
2279:2011
2248:2011
2120:2007
2047:2007
1759:2011
1704:2011
1440:The
1164:and
853:173
828:and
820:and
812:and
741:Ruhr
586:and
547:and
534:and
266:The
130:Type
3970:H2X
3774:V-2
3762:V-1
3479:R-2
3474:R-1
3399:USA
3101:V-2
3060:V-1
2721:114
1170:MI6
1094:An
836:of
536:V-2
532:V-1
423:V-3
340:V-2
311:of
174:.fr
162:Yes
4026::
2835:.
2821:IV
2802:.
2788:IV
2742:.
2719:.
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1829:^
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1715:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
