816:) and novel genetic defects. In recessive diseases, founder populations where underlying levels of genome-wide homozygosity are high due to shared common ancestry, but also for consanguineous populations that will have large genome-wide homozygous regions due to inbreeding. Having a catalog of disease-associated variation in these populations enables rapid, early, and accurate diagnoses that may improve patient outcomes due to informed clinical management and early interventions. Enclosed communities such as Amish communities, Ashkenazi communities, and relatively isolated islands allow scientists to better understand and further discover the mutated genes that cause these rare diseases and allow them to also discover protective genes as well.
248:
769:
effect and adaptive differentiation, which could eventually lead to peripatric speciation, were statistically and biologically significant between the island populations after a few years. The authors also point out that although adaptive differentiation is significant, the differences between island populations best reflect the differences between founders and their genetic diversity that has been passed down through the generations.
27:
752:, decades after a severe bottleneck. They inhabit the Tyrrhenian islands and surrounding mainlands currently, and before the bottleneck, but Hajji and others wanted to know how the deer originally got to the islands, and from what parent population or species they were derived. Through molecular analysis, they were able to determine a possible lineage, with red deer from the islands of
804:
common ancestry of race or ethnicity or the forced localizations caused by artificial countries inside the larger group of ancestry, hence causing an original founder effect. Race and specific founder effect mutation diseases are found in all races or ethnicities, and country-specific mutation diseases are caused by increasing
656:, although not only genetic drift, but also natural selection, gene flow and mutation all contribute to this divergence. This potential for relatively rapid changes in the colony's gene frequency led most scientists to consider the founder effect (and by extension, genetic drift) a significant driving force in the evolution of
672:
created many persuasive models to show that the decline in genetic variation and small population size accompanying the founder effect were critically important for new species to develop. However, much less support for this view is shown today, since the hypothesis has been tested repeatedly through
323:
When a newly formed colony is small, its founders can strongly affect the population's genetic makeup far into the future. In humans, who have a slow reproduction rate, the population will remain small for many generations, effectively amplifying the drift effect generation after generation until the
946:
individuals. As late as 1961, the majority of the genes in the gene pool on
Tristan were still derived from 15 original ancestors; as a consequence of the inbreeding, of 232 people tested in 1961, four were suffering from retinitis pigmentosa. This represents a prevalence of 1 in 58, compared with a
126:
of one or more individuals which are founders of a distinct population. Founder mutations initiate with changes that occur in the DNA and can be passed down to other generations. Any organismâfrom a simple virus to something complex like a mammalâwhose progeny carry its mutation has the potential to
677:
which in itself occurs in rare instances. It takes place when a random change in genetic frequency of population favours the survival of a few organisms of the species with rare genes which cause reproductive mutation. These surviving organisms then breed among themselves over a long period of time
571:
Alleles which were present but relatively rare in the original population can move to one of two extremes. The most common one is that the allele is soon lost altogether, but the other possibility is that the allele survives and within a few generations has become much more dispersed throughout the
2367:
People with Weyers acrofacial dysostosis have abnormally small or malformed fingernails and toenails. Most people with the condition are relatively short, and they may have extra fingers or toes (polydactyly). The features of Weyers acrofacial dysostosis overlap with those of another, more severe
832:
and migrants coming from the
British Isles. Since the 20th century, immigration in Quebec and mixing of French Canadians involve people from all over the world. While the French Canadians of Quebec today may be partly of other ancestries, the genetic contribution of the original French founders is
827:
are a classical example of founder population. Over 150 years of French colonization, between 1608 and 1760, an estimated 8,500 pioneers married and left at least one descendant on the territory. Following the takeover of the colony by the
British crown in 1760, immigration from France effectively
760:
being the most related to one another. These results are promising, as the island of
Corsica was repopulated with red deer from the Sardinian island after the original Corsican red deer population became extinct, and the deer now inhabiting the island of Corsica are diverging from those inhabiting
2664:
De
Oliveira, Marcelo Zagonel; SchĂŒler-Faccini, LavĂnia; Demarchi, Dario A.; Alfaro, Emma L.; Dipierri, JosĂ© E.; Veronez, Mauricio R.; Colling Cassel, Marlise; Tagliani-Ribeiro, Alice; Silveira Matte, Ursula; Ramallo, Virginia (2013). "So Close, So Far Away: Analysis of Surnames in a Town of Twins
768:
on seven small islands to watch each new population's growth and adaptation to its new environment. Specifically, they were looking at the effects on limb length and perch width, both widely varying phenotypic ranges in the parent population. Unfortunately, immigration did occur, but the founder
803:
Genetic studies of founder effect have concentrated on discovering ancestral and novel genetic diseases caused by founder effect and, to a lesser degree, on ancestry-related founder effects on populations, races, and ancient migrations, as well other aspects. The founder population could be the
686:
Serial founder effects have occurred when populations migrate over long distances. Such long-distance migrations typically involve relatively rapid movements followed by periods of settlement. The populations in each migration carry only a subset of the genetic diversity carried from previous
738:
However, not all founder effect studies are initiated after a natural disaster; some scientists study the reinstatement of a species that became locally extinct or hadn't existed there before. A study has been in place since 1958 studying the wolf/moose interaction on
808:(the existence of same gene on both chromosomes pairs, hence a recessive disease may increase in just few generations). The genetic abnormality will increase incrementally with the decrease of number of isolated populations making tribe-specific diseases (such as
2456:
Jaworski, M. A.; Severini, A; Mansour, G; Konrad, H. M.; Slater, J; Hennig, K; Schlaut, J; Yoon, J. W.; Pak, C. Y.; MacLaren, N (1989). "Genetic conditions among
Canadian Mennonites: Evidence for a founder effect among the old colony (Chortitza) Mennonites".
77:
In the figure shown, the original population has nearly equal numbers of blue and red individuals. The three smaller founder populations show that one or the other color may predominate (founder effect), due to random sampling of the original population. A
833:
predominant, explaining about 90% of regional gene pools, while
Acadian (descended from other French settlers in eastern Canada) admixtures contributing 4% British and 2% Native American and other groups contributing less.
154:, occurring when a small group in a population splinters off from the original population and forms a new one. The new colony may have less genetic variation than the original population, and through the random sampling of
2012:
Hajji, Ghaiet M.; Charfi-Cheikrouha, F.; Lorenzini, Rita; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Hartl, GĂŒnther B.; Zachos, Frank E. (2007). "Phylogeography and founder effect of the endangered
Corsican red deer (Cervus elaphus corsicanus)".
2229:
844:
populations in the United States exhibit founder effects because they have grown from a very few founders, have not recruited newcomers, and tend to marry within the community. Though still rare, phenomena such as
85:
The founder effect occurs when a small group of migrantsânot genetically representative of the population from which they cameâestablish in a new area. In addition to founder effects, the new population is often
2372:. In addition to tooth and nail abnormalities, people with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome have very short stature and are often born with heart defects. The two conditions are caused by mutations in the same genes.
2723:"Humanity's Ancestors Nearly Died Out, Genetic Study Suggests - The population crashed following climate change about 930,000 years ago, scientists concluded. Other experts aren't convinced by the analysis"
743:
in Lake
Superior after those animals naturally migrated there, perhaps on winter ice. Hajji and others, and Hundertmark & Van Daele, studied the current population statuses of past founder effects in
1142:"The existence of species rests on a metastable equilibrium between inbreeding and outbreeding. An essay on the close relationship between speciation, inbreeding and recessive mutations"
631:
385:
691:
is characterized by serial founder effects. Africa has the highest degree of human genetic diversity of any continent, which is consistent with an
African origin of modern humans.
964:(from a possible 100,000 to 1000 individuals) occurred "around 930,000 and 813,000 years ago ... lasted for about 117,000 years and brought human ancestors close to extinction."
320:
equals heterozygosity. The population of the founders of the colony can also be calculated if the loss of heterozygosity from the bottleneck is known using the same equation.
861:
affects about one out of 180,000 infants in the general population. Due in part to the founder effect, however, the disease has a much higher prevalence in children of Amish,
850:
298:
539:
202:
2083:
Kolbe, J. J.; Leal, M.; Schoener, T. W.; Spiller, D. A.; Losos, J. B. (2012). "Founder Effects Persist Despite Adaptive Differentiation: A Field Experiment with Lizards".
2388:"How are genetic conditions and genes named? / "Genetics Home Reference" ("Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions"), from the "US National Library of Medicine""
874:
687:
migrations. As a result, genetic differentiation tends to increase with geographic distance as described by the "isolation by distance" model. The migration of humans
938:, a group of small islands in the Atlantic Ocean, midway between Africa and South America. One of the early colonists apparently carried a rare, recessive allele for
566:
2403:
2350:
828:
stopped, but descendants of French settlers continued to grow in number mainly due to their high fertility rate. Intermarriage occurred mostly with the deported
485:
465:
445:
425:
405:
318:
242:
222:
2937:
138:
is the whole chromosome. As the generations progress, the proportion of the haplotype that is common to all carriers of the mutation is shortened (due to
2335:"Weyers acrofacial dysostosis / "Genetics Home Reference" ("Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions"), from the "US National Library of Medicine""
2732:
707:. A natural "blank slate" is not easily found, but a classic series of studies on founder population effects was done following the catastrophic
1663:
2894:
2546:
780:), the percentage of unique songs within a repertoire and withinâsong complexity were significantly lower in birds from founder populations.
2354:
2399:
2346:
1239:
927:
also suffered a population bottleneck in 1775 following a typhoon that had reduced the population to only 20 people. As a result, complete
2547:
Forbidden Fruit:Inbreeding among polygamists along the Arizona-Utah border is producing a caste of severely retarded and deformed children
2048:
Hundertmark, Kris J.; Van Daele, Larry J. (2009). "Founder effect and bottleneck signatures in an introduced, insular population of elk".
2407:
1781:"Explaining worldwide patterns of human genetic variation using a coalescent-based serial founder model of migration outward from Africa"
1714:"Support from the relationship of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founder effect originating in Africa"
819:
Due to various migrations throughout human history, founder effects are somewhat common among humans in different times and places. The
1264:
1949:
OâConnell, Kyle A.; Oaks, Jamie R.; Hamidy, Amir; Shaney, Kyle J.; Kurniawan, Nia; Smith, Eric N.; Fujita, Matthew K. (August 2020).
251:
The small founding population experiences a loss of heterozygosity after multiple generations. (âGenetic Driftâ by Boundless, 2015.)
2144:
Hill, Samuel D.; Pawley, Matthew D. M. (2019). "Reduced song complexity in founder populations of a widely distributed songbird".
723:
in Sumatra about 73,000 years ago, covered some parts of India with 3â6 m (10â20 ft) of ash, and must have coated the
3187:
3045:
2429:
McKusick, V. A.; Egeland, J. A.; Eldridge, R; Krusen, D. E. (1964). "Dwarfism in the Amish I. The Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome".
688:
1424:"Founder and Recurrent Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes in Latin American Countries: State of the Art and Literature Review"
678:
to create a whole new species whose reproductive systems or behaviors are no longer compatible with the original population.
2942:
2851:
2273:
1696:
1647:
1619:
1561:
1536:
1208:
1951:"Impacts of the Toba eruption and montane forest expansion on diversification in Sumatran parachuting frogs ( Rhacophorus )"
2793:
2564:
791:) after founding events on small islands in the Pacific Ocean closely matched theoretical calculations upon examination of
2189:"Founder events and variation at microsatellite loci in an insular passerine bird, the Laysan finch ( Telespiza cantans )"
1517:
Allendorf, Fred W.; Funk, W. Chris; Aitken, Sally N.; Byrne, Margaret; Luikart, Gordon; Antunes, Agostinho (2022-02-10).
673:
experimental research, and the results have been equivocal at best. Speciation by genetic drift is a specific case of
66:, from the parent population from which it is derived. In extreme cases, the founder effect is thought to lead to the
2887:
1342:"Consuming transgenic goats' milk containing the antimicrobial protein lysozyme helps resolve diarrhea in young pigs"
931:
has a current rate of occurrence of roughly 10%, with an additional 30% being carriers of this recessive condition.
2982:
1712:
Ramachandran, S.; Deshpande, O.; Roseman, C. C.; Rosenberg, N. A.; Feldman, M. W.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (2005).
740:
2987:
2369:
2289:
Bherer, Claude; Labuda, Damian; Roy-Gagnon, Marie-HĂ©lĂšne; Houde, Louis; Tremblay, Marc; VĂ©zina, HĂ©lĂšne (2011).
854:
583:
159:
640:
The variation in gene frequency between the original population and colony may also trigger the two groups to
327:
50:
is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. It was first fully outlined by
3213:
2395:
2342:
2722:
3223:
2917:
2880:
2391:
2338:
634:
711:, which erased all life on the island. Another continuing study has been following the biocolonization of
2962:
1295:
664:
was the first to attach this significance to random drift and small, newly isolated populations with his
58:. As a result of the loss of genetic variation, the new population may be distinctively different, both
30:
Founder effect: The original population (left) could give rise to different founder populations (right).
1191:
Hartwell, Leland; Hood, Leroy; Goldberg, Michael; Reynolds, Ann E.; Silver, Lee; Veres, Ruth C (2004).
244:
equals population size. This consequence of inbreeding makes the colony more vulnerable to extinction.
258:
3083:
2957:
1043:
858:
708:
490:
165:
1667:
1092:
3135:
2867:
1896:
324:
population reaches a certain size. The post-bottleneck population growth rate can be calculated as
2756:"Genomic inference of a severe human bottleneck during the Early to Middle Pleistocene transition"
2105:
1402:
2947:
2334:
1004:
731:, much nearer in the ash fallout cone, with life-smothering layers, forcing the restart of their
720:
665:
1688:
1682:
1243:
2932:
2100:
1919:
2387:
3174:
3068:
3063:
2967:
2261:
1019:
994:
961:
674:
139:
87:
79:
20:
3020:
2769:
2200:
2092:
1962:
1792:
1725:
1355:
1268:
939:
719:, a new volcanic island that erupted offshore between 1963 and 1967. An earlier event, the
573:
544:
2290:
885:, where an estimated 75-80% of the community are blood relatives of just two menâfounders
8:
3164:
3040:
2927:
2903:
1634:
1528:
1014:
901:
and the Pattapu Kapu have estimated founder effects about 10 times as strong as those of
890:
870:
700:
580:
for certain recessive traits. The equation to calculate reccessive allele frequencies is
35:
2773:
2204:
2096:
1966:
1950:
1864:
1847:
1796:
1729:
1359:
1339:
3154:
3150:
3010:
2727:
2700:
2641:
2624:
2515:
2169:
2126:
2065:
2030:
1994:
1823:
1810:
1780:
1756:
1743:
1713:
1448:
1423:
1378:
1341:
1317:
1290:
1168:
1141:
1117:
1068:
984:
951:
749:
641:
470:
450:
430:
410:
390:
303:
227:
207:
1585:
1484:
3218:
3145:
3140:
3078:
3005:
2997:
2972:
2847:
2840:
2826:
2785:
2760:
2755:
2704:
2692:
2646:
2605:
2572:
2507:
2466:
2438:
2313:
2269:
2213:
2188:
2161:
2118:
1998:
1986:
1978:
1877:
1869:
1828:
1761:
1692:
1643:
1615:
1567:
1557:
1532:
1488:
1453:
1383:
1322:
1204:
1173:
1122:
1073:
999:
979:
764:
Kolbe and others set up a pair of genetically sequenced and morphologically examined
745:
99:
43:
2519:
2173:
2130:
2069:
2034:
1439:
1288:
648:, increases, the two separated populations may become distinctively different, both
3208:
3104:
3015:
2777:
2682:
2674:
2636:
2497:
2305:
2208:
2153:
2110:
2057:
2022:
1970:
1931:
1859:
1818:
1800:
1751:
1733:
1524:
1480:
1443:
1435:
1373:
1363:
1312:
1304:
1163:
1153:
1112:
1104:
1063:
1055:
935:
820:
645:
2533:
2260:
Charbonneau, Hubert; Desjardins, Bertrand; Légaré, Jacques; Denis, Hubert (2010).
1200:
1059:
142:). This shortening allows scientists to roughly estimate the age of the mutation.
2922:
1368:
1108:
1009:
974:
857:) are more common in Amish communities than in the American population at large.
728:
724:
3169:
3159:
2952:
2821:(1954). "Change of genetic environment and evolution". In Julian Huxley (ed.).
1920:"Le repeuplement végétal et animal des ßles Krakatoa depuis l'éruption de 1883"
1291:"Bottlenecks in HIV-1 transmission: insights from the study of founder viruses"
958:
906:
886:
792:
704:
2061:
2026:
836:
In humans, founder effects can arise from cultural isolation, and inevitably,
247:
3202:
3109:
3099:
3055:
2596:
Farrell HB (1984). "The two-toed Wadoma--familial ectrodactyly in Zimbabwe".
2576:
2165:
1982:
1873:
1571:
989:
928:
898:
661:
151:
91:
82:
may also cause a founder effect, though it is not strictly a new population.
55:
2781:
2114:
1805:
1738:
3125:
2977:
2789:
2696:
2511:
2486:"Genetic heritage of the Old Order Mennonites of southeastern Pennsylvania"
2442:
2317:
2231:
Emery and Rimoin's Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics and Genomics
2122:
1990:
1881:
1832:
1765:
1492:
1457:
1387:
1326:
1177:
1158:
1077:
1039:
917:
805:
784:
732:
2830:
2650:
2609:
2470:
1935:
1126:
957:
On 31 August 2023, researchers reported, based on genetic studies, that a
783:
It was found by Tarr et al. (1998) that the loss of heterozygosity of the
772:
Founder effects can affect complex traits, such as song diversity. In the
572:
population. The new colony can experience an increase in the frequency of
2718:
2502:
2485:
1193:
846:
773:
2663:
1814:
1687:(Illustrated ed.). United States: Oxford University Press. p.
1640:
Systematics and the Origin of Species: on Ernst Mayr's 100th anniversary
1308:
934:
Around 1814, a small group of British colonists founded a settlement on
748:
and Alaskan elk, respectively. Corsican red deer are still listed as an
158:
during reproduction of subsequent generations, continue rapidly towards
2818:
2687:
2309:
1747:
1635:
1340:
Cooper, C. A.; Garas Klobas, L. C.; Maga, E. A.; Murray, J. D. (2013).
943:
669:
657:
644:
significantly over the course of many generations. As the variance, or
577:
131:
95:
67:
51:
47:
2872:
2678:
2245:
Puffenberger, Erik (2021). "Recessive diseases and founder genetics".
2157:
1974:
1518:
3130:
1711:
862:
809:
653:
135:
71:
63:
2291:"Admixed ancestry and stratification of Quebec regional populations"
2011:
1346:
1289:
Joseph, S. B.; Swanstrom, R.; Kashuba, A. D.; Cohen, M. S. (2015).
924:
882:
878:
837:
829:
757:
649:
119:
111:
59:
1556:(9th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education/Benjamin Cummings.
1471:
Drayna, Dennis (2005). "Founder Mutations: Scientific American".
813:
753:
716:
712:
130:
Founder mutations originate in long stretches of DNA on a single
26:
2565:"In South Asian Social Castes, a Living Lab for Genetic Disease"
2259:
1642:(Illustrated ed.). National Academies Press. p. 367.
913:
894:
866:
824:
765:
576:
alleles, as well, and as a result, an increased number who are
255:
The per generation loss of heterozygosity can be calculated as
155:
1848:"Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa"
2455:
2428:
1638:; Hey, Jody; Fitch, Walter M.; Ayala, Francisco José (2005).
902:
841:
1190:
127:
express the founder effect, for instance a goat or a human.
2534:"Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) - Jewish Genetic Disease"
2288:
1778:
1224:
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (1999).
875:
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
849:(extra fingers and toes, a symptom of a condition such as
54:
in 1942, using existing theoretical work by those such as
1948:
1610:
Wade, Michael S.; Wolf, Jason; Brodie, Edmund D. (2000).
123:
2846:. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
2082:
1846:
Schlebusch, Carina M.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2018-08-31).
1516:
1779:
Degiorgio, M.; Jakobsson, M.; Rosenberg, N. A. (2009).
920:, giving them the nickname of the âtwo-toed tribeâ.
2382:
2380:
2262:"The Population of the St. Lawrence Valley 1608â1760"
1421:
586:
547:
493:
473:
453:
433:
413:
393:
330:
306:
261:
230:
210:
168:
2264:. In Haines, Michael R.; Stecke, Richard H. (eds.).
2047:
1907:: 213â223 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
1093:"The theory of speciation via the founder principle"
2186:
1845:
2839:
2377:
2329:
2327:
2187:Tarr, C. L.; Conant, S.; Fleischer, R. C. (1998).
1586:"File:Founder effect Illustration.jpg - Knowledge"
1223:
1192:
699:Founder populations are essential to the study of
625:
560:
533:
479:
459:
439:
419:
399:
379:
312:
292:
236:
216:
196:
1681:Howard, Daniel J.; Berlocher, Steward H. (1998).
1614:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 330.
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
162:. The homozygosity increase can be calculated as
3200:
942:, a progressive form of blindness that afflicts
2324:
2268:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 99â142.
1785:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1718:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1680:
1609:
1499:
568:is the original size of the founding colony.
2888:
2540:
2747:
2711:
2483:
2400:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
2347:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
2244:
1852:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
1520:Conservation and the Genomics of Populations
1415:
2754:Hu, Wangjie; et al. (31 August 2023).
2753:
1333:
1282:
950:The abnormally high rate of twin births in
947:worldwide prevalence of around 1 in 4,000.
2895:
2881:
2595:
2143:
1897:"Notice sur la nouvelle flore de Krakatau"
954:could be explained by the founder effect.
798:
2686:
2640:
2501:
2298:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2212:
2104:
1901:Annales du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg
1863:
1822:
1804:
1755:
1737:
1447:
1377:
1367:
1316:
1167:
1157:
1116:
1090:
1067:
626:{\displaystyle {\hat {q}}=\surd N_{22}/N}
1666:. evolution.berkeley.edu. Archived from
1265:"Colorectal Cancer Research Definitions"
1199:. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p.
869:descent. Similarly, a high frequency of
681:
668:of speciation. Following behind Wright,
380:{\displaystyle N(t)={K \over 1+be^{rt}}}
246:
25:
2902:
2589:
1917:
1523:(3 ed.). Oxford University Press.
1400:
1228:. W H Freeman and Company. p. 241.
1038:
873:exists among the 10,000 members of the
90:, so it shows increased sensitivity to
3201:
3188:Index of evolutionary biology articles
2717:
2526:
2477:
2431:Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital
1612:Epistasis and the evolutionary process
1470:
19:For the concept in organizations, see
2876:
2796:from the original on 1 September 2023
2622:
2266:A Population History of North America
1894:
1551:
1464:
1044:"Ernst Mayr: Genetics and speciation"
2837:
2825:. London: George Allen & Unwin.
2817:
2490:American Journal of Medical Genetics
1139:
694:
447:is the population equilibrium size,
2735:from the original on 31 August 2023
2625:"Genetical changes in mice and men"
2562:
2459:Clinical and Investigative Medicine
1865:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759
1257:
1232:
877:, a community which practices both
467:is the natural logarithm base, and
105:
13:
2811:
2449:
2357:from the original on June 27, 2017
1529:10.1093/oso/9780198856566.001.0001
407:equals the number of generations,
262:
224:equals inbreeding coefficient and
169:
14:
3235:
2861:
2410:from the original on July 9, 2017
1485:10.1038/scientificamerican1005-78
1267:. www.mshri.on.ca. Archived from
893:. In South Asia, castes like the
2406:the original.)). July 18, 2017.
2353:the original.)). July 18, 2017.
2214:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00385.x
1422:Ossa, C. A.; Torres, D. (2016).
1401:Molteni, Megan (June 30, 2016).
293:{\displaystyle \Delta {h}=-1/2N}
150:The founder effect is a type of
2657:
2616:
2556:
2422:
2282:
2253:
2238:
2221:
2180:
2137:
2076:
2041:
2005:
1942:
1911:
1888:
1839:
1772:
1705:
1674:
1656:
1628:
1603:
1578:
1545:
1440:10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0416
1394:
1195:Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
912:In Africa, many members of the
534:{\displaystyle (K-N_{0})/N_{0}}
197:{\displaystyle \Delta {f}=1/2N}
2988:Constructive neutral evolution
1217:
1184:
1133:
1084:
1032:
602:
593:
513:
494:
340:
334:
1:
2396:National Institutes of Health
2343:National Institutes of Health
2015:Biodiversity and Conservation
1026:
16:Effect in population genetics
2938:Fisher's fundamental theorem
2842:Animal Species and Evolution
2553:, December 29, 2005, page 2.
2394:(NLM), which is part of the
2392:National Library of Medicine
2341:(NLM), which is part of the
2339:National Library of Medicine
1554:Campbell biology, AP edition
1369:10.1371/journal.pone.0058409
851:Weyers acrodental dysostosis
7:
2963:Coefficient of relationship
2484:Puffenberger, E.G. (2003).
1296:Nature Reviews Microbiology
1060:10.1093/genetics/167.3.1041
967:
10:
3240:
2665:(CĂąndido GodĂłi, Brazil)".
2551:The Phoenix New Times News
2402:... ((Note: archived from
2370:EllisâVan Creveld syndrome
2349:... ((Note: archived from
1242:. bscs.org. Archived from
1109:10.1093/genetics/94.4.1011
855:EllisâVan Creveld syndrome
145:
18:
3183:
3118:
3092:
3054:
3029:
2996:
2958:Coefficient of inbreeding
2910:
2563:Yin, Steph (2017-07-17).
2247:Genomics of Rare Diseases
2234:(Seventh ed.). 2020.
2062:10.1007/s10592-009-0013-z
2027:10.1007/s10531-007-9297-9
1240:"Bioinformatics Glossary"
1091:Templeton, A. R. (1980).
859:Maple syrup urine disease
709:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
3136:Evolutionary game theory
2918:HardyâWeinberg principle
2667:Annals of Human Genetics
1918:Bordage, Edmond (1916).
1895:Treub, Melchior (1888).
1140:Joly E (December 2011).
2948:Shifting balance theory
2782:10.1126/science.abq7487
2115:10.1126/science.1209566
1806:10.1073/pnas.0903341106
1739:10.1073/pnas.0507611102
1664:"Peripatric Speciation"
1552:Reece, Jane B. (2011).
1005:Neolithic founder crops
799:Among human populations
666:shifting balance theory
134:; indeed, the original
46:that occurs when a new
2933:Linkage disequilibrium
2823:Evolution as a Process
1159:10.1186/1745-6150-6-62
627:
562:
535:
481:
461:
441:
421:
401:
381:
314:
294:
252:
238:
218:
198:
31:
3175:Quantitative genetics
3084:BaldingâNichols model
3069:Population bottleneck
3064:Small population size
2968:Selection coefficient
2549:, by John Dougherty,
2404:an earlier version of
2351:an earlier version of
2050:Conservation Genetics
1936:10.3406/geo.1916.8848
1924:Annales de géographie
1590:commons.wikimedia.org
1020:Small population size
995:Inbreeding depression
962:population bottleneck
682:Serial founder effect
675:peripatric speciation
628:
563:
561:{\displaystyle N_{0}}
536:
482:
462:
442:
422:
402:
382:
315:
295:
250:
239:
219:
199:
140:genetic recombination
98:, and relatively low
80:population bottleneck
29:
3214:Evolutionary biology
3046:Background selection
3033:on genomic variation
3031:Effects of selection
2983:Population structure
2838:Mayr, Ernst (1963).
2503:10.1002/ajmg.c.20003
940:retinitis pigmentosa
778:Acridotheres tristis
584:
545:
491:
471:
451:
431:
427:is the growth rate,
411:
391:
328:
304:
259:
228:
208:
166:
122:that appears in the
3224:Population genetics
3165:Population genomics
3041:Genetic hitchhiking
2928:Identity by descent
2904:Population genetics
2774:2023Sci...381..979H
2398:, an agency of the
2345:, an agency of the
2205:1998MolEc...7..719T
2097:2012Sci...335.1086K
1967:2020MolEc..29.2994O
1797:2009PNAS..10616057D
1730:2005PNAS..10215942R
1473:Scientific American
1360:2013PLoSO...858409C
1309:10.1038/nrmicro3471
1015:Popular sire effect
891:Joseph Smith Jessop
871:fumarase deficiency
840:. For example, the
701:island biogeography
36:population genetics
3151:Landscape genetics
2728:the New York Times
2721:(31 August 2023).
2623:Berry, RJ (1967).
2569:The New York Times
2310:10.1002/ajpa.21424
2228:"founder effect".
1670:on April 23, 2004.
985:Genetic bottleneck
750:endangered species
623:
558:
531:
477:
457:
437:
417:
397:
377:
310:
290:
253:
234:
214:
194:
32:
21:Founder's syndrome
3196:
3195:
3146:Genetic genealogy
3141:Fitness landscape
2853:978-0-674-03750-2
2768:(6661): 979â984.
2679:10.1111/ahg.12001
2368:condition called
2275:978-0-521-49666-7
2193:Molecular Ecology
2158:10.1111/ibi.12692
1975:10.1111/mec.15541
1961:(16): 2994â3009.
1955:Molecular Ecology
1698:978-0-19-510901-6
1649:978-0-309-09536-5
1621:978-0-19-512806-2
1563:978-0-13-137504-8
1538:978-0-19-885656-6
1246:on March 25, 2009
1226:Biology of Plants
1210:978-0-07-121468-1
1000:Mitochondrial Eve
980:Founder takes all
789:Telespiza cantans
746:Corsican red deer
695:In island ecology
596:
480:{\displaystyle b}
460:{\displaystyle e}
440:{\displaystyle K}
420:{\displaystyle r}
400:{\displaystyle t}
375:
313:{\displaystyle h}
237:{\displaystyle N}
217:{\displaystyle f}
100:genetic variation
94:, an increase in
44:genetic variation
3231:
3105:J. B. S. Haldane
2897:
2890:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2857:
2845:
2834:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2690:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2560:
2554:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2505:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2108:
2091:(6072): 1086â9.
2080:
2074:
2073:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1867:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1808:
1791:(38): 16057â62.
1776:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1741:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1514:
1497:
1496:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1371:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:on July 24, 2009
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1036:
936:Tristan da Cunha
821:French Canadians
646:genetic distance
632:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
613:
598:
597:
589:
567:
565:
564:
559:
557:
556:
540:
538:
537:
532:
530:
529:
520:
512:
511:
487:is the constant
486:
484:
483:
478:
466:
464:
463:
458:
446:
444:
443:
438:
426:
424:
423:
418:
406:
404:
403:
398:
386:
384:
383:
378:
376:
374:
373:
372:
347:
319:
317:
316:
311:
299:
297:
296:
291:
283:
269:
243:
241:
240:
235:
223:
221:
220:
215:
203:
201:
200:
195:
187:
176:
116:founder mutation
106:Founder mutation
74:of new species.
3239:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3179:
3114:
3088:
3050:
3034:
3032:
3025:
2992:
2923:Genetic linkage
2906:
2901:
2864:
2854:
2814:
2812:Further reading
2809:
2799:
2797:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2716:
2712:
2662:
2658:
2621:
2617:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2561:
2557:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2482:
2478:
2454:
2450:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2360:
2358:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2258:
2254:
2243:
2239:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2185:
2181:
2142:
2138:
2081:
2077:
2046:
2042:
2010:
2006:
1947:
1943:
1916:
1912:
1893:
1889:
1844:
1840:
1777:
1773:
1724:(44): 15942â7.
1710:
1706:
1699:
1679:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1564:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1515:
1500:
1469:
1465:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1338:
1334:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1189:
1185:
1138:
1134:
1089:
1085:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1010:Persister cells
975:Cousin marriage
970:
801:
729:Andaman Islands
725:Nicobar Islands
697:
684:
615:
609:
605:
588:
587:
585:
582:
581:
552:
548:
546:
543:
542:
525:
521:
516:
507:
503:
492:
489:
488:
472:
469:
468:
452:
449:
448:
432:
429:
428:
412:
409:
408:
392:
389:
388:
365:
361:
351:
346:
329:
326:
325:
305:
302:
301:
279:
265:
260:
257:
256:
229:
226:
225:
209:
206:
205:
183:
172:
167:
164:
163:
148:
108:
70:and subsequent
42:is the loss of
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3170:Phylogeography
3167:
3162:
3160:Microevolution
3157:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3119:Related topics
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:Founder effect
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:Price equation
2950:
2945:
2943:Neutral theory
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:Founder effect
2863:
2862:External links
2860:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2835:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2746:
2710:
2656:
2615:
2598:S. Afr. Med. J
2588:
2555:
2539:
2525:
2476:
2448:
2421:
2376:
2323:
2281:
2274:
2252:
2237:
2220:
2199:(6): 719â731.
2179:
2152:(2): 435â440.
2136:
2075:
2040:
2004:
1941:
1910:
1887:
1858:(1): 405â428.
1838:
1771:
1704:
1697:
1673:
1655:
1648:
1627:
1620:
1602:
1577:
1562:
1544:
1537:
1498:
1463:
1434:(7): 832â839.
1428:The Oncologist
1414:
1403:"Spilled Milk"
1393:
1332:
1303:(7): 414â425.
1281:
1256:
1231:
1216:
1209:
1183:
1146:Biology Direct
1132:
1103:(4): 1011â38.
1083:
1040:Provine, W. B.
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
971:
969:
966:
959:human ancestor
923:The island of
916:tribe inherit
907:Ashkenazi Jews
887:John Y. Barlow
800:
797:
793:microsatellite
705:island ecology
696:
693:
683:
680:
654:phenotypically
637:assumptions.
635:Hardy-Wienberg
622:
618:
612:
608:
604:
601:
595:
592:
555:
551:
528:
524:
519:
515:
510:
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502:
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476:
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371:
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333:
309:
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264:
233:
213:
193:
190:
186:
182:
179:
175:
171:
147:
144:
107:
104:
64:phenotypically
40:founder effect
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3236:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3110:Sewall Wright
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3056:Genetic drift
3053:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2750:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2673:(2): 125â36.
2672:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2604:(13): 531â3.
2603:
2599:
2592:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2465:(2): 127â41.
2464:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2371:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2304:(3): 432â41.
2303:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2106:10.1.1.363.77
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:(3): 659â73.
2020:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1930:(133): 1â22.
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1825:
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3100:R. A. Fisher
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2978:Heritability
2911:Key concepts
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2719:Zimmer, Carl
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2739:2 September
2688:11336/11007
1636:Mayr, Ernst
847:polydactyly
774:Common Myna
741:Isle Royale
658:new species
650:genetically
3203:Categories
3021:Ecological
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2582:2020-03-13
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1596:2023-03-16
1408:2017-01-12
1275:2009-03-23
1250:2009-03-23
1027:References
944:homozygous
810:Ashkenazis
761:Sardinia.
670:Ernst Mayr
578:homozygous
132:chromosome
96:inbreeding
88:very small
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3131:Evolution
2998:Selection
2705:206980257
2629:Eugen Rev
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2166:1474-919X
2101:CiteSeerX
1999:220384153
1983:0962-1083
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633:based on
603:√
594:^
574:recessive
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1097:Genetics
1078:15280221
1048:Genetics
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968:See also
925:Pingelap
883:polygyny
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838:endogamy
830:Acadians
814:Bedouins
795:loci.
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387:, where
300:, where
204:, where
160:fixation
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