42:
129:
31:
120:. Its segmental arch design using stone repudiated conventional wisdom that a semicircular arch was necessary to transfer the weight of a bridge downwards to where the arch tangentially meets the pier. The double pair of openings piercing both ends of the arch spandrel, which as well as accentuating its lithe curvature, lightens the weight of the bridge and facilitates the diversion of flood waters by allowing them to pass through the auxiliary arches rather than pound against the spandrels.
51:
629:
22:
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supported with stones and bricks on the orders of a local magistrate. In 1961, it was listed as a national cultural relic. In 1984, the iron lion was remounted on a stone pedestal. Its legs were filled with a sulfate compound. Probably due to these interventions, cracks began to appear in the sculpture. Therefore, most of the compound was removed during restoration work carried out in 2000.
164:
long gone, and that a bronze statue of the bodhisattva
Manjusri rode in the lotus flower on the lion's back. The bodhisattva was at some time removed for the value of its bronze; this could have happened as early as the reign of Shizong (r.+954-958), Emperor of the minor dynasty of Later Zhou, in his campaign against Buddhism.
163:
often said to be the largest iron casting on record in the world, the famous
Cangzhou Lion in the city of Cangzhou, Hebei, cast in +953. It is 5.4 m high, 5.3 m long, and 3 m broad; its weight is estimated at 50 tons. Art historians believe that the lion was originally inside a Buddhist temple, now
195:
in 971 AD. It was cast in seven parts from the bottom up starting with the lotus stand and finishing with the arms, of which there are 42 in total. The back of the statue has since been sawn off and replaced with a wooden frame. The statue weighs 36 tons. Throughout the construction process, some
158:
dynasty in 953, the cast iron lion is the largest and oldest surviving cast-iron artwork in China. Over the years, the sculpture has sustained various kinds of damage. By 1603, its tail had been lost. In 1803, a storm toppled the statue resulting in damage to its snout and belly. In 1886, it was
116:, also called the Zhaozhou Bridge, is China's oldest standing bridge and the world's oldest open spandrel bridge of wholly stone construction. It was built under the direction of Li Chun between the years 595-605 AD during the
1554:
660:
236:, which stands at 69.13 m (230 ft). The tallest pagoda in pre-modern Chinese history was a 100-meter (330 ft)-tall wooden pagoda tower in
191:. There was originally another statue before this one that was set up in 586 AD, which it replaced. The construction of the new statue began during the
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base. Upon completion in 1055, the Liaodi Pagoda surpassed the height of China's previously tallest pagoda still standing, the central pagoda of the
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315:
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1417:
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1634:
497:
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1303:
601:
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1564:
801:
470:
434:
1654:
1262:
793:
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715:
687:
466:
628:
1619:
677:
487:
1629:
1589:
549:
1125:
880:
534:
502:
1387:
1156:
731:
564:
981:
529:
1511:
750:
140:
133:
101:
64:
1644:
1397:
886:
606:
8:
1436:
1276:
665:
611:
241:
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1412:
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1614:
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843:
811:
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589:
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stands at a height of 84 meters (276 ft), resting on a large platform with an
1029:
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519:
479:
184:
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999:
720:
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213:
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The Great
Bodhisattva of Zhengding is a 22.8 meter tall cast bronze statue of
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Science and
Civilization in China Volume 5-11: Ferrous Metallurgy
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1060:
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993:
987:
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84:华北四宝) are four artifacts of high historical value located in
1235:
868:
174:
92:. They include the Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding, the
288:
Chinese
Bridges: Living Architecture From China's Past
1555:
Major
National Historical and Cultural Sites in Hebei
386:
China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang
Dynasty
366:
329:
220:pagoda in the world. Construction began during the
290:. Singapore: Tuttle Publishing. pp. 122–127.
224:(960–1279) in 1001 and was completed in 1055. The
1541:
304:
123:
442:
412:A History of Chinese Science and Technology 3
143:, also known as the "Sea Guard Howler", is a
875:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
449:
435:
1640:Buildings and structures in Shijiazhuang
1461:
212:. It is the tallest existing pre-modern
127:
456:
199:
1542:
1443:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
1368:Endless power transmitting chain drive
417:
335:
244:, but the structure no longer exists.
67:, Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding, and
430:
285:
1660:Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
1625:Bridges completed in the 7th century
1610:11th-century establishments in China
1575:10th-century establishments in China
175:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding (971)
107:
1670:7th-century establishments in China
388:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
279:
13:
409:
372:
14:
1681:
208:is located in Kaiyuan Monastery,
627:
312:"The cast iron lion of Cangzhou"
49:
40:
29:
20:
403:
318:from the original on 2021-04-19
869:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
378:
341:
254:
196:3,000 artisans were involved.
1:
1650:Chinese architectural history
1605:11th-century Buddhist temples
1304:Southern Song dynasty coinage
247:
1595:Octagonal buildings in China
422:, Cambridge University Press
7:
1550:Outdoor sculptures in China
716:Department of State Affairs
124:Iron Lion of Cangzhou (953)
10:
1686:
678:Bureau of Military Affairs
418:Wagner, Donald B. (2008),
1600:Song dynasty architecture
1585:Buddhist temples in Hebei
1329:
1261:
1082:
896:
788:
741:
706:
636:
625:
550:Alliance Conducted at Sea
540:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
465:
349:""华北四宝"收集攻略及周边景点介绍 - 马蜂窝"
286:Knapp, Ronald G. (2008).
262:""华北四宝"收集攻略及周边景点介绍 - 马蜂窝"
881:Four Great Books of Song
1560:10th-century sculptures
732:Secretariat-Chancellery
78:Four Treasures of Hebei
1665:Stone bridges in China
1363:Early Bessemer process
1331:Science and technology
530:Nong Zhigao rebellions
410:Lu, Yongxiang (2015),
384:Benn, Charles (2002).
172:
136:
1635:Arch bridges in China
751:Ministry of Personnel
656:Imperial examinations
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141:Iron Lion of Cangzhou
134:Iron Lion of Cangzhou
131:
102:Iron Lion of Cangzhou
65:Iron Lion of Cangzhou
1580:Cast-iron sculptures
887:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
661:Administrative units
535:Song–Tibet relations
510:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
200:Liaodi Pagoda (1055)
1565:Sculptures of lions
1437:Forensic entomology
1398:Watertight bulkhead
1277:Joint-stock company
771:Ministry of Justice
756:Ministry of Revenue
666:Sixteen Prefectures
242:Emperor Yang of Sui
59:Left to right: the
1655:Transport in Hebei
1373:Astronomical clock
580:Treaty of Shaoxing
375:, p. 234-235.
137:
1620:Deck arch bridges
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1536:
1533:
1532:
1452:Dream Pool Essays
1344:Gunpowder weapons
1257:
1256:
784:
783:
776:Ministry of Works
761:Ministry of Rites
708:Three Departments
545:Fang La rebellion
525:Wang Ze rebellion
297:978-0-8048-3884-9
108:Anji Bridge (605)
1677:
1630:Bridges in Hebei
1590:Pagodas in China
1483:
1480:
1459:
1458:
1207:
1206: 1174–1189
1204:
1146:
1145: 1050–1080
1143:
1038:
1037: 1111–1117
1035:
894:
893:
844:Longquan celadon
812:Five Great Kilns
704:
703:
631:
451:
444:
437:
428:
427:
423:
414:
397:
382:
376:
370:
364:
363:
361:
360:
351:. Archived from
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264:. Archived from
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240:built in 611 by
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169:Donald B. Wagner
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44:
33:
24:
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1679:
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1674:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1481:
1457:
1413:Horner's method
1325:
1253:
1205:
1157:Emperor Huizong
1144:
1078:
1036:
892:
780:
766:Ministry of War
737:
702:
632:
623:
602:Mongol conquest
520:Chanyuan Treaty
480:Chenqiao mutiny
461:
455:
406:
401:
400:
383:
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185:Longxing Temple
183:located in the
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132:Replica of the
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1482: 10th c.
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1000:Huang Tingjian
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747:
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743:Six Ministries
739:
738:
736:
735:
728:
723:
718:
712:
710:
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700:
695:
690:
685:
683:Qingli Reforms
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338:, p. 291.
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1408:Tianchi basin
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733:
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727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
711:
709:
705:
699:
698:Three Bureaus
696:
694:
693:Baojia system
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
667:
664:
663:
662:
659:
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566:
565:Huangtiandang
563:
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558:
557:
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555:Jin–Song Wars
553:
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541:
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531:
528:
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515:Song–Xia wars
513:
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498:Southern Tang
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98:Liaodi Pagoda
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69:Liaodi Pagoda
66:
62:
52:
43:
32:
23:
1524:Guo Shoujing
1450:
1441:
1427:
1418:Architecture
1403:Fishing reel
1378:Movable type
1348:
1318:
1212:Zhou Jichang
1163:Zhang Zeduan
1012:Zhou Bangyan
904:Fan Zhongyan
885:
873:
859:Yaozhou ware
854:Qingbai ware
688:New Policies
493:Southern Han
484:Unification
458:Song dynasty
419:
411:
404:Bibliography
385:
380:
368:
357:. Retrieved
353:the original
343:
331:
320:. Retrieved
306:
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270:. Retrieved
266:the original
256:
222:Song dynasty
216:and tallest
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193:Song dynasty
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138:
111:
82:huabei sibao
81:
77:
75:
1645:Sui dynasty
1526:(1231–1316)
1520:(1202–1261)
1518:Qin Jiushao
1514:(1192-1279)
1508:(1186–1249)
1502:(1031–1095)
1496:(1020–1101)
1490:(1010–1070)
1475:Zhang Sixun
1320:Zhu Fan Zhi
1309:Champa rice
1273:(1021–1086)
1250:(1235–1305)
1244:(1222–1307)
1238:(1210–1269)
1232:(1199–1295)
1226:(1190–1230)
1220:(1178–1249)
1199:Lin Tinggui
1195:(1140–1210)
1189:(1120–1182)
1183:(1100–1197)
1177:(1096–1119)
1175:Wang Ximeng
1171:(1094-1172)
1165:(1085–1145)
1159:(1082–1135)
1153:(1051–1107)
1134:(1049–1106)
1128:(1036–1093)
1122:(1020–1090)
1116:(1019–1079)
1110:(1000–1064)
1075:(1170–1231)
1069:(1140–1207)
1063:(1130–1200)
1057:(1127–1206)
1051:(1126–1193)
1049:Fan Chengda
1045:(1125–1209)
1026:(1085–1144)
1020:(1084–1155)
1018:Li Qingzhao
1014:(1056–1121)
1008:(1047–1126)
1002:(1045–1105)
996:(1039–1112)
990:(1037–1101)
984:(1033–1107)
978:(1032–1085)
972:(1022–1077)
966:(1019–1086)
960:(1019–1083)
954:(1017–1073)
948:(1012–1067)
942:(1011–1077)
936:(1009–1066)
930:(1007–1072)
924:(1002–1060)
922:Mei Yaochen
849:Cizhou ware
726:Chancellery
721:Secretariat
649:Family tree
607:Diaoyucheng
336:Wagner 2008
150:located in
118:Sui dynasty
114:Anji Bridge
94:Anji Bridge
61:Anji Bridge
1544:Categories
1471:(972–1051)
1388:Pound lock
1314:Nanhai One
1271:Wang Anshi
1169:Su Hanchen
1132:Li Gonglin
1102:Zhao Chang
1098:(970–1053)
1096:Xu Daoning
1092:(960–1030)
1073:Zhao Rukuo
1055:Yang Wanli
964:Sima Guang
952:Zhou Dunyi
928:Ouyang Xiu
918:(998–1061)
912:(991–1055)
906:(989–1052)
637:Government
359:2020-12-21
322:2020-12-21
272:2020-12-21
248:References
156:Later Zhou
100:, and the
1462:Inventors
1339:Gunpowder
1248:Qian Xuan
1214:(12th c.)
1193:Liang Kai
1187:Zhao Boju
1126:Wang Shen
1108:Yi Yuanji
1104:(10th c.)
976:Cheng Hao
970:Zhang Zai
958:Zeng Gong
946:Cai Xiang
940:Shao Yong
864:Jian ware
827:Guan ware
817:Ding ware
612:Xiangyang
488:Later Shu
230:octagonal
189:Zhengding
148:sculpture
145:cast iron
1615:Dingzhou
1500:Shen Kuo
1488:Jia Xian
1469:Bi Sheng
1393:Dry dock
1282:Banknote
1242:Gong Kai
1114:Wen Tong
1090:Fan Kuan
1083:Painters
1067:Xin Qiji
1024:Zhu Bian
1006:Cai Jing
982:Cheng Yi
832:Jun ware
802:Religion
673:Military
644:Emperors
575:Yancheng
560:Jingkang
471:Timeline
316:Archived
238:Chang'an
210:Dingzhou
167:—
152:Cangzhou
1506:Song Ci
1494:Su Song
1383:Compass
1263:Economy
1224:Li Song
1138:Cui Bai
916:Song Qi
910:Yan Shu
897:Writers
837:Ru ware
822:Ge ware
794:Society
790:Culture
595:Caizhou
585:Tangdao
467:History
373:Lu 2015
181:Guanyin
1292:Guanzi
1287:Jiaozi
1120:Guo Xi
1061:Zhu Xi
1043:Lu You
1030:Zhu Yu
994:Su Zhe
988:Su Shi
934:Su Xun
807:Poetry
590:Caishi
460:topics
392:
294:
226:pagoda
96:, the
1512:Li Ye
1297:Huizi
1181:Li Di
1151:Mi Fu
617:Yamen
570:De'an
396:, 62.
218:brick
90:China
86:Hebei
1358:Coke
1236:Muqi
792:and
390:ISBN
292:ISBN
204:The
139:The
112:The
76:The
1570:953
1479:fl.
1203:fl.
1142:fl.
1034:fl.
1546::
314:.
187:,
104:.
88:,
63:,
1484:)
1477:(
1208:)
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1147:)
1140:(
1039:)
1032:(
734:)
730:(
473:)
469:(
450:e
443:t
436:v
362:.
325:.
300:.
275:.
80:(
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