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1480:, where a reservoir is filled by the turbine (acting as a pump) driven by the generator acting as a large electrical motor during periods of low power demand, and then reversed and used to generate power during peak demand. These pump storage reservoirs act as large energy storage sources to store "excess" electrical energy in the form of water in elevated reservoirs. This is one of a few methods that allow temporary excess electrical capacity to be stored for later utilization.
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stator blades of the turbines and the volute casing as it has a varying cross-sectional area. For example, if the degree of reaction is given as 50%, that means that half of the total energy change of the fluid is taking place in the rotor blades and the other half is occurring in the stator blades. If the degree of reaction is zero it means that the energy changes due to the rotor blades is zero, leading to a different turbine design called the
987:
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195:, improved on these designs to create more efficient turbines. He applied scientific principles and testing methods to produce a very efficient turbine design. More importantly, his mathematical and graphical calculation methods improved turbine design and engineering. His analytical methods allowed the design of high-efficiency turbines to precisely match a site's water flow and pressure (
238:: The draft tube is a conduit that connects the runner exit to the tail race where the water is discharged from the turbine. Its primary function is to reduce the velocity of discharged water to minimize the loss of kinetic energy at the outlet. This permits the turbine to be set above the tail water without appreciable drop of available head.
230:: Runner blades are the heart of any turbine. These are the centers where the fluid strikes and the tangential force of the impact produces torque causing the shaft of the turbine to rotate. Close attention to design of blade angles at inlet and outlet is necessary, as these are major parameters affecting power production.
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The
Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a category of turbine in which the working fluid comes to the turbine under immense pressure and the energy is extracted by the turbine blades from the working fluid. A part of the energy is given up by the fluid because of pressure changes occurring
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Francis turbines may be designed for a wide range of heads and flows. This versatility, along with their high efficiency, has made them the most widely used turbine in the world. Francis type units cover a head range from 40 to 600 m (130 to 2,000 ft), and their connected generator output
217:
or scroll case. Throughout its length, it has numerous openings at regular intervals to allow the working fluid to impinge on the blades of the runner. These openings convert the pressure energy of the fluid into kinetic energy just before the fluid impinges on the blades. This maintains a constant
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Degree of reaction can be defined as the ratio of pressure energy change in the blades to total energy change of the fluid. This means that it is a ratio indicating the fraction of total change in fluid pressure energy occurring in the blades of the turbine. The rest of the changes occur in the
100:
rotating runner controls the rate of water flow through the turbine for different power production rates. Francis turbines are usually mounted with a vertical shaft, to isolate water from the generator. This also facilitates installation and maintenance.
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266:, while the remaining part of the energy is extracted by the volute casing of the turbine. At the exit, water acts on the spinning cup-shaped runner features, leaving at low velocity and low swirl with very little
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1465:, the Francis turbine operates at its best completely filled with water at all times. The turbine and the outlet channel may be placed lower than the lake or sea level outside, reducing the tendency for
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65:
The process of arriving at the modern
Francis runner design took from 1848 to approximately 1920. It became known as the Francis turbine around 1920, being named after British-American engineer
224:: The primary function of the guide and stay vanes is to convert the pressure energy of the fluid into kinetic energy. It also serves to direct the flow at design angles to the runner blades.
218:
velocity despite the fact that numerous openings have been provided for the fluid to enter the blades, as the cross-sectional area of this casing decreases uniformly along the circumference.
438:
966:{\displaystyle \eta _{b}={\frac {2V_{f1}^{2}(\cot \alpha _{1}(\cot \alpha _{1}+\cot \beta _{1}))}{V_{f2}^{2}+2V_{f1}^{2}(\cot \alpha _{1}(\cot \alpha _{1}+\cot \beta _{1}))}}\,.}
153:
of different types have been used for more than 1,000 years to power mills of all types, but they were relatively inefficient. Nineteenth-century efficiency improvements of
1335:
34:
Side-view cutaway of a vertical
Francis turbine. Here water enters horizontally in a spiral-shaped pipe (spiral case) wrapped around the outside of the turbine's rotating
172:
developed a high-efficiency (80%) outward-flow water turbine. Water was directed tangentially through the turbine runner, causing it to spin. Another French engineer,
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power varies from just a few kilowatts up to 1000 MW. Large
Francis turbines are individually designed for each site to operate with the given water flow and
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176:, designed an inward-flow turbine in about 1820 that used the same principles. S. B. Howd obtained a US patent in 1838 for a similar design.
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324:
Ideal velocity diagram, illustrating that in ideal cases the whirl component of outlet velocity is zero and the flow is completely axial
1201:
The second equality above holds, since discharge is radial in a
Francis turbine. Now, putting in the value of 'e' from above and using
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449:
165:
were developed in the late 1800s, turbines were a natural source of generator power where potential hydropower sources existed.
88:
diameters are between 1 and 10 m (3.3 and 32.8 ft). The speeds of different turbine units range from 70 to 1000
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Usually the flow velocity (velocity perpendicular to the tangential direction) remains constant throughout, i.e.
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concepts. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today, and can achieve over 95% efficiency.
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1706:. NLA Monograph Series. Stony Brook, NY: Research Foundation of the State University of New York, 1992.
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From Rule of Thumb to
Scientific Engineering: James B. Francis and the Invention of the Francis Turbine
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left. The turbine's exit tube is shaped to help decelerate the water flow and recover the pressure.
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is the energy transfer to the rotor per unit mass of the fluid. From the inlet velocity triangle,
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Actual velocity diagram, illustrating that the whirl component of the outlet velocity is non-zero
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1523:, a device used to study the impact of fish travelling through Francis and Kaplan turbines
1191:{\displaystyle R=1-{\frac {V_{1}^{2}-V_{2}^{2}}{2e}}=1-{\frac {V_{1}^{2}-V_{f2}^{2}}{2e}}}
8:
1729:
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1593: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
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1549:"Major historical developments in the design of water wheels and Francis hydroturbines"
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and is equal to that at the inlet to the draft tube. Using the Euler turbine equation,
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Francis turbines are primarily used for producing electricity. The power output of the
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1430:{\displaystyle R=1-{\frac {\cot \alpha _{1}}{2(\cot \alpha _{1}+\cot \beta _{1})}}}
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24:
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633:{\displaystyle e=V_{f1}^{2}\cot \alpha _{1}(\cot \alpha _{1}+\cot \beta _{1}).}
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allowed them to replace nearly all water wheel applications and compete with
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1678:(Revised ninth ed.). India: Laxmi publications. pp. 880–883.
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213:: The spiral casing around the runner of the turbine is known as the
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installations may be lower. The best performance is seen when the
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at the highest possible efficiency, typically over 90% (to 99%).
298:
Cut-away view, with wicket gates (yellow) at minimum flow setting
188:
76:
generally ranges from just a few kilowatts up to 1000 MW, though
1284:{\displaystyle V_{1}^{2}-V_{f2}^{2}=V_{f1}^{2}\cot \alpha _{2}}
653:. Therefore, neglecting friction, the blade efficiency becomes
526:{\displaystyle U_{1}=V_{f1}(\cot \alpha _{1}+\cot \beta _{1}),}
310:
Cut-away view, with wicket gates (yellow) at full flow setting
262:
on the blades of the turbine, quantified by the expression of
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38:
and exits vertically down through the center of the turbine.
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124:
in Lowell, Massachusetts; site of the first
Francis turbine
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The loss of kinetic energy per unit mass at the outlet is
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89:
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A Francis turbine consists of the following main parts:
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Francis turbine (exterior view) attached to a generator
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729:{\displaystyle \eta _{b}={e \over (e+V_{f2}^{2}/2)},}
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1676:
A textbook of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines
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Lewis, B J; Cimbala, J M; Wouden, A M (2014-03-01).
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height is between 100–300 metres (330–980 ft).
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1775:List of conventional hydroelectric power stations
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1496:Evolution from Francis turbine to Kaplan turbine
1737:
433:{\displaystyle V_{w1}=V_{f1}\cot \alpha _{1}}
1015:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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161:wherever water power was available. After
69:who in 1848 created a new turbine design.
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1035:Learn how and when to remove this message
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183:, while working as head engineer of the
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1717:S. M. Yahya, page number 13, fig. 1.14.
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145:Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant
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1013:adding citations to reliable sources
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13:
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1800:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
1647:"Lowell Notes – James B. Francis"
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1449:Small Swiss-made Francis turbine
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1780:Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
253:Francis turbine runner, on the
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1609:Power Generation Technologies
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1330:{\displaystyle V_{f2}=V_{f1}}
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1476:, they may also be used for
168:In 1826 the French engineer
23:Francis inlet scroll at the
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187:in the water wheel-powered
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96:around the outside of the
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185:Locks and Canals company
1565:2014E&ES...22a2020L
50:. It is an inward-flow
1843:Gorlov helical turbine
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1654:National Park Service
1611:(Third Edition), 2019
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193:Lowell, Massachusetts
143:A Francis turbine at
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113:Francis turbine parts
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16:Type of water turbine
1696:General bibliography
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1009:improve this section
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222:Guide and stay vanes
174:Jean-Victor Poncelet
1894:American inventions
1674:Bansal, RK (2010).
1461:In contrast to the
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242:Theory of operation
163:electric generators
122:Pawtucket Gatehouse
74:electric generators
1889:English inventions
1858:Cross-flow turbine
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264:degree of reaction
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1702:Layton, Edwin T.
1622:"Design Overview"
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170:Benoit Fourneyron
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1819:Hydroelectricity
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316:Blade efficiency
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272:potential energy
251:Three Gorges Dam
191:factory city of
181:James B. Francis
134:Grand Coulee Dam
132:Francis Runner,
67:James B. Francis
52:reaction turbine
25:Grand Coulee Dam
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44:Francis turbine
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1663:on 2016-03-10.
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1511:Kaplan turbine
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1478:pumped storage
1463:Pelton turbine
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155:water turbines
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1878:Categories
1795:Pico hydro
1763:generation
1753:Hydropower
1712:1073565482
1632:2024-07-02
1501:Hydropower
1491:Draft tube
1467:cavitation
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1025:March 2018
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203:Components
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