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they stop and rest and build the riverboat. Orellana overruled them and set off to find the main branch of the Amazon five days later. After sailing more than 300 miles he made camp and started building the riverboat. This took from
January to March. They were forced to cannibalize the smaller of the two ships. The natives were hostile, there was little food in the area, and they had to eat all their dogs and horses. Fifty-seven men died.
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at the shipwreck camp. After nearly a month, he returned to the shipwreck, reporting that he had gone 500 miles and not found the main river. Orellana was now in poor shape, both physically and mentally. He set off again with the boat. Seventeen of his men were wounded by arrows. According to his wife, he died "from illness and grief." The survivors went downriver to the sea where they were driven by the
562:("Account of the recent discovery of the famous Grand river which was discovered by great good fortune by Captain Francisco de Orellana"), rather than being a hugely exaggerated fantasy as previously thought, was correct in its observations that a civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in the 1540s.
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Orellana sent the newly built boat off to find food, but it returned with no food and several men dead of hunger or wounds. He set off with the remaining ship and the riverboat. After traveling 75 miles southeast, the ship was wrecked on a riverbank. Orellana continued with the boat, leaving many men
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where an epidemic killed 98 of his men and 50 or 60 deserted. With this loss, he abandoned one of his ships after salvaging what he could. He left about the middle of
November. The crossing was difficult, and one of his ships became separated and was never seen again. With it went 77 men, 11 horses,
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to gather troops and horses. Pizarro left Quito in
February 1541, just before Orellana arrived with his 23 men and horses. Orellana hurried after the main expedition, eventually contacting them in March. However, by the time the expedition had left the mountains, 3000 natives and 140 Spanish had died
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He reached the Brazil coast, sailed a hundred leagues until he found fresh water in the sea, which he assumed came from the Amazon. He landed on 20 December 1545 with two ships, 11 thin horses, and perhaps 100 men. Since the natives were friendly and there was plenty of food, his men suggested that
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After
Orellana left the shipwreck camp, the 28 or 30 men there began building a boat from the wrecked ship, which took more than three months. The boat was ill-built and leaky. Some indigenous people guided them to "a place where the Amazon splits into three arms". Finding no sign of Orellana, they
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On 11 May 1545, he left Spain with four ships, supplies to build two riverboats, perhaps 300 men, at least 24 horses, and his young wife. Before leaving land, he obtained from a farm some cattle, pigs, and chickens, which he salted. In the open sea, he waylaid a caravel and looted its supplies. At
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he was detained again, the authorities having discovered a shortfall in his complement of men and horses, and that large numbers of his crew were not
Spanish. On 11 May 1545, Orellana (in hiding on one of his vessels) surreptitiously sailed out of Sanlucar with four ships and disappeared from view.
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From
Cubagua, Orellana decided to return to Spain to obtain from the Crown the governorship over the discovered lands, which he named New Andalusia. After a difficult navigation, he touched first the shores of Portugal. The king received him in a friendly way and made him an offer to go back to the
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appointed him governor of New
Andalusia on February 13, 1544. After captivating the Spanish court with tales and alleged exaggerations of his voyage down the Amazon, Orellana obtained a commission to conquer and settle Nueva Andalucia. The charter established that he should explore and settle the
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The commission was accepted on 18 February 1544. However, preparations for the voyage were frustrated by unpaid debts, Portuguese spies, and internal wranglings. Sufficient funds were raised through the efforts of Cosmo de Chaves, Orellana's stepfather. However, the problems were compounded by
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The name 'Amazon' is said to arise from a battle
Francisco de Orellana fought with a tribe of Tapuyas. The women of the tribe fought alongside the men, as was the custom among the tribe. Orellana described the river as "the river of the Amazons", referring to the mythical
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went downriver. Ten men jumped ship, preferring life with the natives to a leaking boat. Reaching the sea, the current carried them northwest. In late
November, the 18 survivors reached Margarita Island, where they met the other 25 survivors and Orellana's wife.
255:, the Trujillo-born conquistador of Peru (his cousin, according to some historians). He traveled to the New World (probably in 1527). Orellana served in Nicaragua until joining Pizarro's army in Peru in 1533, where he supported Pizarro in his conflict with
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Orellana's decision to marry a very young and poor girl, Ana de Ayala, whom he intended to take with him (along with her sisters). Orellana's creditors relented and allowed him to sail only on the arrival of a
Portuguese spy fleet at Seville. On reaching
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in Greek legends. A skirmish with these South American warrior women reportedly took place on 24 June 1542 while Orellana was approaching the Trombetus River, in the neighborhood of the Ilha Tupinambarama at the junction with the River Madeira.
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who chronicled the expedition) and 50 men set off downstream to find food. Unable to return against the current, Orellana waited for Pizarro, finally sending back three men with a message, and started constructing a second brigantine, the
299:'s lieutenants during his 1541 expedition east of Quito into the South American interior. In Quito, Gonzalo Pizarro collected a force of 220 Spaniards and 4000 natives. At the same time, as second in command, Orellana was sent back to
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After leaving the village on the Napo, Orellana continued downstream to the Amazon. The 49 men began to build a bigger ship for river navigation. During their navigation on Napo River, they were threatened constantly by the
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At a longitude of about 69°W, Orellana and his men were involved in a skirmish with Machiparo's natives and were chased downstream. Continuing downstream, they consecutively passed the Rio de la Trinidad (possibly the
652:, initially published in 1526 but continually revised until the author's death in 1557, who included in addition statements by Orellana and some of his men. Carvajal's manuscript was published in 1894 by the Chilean
1026:(1942). "Relación del nuevo descubrimiento del famoso río grande que descubrió por muy grande ventura el capitán Francisco de Orellana según la transcripción de don Toribio Medina". In Julio Tobar Donoso (ed.).
342:, his men threatened to mutiny if they did not continue. On 26 December 1541, he agreed to be elected chief of the new expedition and conquer new lands in the king's name. Orellana (with the Dominican
800:(1934). "Articles of agreement which were drawn up in favor of Francisco de Orellana fixing the conditions for the exploration and colonization of New Andalusia. Valladolid, February 13, 1544".
371:), the Pueblo Vicioso, the Rio Negro (named by Orellana), the Pueblo del Corpus, the Pueblo de los Quemados, and the Pueblo de la Calle at about 57°W. There they entered the territory of the
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At about 54°W they stopped for 18 days to repair the boats, and finally reached the Atlantic Ocean on 26 August 1542, and checked the boats for seaworthiness. While coasting toward
259:(1538). After the victory over De Almagro's men, he was appointed governor of La Culata. He re-established the town of Guayaquil, previously founded by Pizarro and repopulated by
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455:, the majority of the Amazon River should belong to Spain. However, the mouth should be ruled by Portugal. Orellana refused the Portuguese offer and went to
734:, the legendary Lost City of Gold, thought to be hidden somewhere in the vast Amazon rainforest. The campaign is based on De Orellana's first exploration.
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in western Spain (various birth dates, ranging from 1490 to 1511, are still quoted by biographers), Orellana was a close friend and possibly a relative of
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resulting from indigenous activities. Some five million people may have lived in the Amazon region in 1500 in dense riverbank settlements such as that at
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A modern retelling of Orellana and his crew's epic journey, with source material primarily provided by Carvajal, is written in Buddy Levy's
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Relación del nuevo descubrimiento del famoso río Grande que descubrió por muy gran ventura el capitán Francisco de Orellana
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Relación del nuevo descubrimiento del famoso río Grande que descubrió por muy gran ventura el capitán Francisco de Orellana
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Chronicle of the new discovery of the famous Great river discovered by great good fortune by Captain Francisco de Orellana
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Amazonian lands with 300 men and 100 horses, and found two cities, one in the mouth and another in the basin's interior,
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as vice governor and was charged by Francisco Pizarro, his older paternal half-brother, with an expedition to locate the
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Manuscript map of Francisco de Orellana's expedition of 1539 to 1542, attributed to António Pereira, a Portuguese seaman
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220:, arriving at the river's mouth on 24 August 1542. He and his party sailed along the Atlantic coast until reaching
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351:. Pizarro had in the meantime returned to Quito by a more northerly route, by then with only 80 men left alive.
216:. In one of the most improbably successful voyages in known history, Orellana managed to sail the length of the
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Carrillo, Jesús (2002). "The 'Historia General y Natural de las Indias' by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo".
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Amazon under a Portuguese flag. Orellana's exploration produced an international issue. According to the
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and supplies to build one riverboat. He lost several anchors and had to replace them with cannons.
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Warêgne, Jean-Marie (2014); "Francisco de Orellana découvreur de l'Amazone"; Paris: L'Harmattan.
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River of Darkness: Francisco Orellana's Legendary Voyage of Death and Discovery Down the Amazon
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River of Darkness: Francisco Orellana's Legendary Voyage of Death and Discovery Down the Amazon
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Including transcription of contemporaneous manuscript chronicle of the expedition by Carvajal.
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and return after finding the river's end. When they arrived at the confluence with the
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and spent three months there putting his ships in order. He then sailed to the
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and is about the quest of Francisco de Orellana and Francisco Pizarro to find
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in what is now Ecuador, and died during a second expedition on the Amazon.
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1252:"Francisco de Orellana: descubriendo el gran río", article in viajeros.com
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893:"Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon's Lost World"
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1264:"Birthplace of Francisco de Orellana. Discoverer of the Amazon River."
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Shipwrights from Francisco de Orellana's expedition building a small
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for seven days, finally reaching Cubagua on 11 September 1542. The
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De Orellana's voyages served as partial inspiration for the film
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It is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the
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267:. He was granted land at Puerto Viejo, on the coast of Ecuador.
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A bust of Francisco de Orellana with a patch over his left eye
1185:(Knopf, 1954), fictionalized story of the Orellana expedition
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First known navigation through the length of the Amazon River
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Medina’s guess, p. 147. The surviving documentation is poor.
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on 3 June 1542 and finally arrived on the Amazon River.
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The counts of dead and survivors do not add up easily.
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The Secrets of El Dorado and the Magic of Terra Preta
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1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
717:) includes a novelized version of Orellana's trip.
659:, preceded by a biography of Carvajal, in his book
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The Amazon River was once called the Orellana River
212:; 1511 – November 1546) was a Spanish explorer and
1036:: Biblioteca Ecuatoriana Minima. pp. 423–471.
700:Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
760:, 2011, Bantam, Delancy Place review May 18, 2021
567:spread of smallpox and other diseases from Europe
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684:(1972). An earlier script, penned by director
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548:Orellana's first expedition was chronicled by
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558:presents evidence that Carvajal's chronicle,
413:, the brigs were separated until reunited at
16:Spanish explorer and conquistador (1511–1546)
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573:dating from between 1 and 1250 AD, and
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1029:Historiadores y cronistas de las misiones
540:, point of departure to the Amazon (from
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1192:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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950:Historia general y natural de las Indias
697:also forms part of the plot of the film
650:Historia general y natural de las Indias
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522:Documentation of Amazonian civilizations
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32:This article includes a list of general
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421:island off the coast of Venezuela. The
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776:(2nd ed.). Vintage. p. 324.
661:Descubrimiento del río de las Amazonas
941:Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo
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691:De Orellana's role in the search for
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271:First exploration of the Amazon River
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124:November 1546 (aged 34–35)
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867:The sources do not say where he was.
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646:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés
437:and reached Cubagua on 9 September.
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957:: La Real Acadameia de La Historia.
462:After nine months of negotiations,
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536:Francisco de Orellana Monument at
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1074:. Random House Publishing Group.
891:Simon Romero (January 14, 2012).
644:) which was partly reproduced in
279:Route of first voyage (1541–1542)
723:Age of Empires II: The Forgotten
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224:, near the coast of Venezuela.
1319:People from Tierra de Trujillo
1299:16th-century Spanish explorers
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878:"Unnatural Histories – Amazon"
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822:Frank Jacobs (June 19, 2012).
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209:[fɾanˈθiskoðeoɾeˈʝana]
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326:(a tributary of the Napo), a
243:Francisco de Orellana portait
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227:Orellana founded the city of
177:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
1239:Resources in other libraries
990:Huntington Library Quarterly
593:Puerto Francisco de Orellana
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1175:The Discovery of the Amazon
803:The Discovery of the Amazon
753:orellana versus the amazons
587:Places named after Orellana
489:the end of May, he reached
441:Second expedition and death
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1309:Extremaduran conquistadors
1289:1540s missing person cases
1158:, New York: Bantam Books.
919:. Routledge. p. 108.
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1234:Resources in your library
880:. BBC Four. 23 June 2011.
681:Aguirre, the Wrath of God
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945:José Amador de los Ríos
510:to the Spanish base at
261:Sebastián de Belalcázar
53:more precise citations.
1324:People who died at sea
913:Chris C. Park (2003).
770:Mann, Charles (2011).
552:. The BBC documentary
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205:Spanish pronunciation:
1329:Spanish city founders
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1225:Francisco de Orellana
1183:A Crossbowman's Story
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608:Francisco de Orellana
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201:Francisco de Orellana
85:Francisco de Orellana
1170:Medina, José Toribio
1154:Levy, Buddy (2011),
1101:El país de la canela
1068:Levy, Buddy (2011).
1024:Toribio Medina, José
916:Tropical Rainforests
798:Toribio Medina, José
715:The Cinnamon Country
711:El país de la canela
824:"Amazonia or Bust!"
806:. pp. 328–334.
657:José Toribio Medina
555:Unnatural Histories
528:Carvajal's Relación
359:. They reached the
1257:2017-06-02 at the
1188:Smith, A. (1994),
897:The New York Times
829:The New York Times
674:In popular culture
634:Gaspar de Carvajal
550:Gaspar de Carvajal
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514:west of Trinidad.
495:Cape Verde Islands
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344:Gaspar de Carvajal
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293:"Land of Cinnamon"
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1208:978-2-343-02742-5
1166:(popular history)
1164:978-0-553-80750-9
758:River of Darkness
668:River of Darkness
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313:brigantine
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