31:
51:
1391:
A Molecular
Phylogeny of the Pheasants and Partridges Suggests That These Lineages Are Not Monophyletic R. T. Kimball,* E. L. Braun,*,† P. W. Zwartjes,* T. M. Crowe,‡,§ and J. D. Ligon*
1163:"Resolving nomenclatural 'confusion' vis-à-vis Latham's Francolin (Francolinus/Peliperdix/Afrocolinus lathami) and the 'Red-tailed' francolins (Francolinus/Ortygornis/Peliperdix spp.)"
1065:
1049:
Phylogenetics, biogeography and classification of, and character evolution in, gamebirds (Aves: Galliformes): Effects of character exclusion, data partitioning and missing data.
1355:
Phylogenetic affinities of enigmatic
African galliforms: the stone partridge Ptilopachus petrosus and Latham's and Nahan's 'francolins' Francolinus lathami and F. nahani.
224:
than it is to the other francolins. Beginning in 2004, various ornithologists have recommended that it would be clearer to use "spurfowl" for all members of the genus
292:. Most of the members have a hooked upper beak, well-suited for digging at the bases of grass tussocks and rootballs. They have wide tails with fourteen
1020:
Phylogenetic, taxonomic and biogeographical implications of genetic, morphological, and behavioral variation in
Francolins (Phasianidae: Francolinus).
404:
1090:
875:
is also considered a francolin; due to the resulting paraphyly, this classification is no longer supported and has been recommended against.
343:
are found in the subcontinental region of southern Africa; of these, seven occur in varying proportions within the political boundaries of
351:. Six southern African francolins are considered endemic to the subcontinent, of which three are found in Namibia and Zambia (the
1047:
Crowe, T. M., Bowie, R.C.K., Bloomer, P., Mandiwana, T.G., Hedderson, T.A.J., Randi, E., Pereira, S., & Wakeling, J. (2006).
1218:"Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of African spurfowls Galliformes, Phasianidae, Phasianinae, Coturnicini: Pternistis spp"
1444:
1378:
1099:
30:
1368:
1161:
Crowe, Timothy M.; Mandiwana-Neudani, Tshifhiwa G.; Donsker, David B.; Bowie, Rauri CK; Little, Robin M. (2020-04-02).
994:
1126:
1074:
1004:
423:. In 1992 it was suggested that this treatment was problematic, and the francolins should be split into four genera:
3359:
1684:
3379:
2242:
2214:
1674:
3230:
1272:
2889:
4507:
3039:
2452:
1414:
967:
B P Hall (1963) The
Francolins, a study in speciation. Bulletin of the British Museum 10(2):105-204
4367:
4072:
3458:
3389:
2939:
2909:
2899:
2777:
2049:
1437:
897:
1216:
Mandiwana-Neudani, Tshifhiwa G.; Little, Robin M.; Crowe, Timothy M.; Bowie, Rauri CK (2019-05-04).
50:
4407:
3683:
3468:
3419:
3409:
3369:
3279:
3110:
2682:
769:
564:
rather than the true francolins and spurfowl, its name is sometimes modified to Nahan's partridge.
500:
4377:
4297:
4257:
4237:
3693:
3478:
3399:
3049:
2989:
2969:
2767:
2672:
2397:
2226:
2037:
1400:
778:
504:
4447:
4437:
4427:
4267:
4227:
3778:
3768:
3240:
2999:
2567:
2254:
2002:
1649:
853:
844:
628:
572:
360:
352:
526:
When split, the
English name "francolin" is generally restricted to the members of the genera
4417:
4397:
4327:
4317:
4102:
3758:
3738:
3718:
3558:
3513:
3349:
3120:
2800:
2714:
2293:
835:
817:
799:
658:
580:
228:
and restrict the use of "francolin" to the other species presently or formerly classified in
925:
Crowe, T.M.; Little, R.M. (2004). "Francolins, partridges and spurfowls: what's in a name".
4277:
4122:
3972:
3728:
2979:
2919:
2622:
2602:
2577:
2557:
2387:
2027:
1883:
1430:
1408:
1284:
1229:
1174:
934:
808:
636:
444:
356:
277:, this classification is no longer supported, and they are now classified in the subfamily
8:
4457:
4337:
3927:
3019:
2642:
2547:
2427:
2204:
2169:
1619:
1609:
968:
557:
1288:
1233:
1178:
938:
4177:
4167:
3837:
3817:
3748:
3324:
3029:
2632:
1830:
1719:
1334:
1316:
1253:
1198:
950:
826:
616:
568:
285:
45:
473:, the split into multiple genera is becoming more widespread. In 2021, two species in
4287:
4247:
4147:
4112:
4062:
3882:
3648:
3638:
3583:
3009:
2929:
2879:
2823:
2662:
2362:
2352:
1374:
1320:
1308:
1300:
1257:
1245:
1202:
1190:
1122:
1095:
1070:
1000:
739:
730:
679:
440:
1273:"A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths"
1018:
Crowe, T. M., Harley, E. H.,Jakutowic, M. B., Komen, J., & Crowe, A. A. (1992).
954:
571:
among several francolins/spurfowl is disputed. For example, the distribution of the
4502:
4092:
3847:
3827:
3533:
3314:
2959:
2949:
2652:
2612:
2084:
1970:
1817:
1768:
1629:
1292:
1237:
1182:
942:
632:
255:
1241:
1186:
4307:
4202:
4157:
4007:
3673:
3628:
3603:
3523:
3260:
2846:
2704:
2487:
2462:
2417:
2407:
2303:
2179:
1910:
1709:
760:
721:
700:
604:
561:
496:
482:
301:
221:
188:
1296:
1217:
1162:
455:
respectively. Based on further evidence, the crested francolin was moved to the
4387:
4357:
4082:
4027:
3892:
3857:
3593:
3503:
3494:
3439:
3195:
2869:
2694:
2522:
2497:
2342:
2119:
1992:
1639:
1570:
1531:
691:
478:
297:
263:
191:
132:
38:
992:). Pp. 489-504 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J. eds. (1994).
946:
4496:
4347:
4037:
3963:
3221:
3205:
3170:
2144:
1873:
1798:
1729:
1304:
1249:
1194:
387:
371:
367:
332:. Several species have been introduced to other parts of the world, notably
1033:
Francolin phylogenetics: molecular, morphobehavioral, and combined evidence.
567:
In addition to the major changes proposed at genus level, the species level
4017:
3808:
3664:
3340:
3304:
2838:
2538:
2443:
2274:
2160:
2109:
2074:
1945:
1935:
1788:
1665:
1590:
1312:
752:
509:
375:
313:
243:
164:
603:
and southwards) in the Orange River francolin. Most authorities treat the
3917:
3798:
3709:
3619:
3449:
3295:
3270:
3186:
3145:
2861:
2195:
1926:
1901:
1807:
1700:
1499:
1483:
1453:
872:
791:
713:
552:
520:
465:
288:(though not flightless) birds that feed on insects, vegetable matter and
230:
216:
170:
158:
122:
112:
102:
591:
and northwards) into a separate species, the acacia/Archer's francolin (
4218:
3997:
3947:
3937:
3873:
3574:
3549:
3136:
3101:
2792:
2759:
2747:
2378:
2323:
2284:
1980:
1864:
1850:
1749:
1551:
867:
671:
650:
523:
and, as with Nahan's "francolin", is no longer considered a francolin.
515:
487:
485:
francolins) along with the crested francolin were moved into the genus
274:
247:
210:
152:
146:
1271:
Kimball, Rebecca T.; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Edward L. (2021-05-01).
416:
Until the early 1990s, major authorities placed all francolins in the
4138:
4053:
3078:
2478:
2236:
2100:
1561:
456:
278:
270:
239:
205:
62:
999:
Vol. 2. New World
Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
4193:
3988:
3908:
3161:
3091:
2815:
1759:
1600:
1471:
378:, occurs marginally in southern Namibia and southwestern Zambia. A
82:
1407:
1160:
2593:
2513:
2065:
1961:
1512:
1215:
1146:
1066:
The Howard and Moore
Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
447:
were considered possibly quite distinct, but still maintained in
391:
344:
293:
2333:
2135:
2018:
1854:
1465:
600:
379:
348:
340:
333:
329:
72:
1422:
1522:
588:
417:
195:
427:
for the Asian species, and the
African species divided into
1477:
584:
325:
289:
184:
92:
316:
species, the natural range of five (composing the genus
201:, but now commonly are divided into multiple genera.
1827:
1366:
1270:
583:, leading some authorities to split the northern
469:in 2006. Though some still maintain all these in
4494:
1091:The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World
560:). As the Nahan's "francolin" is related to the
463:in 1998, and the Nahan's francolin was moved to
328:, while the remaining genera are restricted to
865:With a paraphyletic classification, the genus
1438:
1059:
1057:
619:, but others have suggested it is a species (
599:), while maintaining the southern taxa (from
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
988:McGowan, P. J. K. (1994). Francolins (genus
262:); together, these clades compose the tribe
1043:
1041:
1025:
1014:
1012:
924:
194:that traditionally have been placed in the
1445:
1431:
1373:. Oxford University Press US. p. 50.
1084:
1082:
1054:
507:francolins) were moved into the new genus
29:
2282:
1497:
1347:
1335:"Taxonomic Updates – IOC World Bird List"
1104:
2745:
1796:
1559:
1144:Gill, F, & Donsker, D. eds. (2010).
1038:
1009:
546:, while the name "spurfowl" is used for
3076:
1757:
1079:
1031:Bloomer, P, & Crowe, T. M. (1998).
4495:
1370:Handbook of avian hybrids of the world
1151:Version 2.7. Accessed 15 January 2011.
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
3075:
2744:
1496:
1426:
1277:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1117:Sinclair, I., & Ryan, P. (2003).
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
394:; the contemporary fossil galliforms
339:Twelve of the species which occur in
1520:
1119:Birds of Africa south of the Sahara.
1035:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 9(2): 236-54.
920:
918:
892:
890:
888:
269:Although formerly classified in the
1357:Cladistics 26: 206-206. (Abstract).
1131:
238:is excluded, the francolins form a
214:, which was previously included in
13:
995:Handbook of the Birds of the World
973:
14:
4519:
1394:
915:
885:
204:As previously defined, they were
49:
4485:185 living species in 32 genera
1452:
1403:on the Internet Bird Collection
1360:
1327:
1264:
1209:
1154:
307:
296:feathers. Most species exhibit
3360:Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant
1121:Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
1063:Dickinson, E. C. eds. (2003).
961:
1:
2215:Columbian sharp-tailed grouse
1242:10.2989/00306525.2019.1584925
1187:10.2989/00306525.2020.1723140
878:
550:("spurfowl" is also used for
220:, is more closely related to
3231:Chestnut-necklaced partridge
1367:McCarthy, Eugene M. (2006).
1094:. Christopher Helm, London.
7:
2890:Chestnut-breasted partridge
1685:Szechenyi's monal-partridge
1297:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091
577:Scleroptila levaillantoides
491:, while three species from
411:
10:
4524:
3380:Germain's peacock-pheasant
3040:Chestnut-bellied partridge
2243:Attwater's prairie chicken
1675:Verreaux's monal-partridge
642:
386:, has been described from
246:to a clade comprising the
4483:
4216:
4191:
4136:
4051:
3986:
3961:
3906:
3871:
3806:
3796:
3707:
3662:
3617:
3572:
3547:
3492:
3459:Mountain bamboo partridge
3447:
3437:
3390:Mountain peacock-pheasant
3338:
3293:
3268:
3258:
3219:
3184:
3159:
3134:
3099:
3089:
3085:
3071:
2940:Chestnut-headed partridge
2910:Rufous-throated partridge
2900:White-necklaced partridge
2860:
2837:
2814:
2791:
2778:Udzungwa forest partridge
2758:
2754:
2740:
2591:
2536:
2511:
2476:
2441:
2376:
2331:
2321:
2272:
2193:
2158:
2133:
2098:
2063:
2050:Black-billed capercaillie
2016:
1959:
1924:
1899:
1862:
1848:
1786:
1747:
1698:
1663:
1598:
1588:
1549:
1510:
1506:
1492:
1460:
947:10.2989/00306520409485445
635:between the moorland and
615:) as a subspecies of the
143:
138:
46:Scientific classification
44:
37:
28:
23:
3684:White-throated francolin
3469:Chinese bamboo partridge
3420:Bornean peacock-pheasant
3410:Malayan peacock-pheasant
3370:Palawan peacock-pheasant
3280:Crimson-headed partridge
3111:Vietnamese crested argus
1888:C. canadensis franklinii
1088:Clements, J. F. (2007).
813:Scleroptila levaillantii
804:Scleroptila streptophora
774:Campocolinus albogularis
770:White-throated francolin
696:Ortygornis pondicerianus
312:Of the approximately 17
4378:Double-spurred spurfowl
4258:Chestnut-naped spurfowl
4238:Mount Cameroon spurfowl
3479:Taiwan bamboo partridge
3400:Hainan peacock-pheasant
3050:Grey-breasted partridge
2990:Orange-necked partridge
2970:White-cheeked partridge
2768:Rubeho forest partridge
2453:Lady Amherst's pheasant
2227:Greater prairie chicken
2038:Cantabrian capercaillie
1415:The American Cyclopædia
1051:Cladistics 22: 495-532.
783:Campocolinus schlegelii
744:Francolinus pintadeanus
726:Francolinus francolinus
627:), a subspecies of the
519:was moved to the tribe
361:Orange River francolins
4448:Grey-breasted spurfowl
4438:Yellow-necked spurfowl
4368:Hildebrandt's spurfowl
4268:Black-fronted spurfowl
4073:Przevalski's partridge
3769:Orange River francolin
3241:Green-legged partridge
3000:Red-breasted partridge
2568:Tibetan eared pheasant
2255:Lesser prairie chicken
2003:White-tailed ptarmigan
849:Scleroptila gutturalis
845:Orange River francolin
831:Scleroptila psilolaema
573:Orange River francolin
4408:Clapperton's spurfowl
4318:Grey-striped spurfowl
3759:Grey-winged francolin
3719:Ring-necked francolin
3514:Sri Lankan junglefowl
3350:Grey peacock-pheasant
3121:Malayan crested argus
2801:Ferruginous partridge
2683:Hoogerwerf's pheasant
2294:Long-billed partridge
836:Grey-winged francolin
800:Ring-necked francolin
637:red-winged francolins
613:psilolaema elgonensis
4298:Swierstra's spurfowl
4209:) (possibly extinct)
4123:Red-legged partridge
3973:Madagascar partridge
3729:Red-winged francolin
3694:Schlegel's francolin
2980:Bar-backed partridge
2920:Red-billed partridge
2673:Salvadori's pheasant
2578:Brown eared pheasant
2558:White eared pheasant
2398:Mrs. Hume's pheasant
2028:Western capercaillie
1147:IOC World Bird Names
858:Scleroptila shelleyi
809:Red-winged francolin
779:Schlegel's francolin
324:) are restricted to
4458:Red-necked spurfowl
4428:Swainson's spurfowl
4338:Red-billed spurfowl
4228:Hartlaub's spurfowl
3928:Snow Mountain quail
3779:Shelley's francolin
2643:Vietnamese pheasant
2548:Blue eared pheasant
2205:Sharp-tailed grouse
2170:Greater sage-grouse
1650:Temminck's tragopan
1289:2021MolPE.15807091K
1234:2019Ostri..90..145M
1179:2020Ostri..91..134C
939:2004Ostri..75..199C
854:Shelley's francolin
822:Scleroptila finschi
629:Shelley's francolin
558:Indian subcontinent
400:"F." subfrancolinus
396:"Francolinus" minor
4418:Harwood's spurfowl
4398:Heuglin's spurfowl
4328:Jackson's spurfowl
4178:Manipur bush quail
4168:Painted bush quail
4103:Philby's partridge
3838:Himalayan snowcock
3818:Caucasian snowcock
3749:Moorland francolin
3739:Finsch's francolin
3559:Latham's francolin
3424:P. schleiermacheri
3325:Sri Lanka spurfowl
3030:Sumatran partridge
2715:Swinhoe's pheasant
2637:L. erythrophthalma
2633:Crestless fireback
1831:Californian turkey
1353:Crowe, T. (2010).
1022:Auk 109(1): 24-42.
827:Moorland francolin
818:Finsch's francolin
765:Campocolinus coqui
735:Francolinus pictus
705:Ortygornis gularis
663:Peliperdix lathami
659:Latham's francolin
617:moorland francolin
595:, with subspecies
402:are now placed in
384:Francolinus capeki
4508:Bird common names
4490:
4489:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4402:P. icterorhynchus
4322:P. griseostriatus
4288:Djibouti spurfowl
4278:Erckel's spurfowl
4262:P. castaneicollis
4248:Handsome spurfowl
4172:P. erythrorhyncha
4148:Jungle bush quail
4113:Barbary partridge
4063:Arabian partridge
3883:See-see partridge
3792:
3791:
3649:Chinese francolin
3639:Painted francolin
3584:Crested francolin
3433:
3432:
3254:
3253:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3010:Malayan partridge
2930:Siamese partridge
2880:Sichuan partridge
2824:Crested partridge
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2687:L. i. hoogerwerfi
2663:Imperial pheasant
2623:Edward's pheasant
2603:Bulwer's pheasant
2388:Elliot's pheasant
2363:Tibetan partridge
2353:Daurian partridge
2317:
2316:
2268:
2267:
2259:T. pallidicinctus
2219:T. p. columbianus
2042:T. u. cantabricus
1884:Franklin's grouse
1844:
1843:
1782:
1781:
1743:
1742:
1634:T. melanocephalus
1584:
1583:
1545:
1544:
1409:"Francolin"
1380:978-0-19-518323-8
1100:978-0-7136-8695-1
740:Chinese francolin
731:Painted francolin
680:Crested francolin
445:Nahan's francolin
441:crested francolin
370:, endemic to the
256:bamboo partridges
178:
177:
4515:
4093:Chukar partridge
4067:A. melanocephala
4002:C. coromandelica
3887:A. griseogularis
3848:Tibetan snowcock
3828:Caspian snowcock
3804:
3803:
3598:O. pondicerianus
3534:Green junglefowl
3445:
3444:
3315:Painted spurfowl
3266:
3265:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3073:
3072:
3020:Roll's partridge
2984:A. brunneopectus
2960:Taiwan partridge
2950:Hainan partridge
2924:A.a rubrirostris
2756:
2755:
2742:
2741:
2653:Crested fireback
2613:Siamese fireback
2527:Catreus wallichi
2428:Reeve's pheasant
2329:
2328:
2280:
2279:
2089:L. mlokosiewiczi
2085:Caucasian grouse
1971:Willow ptarmigan
1860:
1859:
1829:
1818:Ocellated turkey
1794:
1793:
1769:Koklass pheasant
1755:
1754:
1630:Western tragopan
1620:Cabot's tragopan
1610:Blyth's tragopan
1596:
1595:
1557:
1556:
1518:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1401:Francolin videos
1385:
1384:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1158:
1152:
1142:
1129:
1115:
1102:
1086:
1077:
1061:
1052:
1045:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1007:
986:
971:
965:
959:
958:
922:
913:
912:
910:
909:
894:
840:Scleroptila afra
242:clade that is a
222:Old World quails
54:
53:
33:
21:
20:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4467:
4382:P. bicalcaratus
4372:P. hildebrandti
4308:Ahanta spurfowl
4242:P. camerunensis
4212:
4207:O. superciliosa
4203:Himalayan quail
4187:
4182:P. manipurensis
4158:Rock bush quail
4132:
4047:
4008:Harlequin quail
3982:
3977:M. madagarensis
3957:
3922:S. ypsilophorus
3902:
3867:
3842:T. himalayensis
3788:
3733:S. levaillantii
3723:S. streptophora
3703:
3674:Coqui francolin
3658:
3629:Black francolin
3613:
3604:Swamp francolin
3568:
3543:
3524:Grey junglefowl
3488:
3429:
3354:P. bicalcaratum
3334:
3289:
3284:H. sanguiniceps
3261:Polyplectronini
3250:
3215:
3180:
3155:
3130:
3081:
3059:
2964:A. crudigularis
2856:
2847:Black partridge
2833:
2810:
2787:
2782:X. udzungwensis
2750:
2724:
2705:Silver pheasant
2699:L. leucomelanos
2587:
2562:C. crossoptilon
2532:
2507:
2488:Common pheasant
2472:
2463:Golden pheasant
2437:
2422:S. soemmerringi
2418:Copper pheasant
2408:Mikado pheasant
2372:
2313:
2304:Dulit partridge
2298:R. longirostris
2264:
2247:T. c. attwateri
2209:T. phasianellus
2189:
2180:Gunnison grouse
2174:C. urophasianus
2154:
2129:
2094:
2059:
2054:T. urogalloides
2012:
1955:
1920:
1911:Siberian grouse
1895:
1853:
1840:
1778:
1739:
1720:Sclater's monal
1710:Himalayan monal
1694:
1659:
1580:
1541:
1502:
1488:
1456:
1451:
1406:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1269:
1265:
1214:
1210:
1159:
1155:
1143:
1132:
1116:
1105:
1087:
1080:
1069:. 3rd edition.
1062:
1055:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1010:
987:
974:
966:
962:
923:
916:
907:
905:
896:
895:
886:
881:
761:Coqui francolin
722:Black francolin
701:Swamp francolin
645:
605:Elgon francolin
562:stone partridge
414:
405:Palaeocryptonyx
310:
284:Francolins are
168:
162:
156:
150:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4521:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4455:
4445:
4442:P. leucoscepus
4435:
4425:
4415:
4412:P. clappertoni
4405:
4395:
4388:Scaly spurfowl
4385:
4375:
4365:
4358:Natal spurfowl
4355:
4345:
4335:
4325:
4315:
4305:
4295:
4292:P. ochropectus
4285:
4275:
4265:
4255:
4245:
4235:
4224:
4222:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4199:
4197:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4175:
4165:
4155:
4144:
4142:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4110:
4100:
4090:
4083:Rock partridge
4080:
4070:
4059:
4057:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4028:Japanese quail
4025:
4015:
4012:C. delegorguei
4005:
3994:
3992:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3969:
3967:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3945:
3935:
3932:S. monorthonyx
3925:
3914:
3912:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3893:Sand partridge
3890:
3879:
3877:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3858:Altai snowcock
3855:
3845:
3835:
3825:
3814:
3812:
3801:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3776:
3766:
3756:
3746:
3736:
3726:
3715:
3713:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3688:C. albogularis
3681:
3670:
3668:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3653:F. pintadeanus
3646:
3636:
3633:F. francolinus
3625:
3623:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3594:Grey francolin
3591:
3580:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3555:
3553:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3521:
3511:
3504:Red junglefowl
3500:
3498:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3466:
3455:
3453:
3442:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3407:
3397:
3387:
3377:
3367:
3357:
3346:
3344:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3329:G. bicalcarata
3322:
3312:
3301:
3299:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3276:
3274:
3263:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3227:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3196:Indian peafowl
3192:
3190:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3167:
3165:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3142:
3140:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3107:
3105:
3094:
3083:
3082:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3037:
3027:
3017:
3007:
2997:
2987:
2977:
2974:A. atrogularis
2967:
2957:
2947:
2937:
2927:
2917:
2914:A. rufogularis
2907:
2897:
2887:
2877:
2870:Hill partridge
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2764:
2762:
2752:
2751:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2695:Kalij pheasant
2692:
2691:
2690:
2670:
2660:
2650:
2647:L. hatinhensis
2640:
2630:
2620:
2610:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2582:C.mantchuricum
2575:
2565:
2555:
2544:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2523:Cheer pheasant
2519:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2498:Green pheasant
2495:
2484:
2482:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2350:
2343:Grey partridge
2339:
2337:
2326:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2290:
2288:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2240:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2120:Chinese grouse
2117:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2024:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1993:Rock ptarmigan
1990:
1989:
1988:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1950:D. fuliginosus
1943:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1915:F. falcipennis
1907:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1870:
1868:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1835:M. californica
1825:
1815:
1804:
1802:
1791:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1765:
1763:
1752:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1640:Satyr tragopan
1637:
1627:
1617:
1606:
1604:
1593:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1571:Blood pheasant
1567:
1565:
1554:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1532:Snow partridge
1528:
1526:
1515:
1504:
1503:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1404:
1396:
1395:External links
1393:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1359:
1346:
1326:
1263:
1228:(2): 145–172.
1208:
1173:(2): 134–136.
1153:
1130:
1103:
1078:
1053:
1037:
1024:
1008:
972:
960:
933:(4): 199–203.
914:
902:bird-phylogeny
883:
882:
880:
877:
863:
862:
861:
860:
851:
842:
833:
824:
815:
806:
787:
786:
785:
776:
767:
748:
747:
746:
737:
728:
709:
708:
707:
698:
692:Grey francolin
689:
667:
666:
665:
644:
641:
501:white-throated
413:
410:
309:
306:
176:
175:
141:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
42:
41:
39:Grey francolin
35:
34:
26:
25:
16:Group of birds
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4520:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4482:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4452:P. rufopictus
4449:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4432:P. swainsonii
4429:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4362:P. natalensis
4359:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4348:Cape spurfowl
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4312:P. ahantensis
4309:
4306:
4303:
4302:P. swierstrai
4299:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4043:
4042:C. pectoralis
4039:
4038:Stubble quail
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3964:Margaroperdix
3960:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3822:T. caucasicus
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3773:S. gutturalis
3770:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3753:S. psilolaema
3750:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3699:
3698:C. schlegelii
3695:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3528:G. sonneratii
3525:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3473:B. thoracicus
3470:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:P. katsumatae
3401:
3398:
3395:
3394:P. inopinatum
3391:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3235:T. charltonii
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:Tropicoperdix
3218:
3211:
3207:
3206:Green peafowl
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3176:
3172:
3171:Congo peafowl
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3125:R. nigrescens
3122:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3055:
3054:A. orientalis
3051:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3004:A. hyperythra
3001:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2944:A. cambodiana
2941:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2884:A. rufipectus
2881:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2772:X. obscuratus
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2709:L. nycthemera
2706:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2667:L. imperialis
2664:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2502:P. versicolor
2499:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2457:C. amherstiae
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2367:P. hodgsoniae
2364:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2309:
2308:R. dulitensis
2305:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2145:Ruffed grouse
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1985:L. l. scotica
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:C. canadensis
1875:
1874:Spruce grouse
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1774:
1773:P. macrolopha
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1735:
1731:
1730:Chinese monal
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1689:T. szechenyii
1686:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1654:T. temminckii
1651:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1336:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1128:
1127:1-86872-857-9
1124:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1076:
1075:0-7136-6536-X
1072:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1034:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1006:
1005:84-87334-15-6
1002:
998:
996:
991:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
970:
964:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
919:
903:
899:
898:"Galliformes"
893:
891:
889:
884:
876:
874:
871:in the tribe
870:
869:
859:
855:
852:
850:
846:
843:
841:
837:
834:
832:
828:
825:
823:
819:
816:
814:
810:
807:
805:
801:
798:
797:
795:
794:
793:
788:
784:
780:
777:
775:
771:
768:
766:
762:
759:
758:
756:
755:
754:
749:
745:
741:
738:
736:
732:
729:
727:
723:
720:
719:
717:
716:
715:
710:
706:
702:
699:
697:
693:
690:
688:
685:
681:
678:
677:
675:
674:
673:
668:
664:
660:
657:
656:
654:
653:
652:
647:
646:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:S. gutturalis
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
517:
512:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
419:
409:
407:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:Late Pliocene
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:Cape Province
369:
368:Cape spurfowl
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
219:
218:
213:
212:
208:as the genus
207:
202:
200:
197:
193:
190:
186:
182:
174:
173:
172:
167:
166:
161:
160:
155:
154:
149:
148:
142:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4461:
4451:
4441:
4431:
4421:
4411:
4401:
4392:P. squamatus
4391:
4381:
4371:
4361:
4351:
4342:P. adspersus
4341:
4331:
4321:
4311:
4301:
4291:
4281:
4272:P. atrifrons
4271:
4261:
4251:
4241:
4232:P. hartlaubi
4231:
4217:
4206:
4192:
4181:
4171:
4162:P. argoondah
4161:
4151:
4137:
4126:
4116:
4106:
4096:
4086:
4076:
4066:
4052:
4041:
4031:
4021:
4018:Common quail
4011:
4001:
3987:
3976:
3962:
3952:S. chinensis
3951:
3942:S. adansonii
3941:
3931:
3921:
3907:
3896:
3886:
3872:
3861:
3852:T. tibetanus
3851:
3841:
3831:
3821:
3809:Tetraogallus
3807:
3782:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3742:
3732:
3722:
3708:
3697:
3687:
3677:
3665:Campocolinus
3663:
3652:
3642:
3632:
3618:
3607:
3597:
3587:
3573:
3562:
3548:
3537:
3527:
3518:G. lafayetii
3517:
3507:
3493:
3483:B. sonorivox
3482:
3472:
3462:
3448:
3423:
3414:P. malacense
3413:
3403:
3393:
3383:
3373:
3364:P. chalcurum
3363:
3353:
3341:Polyplectron
3339:
3328:
3318:
3308:
3305:Red spurfowl
3294:
3283:
3269:
3245:T. chloropus
3244:
3234:
3220:
3209:
3200:P. cristatus
3199:
3185:
3175:A. congensis
3174:
3160:
3149:
3135:
3124:
3114:
3100:
3053:
3043:
3034:A. sumatrana
3033:
3023:
3014:A. campbelli
3013:
3003:
2993:
2983:
2973:
2963:
2953:
2943:
2933:
2923:
2913:
2903:
2894:A. mandellii
2893:
2883:
2874:A. torqueola
2873:
2850:
2839:Melanoperdix
2827:
2804:
2781:
2771:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2686:
2676:
2666:
2656:
2646:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2592:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2539:Crossoptilon
2537:
2526:
2512:
2501:
2492:P. colchicus
2491:
2477:
2466:
2456:
2444:Chrysolophus
2442:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2377:
2366:
2356:
2346:
2332:
2307:
2297:
2283:
2275:Rhizotherini
2258:
2246:
2230:
2218:
2208:
2194:
2183:
2173:
2161:Centrocercus
2159:
2148:
2134:
2124:T. sewerzowi
2123:
2113:
2110:Hazel grouse
2099:
2088:
2078:
2075:Black grouse
2064:
2053:
2041:
2032:T. urogallus
2031:
2017:
2006:
1996:
1984:
1974:
1960:
1949:
1946:Sooty grouse
1939:
1936:Dusky grouse
1925:
1914:
1900:
1887:
1877:
1863:
1834:
1821:
1812:M. gallopavo
1811:
1797:
1789:Meleagridini
1772:
1758:
1733:
1723:
1714:L. impejanus
1713:
1699:
1688:
1678:
1666:Tetraophasis
1664:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1623:
1613:
1599:
1591:Lophophorini
1574:
1560:
1535:
1521:
1413:
1390:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1338:. Retrieved
1329:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1145:
1118:
1089:
1064:
1048:
1032:
1027:
1019:
993:
989:
963:
930:
926:
906:. Retrieved
901:
866:
864:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
790:
789:
782:
773:
764:
753:Campocolinus
751:
750:
743:
734:
725:
712:
711:
704:
695:
686:
683:
670:
669:
662:
649:
648:
631:, or even a
624:
620:
612:
608:
596:
592:
579:) is highly
576:
566:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:Campocolinus
535:
531:
527:
525:
514:
510:Campocolinus
508:
492:
486:
474:
470:
464:
461:Dendroperdix
460:
452:
448:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
403:
399:
395:
390:deposits of
383:
376:South Africa
365:
338:
321:
317:
311:
308:Distribution
283:
268:
259:
251:
244:sister group
240:monophyletic
235:
229:
225:
215:
209:
206:paraphyletic
203:
198:
180:
179:
169:
165:Campocolinus
163:
157:
151:
145:
144:
18:
4422:P. harwoodi
4352:P. capensis
4332:P. jacksoni
4282:P. erckelii
4152:P. asiatica
4032:C. japonica
4022:C. coturnix
3918:Brown quail
3862:T. altaicus
3799:Coturnicini
3783:S. shelleyi
3710:Scleroptila
3620:Francolinus
3588:O. sephaena
3450:Bambusicola
3384:P. germaini
3374:P. emphanum
3319:G. lunulata
3309:G. spadicea
3296:Galloperdix
3271:Haematortyx
3146:Great argus
3115:R. ocellata
3044:A. javanica
2862:Arborophila
2719:L. swinhoii
2677:L. inornata
2627:L. edwardsi
2357:P. dauurica
2196:Tympanuchus
2149:B. umbellus
1940:D. obscurus
1927:Dendragapus
1902:Falcipennis
1822:M. ocellata
1808:Wild turkey
1724:L. sclateri
1701:Lophophorus
1679:T. obscurus
1575:I. cruentus
1500:Phasianinae
1484:Galliformes
1454:Phasianidae
990:Francolinus
904:(in German)
873:Coturnicini
792:Scleroptila
714:Francolinus
553:Galloperdix
544:Scleroptila
528:Francolinus
521:Coturnicini
475:Francolinus
471:Francolinus
466:Ptilopachus
433:Scleroptila
425:Francolinus
421:Francolinus
382:francolin,
318:Francolinus
286:terrestrial
260:Bambusicola
231:Francolinus
217:Francolinus
199:Francolinus
171:Scleroptila
159:Francolinus
123:Phasianinae
119:Subfamily:
113:Phasianidae
103:Galliformes
4497:Categories
4252:P. nobilis
4219:Pternistis
4117:A. barbara
4107:A. philbyi
3998:Rain quail
3948:King quail
3938:Blue quail
3874:Ammoperdix
3832:T. caspius
3743:S. finschi
3608:O. gularis
3575:Ortygornis
3563:P. lathami
3550:Peliperdix
3463:B. fytchii
3210:P. muticus
3137:Argusianus
3102:Rheinardia
3077:Subfamily
2934:A. diversa
2904:A. gingica
2828:R. rouloul
2805:C. oculeus
2793:Caloperdix
2760:Xenoperdix
2748:Rollulinae
2746:Subfamily
2607:L. bulweri
2572:C. harmani
2552:C. auritum
2432:S. reevesi
2392:S. ellioti
2379:Syrmaticus
2324:Phasianini
2285:Rhizothera
2184:C. minimus
2114:T. bonasia
2007:L. leucura
1981:Red grouse
1975:L. lagopus
1865:Canachites
1851:Tetraonini
1750:Pucrasiini
1734:L. lhuysii
1614:T. blythii
1552:Ithaginini
1498:Subfamily
1340:2021-07-14
1283:: 107091.
908:2021-08-22
879:References
868:Pternistis
684:Ortygornis
672:Ortygornis
651:Peliperdix
625:elgonensis
548:Pternistis
540:Peliperdix
532:Ortygornis
516:Pternistis
505:Schlegel's
493:Peliperdix
488:Ortygornis
453:Pternistis
449:Peliperdix
437:Pternistis
429:Peliperdix
357:red-billed
353:Hartlaub's
322:Ortygornis
275:Perdicinae
273:subfamily
254:) and the
248:junglefowl
236:Pternistis
226:Pternistis
211:Pternistis
181:Francolins
153:Ortygornis
147:Peliperdix
24:Francolin
4139:Perdicula
4097:A. chukar
4087:A. graeca
4054:Alectoris
3643:F. pictus
3538:G. varius
3508:G. gallus
3079:Pavoninae
2994:A. davidi
2954:A. ardens
2657:L. ignita
2617:L. diardi
2479:Phasianus
2467:C. pictus
2412:S. mikado
2402:S. humiae
2347:P. perdix
2239:(extinct)
2237:Heath hen
2231:T. cupido
2101:Tetrastes
2079:L. tetrix
1799:Meleagris
1644:T. satyra
1624:T. caboti
1562:Ithaginis
1464:Kingdom:
1321:231963063
1305:1055-7903
1258:195417777
1250:0030-6525
1203:219442370
1195:0030-6525
457:monotypic
279:Pavoninae
271:partridge
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
4194:Ophrysia
4077:A. magna
3989:Coturnix
3909:Synoicus
3678:C. coqui
3162:Afropavo
3150:A. argus
3092:Pavonini
3024:A. rolli
2851:M. niger
2816:Rollulus
1760:Pucrasia
1601:Tragopan
1536:L. lerwa
1472:Chordata
1470:Phylum:
1466:Animalia
1313:33545275
955:83631933
687:sephaena
581:disjunct
569:taxonomy
412:Taxonomy
109:Family:
83:Chordata
79:Phylum:
73:Animalia
59:Domain:
4503:Gallini
4462:P. afer
4127:A. rufa
3897:A. heyi
3763:S. afra
3440:Gallini
2594:Lophura
2514:Catreus
2066:Lyrurus
1997:L. muta
1962:Lagopus
1513:Lerwini
1482:Order:
1476:Class:
1418:. 1879.
1285:Bibcode
1230:Bibcode
1222:Ostrich
1175:Bibcode
1167:Ostrich
935:Bibcode
927:Ostrich
643:Species
556:of the
392:Hungary
345:Namibia
300:on the
294:rectrix
264:Gallini
234:. When
192:Gallini
187:in the
139:Genera
133:Gallini
129:Tribe:
99:Order:
89:Class:
3797:Tribe
3495:Gallus
3438:Tribe
3259:Tribe
3090:Tribe
2334:Perdix
2322:Tribe
2273:Tribe
2136:Bonasa
2019:Tetrao
1855:Grouse
1849:Tribe
1787:Tribe
1748:Tribe
1589:Tribe
1550:Tribe
1511:Tribe
1377:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1256:
1248:
1201:
1193:
1125:
1098:
1073:
1003:
953:
633:hybrid
601:Angola
587:(from
503:, and
459:genus
439:. The
380:fossil
349:Zambia
341:Africa
334:Hawaii
330:Africa
314:extant
252:Gallus
1523:Lerwa
1317:S2CID
1254:S2CID
1199:S2CID
951:S2CID
597:lorti
589:Kenya
497:coqui
495:(the
483:swamp
477:(the
418:genus
302:tarsi
298:spurs
290:seeds
196:genus
189:tribe
185:birds
3187:Pavo
1478:Aves
1375:ISBN
1309:PMID
1301:ISSN
1246:ISSN
1191:ISSN
1123:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1071:ISBN
1001:ISBN
969:Scan
585:taxa
542:and
481:and
479:grey
451:and
443:and
435:and
398:and
366:The
363:).
359:and
347:and
326:Asia
320:and
183:are
93:Aves
3686:, (
1293:doi
1281:158
1238:doi
1183:doi
943:doi
374:of
281:.
4499::
2679:)
2233:)
2211:)
2034:)
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