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520:. On January 14, Houston arrived in Goliad to take command of the army that Johnson and Grant had gathered. On his arrival he discovered that Grant and Johnson were calling themselves commanders of the army. Houston accompanied the army as it marched to Refugio. Once there, he gave a speech and pointedly asked how this small group of men planned to take a city of 12,000 people. Later that day, Houston received official word that he had been fired and that the council had now placed James Fannin in charge of the army. Houston left in disgust and traveled to
505:"If there has ever been a dollar here I have no knowledge of it. The clothing sent here by the aid and patriotic exertions of the honorable Council, was taken from us by arbitrary measures of Johnson and Grant, taken from men who endured all the hardships of winter and who were not even sufficiently clad for summer, many of them having but one blanket and one shirt, and what was intended for them given away to men some of whom had not been in the army more than four days, and many not exceeding two weeks."
590:. In 1839, facing bankruptcy, Johnson abandoned his family and fled Texas. For the next several years, he wandered the United States, digging for buried treasure or precious metals and trying to sell lands in Texas. His wife, Rozelia, divorced him in 1842. In 1847, he returned to Texas and wooed his former wife again. Her new husband granted her a divorce and Rozelia moved in with Johnson again. They lived together until she died in 1850.
436:, and they quickly charged the Veramendi house. Milam's men took the de la Garza house across the street. Mexican soldiers opened fire, forcing Johnson and his men to take cover behind buildings. Milam's men provided covering fire, allowing Johnson and his men to safely enter the Veramendi house. For the rest of the day, Johnson and his men worked to fortify the Veramendi home, digging trenches and creating earthworks around the yard.
268:. In 1812, he moved with his parents Henson and Jane Johnson to Tennessee. Although Johnson was trained as a surveyor, he turned down a job that would have sent him to what is now Alabama. Instead, he lived in various places in Illinois and Missouri, supporting himself by teaching, serving as constable, or working in a lead mine. He also briefly ran a grocery store and then a lumber mill.
513:, strongly opposed the Matamoros expedition and loudly proclaimed that anyone who supported it was a traitor or an idiot. Smith then dissolved the governing council, which responded by impeaching him. The temporary Texas constitution had given neither Smith nor the council the right to depose the other, and both groups continued to insist that they were the rightful rulers.
352:, requesting the assistance of Colonel Piedras. When Piedras was within 30 miles (48 km) of Anahuac, he sent a delegation to Johnson. Johnson provided him with a list of grievances against Bradburn. Piedras agreed to force Bradburn to resign, and to have the civilian prisoners released to civilian authorities.
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to release his prisoners and withdraw from the town; Travis and Jack would then be freed. Although most of the rebels left
Anahuac, between 15 and 30 of them remained scattered through the town. Bradburn believed this violated their agreement and threatened to fire on the town. The Texians gathered at
416:
Milam formed the men into two divisions, which would simultaneously attack the empty houses on the outskirts of Bexar. Milam led one division, and
Johnson, now a colonel, was appointed commander of the second. Johnson's division numbered 177 men divided into 7 companies. They were guided
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and elected
Johnson as their commander. The group soon captured Bradburn's 19 cavalry officers, who had been trying to reconnoiter the Texian position. On June 10, Johnson led the men into Anahuac, where they occupied several buildings. After negotiation with Mexican officers, Johnson agreed
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With Cos's departure, there was no longer an organized garrison of
Mexican troops in Texas, and many of the Texians believed that the war was over. Johnson described the battle as "the period put to our present war". Burleson resigned his leadership of the army on December 15 and returned to his
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With Milam's death, Johnson assumed command of the battle. He assigned Robert C. Morris to oversee Milam's column of men. The
Texians continued to fight their way from house to house, slowly driving back the Mexican troops. The Texian advance had further demoralized the Mexican troops, and a
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issued warrants for the arrest of
Johnson and five other men, all accused of land speculation or attacking Anahuac. Local officials refused to enforce the warrants, and the men were never arrested. All of the men were well respected in their communities, and the warrants greatly angered other
35:
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For the next several days, fighting house to house, the
Texians gradually closed in on the fortified Mexican positions in Bexar's main plazas. On the afternoon of December 7, Milam came to the Veramendi house to consult with Johnson. As they spoke, a Mexican sharpshooter killed Milam; the
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and Dr. Robert
Peebles, were named empresarios for a land grant in Texas. Settlers could claim land if they agreed to serve one year of military service. Johnson did not insist that the settlers actually fulfill their promise, and the land grants were voided in 1837.
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for the remainder of the winter. As the troops discussed the possibility, a
Mexican cavalry officer arrived in their camp and asked to surrender. He explained that Mexican morale inside Bexar was very low. This news boosted the spirits of the Texians, and
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named him co-commander of an expedition to invade Mexico. By late
January, the provisional government had named several others as heads of the Texian Army, and there was confusion in the army and the general public over who was in charge.
228:, Johnson led one of the two divisions which fought Mexican troops and was a member of the committee that negotiated the Mexican surrender. Following the battle, Johnson became commander of the volunteers. In late December 1835, the
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officially ended when the two sides adopted the surrender agreement on December 11. The Mexican soldiers were set free on the condition that they return to Mexico within six days and not take up arms against the Texians again.
295:. When another empresario, Haden Edwards, showed signs of revolting against the Mexican government, Austin asked Johnson and two other men to try to prevent a disturbance. They were unsuccessful, and Edwards soon launched the
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After Houston's speech, many of the Texian volunteers began to rethink their commitment to the Matamoros Expedition. Many left the army. Others decided to follow the "new" leader of the Texian Army and joined Fannin at
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led a surprise attack on San Patricio in the early hours of the morning of February 27. Most of Johnson's men were killed, but Johnson escaped. Grant was also later surprised by Urrea's army, while they camped at
397:, where they initiated a siege. On November 6, Austin reorganized the army, forming a new regiment. Although Johnson ran in the election for commander, he received only 10 votes, putting him fourth.
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on February 27, 1836. Most of his men were killed, but Johnson escaped. During the next three decades, Johnson alternately lived in Texas or traveled the United States. He settled permanently near
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When Johnson received word that Houston was retreating towards East Texas, Johnson became disgusted with the revolution and up and quit. He returned to his home for the remainder of the conflict.
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and Patrick Jack. The settlers were outraged that the arrests did not require a warrant, a statement of charges, or trial by jury. Most were unfamiliar with Mexican law and assumed that the
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won, becoming the regiment commander. Two weeks later, Austin resigned as commander of the Texian Army and called an election to appoint the new commander. Burleson won handily.
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As the siege progressed, many of the Texians left the army to return to their homes. On December 4, Burleson called a meeting of the troops and suggested that they withdraw to
624:, about April 8, 1884. The Texas Veterans Association lobbied for funding to have his remains moved to Texas, and Johnson was eventually reburied in the Texas State Cemetery.
554:, where they continued to make plans to invade Mexico. In mid-February, Grant took about two dozen men south to catch wild horses. While Grant was gone, Mexican General
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co-commanders of the expedition. On January 3, Johnson and Grant left Bexar, taking with them 300 of the 400 men who had been stationed there. This incensed Colonel
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began in October 1835, Johnson was named the adjutant and inspector general of the volunteer forces, which were led by Austin. Johnson accompanied the army to
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During the early part of the Texas Revolution, Johnson served as the adjutant and inspector general of the Texian Army. During the final assault of the
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colonists. This, combined with news that Cos was leading a large military force to Texas, convinced many colonists to embrace the idea of revolt.
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As relations soured between Texas colonists and the Mexican government, Johnson began to advocate for war. In the summer of 1835, Mexican general
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in 1826. A doctor advised him to find a more healthful environment, so he and his cousin, Wiley B. White, immigrated to Texas, then a
485:. Many of the remaining Texian soldiers approved of the mission and clamored for it to begin. On December 25, Grant traveled to
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528:. For the next several months it was unclear who was in charge of the Texian army—Fannin, Johnson, Grant, or Houston.
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to convince the provisional government to support the plan. The Governing Council agreed, but secretly named Johnson and
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home. Many of the men did likewise, and Johnson assumed command of the soldiers who remained. During this time, the
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sharpshooter was quickly killed by Texian fire. Johnson oversaw Milam's burial in one of the newly dug trenches.
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613:. For the remainder of his life, Johnson lived as a virtual recluse and spent most of his time researching
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in charge. Houston was given no authority over the volunteers, however, leaving Johnson as their commander.
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617:. In 1873 he helped found the Texas Veterans Association, and he served as its president until his death.
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432:. As the artillery boomed, the two attack columns sneaked towards Bexar. Johnson led his men along the
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345:. They also decried "the present dynasty" which gave them military order instead of civil authority.
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Henson, Margaret Swett (July 1986), "Tory Sentiment in Anglo-Texan Public Opinion, 1832–1836",
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On January 10, Johnson issued a call to form a Federal Volunteer Army of Texas which would march on
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341:. In this document, they declared themselves federalists who supported rebellious Mexican general
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1159:
Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution
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sent one of his officers to negotiate a surrender. Johnson served on the negotiating team. The
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still applied to them. The civilians congregated several miles from the military post at
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By 1832, Johnson had become the surveyor-general of Austin's colony, and briefly served as
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284:. There, Johnson put his surveying education to use. In 1826 he plotted the new town of
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582:. For the next three years, Johnson operated a plantation at Johnson's Bluff, along the
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to lead the remaining men. On January 6, 1836, Neill wrote to the governing council:
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Mexican cavalry company deserted on December 9. Shortly after that, Mexican General
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created a distraction by ordering the artillery to fire on the walls of the
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308:. In late May, Johnson became one of the instigators of the first of the
201:. Johnson arrived in Texas in 1826 and worked as a surveyor for several
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1139:
Juan Davis Bradburn: A Reappraisal of the Mexican Commander of Anahuac
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Shortly after the conflict was resolved, Johnson was elected to the
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Don Hendrix, "JOHNSON, FRANCIS WHITE," Handbook of Texas Online
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Texian Iliad – A Military History of the Texas Revolution
312:. He joined a group of citizens protesting military commander
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in Goliad. Only 70 men remained with Johnson and Grant.
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collected Johnson's manuscripts and edited them into a book,
635:. The book was published in 1914 and republished in 1916.
209:. One of his first activities was to plot the new town of
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challenged the men to join him in an assault on the town.
248:. In 1914, thirty years after Johnson's death, historian
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Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998),
1143:, College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press,
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The war ended in April, after Texians defeated General
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In the relative quiet after the Mexican garrison left,
193:(October 3, 1799 – April 8, 1884) was a leader of the
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Francis White Johnson was born October 3, 1799, near
244:, in 1871 and spent the rest of his life researching
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from December 1835 through February 1836, during the
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1098:Texans in Revolt: the Battle for San Antonio, 1835
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1079:, Chicago, IL: The American Historical Society,
597:. He left Texas in 1860 and spent most of the
333:. While they waited for cannon to arrive from
213:. Johnson unsuccessfully tried to prevent the
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424:Early on the morning of December 5, Colonel
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605:. He returned to Texas in 1871, living in
252:edited Johnson's manuscripts into a book,
236:Johnson and his men were surprised at the
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1121:, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press,
1100:, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press,
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288:. He quickly earned the trust of
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833:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
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509:The Texan provisional governor,
217:and served as a delegate to the
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1135:Henson, Margaret Swett (1982),
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1220:People from Leesburg, Virginia
1200:People of the Texas Revolution
743:Henson (1982), pp. 96–7.
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299:, which was quickly put down.
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1076:A History of Texas and Texans
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633:A History of Texas and Texans
550:Johnson and Grant settled in
254:A History of Texas and Texans
131:Army of the Republic of Texas
1195:Convention of 1832 delegates
858:Barr (1990), pp. 36–7.
322:United States Bill of Rights
230:Texas provisional government
7:
1161:, Austin, TX: Eakin Press,
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576:Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
343:Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
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1059:, accessed March 04, 2012.
620:Johnson died of cancer in
593:In 1853, Johnson moved to
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339:Turtle Bayou Resolutions
1086:2027/mdp.39015008369509
1073:Johnson, Frank (1914),
671:, Samuel May Williams,
1047:Hardin (1994), p. 111.
1038:Hardin (1994), p. 110.
1013:Hardin (1994), p. 109.
991:Hardin (1994), p. 107.
821:Henson (1982), p. 109.
812:Henson (1982), p. 108.
803:Henson (1982), p. 106.
794:Henson (1982), p. 105.
785:Henson (1982), p. 104.
773:Henson (1982), p. 103.
764:Henson (1982), p. 101.
752:Henson (1982), p. 100.
622:Aguascalientes, Mexico
546:Battle of San Patricio
540:Battle of San Patricio
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497:, who remained at the
464:provisional government
446:Martin Perfecto de Cos
378:Martin Perfecto de Cos
337:, the men drafted the
272:Establishment in Texas
238:Battle of San Patricio
169:Battle of San Patricio
79:Aguascalientes, Mexico
960:Hardin (1994), p. 91.
720:Francis White Johnson
669:William Barret Travis
603:Indianapolis, Indiana
580:battle of San Jacinto
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318:William Barret Travis
191:Francis White Johnson
137:Years of service
27:Francis White Johnson
665:Robert M. Williamson
481:began advocating an
395:San Antonio de Bexar
361:San Felipe de Austin
310:Anahuac Disturbances
90:Texas State Cemetery
1210:Historians of Texas
969:Barr (1990), p. 58.
951:Barr (1990), p. 64.
942:Barr (1990), p. 56.
933:Barr (1990), p. 55.
924:Barr (1990), p. 51.
915:Barr (1990), p. 50.
906:Barr (1990), p. 48.
897:Barr (1990), p. 46.
888:Barr (1990), p. 45.
876:Barr (1990), p. 44.
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849:Barr (1990), p. 31.
663:The other men were
627:In 1912, historian
483:attack on Matamoros
421:and John W. Smith.
365:Samuel May Williams
359:as a delegate from
314:Juan Davis Bradburn
297:Fredonian Rebellion
276:Johnson contracted
215:Fredonian Rebellion
1115:Hardin, Stephen L.
599:American Civil War
588:San Jacinto County
357:Convention of 1832
266:Leesburg, Virginia
219:Convention of 1832
59:Leesburg, Virginia
1168:978-1-57168-152-2
1150:978-0-89096-135-3
725:Handbook of Texas
677:Lorenzo de Zavala
534:Presidio La Bahia
434:San Antonio River
293:Stephen F. Austin
207:Stephen F. Austin
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196:
192:
177:
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158:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
127:
121:
118:
112:
109:
104:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
72:April 8, 1884
71:
67:
64:
63:United States
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
31:
24:
19:
18:Frank Johnson
1158:
1138:
1118:
1097:
1075:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1026:
1009:
1001:
996:
987:
979:
974:
965:
956:
947:
938:
929:
920:
911:
902:
893:
872:
863:
854:
845:
836:
832:
826:
817:
808:
799:
790:
769:
748:
739:
728:, retrieved
719:
673:Mosely Baker
659:
632:
626:
619:
595:Ellis County
592:
573:
565:
552:San Patricio
549:
530:
515:
508:
504:
491:James Fannin
476:
460:
457:Army command
442:
438:
423:
415:
403:
388:
375:
354:
347:
331:Turtle Bayou
303:
301:
275:
263:
253:
235:
223:
205:, including
190:
189:
153:Battles/wars
148:Co-commander
74:(1884-04-08)
1190:1884 deaths
1185:1799 births
1094:Barr, Alwyn
570:Later years
511:Henry Smith
472:Sam Houston
470:and placed
468:Texian Army
350:Nacogdoches
260:Early years
203:empresarios
195:Texian Army
120:Texian Army
45:Nickname(s)
1179:Categories
730:August 22,
687:References
611:Round Rock
601:living in
522:East Texas
419:Deaf Smith
290:empresario
286:Harrisburg
211:Harrisburg
97:Allegiance
518:Matamoros
411:Ben Milam
389:When the
178:Constable
1117:(1994),
1096:(1990),
639:See also
526:Cherokee
335:Brazoria
182:Surveyor
180:Delegate
114:Service/
1025:Todish
1000:Todish
978:Todish
578:at the
326:Anahuac
278:malaria
140:1835-36
1165:
1147:
1125:
1104:
1027:et al.
1002:et al.
980:et al.
675:, and
607:Austin
406:Goliad
305:alcade
184:Author
116:branch
85:Buried
1067:Books
651:Notes
499:Alamo
48:Frank
1163:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1102:ISBN
732:2008
609:and
145:Rank
69:Died
53:Born
1081:hdl
417:by
1181::
1018:^
881:^
837:90
835:,
778:^
757:^
723:,
695:^
667:,
563:.
256:.
221:.
61:,
1083::
679:.
20:.
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