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delegates asked for the repeal of the prohibition on immigration from the United States. Furthermore, they requested permission to raise a militia, ostensibly for protection from marauding native tribes. The most controversial resolution asked that Texas become an independent state, separate from
Coahuila. The separation request was added by a vote of 36–12. The motion included as justification the fact that Coahuila and Texas were very dissimilar in climate and economy and mentioned that Texas's limited representation in the state legislature made it very difficult to enact laws that specifically addressed the needs of its citizens. Delegates insisted that independent statehood was not a pretext for secession from Mexico.
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was asked to create a committee of correspondence and safety. The sub-committees would keep in close contact with the central committee because "united our strength and resources are more than adequate to our defense in any possible event. Disunited, we may become an easy prey, even to a handful of cowardly invaders".
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The
Mexican government attempted to address some of the concerns identified by the conventions of 1832 and 1833. In November 1833, part of the Laws of April 6, 1830 were repealed, allowing Americans to immigrate legally to Texas. Several months later, Texas was granted increased representation in the
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The political leaders also agreed to Austin's stipulation that if the federal government refused to address the petition within several months, Texas residents would form their own state government, essentially declaring independence from
Coahuila, if not from Mexico. The central committee elected by
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After approving the list of resolutions, delegates created a seven-member central committee to convene future meetings. The central committee would be based in San Felipe "for the purpose of circulating information of events of importance to the interest of the people". In addition, each municipality
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of San Felipe de Austin. In his remarks, John Austin laid out four key points that the convention needed to address: the "misrepresentations" made by "enemies of Texas" that the settlers desired independence from Mexico, an appeal of the restrictions on immigration from the United States, a method to
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asked that the government take a firmer hand in preventing new settlers from encroaching on lands that had previously been promised to native tribes. After explaining that law-abiding potential citizens were being excluded from Texas while disreputable squatters continued to stream illegally in, the
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suggests that the discussions would likely not have concluded so swiftly unless the delegates had done "considerable preparation before the meeting". Several of the resolutions were designed to stimulate the local economy. Delegates requested that customs duty enforcement be delayed until 1835 and
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to encourage families from the United States and Europe to settle in Texas. However, as the number of settlers from the US and other non-Spanish-speaking areas increased in Texas, Mexican authorities became apprehensive that the United States might wish to annex the area, possibly using force. On
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government. The chaos in the
Mexican interior and the Texian success at Anahuac emboldened other Texas settlers to take arms against garrisons throughout eastern Texas. Within weeks, settlers expelled all Mexican soldiers from eastern Texas. Free from military oversight, the settlers began to
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at Goliad, San Felipe, and
Nacogdoches and then given to Músquiz, who forwarded it to the Mexican Congress in early 1833. Although Músquiz had publicly supported the petition, he secretly included a note to the Coahuila y Tejas governor warning that this might be a precursor to secession.
132:. To assist in governing the large area, the state was subdivided into several departments; all of Texas was included in the Department of Béxar. With the formation of a new state government, the Texas provincial governing committee was forced to disband, and the capital was moved from
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representation and the San
Antonio de Béxar residents' refusal to participate fostered a perception that only newcomers to Texas were dissatisfied. Austin agreed to meet with the political leaders in San Antonio de Béxar to persuade them to support the resolutions. These
379:(similar to a city council), which would forward their concerns to the political chief. The political chief could then escalate the concerns to the state or federal government. Because the colonists had not followed this process, Músquiz annulled their resolutions. The
251:(the capital of Austin's colony) called for each district to elect five delegates. Although Austin attempted to dissuade the instigators, elections were held before his return from Saltillo. Sixteen communities chose delegates. The two municipalities with the largest
27:. Delegates sought reforms from the Mexican government and hoped to quell the widespread belief that settlers in Texas wished to secede from Mexico. The convention was the first in a series of unsuccessful attempts at political negotiation that eventually led to the
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Following the convention, much of the unrest in Texas subsided. Austin believed the public was calmed simply by having the opportunity to air their grievances. Before the list of concerns could be presented to the state and federal governments,
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The bankrupt federal government was unable to provide much military assistance to the settlers in Texas, who faced frequent raids by native tribes. Hoping that an influx of settlers could control the raids, in 1824 the government appointed
435:. The second convention reiterated some of the previous concerns and took additional steps to declare Texas an independent state, further concerning Mexican authorities, who feared this was a step towards Texas joining the United States.
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On
October 1, 1832, 55 delegates met in San Felipe de Austin; attendance may have been diminished due to the short notice. The gathering marked the first time residents from each of the colonies had convened to discuss common goals.
94:(city council) of San Antonio de Béxar drafted a new petition with similar language to the convention resolutions and submitted it through proper legal channels. Músquiz forwarded the new document to the Mexican Congress.
443:, were introduced to Texas, and English was authorized as a second language. Unimpressed with these compromises, some Texas residents continued to campaign for independent statehood. Rising tensions eventually led to the
373:, the political chief, or head, of the Department of Béxar, ruled that the convention was illegal. This type of activism was traditionally forbidden in Texas. The law directed that citizens should protest to their local
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that citizens be granted a method to remove corrupt customs officers. Resolutions encouraged that land titles be issued more quickly and that public lands be sold to raise money for bilingual schools. Delegates from
314:, who had led the armed resistance at the Anahuac Disturbances, was elected secretary. In his acceptance speech, Austin praised the delegates for exerting their constitutional rights to petition the government.
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Delegates passed a series of resolutions requesting, among other things, a repeal of the immigration restrictions, a three-year exclusion from customs duties enforcement, permission to form an armed
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grant land titles to residents in certain areas of the province, and reduction of tariffs on many imported items. The first order of business was the election of officers. Stephen F. Austin and
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which restricted immigration and called for customs duty enforcement. Tensions erupted in June 1832, when Texas residents systematically expelled all
Mexican troops from eastern Texas.
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and independent statehood. They also voted themselves the power to call future conventions. Before the petition could be delivered to Mexico City, the political chief of Texas,
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republic comprising multiple states. Sparsely populated former
Spanish provinces were denied independent statehood and instead merged with neighboring areas. The former
204:, were so vocal in their opposition that one of them was expelled from the legislature. Austin was elected to fill his seat, and in December 1830 he left for Saltillo.
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did not have a large presence at the convention, largely due to the boycott by the Béxar and
Victoria municipalities. Convention organizers invited several prominent
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to appear at the convention. Manchola volunteered to accompany Wharton at his own expense—he and other delegates thought the expedition might have more success if a
215:, often clashed with the locals over his strict interpretation of Mexican law. In June 1832, colonists armed themselves and marched on Anahuac. As a result of these
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leaders urged patience; Bustamante was still president and would not look favorably on a petition from Texas settlers who had sided with his rival, Santa Anna.
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Captain Phillip Dimmitt's Commandancy of Goliad, 1835–1836: An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas, Usually Referred to as the Texian Revolution
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was also involved. Days later, Austin wrote that "we have just had a convention of all Texas, native Mexicans and foreign settlers—all united as one man".
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de la Teja, Jesus F. (1997), "The Colonization and Independence of Texas: A Tejano Perspective", in Rodriguez O., Jaime E.; Vincent, Kathryn (eds.),
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The convention adjourned on October 6 after unanimously electing Wharton to deliver the resolutions to the state legislature in Saltillo and to the
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The lack of military oversight emboldened the colonists to increase their political activity. On October 1, 1832, 55 political delegates met at
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Implementation of the laws led to much tension within Texas. Much to the displeasure of the colonists, a new military post was established in
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263:, refused to participate. The majority of the elected delegates were known as relatively even-tempered. Many known agitators, such as
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1118:, The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press,
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the convention was too impatient to wait long. In late December, the committee called for a March election for delegates to the
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Over the next six days, the delegates adopted a series of resolutions requesting changes in the governance of Texas. Historian
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42:. After growing suspicion that the United States government would attempt to seize Texas by force, in 1830 Mexican President
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407:, largely agreed with the result of the convention but opposed the methods by which the resolutions had been proposed. The
1162:(1997), "The Colonization and Loss of Texas: A Mexican Perspective", in Rodriguez O., Jaime E.; Vincent, Kathryn (eds.),
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The central committee was composed of Johnson, James B. Miller, Stephen F. Austin, Lewis Veeder, Robert Peebles,
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Buoyed by their success, Texians organized a political convention to persuade Mexican authorities to weaken the
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drafted a petition containing similar language to the convention resolutions. The petition was endorsed by the
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that the laws seemed designed to destroy the colonies. Texas's two delegates to the state legislature, both
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1214:. digital images courtesy of Denton, TX: University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History.
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leaders agreed to a compromise. Because San Antonio de Béxar was the seat of the Department of Béxar, its
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restricting immigration from the United States into Texas. The laws also canceled all unfilled
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to petition for changes in the governance of Texas. Notably absent was any representation from
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Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans
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courtesy of Denton, TX: University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History
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half-heartedly apologized for their participation, and Wharton's mission was cancelled.
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who had brought the first group of American settlers to Texas, warned Mexican President
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Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in U.S.–Mexican Relations
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Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in U.S.–Mexican Relations
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won their independence and joined together to create a new country, Mexico. The
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Coahuila y Tejas legislature. Several American legal concepts, such as
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to begin collecting customs duties. The commander of the post, Colonel
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38:, Texas was denied independent statehood and merged into the new state
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Juan Davis Bradburn: A Reappraisal of the Mexican Commander of Anahuac
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Sacrificed at the Alamo: Tragedy and Triumph in the Texas Revolution
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The small Texian rebellion coincided with a revolt led by General
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contracts and called for the first enforcement of customs duties.
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Neither Spain nor Mexico had allowed this type of activism.
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The Life of Stephen F. Austin, founder of Texas, 1793–1836
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1144:(1), Texas State Historical Association, archived from
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1002:, College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press,
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First political gathering of colonists in Mexican Texas
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108:In 1821, several of Spain's former colonies in the
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23:was the first political gathering of colonists in
1037:The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts
1013:originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press
338:in Mexico City. Just before the group dispersed,
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991:originally published 1926 by Lamar & Barton
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279:from these towns to attend, but all declined.
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61:, where many of the native Mexican settlers (
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1134:"Life of General Don Manuel de Mier y Teran"
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1039:, Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press,
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297:The convention was called to order by
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1109:, Austin, TX: Von Boeckmann-Jones Co.
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779:, Texas State Historical Association
478:List of Convention of 1832 delegates
1057:, Westminster, MD: Heritage Books,
231:increase their political activity.
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77:, as president of the convention.
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1198:
1138:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
219:, Bradburn was forced to resign.
976:Barker, Eugene Campbell (1985),
840:quoted in Barker (1985), p. 351.
831:quoted in Gammel (1898), p. 494.
742:quoted in Gammel (1898), p. 480.
483:Timeline of the Texas Revolution
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1180:Winders, Richard Bruce (2004),
1083:Henson, Margaret Swett (1982),
626:Henson (1982), pp. 95–102, 109.
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495:
447:, which began in October 1835.
67:) lived. The delegates elected
771:Steen, Ralph W. (2010-06-12),
536:Manchaca (2001), pp. 164, 187.
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1205:Proceedings of the convention
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1408:Convention of 1832 delegates
1132:Morton, Ohland (July 1943),
383:at San Felipe, Nacogdoches,
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927:Barker (1985), pp. 351–352.
473:History of slavery in Texas
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224:Antonio López de Santa Anna
174:Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
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180:The new laws angered both
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1160:Vázquez, Josefina Zoraida
1114:Manchaca, Martha (2001),
695:Gammel (1898), pp. 477–8.
557:de la Teja (1997), p. 83.
1053:Ericson, Joe E. (2000),
1035:Edmondson, J.R. (2000),
578:Henson (1982), pp. 47–8.
566:Edmondson (2000), p. 72.
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116:established Mexico as a
184:and recent immigrants (
1380:Coahuila y Tejas state
1105:Huson, Hobart (1974),
963:Vazquez (1997), p. 72.
954:Vazquez (1997), p. 69.
945:Vazquez (1997), p. 68.
936:Vazquez (1997), p. 67.
906:Barker (1985), p. 352.
897:Winders (2004), p. 49.
861:Gammel (1898), p. 500.
822:Barker (1985), p. 351.
810:Barker (1985), p. 350.
801:Barker (1985), p. 349.
756:Gammel (1898), p. 481.
733:Gammel (1878), p. 480.
724:Gammel (1989), p. 478.
644:Henson (1982), p. 108.
545:Ericson (2000), p. 33.
319:Eugene Campbell Barker
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128:to form the new state
1359:Battle of Nacogdoches
1306:Political conventions
1297:Sterling C. Robertson
1209:Gammel, Hans (1898),
1071:Gammel, Hans (1898),
587:Morton (1947), p. 33.
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241:Laws of April 6, 1830
226:against Bustamante's
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71:, a highly respected
1349:Anahuac Disturbances
918:Davis (2006), p. 95.
888:Davis (2006), p. 94.
870:Huson (1974), p. 64.
852:Davis (2006), p. 93.
773:"Convention of 1832"
715:Davis (2006), p. 91.
686:Davis (2006), p. 92.
662:Davis (2006), p. 89.
653:Davis (2006), p. 86.
635:Davis (2006), p. 85.
617:Davis (2006), p. 78.
608:Davis (2006), p. 76.
599:Davis (2006), p. 77.
257:San Antonio de Béxar
249:San Felipe de Austin
243:. On August 22, the
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46:enacted the
33:
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18:
1292:James Power
1258:Empresarios
348:(mayor) of
324:Nacogdoches
299:John Austin
265:James Bowie
153:empresarios
1402:Categories
1152:2009-01-29
783:2009-02-03
522:References
228:centralist
194:empresario
163:empresario
118:federalist
98:Background
74:empresario
34:Under the
110:New World
1373:See also
998:(2006),
451:See also
385:Gonzales
303:alcaldes
261:Victoria
172:General
138:Saltillo
126:Coahuila
1207:, from
970:Sources
389:Liberty
364:Results
345:alcalde
277:Tejanos
273:Tejanos
235:Meeting
209:Anahuac
202:Tejanos
186:Texians
182:Tejanos
143:Tejanos
140:. Many
82:militia
64:Tejanos
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416:Tejano
409:Tejano
401:Tejano
396:Tejano
358:Tejano
354:Tejano
350:Goliad
342:, the
253:Tejano
489:Notes
1186:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1093:ISBN
1059:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1023:ISBN
1004:ISBN
982:ISBN
387:and
267:and
259:and
19:The
247:at
188:).
136:to
31:.
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