Franklin D. Roosevelt

12138: 966: 26524: 3601: 3955:, the governor of New York, who had a reputation as a liberal in his party. They accused the Roosevelt administration of domestic corruption and bureaucratic inefficiency, but Dewey's most effective gambit was to raise discreetly the age issue. He assailed the President as a "tired old man" with "tired old men" in his cabinet, pointedly suggesting that the President's lack of vigor had produced a less than vigorous economic recovery. Roosevelt, as most observers could see from his weight loss and haggard appearance, was a tired man in 1944. But upon entering the campaign in earnest in late September 1944, Roosevelt displayed enough passion to allay most concerns and deflect Republican attacks. With the war still raging, he urged voters not to "change horses in mid-stream". Labor unions, which had grown rapidly in the war, fully supported Roosevelt. Roosevelt and Truman won the 862: 1668:, but most delegates entered the convention unbound to any particular candidate. On the first presidential ballot, Roosevelt received the votes of more than half but less than two-thirds of the delegates, with Smith finishing in a distant second place. Roosevelt then promised the vice-presidential nomination to Garner, who controlled the votes of Texas and California; Garner threw his support behind Roosevelt after the third ballot, and Roosevelt clinched the nomination on the fourth ballot. Roosevelt flew in from New York to Chicago after learning that he had won the nomination, becoming the first major-party presidential nominee to accept the nomination in person. His appearance was essential, to show himself as vigorous, despite his physical disability. 1284: 3511: 2074: 3160: 1618: 3151: 55: 4003: 2058:

political right to collect their pensions and unemployment benefits. With those taxes in there, no damn politician can ever scrap my social security program." Compared with the social security systems in western European countries, the Social Security Act of 1935 was rather conservative. But for the first time, the federal government took responsibility for the economic security of the aged, the temporarily unemployed, dependent children, and disabled people. Against Roosevelt's original intention for universal coverage, the act excluded farmers, domestic workers, and other groups, which made up about forty percent of the labor force.

3551:; and Chinese, British and American troops fought in Asia and the Pacific. The United States also continued to send aid via the Lend-Lease program to the Soviet Union and other countries. The Allies formulated strategy in a series of high-profile conferences as well as by contact through diplomatic and military channels. Beginning in May 1942, the Soviets urged an Anglo-American invasion of German-occupied France to divert troops from the Eastern front. Concerned that their forces were not yet ready, Churchill and Roosevelt decided to delay such an invasion until at least 1943 and instead focus on a landing in North Africa, known as 18132: 2699: 1151: 3592: 2343:

courthouses and post offices to facilities and infrastructure for national parks, bridges, and other infrastructure across the country, and architectural surveys and archaeological excavations—investments to construct facilities and preserve important resources. Beyond this, however, Roosevelt recommended to a special congressional session only a permanent national farm act, administrative reorganization, and regional planning measures, all of which were leftovers from a regular session. According to Burns, this attempt illustrated Roosevelt's inability to settle on a basic economic program.

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office. He laboriously taught himself to walk short distances while wearing iron braces on his hips and legs, by swiveling his torso while supporting himself with a cane. He was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability. However, his disability was well known before and during his presidency and became a major part of his image. He usually appeared in public standing upright, supported on one side by an aide or one of his sons.

2030: 1174:, was well-read on the subject, and was an ardent supporter of a large, efficient force. With Wilson's support, Daniels and Roosevelt instituted a merit-based promotion system and extended civilian control over the autonomous departments of the Navy. Roosevelt oversaw the Navy's civilian employees and earned the respect of union leaders for his fairness in resolving disputes. No strikes occurred during his seven-plus years in the office, as he gained valuable experience in labor issues, wartime management, naval issues, and logistics. 18139: 3803:

States produced 2.4 million trucks, 300,000 military aircraft, 88,400 tanks, and 40 billion rounds of ammunition. The production capacity of the United States dwarfed that of other countries; for example, in 1944, the United States produced more military aircraft than the combined production of Germany, Japan, Britain, and the Soviet Union. The White House became the ultimate site for labor mediation, conciliation or arbitration. One particular battle royale occurred between Vice President Wallace, who headed the

3643:. Roosevelt did not push for the immediate evacuation of Soviet soldiers from Poland, but he won the issuance of the Declaration on Liberated Europe, which promised free elections in countries that had been occupied by Germany. Germany itself would not be dismembered but would be jointly occupied by the United States, France, Britain, and the Soviet Union. Against Soviet pressure, Roosevelt and Churchill refused to consent to impose huge reparations and deindustrialization on Germany after the war. Roosevelt's role in the 1491: 3242: 2934: 1804: 1785:

clash of wills that led to disarray, heartbreak, and anger but also set off pulses of executive energy and sparks of creativity...by handing out one job to several men and several jobs to one man, thus strengthening his own position as a court of appeals, as a depository of information, and as a tool of co-ordination; by ignoring or bypassing collective decision-making agencies, such as the Cabinet...and always by persuading, flattering, juggling, improvising, reshuffling, harmonizing, conciliating, manipulating.

1052: 3420:, the most senior officer in the military. Roosevelt avoided micromanaging the war and let his top military officers make most decisions. Roosevelt's civilian appointees handled the draft and procurement of men and equipment, but no civilians—not even the secretaries of War or Navy—had a voice in strategy. Roosevelt avoided the State Department and conducted high-level diplomacy through his aides, especially Harry Hopkins, whose influence was bolstered by his control of the Lend-Lease funds. 26596: 874: 1358: 2874:. Willkie supported much of the New Deal as well as rearmament and aid to Britain but warned that Roosevelt would drag the country into another European war. Responding to Willkie's attacks, Roosevelt promised to keep the country out of the war. Over its last month, the campaign degenerated into a series of outrageous accusations and mud-slinging by the parties. Roosevelt won the 1940 election with 55% of the popular vote, 38 of the 48 states, and almost 85% of the electoral vote. 3710: 3350: 785: 4359:, "the basis of the Democratic Party's aspirations for the better part of four decades". After his death, Eleanor continued to be a forceful presence in U.S. and world politics, serving as delegate to the conference which established the United Nations and championing civil rights and liberalism generally. Some junior New Dealers played leading roles in the presidencies of Truman, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. Kennedy came from a Roosevelt-hating family. Historian 3925: 2847: 2136: 1703: 26512: 26584: 26560: 19223: 14380: 13385: 2112:, savagely attacking Roosevelt and equating him with socialism. But Smith overplayed his hand, and his boisterous rhetoric let Roosevelt isolate his opponents and identify them with the wealthy vested interests that opposed the New Deal, strengthening Roosevelt for the 1936 landslide. By contrast, labor unions, energized by labor legislation, signed up millions of new members and became a major backer of Roosevelt's re-elections in 1936, 1940, and 1944. 1021:, soon after she was hired in 1914. That affair was discovered by Eleanor in 1918. Franklin contemplated divorcing Eleanor, but Sara objected, and Mercer would not marry a divorced man with five children. Franklin and Eleanor remained married, and Franklin promised never to see Mercer again. Eleanor never forgave him for the affair, and their marriage shifted to become a political partnership. Eleanor soon established a separate home in Hyde Park at 2726: 26572: 3978: 2568: 3494: 3089: 19233: 14390: 1087:, was strongly Republican. Roosevelt feared that opposition from Theodore could end his campaign, but Theodore encouraged his candidacy despite their party differences. Acting as his own campaign manager, Roosevelt traveled throughout the senate district via automobile at a time when few could afford a car. Due to his aggressive campaign, his name gained recognition in the Hudson Valley, and in the Democratic landslide in the 12133: 2194:. Roosevelt lost high-income voters, especially businessmen and professionals, but made major gains among the poor and minorities. He won 86 percent of the Jewish vote, 81 percent of Catholics, 80 percent of union members, 76 percent of Southerners, 76 percent of blacks in northern cities, and 75 percent of people on relief. Roosevelt carried 102 of the country's 106 cities with a population of 100,000 or more. 14483: 2795:, as Secretaries of War and the Navy, respectively. Both parties gave support to his plans for a rapid build-up of the American military, but the isolationists warned that Roosevelt would get the nation into an unnecessary war with Germany. In July 1940, a group of Congressmen introduced a bill that would authorize the nation's first peacetime draft, and with the support of the Roosevelt administration, the 26548: 4093: 2623:, renouncing the right to intervene unilaterally in the affairs of Latin American countries. Roosevelt also normalized relations with the Soviet Union, which the United States had refused to recognize since the 1920s. He hoped to renegotiate the Russian debt from World War I and open trade relations, but no progress was made on either issue and "both nations were soon disillusioned by the accord." 2859:

former Republican who strongly supported the New Deal and was popular in farm states. The choice was strenuously opposed by many of the party's conservatives, who felt Wallace was too radical and "eccentric" in his private life. But Roosevelt insisted that without Wallace on the ticket he would decline re-nomination, and Wallace won the vice-presidential nomination, defeating Speaker of the House

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grew 58% from 1932 to 1940, and then grew 56% from 1940 to 1945 in five years of wartime. Unemployment fell dramatically during Roosevelt's first term. It increased in 1938 ("a depression within a depression") but continually declined after 1938. Total employment during Roosevelt's term expanded by 18.31 million jobs, with an average annual increase in jobs during his administration of 5.3%.

3827: 2190:. Democrats expanded their majorities in Congress, controlling over three-quarters of the seats in each house. The election also saw the consolidation of the New Deal coalition; while the Democrats lost some of their traditional allies in big business, they were replaced by groups such as organized labor and African Americans, the latter of whom voted Democratic for the first time since the 1991:(TVA)—which built dams and power stations, controlled floods, and modernized agriculture and home conditions in the poverty-stricken Tennessee Valley. However, locals criticized the TVA for displacing thousands of people for these projects. The Soil Conservation Service trained farmers in the proper methods of cultivation, and with the TVA, Roosevelt became the father of soil conservation. 3906:

Roosevelt's health was poor; on October 12, for example, he announced that "The President's health is perfectly OK. There are absolutely no organic difficulties at all." Roosevelt realized that his declining health could eventually make it impossible for him to continue as president, and in 1945 he told a confidant that he might resign from the presidency following the end of the war.

4192:, and it played a major role in opening up new employment opportunities to nonwhite workers. During World War II, the proportion of African American men employed in manufacturing positions rose significantly. In response to Roosevelt's policies, African Americans increasingly defected from the Republican Party during the 1930s and 1940s, becoming an important Democratic 26536: 840:, who said to him: "My little man, I am making a strange wish for you. It is that you may never be President of the United States." Franklin's mother, the dominant influence in his early years, once declared, "My son Franklin is a Delano, not a Roosevelt at all." James, who was 54 when Franklin was born, was considered by some as a remote father, though biographer 3866:, medical care, unemployment insurance, job counseling, and low-cost loans for homes and businesses. The G.I. Bill passed unanimously in both houses of Congress and was signed into law in June 1944. Of the fifteen million Americans who served in World War II, more than half benefitted from the educational opportunities provided for in the G.I. Bill. 1905: 1718:, small farmers, the Southern whites, Catholics, big-city political machines, labor unions, northern black Americans (southern ones were still disfranchised), Jews, intellectuals, and political liberals. The creation of the New Deal coalition transformed American politics and started what political scientists call the "New Deal Party System" or the 1427:'s successful campaign in New York's 1922 gubernatorial election, which both aided Smith and showed Roosevelt's continuing relevance as a political figure. Roosevelt and Smith came from different backgrounds and never fully trusted one another, but Roosevelt supported Smith's progressive policies, while Smith was happy to have Roosevelt's backing. 1927:(PWA), under Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, oversaw the construction of large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, and schools. The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) brought electricity for the first time to millions of rural homes. The most popular of all New Deal agencies—and Roosevelt's favorite—was the 4375:, and the consolidation of power that occurred due to his responses to the Depression and World War II but also his breaking with tradition by running for a third term as president. Long after his death, new lines of attack criticized Roosevelt's policies regarding helping the Jews of Europe, incarcerating the Japanese on the 1541:. Relations between Roosevelt and Smith suffered after he chose not to retain key Smith appointees like Moses. He and his wife Eleanor established an understanding for the rest of his career; she would dutifully serve as the governor's wife but would also be free to pursue her own agenda and interests. He also began holding " 2898:

relationships with Latin America and Canada were structured by wartime demands. Roosevelt maintained close personal control of all major diplomatic and military decisions, working closely with his generals and admirals, the war and Navy departments, the British, and even the Soviet Union. His key advisors on diplomacy were

2093:(NLRB) to facilitate wage agreements and suppress repeated labor disturbances. The act did not compel employers to reach an agreement with their employees, but it opened possibilities for American labor. The result was a tremendous growth of membership in the labor unions, especially in the mass-production sector. When the 2152:, a little-known bland candidate whose chances were damaged by the public re-emergence of the still-unpopular Herbert Hoover. While Roosevelt campaigned on his New Deal programs and continued to attack Hoover, Landon sought to win voters who approved of the goals of the New Deal but disagreed with its implementation. 528: 1857:. A quarter of the workforce was unemployed, and farmers were in deep trouble as prices had fallen by 60%. Industrial production had fallen by more than half since 1929. Two million people were homeless. By the evening of March 4, 32 of the 48 states—as well as the District of Columbia—had closed their banks. 4127:. Roosevelt ended federal involvement in the deportations. After 1934, deportations fell by approximately 50 percent. However, Roosevelt did not attempt to suppress the deportations on a local or state level. Mexican Americans were the only group explicitly excluded from New Deal benefits. The deprival of 529: 1680:

convention but promised to uphold the party platform. Otherwise, Roosevelt's primary campaign strategy was one of caution, intent upon avoiding mistakes that would distract from Hoover's failings on the economy. His statements attacked the incumbent and included no other specific policies or programs.

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Roosevelt had a lifelong interest in the environment and conservation starting with his youthful interest in forestry on his family estate. Although he was never an outdoorsman or sportsman on Theodore Roosevelt's scale, his growth of the national systems was comparable. When Franklin was Governor of

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His commitment to the working class and unemployed in need of relief in the nation's longest recession made him a favorite of blue-collar workers, labor unions, and ethnic minorities. The rapid expansion of government programs that occurred during Roosevelt's term redefined the role of government in

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has been controversial; critics charge that he naively trusted the Soviet Union to allow free elections in Eastern Europe, while supporters argue that there was little more that Roosevelt could have done for the Eastern European countries given the Soviet occupation and the need for cooperation with

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when he refused to run for a third term in 1796. Roosevelt refused to give a definitive statement, and he even indicated to some ambitious Democrats, such as James Farley, that he would not run for a third term and that they could seek the Democratic nomination. Farley and Vice President John Garner

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saw an unprecedented amount of legislation and set a benchmark against which future presidents have been compared. When the banks reopened on Monday, March 15, stock prices rose by 15 percent and in the following weeks over $ 1 billion was returned to bank vaults, ending the bank panic. On March 22,

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in the 1919 Senate debate. The new Society would not become involved in the Western Hemisphere, where the Monroe doctrine held sway. It would not have any control over military forces. Although Roosevelt's plan was never made public, he thought about the problem a great deal and incorporated some of

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and the New York State Council of Parks. Roosevelt accused Moses of using the name recognition of prominent individuals including Roosevelt to win political support for state parks, but then diverting funds to the ones Moses favored on Long Island, while Moses worked to block the appointment of Howe

1107:, a highly regarded judge whom Roosevelt found acceptable, and O'Gorman won the election in late March. Roosevelt in the process became a popular figure among New York Democrats. News articles and cartoons depicted "the second coming of a Roosevelt", sending "cold shivers down the spine of Tammany". 4061:

The following morning, Roosevelt's body was placed in a flag-draped coffin and loaded onto the presidential train for the trip back to Washington. Thousands flocked to the route to pay their respects. After a White House funeral on April 14, Roosevelt was transported by train from Washington to his

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Hospital physicians and two outside specialists ordered Roosevelt to rest. His personal physician, Admiral Ross McIntire, created a daily schedule that banned business guests for lunch and incorporated two hours of rest daily. During the 1944 re-election campaign, McIntire denied several times that

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In 1942, war production increased dramatically but fell short of Roosevelt's goals, due in part to manpower shortages. The effort was also hindered by numerous strikes, especially in the coal mining and railroad industries, which lasted well into 1944. Nonetheless, between 1941 and 1945, the United

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Roosevelt tried to keep his campaign promise by cutting the federal budget. This included a reduction in military spending from $ 752 million in 1932 to $ 531 million in 1934 and a 40% cut in spending on veterans benefits. 500,000 veterans and widows were removed from the pension rolls,

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Roosevelt was elected in November 1932 but like his predecessors did not take office until the following March. After the election, President Hoover sought to convince Roosevelt to renounce much of his campaign platform and to endorse the Hoover administration's policies. Roosevelt refused Hoover's

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Roosevelt requested that he be allowed to serve as a naval officer, but Wilson insisted that he continue as Assistant Secretary. For the next year, Roosevelt remained in Washington to coordinate the naval deployment, as the Navy expanded fourfold. In the summer of 1918, Roosevelt traveled to Europe

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for coming generations. Roosevelt firmly established U.S. leadership on the world stage with his role in shaping and financing World War II. His isolationist critics faded away, and even the Republicans joined in his overall policies. He also permanently increased the power of the president at the

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of African Americans, farmers and rural populations to manufacturing centers. African Americans from the South went to California and other West Coast states for new jobs in the defense industry. To pay for increased government spending, in 1941 Roosevelt proposed that Congress enact an income tax

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in Chicago, Roosevelt easily swept aside challenges from Farley and Vice President Garner, who had turned against Roosevelt in his second term because of his liberal economic and social policies. To replace Garner on the ticket, Roosevelt turned to Secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace of Iowa, a

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Determined to overcome the opposition of conservative Democrats in Congress, Roosevelt became involved in the 1938 Democratic primaries, actively campaigning for challengers who were more supportive of New Deal reform. Roosevelt failed badly, managing to defeat only one of the ten targeted. In the

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into the plain below." Roosevelt argued that such apparently haphazard methodology was necessary. "The country needs and, unless I mistake its temper, the country demands bold, persistent experimentation," he wrote. "It is common sense to take a method and try it; if it fails, admit it frankly and

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Roosevelt gave presidential nominating speeches for Smith at the 1924 and 1928 Democratic National Conventions; the speech at the 1924 convention marked a return to public life following his illness and convalescence. That year, the Democrats were badly divided between an urban wing, led by Smith,

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and devoted herself to social and political causes independent of her husband. The emotional break in their marriage was so severe that when Franklin asked Eleanor in 1942—in light of his failing health—to come live with him again, she refused. Roosevelt was not always aware of Eleanor's visits to

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Burns indicates that young Franklin Roosevelt was self-assured and at ease in the upper class. On the other hand, Eleanor was shy and disliked social life. Initially, Eleanor stayed home to raise their children. As his father had done, Franklin left childcare to his wife, and Eleanor delegated the

2748:, American public opinion turned against Germany, and Roosevelt began preparing for a possible war with Germany. Relying on an interventionist political coalition of Southern Democrats and business-oriented Republicans, Roosevelt oversaw the expansion of U.S. airpower and war production capacity. 2552:

as a percentage of the GNP had more than doubled under Hoover from 16% to 40% of the GNP in early 1933. It held steady at close to 40% as late as fall 1941, then grew rapidly during the war. The GNP was 34% higher in 1936 than in 1932 and 58% higher in 1940 on the eve of war. That is, the economy

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enrolled 3.4 million young men and built 13,000 miles (21,000 kilometres) of trails, planted two billion trees, and upgraded 125,000 miles (201,000 kilometres) of dirt roads. Every state had its own state parks, and Roosevelt made sure that WPA and CCC projects were set up to upgrade them as

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to look for a criminal conspiracy (they found none). He then asked Congress for $ 5 billion (equivalent to $ 105.97 billion in 2023) in relief and public works funding. This created as many as 3.3 million WPA jobs by 1938. Projects accomplished under the WPA ranged from new federal

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reduction, farm relief, government-funded public works, and other government actions to address the Great Depression. Reflecting changing public opinion, the Democratic platform included a call for the repeal of Prohibition; Roosevelt himself had not taken a public stand on the issue prior to the

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by a wide margin, carrying every state outside of the South. Roosevelt accepted the loss and later reflected that the relationships and goodwill that he built in the 1920 campaign proved to be a major asset in his 1932 campaign. The 1920 election also saw the first public participation of Eleanor

4014:, many were shocked to see how old, thin and frail he looked. He spoke while seated in the well of the House, an unprecedented concession to his physical incapacity. During March 1945, he sent strongly worded messages to Stalin accusing him of breaking his Yalta commitments over Poland, Germany, 3182:

The Japanese were incensed by the embargo and Japanese leaders became determined to attack the United States unless it lifted the embargo. The Roosevelt administration was unwilling to reverse the policy, and Secretary of State Hull blocked a potential summit between Roosevelt and Prime Minister

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established Social Security and promised economic security for the elderly, the poor, and the sick. Roosevelt insisted that it should be funded by payroll taxes rather than from the general fund, saying, "We put those payroll contributions there so as to give the contributors a legal, moral, and

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The president stayed in charge of his administration...by drawing fully on his formal and informal powers as Chief Executive; by raising goals, creating momentum, inspiring a personal loyalty, getting the best out of people...by deliberately fostering among his aides a sense of competition and a

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As president, Roosevelt appointed powerful men to top positions in government. However, he made all of his administration's major decisions himself, regardless of any delays, inefficiencies, or resentments doing so may have caused. Analyzing the president's administrative style, Burns concludes:

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says that before 1960, "Kennedy showed a conspicuous lack of inclination to identify himself as a New Deal liberal." He adds, as president, "Kennedy never wholly embraced the Roosevelt tradition and at times he deliberately severed himself from it." By contrast, young Lyndon Johnson had been an

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board of directors, Roosevelt decided there were too many Jewish students at Harvard and helped institute a quota to limit the number of Jews admitted. After Kristallnacht in 1938, Roosevelt had his ambassador to Germany recalled to Washington. He did not loosen immigration quotas but did allow

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dominated Roosevelt's attention, with far more time devoted to world affairs than ever before. Domestic politics and relations with Congress were largely shaped by his efforts to achieve total mobilization of the nation's economic, financial, and institutional resources for the war effort. Even

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When Roosevelt began his run for a second term in May 1930, he reiterated his doctrine from the campaign two years before: "that progressive government by its very terms must be a living and growing thing, that the battle for it is never-ending and that if we let up for one single moment or one

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Though his mother favored his retirement from public life, Roosevelt, his wife, and Roosevelt's close friend and adviser, Louis Howe, were all determined that he continue his political career. He convinced many people that he was improving, which he believed to be essential prior to running for

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Roosevelt's declining physical health had been kept secret from the public. His death was met with shock and grief across the world. Germany surrendered during the 30-day mourning period, but Harry Truman (who had succeeded Roosevelt as president) ordered flags to remain at half-staff; he also

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through the Pacific Islands, with the objective of gaining bases from which strategic airpower could be brought to bear on Japan and from which Japan could ultimately be invaded. In contrast to Hitler, Roosevelt took no direct part in the tactical naval operations, though he approved strategic

2262:, the court began to take a more favorable view of economic regulations. Historians have described this as, "the switch in time that saved nine". That same year, Roosevelt appointed a Supreme Court Justice for the first time, and by 1941, had appointed seven of the court's nine justices. After 1470:

for the best plan to deliver world peace. Roosevelt had leisure time and interest, and he drafted a plan for the contest. He never submitted it because Eleanor was selected as a judge for the prize. His plan called for a new world organization that would replace the League of Nations. Although

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Burns suggests that Roosevelt's policy decisions were guided more by pragmatism than ideology and that he "was like the general of a guerrilla army whose columns, fighting blindly in the mountains through dense ravines and thickets, suddenly converge, half by plan and half by coincidence, and

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Roosevelt did not appoint or nominate a single African American as secretary or assistant secretary to his cabinet. About one hundred African Americans met informally, however, to provide the administration with advice on issues related to African Americans. Although sometimes described as a

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and other issues. When Stalin accused the western Allies of plotting behind his back a separate peace with Hitler, Roosevelt replied: "I cannot avoid a feeling of bitter resentment towards your informers, whoever they are, for such vile misrepresentations of my actions or those of my trusted

3795:. In 1944, Roosevelt requested that Congress enact legislation to tax all "unreasonable" profits, both corporate and individual, and thereby support his declared need for over $ 10 billion in revenue for the war and other government measures. Congress overrode Roosevelt's veto to pass a 3777:

The home front was subject to dynamic social changes throughout the war, though domestic issues were no longer Roosevelt's most urgent policy concern. The military buildup spurred economic growth. Unemployment fell from 7.7 million in spring 1940 to 3.4 million in fall 1941 and to

3062:; Churchill and Roosevelt would meet ten more times in person. Though Churchill pressed for an American declaration of war against Germany, Roosevelt believed that Congress would reject any attempt to bring the U.S. into the war. In September, a German submarine fired on the U.S. destroyer 4301:

to aid Jews and other victims of Axis atrocities. Aside from these actions, Roosevelt believed that the best way to help the persecuted populations of Europe was to end the war as quickly as possible. Top military leaders and War Department leaders rejected any campaign to bomb the

3940:. Party leaders prevailed upon Roosevelt to drop Vice President Wallace from the ticket, believing him to be an electoral liability and a poor potential successor in case of Roosevelt's death. Roosevelt preferred Byrnes as Wallace's replacement but was convinced to support Senator 3034:

program, which directed massive military and economic aid to Britain and China. In sharp contrast to the loans of World War I, there would be no repayment. As Roosevelt took a firmer stance against Japan, Germany, and Italy, American isolationists such as Charles Lindbergh and the

4276:"—the extermination of the European Jewish population—by January 1942, and American officials learned of the scale of the Nazi extermination campaign in the following months. Against the objections of the State Department, Roosevelt convinced the other Allied leaders to issue the 4266:, Roosevelt could have saved 190,000 Jewish lives by telling his State Department to fill immigration quotas to the legal limit, but his administration discouraged and disqualified Jewish refugees based on its prohibitive requirements that left less than 25% of the quotas filled. 3831: 3828: 2359:

with Southern Democrats, virtually ending Roosevelt's ability to enact his domestic proposals. Despite their opposition to Roosevelt's domestic policies, many of these conservative Congressmen would provide crucial support for his foreign policy before and during World War II.

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The NIRA included $ 3.3 billion (equivalent to $ 77.67 billion in 2023) of spending through the Public Works Administration to support recovery. Roosevelt worked with Senator Norris to create the largest government-owned industrial enterprise in American history—the

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With Roosevelt's influence on the wane following the failure of the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, conservative Democrats joined with Republicans to block the implementation of further New Deal programs. Roosevelt did manage to pass some legislation, including the

3829: 986:. Franklin and Sara Roosevelt also provided a townhouse for the newlyweds in New York City, and Sara had a house built for herself alongside that townhouse. Eleanor never felt at home in the houses at Hyde Park or New York; however, she loved the family's vacation home on 4288:. In 1943, Roosevelt told U.S. government officials that there should be limits on Jews in various professions to "eliminate the specific and understandable complaints which the Germans bore towards the Jews in Germany." The same year, Roosevelt was personally briefed by 3834: 3466:. Roosevelt feared the consequences of allowing Germany to have sole possession of the technology and authorized preliminary research into nuclear weapons. After Pearl Harbor, the Roosevelt administration secured funding to continue research and selected General 3833: 1943:

to increase commodity prices, by paying farmers to leave land uncultivated and cut herds. In many instances, crops were plowed under and livestock killed, while many Americans died of hunger and were ill-clothed; critics labeled such policies "utterly idiotic".

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and benefits were reduced for the remainder. Federal salaries were cut and spending on research and education was reduced. The veterans were well organized and strongly protested, so most benefits were restored or increased by 1934. Veterans groups such as the

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Historians categorized Roosevelt's program as "relief, recovery, and reform". Relief was urgently needed by the unemployed. Recovery meant boosting the economy back to normal, and reform was required of the financial and banking systems. Through Roosevelt's 30

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that Roosevelt, or any other high government officials, knew in advance about the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese had kept their secrets closely guarded, so it is unlikely that American officials were aware of Japanese plans for a surprise attack on the

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and menaced Britain in mid-1940, Roosevelt decided that only he had the necessary experience and skills to see the nation safely through the Nazi threat. He was aided by the party's political bosses, who feared that no Democrat except Roosevelt could defeat

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notes that "the significance of the repeal of the two-thirds rule...is difficult to overstate. Not only did the power of the South in the Democratic party diminish, but without the repeal, it is open to question whether FDR could have been renominated in

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Franklin broke his promise to Eleanor regarding Lucy Mercer. He and Mercer maintained a formal correspondence and began seeing each other again by 1941. Roosevelt's son Elliott claimed that his father had a 20-year affair with his private secretary,

3227:" to Congress, in which he said: "Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan." In a nearly unanimous vote, Congress 1951:(NIRA) of 1933. It sought to end cutthroat competition by forcing industries to establish rules such as minimum prices, agreements not to compete, and production restrictions. Industry leaders negotiated the rules with NIRA officials, who suspended 25703: 4761:

This table shows the estimated unemployment related as calculated by two economists. Michael Darby's estimate counts individuals on work relief programs as employed, while Stanley Lebergott's estimate counts individuals on work relief programs as

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who was an eyewitness of the Holocaust; pleading for action, Karski told him that 1.8 million Jews had already been exterminated. Karski recalled that Roosevelt "did not ask one question about the Jews". In January 1944, Roosevelt established the

3562:, where Roosevelt met Stalin for the first time. Britain and the United States committed to opening a second front against Germany in 1944, while Stalin committed to entering the war against Japan at an unspecified date. Subsequent conferences at 2634:

in American foreign policy. Despite Roosevelt's Wilsonian background, he and Secretary of State Cordell Hull acted with great care not to provoke isolationist sentiment. The isolationist movement was bolstered in the early to mid-1930s by Senator

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legislation. He asserted that such legislation was unlikely to pass and that his support for it would alienate Southern congressmen, though by 1940 even his conservative Texan vice-president, Garner, supported federal action against lynching.

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On his second day in office, Roosevelt declared a four-day national "bank holiday", to end the run by depositors seeking to withdraw funds. He called for a special session of Congress on March 9, when Congress passed, almost sight unseen, the

1193:. He also was without Wilson's support, as the president needed Tammany's forces for his legislation and 1916 re-election. Roosevelt was soundly defeated in the Democratic primary by Gerard, who in turn lost the general election to Republican 526: 2143:

Eight million workers remained unemployed in 1936, and though economic conditions had improved since 1932, they remained sluggish. By 1936, Roosevelt had lost the backing he once held in the business community because of his support for the

1236:

to inspect naval installations and meet with French and British officials. On account of his relation to Theodore Roosevelt, he was received very prominently considering his relatively junior rank, obtaining long private audiences with King

3104:

After the German invasion of Poland, the primary concern of both Roosevelt and his top military staff was on the war in Europe, but Japan also presented foreign policy challenges. Relations with Japan had continually deteriorated since its

2245:" plan ran into intense political opposition from his own party, led by Vice President Garner since it upset the separation of powers. A bipartisan coalition of liberals and conservatives of both parties opposed the bill, and Chief Justice 3737:

as the de facto government of France in July 1944. After most of France had been liberated, Roosevelt granted formal recognition to de Gaulle's government in October 1944. Over the following months, the Allies liberated more territory and

2643:; the president was refused a provision he requested giving him the discretion to allow the sale of arms to victims of aggression. He largely acquiesced to Congress's non-interventionist policies in the early-to-mid 1930s. In the interim, 4179:

First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt vocally supported efforts designed to aid the African American community, including the Fair Labor Standards Act, which helped boost wages for nonwhite workers in the South. In 1941, Roosevelt established the

3963:

with 53.4% of the popular vote and 432 out of the 531 electoral votes. The president campaigned in favor of a strong United Nations, so his victory symbolized support for the nation's future participation in the international community.

3858:. He stated that all Americans should have the right to "adequate medical care", "a good education", "a decent home", and a "useful and remunerative job". In the most ambitious domestic proposal of his third term, Roosevelt proposed the 3133:

to ensure continued access to raw materials. In July 1941, after Japan occupied the remainder of French Indochina, Roosevelt cut off the sale of oil to Japan, depriving Japan of more than 95 percent of its oil supply. He also placed the

3936:. Roosevelt made it clear before the convention that he was seeking another term, and on the lone presidential ballot of the convention, Roosevelt won the vast majority of delegates, although a minority of Southern Democrats voted for 3745:

In the opening weeks of the war, Japan conquered the Philippines and the British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia. The Japanese advance reached its maximum extent by June 1942, when the U.S. Navy scored a decisive victory at the

1514:. Roosevelt initially resisted, as he was reluctant to leave Warm Springs and feared a Republican landslide. Party leaders eventually convinced him only he could defeat the Republican gubernatorial nominee, New York Attorney General 2066:(WPA). Under the leadership of Harry Hopkins, the WPA employed over three million people in its first year of operations. It undertook numerous massive construction projects in cooperation with local governments. It also set up the 906:, preached the duty of Christians to help the less fortunate and urged his students to enter public service. Peabody remained a strong influence throughout Roosevelt's life, officiating at his wedding and visiting him as president. 2950: 1103:, which was determined in a joint session of the New York state legislature, Roosevelt and nineteen other Democrats caused a prolonged deadlock by opposing a series of Tammany-backed candidates. Tammany threw its backing behind 3759:

decisions. Roosevelt gave way in part to insistent demands from the public and Congress that more effort be devoted against Japan, but he always insisted on Germany first. The strength of the Japanese navy was decimated in the

3582:

mantle, Roosevelt pushed the establishment of the United Nations as his highest postwar priority. Roosevelt expected it would be controlled by Washington, Moscow, London and Beijing, and would resolve all major world problems.

1908: 527: 3474:, which was charged with developing the first nuclear weapons. Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to jointly pursue the project, and Roosevelt helped ensure that American scientists cooperated with their British counterparts. 4110:

Roosevelt was viewed as a hero by many African Americans, Catholics, and Jews, and he was highly successful in attracting large majorities of these voters into his New Deal coalition. From his first term until 1939, the

3674:, the Allies agreed to defeat Axis forces in North Africa and then launch an invasion of Sicily, with an attack on France to take place in 1944. At the conference, Roosevelt also announced that he would only accept the 1471:

Roosevelt had been the vice-presidential candidate on the Democratic ticket of 1920 that supported the League, by 1924 he was ready to scrap it. His draft of a "Society of Nations" accepted the reservations proposed by

1865:", he presented his proposals directly to the American public as a series of radio addresses. Energized by his own victory over paralytic illness, he used persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. 18598: 1071:. Roosevelt was a compelling recruit: he had the personality and energy for campaigning and the money to pay for his own campaign. But Roosevelt's campaign for the state assembly ended after the Democratic incumbent, 519: 2951: 2101:, Roosevelt broke with the precedent set by many former presidents and refused to intervene; the strike ultimately led to the unionization of both General Motors and its rivals in the American automobile industry. 21582: 21577: 3260: 2175:, while his allies overcame Southern resistance to abolish the long-established rule that required Democratic presidential candidates to win the votes of two-thirds of the delegates rather than a simple majority. 3815:; both agencies assumed responsibility for the acquisition of rubber supplies and came to loggerheads over funding. Roosevelt resolved the dispute by dissolving both agencies. In 1943, Roosevelt established the 1094:

Despite short legislative sessions, Roosevelt treated his new position as a full-time career. Taking his seat on January 1, 1911, Roosevelt soon became the leader of a group of "Insurgents" in opposition to the

1648:

However, Roosevelt's efforts as governor to address the effects of the depression in his own state established him as the front-runner for the 1932 Democratic presidential nomination. Roosevelt rallied the

4784:

Hull and others in the administration were unwilling to recognize the Japanese conquest of China and feared that an American accommodation with Japan would leave the Soviet Union vulnerable to a two-front

3341:. Senior American officials were aware that war was imminent, but they did not expect an attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt assumed that the Japanese would attack either the Dutch East Indies or Thailand. 2061:

Roosevelt consolidated the various relief organizations, though some, like the PWA, continued to exist. After winning Congressional authorization for further funding of relief efforts, he established the

1026:

the White House. For some time, Eleanor could not easily reach Roosevelt on the telephone without his secretary's help; Franklin, in turn, did not visit Eleanor's New York City apartment until late 1944.

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began in September 1939 with Germany's invasion of Poland and Britain and France's declaration of war on Germany, Roosevelt sought ways to assist Britain and France militarily. Isolationist leaders like

1459:

to a salaried position as the Taconic commission's secretary. Roosevelt served on the commission until the end of 1928, and his contentious relationship with Moses continued as their careers progressed.

2220:

became Roosevelt's primary domestic focus during his second term after the court overturned many of his programs, including NIRA. The more conservative members of the court upheld the principles of the

973:

During his second year of college, Roosevelt met and proposed to Boston heiress Alice Sohier, who turned him down. Franklin then began courting his childhood acquaintance and fifth cousin once removed,

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during World War II. Roosevelt won strong support from Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans, but not Japanese Americans, as he presided over their internment during the war. African Americans and

2799:

passed in September. The size of the army increased from 189,000 men at the end of 1939 to 1.4 million in mid-1941. In September 1940, Roosevelt openly defied the Neutrality Acts by reaching the

1530:. While Smith lost the presidency in a landslide, and was defeated in his home state, Roosevelt was elected governor by a one-percent margin, and became a contender in the next presidential election. 1587:, the agency assisted over one-third of New York's population between 1932 and 1938. Roosevelt also began an investigation into corruption in New York City among the judiciary, the police force, and 1744:

During the transition, Roosevelt chose Howe as his chief of staff, and Farley as Postmaster General. Frances Perkins, as Secretary of Labor, became the first woman appointed to a cabinet position.

1138:. After the election, he served as chairman of the Agriculture Committee; his success with farm and labor bills was a precursor to his later New Deal policies. He had then become more consistently 4151:, respectively. Sitkoff reports that the WPA "provided an economic floor for the whole black community in the 1930s, rivaling both agriculture and domestic service as the chief source" of income. 3109:

in 1931 and worsened further with Roosevelt's support of China. With the war in Europe occupying the attention of the major colonial powers, Japanese leaders eyed vulnerable colonies such as the

18512: 18502: 10310:

Appleby, Joyce; Brands, H.W.; Dallek, Robert; Fitzpatrick, Ellen; Goodwin, Doris Kearns; Gordon, John Steele; Kennedy, David M.; McDougall, Walter; Noll, Mark; Wood, Gordon S. (December 2006).

2943: 1038:, who resided in the White House during part of World War II. Aides referred to her at the time as "the president's girlfriend", and gossip linking the two romantically appeared in newspapers. 927:

daily newspaper, which required ambition, energy, and the ability to manage others. He later said, "I took economics courses in college for four years, and everything I was taught was wrong."

18497: 3832: 978:, a niece of Theodore Roosevelt. In 1903, Franklin proposed to Eleanor. Following resistance from his mother, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt were married on March 17, 1905. Eleanor's father, 21648: 3258: 1822: 4507: 26701: 18589: 11951: 3121:. After Roosevelt announced a $ 100 million loan (equivalent to $ 2.2 billion in 2023) to China in reaction to Japan's occupation of northern French Indochina, Japan signed the 26686: 26681: 26676: 26671: 3783:

rate of 99.5% on all income over $ 100,000; when the proposal failed, he issued an executive order imposing an income tax of 100% on income over $ 25,000, which Congress rescinded. The

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As a child, Roosevelt learned to ride, shoot, sail, and play polo, tennis, and golf. Frequent trips to Europe—beginning at age two and from age seven to fifteen—helped Roosevelt become

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if they entered the U.S. Navy zone. This "shoot on sight" policy brought the U.S. Navy into direct conflict with German submarines and was favored by Americans by a margin of 2-to-1.

4339:, although the order varies. Reflecting on Roosevelt's presidency, "which brought the United States through the Great Depression and World War II to a prosperous future", biographer 3294: 2233:, which would have allowed him to appoint an additional Justice for each incumbent Justice over the age of 70; in 1937, there were six Supreme Court Justices over the age of 70. The 26781: 23345: 23335: 13144: 1726:

and had won just four of seventeen presidential elections; from 1932 to 1979, Democrats won eight of twelve presidential elections and generally controlled both houses of Congress.

1059:

Roosevelt cared little for the practice of law and told friends he planned to enter politics. Despite his admiration for cousin Theodore, Franklin shared his father's bond with the

1907: 25399: 21394: 15153: 3627:

in Crimea. With the end of the war in Europe approaching, Roosevelt's primary focus was convincing Stalin to enter the war against Japan; the Joint Chiefs had estimated that an

934:

became U.S. president. Theodore's vigorous leadership style and reforming zeal made him Franklin's role model and hero. He graduated from Harvard in three years in 1903 with an

9917: 4216:, which relocated 110,000 Japanese-American citizens and immigrants, most of whom lived on the Pacific Coast. They were forced to liquidate their properties and businesses and 1820: 23565: 21552: 20355: 18507: 3231:. After Pearl Harbor, antiwar sentiment in the United States largely evaporated overnight. On December 11, 1941, Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the United States, which 2369:

New York, the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration was essentially a state-level predecessor of the federal Civilian Conservation Corps, with 10,000 or more men building

1884:. The act, first developed by the Hoover administration and Wall Street bankers, gave the president the power to determine the opening and closing of banks and authorized the 1204:

Roosevelt refocused on the Navy Department as World War I broke out in Europe in August 1914. Though he remained publicly supportive of Wilson, Roosevelt sympathized with the

26731: 21620: 21065: 18530: 4050:, Roosevelt said: "I have a terrific headache." He then slumped forward in his chair, unconscious, and was carried into his bedroom. The president's attending cardiologist, 3259: 1995:

declared that all privately held gold of American citizens was to be sold to the U.S. Treasury and the price raised from $ 20 to $ 35 per ounce. The goal was to counter the

1118:. The election became a three-way contest when Theodore Roosevelt left the Republican Party to launch a third-party campaign against Wilson and sitting Republican president 1339:, established herself as a valuable political player. After the election, Roosevelt returned to New York City, where he practiced law and served as a vice president of the 21853: 18550: 8567:

Anthony, Edwin D. Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs. National Archives and Record Services – General Services Administration, Washington D.C., 1973, pp. 1–8

1645:, the dean of political commentators, who observed: "He is a pleasant man who, without any important qualifications for the office, would very much like to be president." 9891: 1767:, who expressed a "hate for all rulers". As he was attempting to shoot Roosevelt, Zangara was struck by a woman with her purse; he instead mortally wounded Chicago Mayor 26801: 25696: 23611: 23606: 20348: 20295: 20291: 19335: 19226: 13614: 13552: 12540: 12277: 12272: 3919: 2883: 2351:, Democrats lost six Senate seats and 71 House seats, with losses concentrated among pro-New Deal Democrats. When Congress reconvened in 1939, Republicans under Senator 1795: 579: 571: 1443:. Like many, Roosevelt did not abstain from alcohol during Prohibition, but publicly he sought to find a compromise on the issue acceptable to both wings of the party. 1423:

Roosevelt remained active in New York politics while also establishing contacts in the South, particularly in Georgia, in the 1920s. He issued an open letter endorsing

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began. Roosevelt saw the seriousness of the situation and established a state employment commission. He also became the first governor to publicly endorse the idea of

3066:, and Roosevelt declared that the U.S. Navy would assume an escort role for Allied convoys in the Atlantic as far east as Britain and would fire upon German ships or 26751: 26706: 12694: 12545: 4772: 3657: 1518:. He won the party's gubernatorial nomination by acclamation and again turned to Howe to lead his campaign. Roosevelt was joined on the campaign trail by associates 721: 12597: 965: 26796: 26666: 21808: 21572: 21567: 18582: 15203: 4849: 4451: 10337: 3948:

and was acceptable to the various factions of the party. On the second vice presidential ballot of the convention, Truman defeated Wallace to win the nomination.

696:

was formed to block the implementation of further New Deal programs and reforms. Major surviving programs and legislation implemented under Roosevelt include the

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He learned that federal patronage alone, without White House support, could not defeat a strong local organization. After the election, he and Tammany Hall boss

661: 5224: 21833: 19354: 16466: 16106: 15669: 15264: 14787: 12302: 10774: 4336: 2323: 1318:, both of which were unpopular in 1920. Roosevelt personally supported U.S. membership in the League, but, unlike Wilson, he favored compromising with Senator 1311:

with a famous name. Roosevelt, then 38, resigned as Assistant Secretary after the Democratic convention and campaigned across the nation for the party ticket.

768: 1208:, whose leaders strongly favored the Allied Powers and called for a military build-up. The Wilson administration initiated an expansion of the Navy after the 26631: 23236: 21793: 21728: 16759: 16435: 16075: 15638: 15233: 13059: 5176: 4697: 4421: 4241:

citizens were arrested or placed into internment camps. Unlike Japanese Americans, however, they were not sent to them on the sole basis of racial ancestry.

2104:

While the First New Deal of 1933 had broad support from most sectors, the Second New Deal challenged the business community. Conservative Democrats, led by

1075:, chose to seek re-election. Rather than putting his political hopes on hold, Roosevelt ran for a seat in the state senate. The senate district, located in 23570: 23392: 21868: 21843: 21693: 21242: 13001: 12793: 12761: 9359: 4413: 4063: 3232: 3173: 3030:, Roosevelt laid out the case for an Allied battle for basic rights throughout the world. Assisted by Willkie, Roosevelt won Congressional approval of the 983: 887: 821: 361: 2825:, there was much speculation as to whether Roosevelt would run for an unprecedented third term. The two-term tradition, although not yet enshrined in the 26766: 25392: 21813: 21768: 21763: 21708: 21653: 18575: 15211: 4188:, which prohibited racial and religious discrimination in employment among defense contractors. The FEPC was the first national program directed against 3048: 2787:

in June 1940 shocked the American public, and isolationist sentiment declined. In July 1940, Roosevelt appointed two interventionist Republican leaders,

4257:

says Roosevelt's record on Jewish refugees and their rescue is "very poor" and one of the worst failures of his presidency. In 1923, as a member of the

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won their campaign to transform their benefits from payments due in 1945 to immediate cash when Congress overrode the President's veto and passed the

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throughout his adult life, had been in declining health since at least 1940. In March 1944, shortly after his 62nd birthday, he underwent testing at

2776:, in September 1939—the first of 1,700 letters and telegrams between them. Roosevelt forged a close personal relationship with Churchill, who became 10311: 4394:

and regulation of the economy. Those criticisms continued decades after his death. One factor in the revisiting of these issues was the election of

759:

but died in 1945 after his physical health seriously and steadily declined during the war years. Since then, several of his actions have come under

664:, Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented federal legislation and directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing the 23231: 21858: 21848: 21406: 21389: 14295: 12246: 12237: 3333: 1735: 7555: 2249:

broke with precedent by publicly advocating the defeat of the bill. Any chance of passing the bill ended with the death of Senate Majority Leader

1695:

He also reconciled with the party's conservative wing, and even Al Smith was persuaded to support the Democratic ticket. Hoover's handling of the

1291:

Roosevelt's plan for Hoover to run fell through after Hoover publicly declared himself to be a Republican, but Roosevelt decided to seek the 1920

1267:—who claimed he could not "conceive of any use the fleet will ever have for aviation"—Roosevelt personally ordered the preservation of the Navy's 26761: 26651: 21878: 21547: 21332: 21187: 19344: 19291: 16797: 14305: 14014: 12169: 2639:

and others who succeeded in their effort to stop the "merchants of death" in the U.S. from selling arms abroad. This effort took the form of the

1710:

Roosevelt won 57% of the popular vote and carried all but six states. Historians and political scientists consider the 1932–36 elections to be a

1416:, in 1926, assembling a staff of physical therapists and using most of his inheritance to purchase the Merriweather Inn. In 1938, he founded the 1060: 13994: 3778:

1.5 million in fall 1942, out of a labor force of 54 million. There was a growing labor shortage, accelerating the second wave of the

25385: 24833: 23340: 23195: 23099: 22818: 21367: 20414: 19262: 16054: 14426: 14270: 12550: 3600: 2644: 2203: 1980: 1100: 11676: 4454:, a block of marble in front of the National Archives building suggested by Roosevelt himself, erected in 1965. Roosevelt's leadership in the 4223:

Roosevelt delegated the decision for internment to Secretary of War Stimson, who in turn relied on the judgment of Assistant Secretary of War

23453: 22514: 14265: 9423: 4491: 3734: 3725:

on June 6, 1944. Supported by 12,000 aircraft and the largest naval force ever assembled, the Allies successfully established a beachhead in

1665: 3932:

While some Democrats had opposed Roosevelt's nomination in 1940, the president faced little difficulty in securing his re-nomination at the

1741:

request to develop a joint program to stop the economic decline, claiming that it would tie his hands and that Hoover had the power to act.

1377:

in August 1921. His main symptoms were fever; symmetric, ascending paralysis; facial paralysis; bowel and bladder dysfunction; numbness and

751:

strategy. He also initiated the development of the first atomic bomb and worked with the other Allied leaders to lay the groundwork for the

680:

and other programs. He also instituted major regulatory reforms related to finance, communications, and labor, and presided over the end of

23385: 22776: 21606: 20218: 20198: 20178: 20158: 20138: 20118: 20098: 20078: 20058: 20038: 20018: 19998: 19978: 19958: 19933: 19913: 19893: 19873: 19853: 19833: 19813: 19793: 19773: 19753: 19733: 19713: 19693: 19673: 19653: 19236: 19132: 15792: 15722: 15398: 15305: 14340: 14315: 14280: 14255: 13137: 13011: 12267: 12257: 8575: 4532: 4043: 3772: 3125:

with Germany and Italy. The pact bound each country to defend the others against attack, and Germany, Japan, and Italy became known as the

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and planting tree seedlings in marginal farmland in New York. As President, Roosevelt was active in expanding, funding, and promoting the

23504: 23175: 21479: 21454: 21342: 18872: 18812: 14260: 13187: 12262: 12252: 5719:

J. Simon Rofe, " 'Under the Influence of Mahan': Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt and their Understanding of American National Interest."

3373:

to coordinate the allocation of supplies. An agreement was also reached to establish a centralized command in the Pacific theater called

2736:

in 1938, and soon turned its attention to its eastern neighbors. Roosevelt made it clear that, in the event of German aggression against

2234: 1850: 1723: 1699:

further damaged the incumbent's popularity, as newspapers across the country criticized the use of force to disperse assembled veterans.

1653:

supporters of the Wilson administration while also appealing to many conservatives, establishing himself as the leading candidate in the

1417: 921:, and served as a school cheerleader. Roosevelt was relatively undistinguished as a student or athlete, but he became editor-in-chief of 7786:

Leshy, John (2009). "FDR's Expansion of Our National Patrimony: A Model for Leadership". In Woolner, David; Henderson, Henry L. (eds.).

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in November 1918, Daniels and Roosevelt supervised the demobilization of the Navy. Against the advice of older officers such as Admiral

570:

from 1933 until his death in 1945. The longest serving U.S. president, he is the only president to have served more than two terms. His

19192: 19122: 19082: 19072: 19062: 18912: 18822: 18535: 14310: 14300: 14285: 13253: 13023: 12898: 12679: 4407: 2796: 1352: 634: 5448: 3635:. The three leaders agreed to hold a conference in 1945 to establish the United Nations, and they also agreed on the structure of the 3631:

would cause as many as one million American casualties. In return, the Soviet Union was promised control of Asian territories such as

26641: 24826: 23226: 23201: 21464: 20597: 19255: 19112: 18832: 18154: 14350: 14290: 14275: 3531:" to refer to the "Big Four" Allied powers of World War II: the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China. The " 3228: 3169: 1595:. The Seabury investigations exposed an extortion ring, led many public officials to be removed from office, and made the decline of 1576: 1006:

were born in 1906, 1907, and 1910, respectively. The couple's second son, Franklin, died in infancy in 1909. Another son, also named

540: 11799:

Sternsher, Bernard (Summer 1975). "The Emergence of the New Deal Party System: A Problem in Historical Analysis of Voter Behavior".

8505:

Charles, Douglas M. (Spring 2000). "Informing FDR: FBI Political Surveillance and the Isolationist-Interventionist Foreign Policy".

4815:

The Germans stopped research on nuclear weapons in 1942, choosing to focus on other projects. Japan gave up its own program in 1943.

3129:. Overcoming those who favored invading the Soviet Union, the Japanese Army high command successfully advocated for the conquest of 2834:

were not pleased with Roosevelt when he ultimately made the decision to break from Washington's precedent. As Germany swept through

1675:

for the American people... This is more than a political campaign. It is a call to arms." Roosevelt promised securities regulation,

26776: 26756: 26736: 23430: 23420: 23368: 22742: 21474: 21469: 21449: 19052: 19042: 19032: 19022: 19012: 19002: 18992: 18982: 18962: 18952: 18942: 18932: 18882: 18862: 18842: 18802: 18792: 18782: 18772: 18762: 18752: 18742: 18732: 18722: 18712: 18702: 18692: 18682: 18672: 18662: 18658: 18648: 18638: 18628: 18618: 16491: 16487: 16483: 16131: 16127: 16123: 15694: 15690: 15686: 15289: 15285: 15281: 14812: 14808: 14804: 14383: 14335: 14320: 13632: 13628: 13624: 13620: 13561: 13103: 13091: 13054: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12951: 12946: 12555: 12354: 4724: 3956: 3915: 3043:

the Soviet Union in June 1941, Roosevelt agreed to extend Lend-Lease to the Soviets. Thus, Roosevelt had committed the U.S. to the

2816: 2130: 1919:

Roosevelt saw the establishment of a number of agencies and measures designed to provide relief for the unemployed and others. The

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systems. Their popularity soared, from three million visitors a year at the start of the decade to 15.5 million in 1939. The

1568:

single year, not merely do we stand still but we fall back in the march of civilization." His platform called for aid to farmers,

26811: 23380: 22367: 22271: 21505: 20230: 19202: 19102: 14671: 14516: 14393: 14360: 14355: 14345: 14330: 13753: 13691: 13661: 13018: 12728: 12560: 12535: 12407: 12388: 12314: 12190: 9655:

Jones, Jeffrey M.; Jones, Joni L. (September 2006). "Presidential Stroke: United States Presidents and Cerebrovascular Disease".

8556: 4543: 4417: 2668: 2242: 2230: 2211: 1968: 1920: 689: 12921: 10271: 9083: 4327:, and one of the most influential figures of the 20th century. Historians and political scientists consistently rank Roosevelt, 2045:; the Democrats gained seats instead. Empowered by the public's vote of confidence, the first item on Roosevelt's agenda in the 23758: 22754: 21352: 19182: 19172: 19092: 18371: 18199: 17997: 16036: 14690: 14325: 13352: 12429: 10380: 6140: 4348: 4087: 2676: 1940: 994:

task to caregivers. She later said that she knew "absolutely nothing about handling or feeding a baby." They had six children.

35: 18567: 4212:, which concluded that the attack on Pearl Harbor had been assisted by Japanese spies. On February 19, 1942, Roosevelt signed 1967:

to underwrite savings deposits. The act also limited affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms. In 1934, the

25986: 22990: 22276: 22266: 21557: 21222: 19162: 18545: 18540: 18525: 18179: 17992: 17977: 17311: 13049: 12878: 12627: 11961: 11937: 11918: 11890: 11869: 11847: 11789: 11765: 11744: 11723: 11702: 11666: 11637: 11616: 11589: 11568: 11544: 11523: 11498: 11473: 11450: 11429: 11408: 11378: 11354: 11335: 11238: 11209: 11187: 11165: 11133: 11069: 11040: 11019: 10988: 10965: 10940: 10895: 10873: 10580: 10528: 10496: 10007: 9980: 9874: 9809: 8921: 8869: 8778: 8553: 8354: 7795: 7634: 7475: 6642: 5353: 4140: 3547:, cooperated informally on a plan in which American and British troops concentrated in the West; Soviet troops fought on the 2303: 1964: 1557: 1485: 705: 506: 10069:

Collins, William J. (March 2001). "Race, Roosevelt, and Wartime Production: Fair Employment in World War II Labor Markets".

3682:, and in May 1943, the Allies secured the surrender of over 250,000 German and Italian soldiers in North Africa, ending the 1629:

approached, Roosevelt turned his attention to national politics, established a campaign team led by Howe and Farley, and a "

1381:; and a descending pattern of recovery. Roosevelt was left permanently paralyzed from the waist down and was diagnosed with 1034:. Another son, James, stated that "there is a real possibility that a romantic relationship existed" between his father and 861: 26771: 26661: 23037: 22381: 22357: 21718: 19458: 14365: 13076: 12704: 12349: 11801: 3433: 3370: 2777: 2271: 2267: 2178:

In the election against Landon and a third-party candidate, Roosevelt won 60.8% of the vote and carried every state except

701: 17: 10909:

The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance

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Rendezvous with Destiny: How Franklin D. Roosevelt and Five Extraordinary Men Took America into the War and into the World

902:. He was not among the more popular Groton students, who were better athletes and had rebellious streaks. Its headmaster, 26726: 26691: 23528: 22542: 22492: 22008: 21818: 21629: 21232: 20205: 20185: 20165: 20145: 20125: 20105: 20085: 20065: 20045: 20025: 20005: 19985: 19965: 19940: 19920: 19900: 19880: 19860: 19840: 19820: 19800: 19780: 19760: 19740: 19720: 19700: 19680: 19660: 19640: 19627: 19614: 19601: 19588: 19575: 19562: 19549: 19536: 19523: 19510: 19497: 19484: 19445: 19432: 19419: 19406: 19393: 19380: 19367: 19142: 18972: 17969: 17789: 17707: 17699: 17690: 16790: 16764: 16577: 16507: 16440: 16227: 16147: 16080: 15787: 15717: 15643: 15402: 15376: 15309: 15238: 14942: 14828: 14715: 14634: 14451: 14094: 13556: 13235: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12916: 12232: 12162: 12084: 4181: 3933: 2855: 2822: 2172: 1748:, a Republican industrialist close to Roosevelt, was chosen for Secretary of the Treasury, while Roosevelt chose Senator 1300: 1292: 1115: 89: 12956: 3742:. By April 1945, Nazi resistance was crumbling in the face of advances by both the Western Allies and the Soviet Union. 2870:

found the race to be essentially tied, but Roosevelt's popularity surged in September following the announcement of the

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in 1904 but dropped out in 1907 after passing the New York Bar Examination. In 1908, he took a job with the prestigious

676:. He created numerous programs to provide relief to the unemployed and farmers while seeking economic recovery with the 23560: 23435: 23413: 22162: 19152: 14419: 14114: 13081: 13069: 12592: 12439: 12339: 11155: 10916: 4518: 4439: 4368: 3812: 3779: 3739: 3483: 3014:

speech in January 1941, which proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy:

2217: 1956: 1932: 1760:, two progressive Republicans, were selected for Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of Agriculture, respectively. 1650: 760: 697: 22630: 12743: 3006:

By late 1940, re-armament was in high gear, partly to expand and re-equip the Army and Navy and partly to become the "

1939:

broad regulatory powers and provided mortgage relief to millions of farmers and homeowners. Roosevelt also set up the

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and West. The chief opposition to Roosevelt's candidacy came from Northeastern conservatives, Speaker of the House

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in January 1936. It pumped sums equal to 2% of the GDP into the consumer economy and had a major stimulus effect.

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to organize a left-wing third party collapsed after Long's assassination in 1935. The remnants, helped by Father

2148:(NLRB) and the Social Security Act. The Republicans had few alternative candidates and nominated Kansas Governor 1159: 829: 709: 622: 602: 205: 171: 26095: 9479:

Bruenn, Howard G. (April 1970). "Clinical notes on the illness & death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt".

8770:

U.S. Navy Codebreakers, Linguists, and Intelligence Officers against Japan, 1910–1941: A Biographical Dictionary

4306:

or the rail lines leading to them, fearing it would be a diversion from the war effort. According to biographer

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in May 1935 declared NIRA unconstitutional, to Roosevelt's chagrin. He reformed financial regulations with the

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and then advanced further into France. Though reluctant to back an unelected government, Roosevelt recognized

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approved additional declarations of war in return. He worked closely with other national leaders in leading

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fleet and killing 2,403 American servicemen and civilians. At the same time, separate Japanese task forces

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the United States, and Roosevelt's advocacy for government social programs was instrumental in redefining

3510: 1307:. Although his nomination surprised most people, he balanced the ticket as a moderate, a Wilsonian, and a 24578: 23647: 23629: 23520: 23481: 23472: 22311: 22306: 22236: 22231: 21122: 21097: 20254: 20234: 18644: 18517: 17527: 17503: 17095: 17010: 16664: 16314: 15978: 15878: 15759: 15481: 15035: 14404: 14174: 14144: 13884: 13814: 13746: 13298: 13227: 12888: 12359: 12324: 12319: 11223: 10722: 6719: 4144: 3338: 3196: 3192: 2652: 2386: 2378: 2168: 2046: 1952: 1928: 1924: 1893: 1450:

Commission, and his fellow commissioners chose him as chairman. In this role, he came into conflict with

1221: 1194: 1003: 950: 903: 419: 11651: 11080: 7745: 2241:, and Congress had altered the number of Justices six other times throughout U.S. history. Roosevelt's " 844:

indicates James interacted with his son more than was typical at the time. Franklin had a half-brother,

26502: 25414: 25131: 23425: 23352: 23266: 23161: 22852: 22620: 22352: 22331: 22261: 22256: 22246: 22241: 21522: 21282: 21257: 21162: 21127: 20958: 20331: 20325: 20319: 18718: 17734: 16719: 16677: 16348: 15949: 15544: 15362: 15048: 14224: 14214: 14194: 14164: 13974: 13824: 12649: 12395: 12344: 12057: 11493:(wide-ranging survey of national affairs by leading scholar; Pulitzer Prize). Oxford University Press. 10512: 4382:

Roosevelt was criticized by conservatives for his economic policies, especially the shift in tone from

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In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill conducted a secret bilateral meeting in which they drafted the

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Roosevelt's father died in 1900, distressing him greatly. The following year, Roosevelt's fifth cousin

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enthusiastic New Dealer and a favorite of Roosevelt. Johnson modelled his presidency on Roosevelt's.

4250: 4208:. This suspicion was fed by long-standing racism against Japanese immigrants and the findings of the 4204:

The attack on Pearl Harbor raised concerns among the public regarding the possibility of sabotage by

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In November 1943, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met to discuss strategy and post-war plans at the

3412:

led the Army and was in nominal control of the Air Force, which in practice was commanded by General

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side with a policy of "all aid short of war". By July 1941, Roosevelt authorized the creation of the

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inevitable. Roosevelt supported reforestation with the Hewitt Amendment in 1931, which gave birth to

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Friends and Partners: The Legacy of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Basil O'Connor in the History of Polio

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Roosevelt had several extramarital affairs. He commenced an affair with Eleanor's social secretary,

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strategy that prioritized the defeat of Germany before Japan. The U.S. and Britain established the

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about running for the 1920 Democratic presidential nomination, with Roosevelt as his running mate.

1072: 1011: 982:, was deceased; Theodore, who was then president, gave away the bride. The young couple moved into 427: 25377: 13718: 11515:

Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship, Based on Eleanor Roosevelt's Private Papers

10414:"New ranking of U.S. presidents puts Lincoln at No. 1, Obama at 18; Kennedy judged most overrated" 6996: 2698: 26576: 25616: 25552: 25336: 25076: 24951: 23774: 23290: 22927: 22392: 22321: 22200: 21401: 21212: 21152: 21082: 20472: 20362: 20337: 17874: 17814: 17683: 17167: 17045: 16843: 16775: 14234: 12525: 12496: 12046: 11554: 10385: 9726: 5430: 4537: 4372: 3995:

Roosevelt's funeral procession in Washington, D.C., watched by 300,000 spectators, April 14, 1945

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in July 1943, capturing the island the following month. In September 1943, the Allies secured an

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authorized a strike against the United States. The Japanese believed that the destruction of the

3036: 2803:, which, in exchange for military base rights in the British Caribbean Islands, gave 50 American 2772:

basis. He also began a regular secret correspondence with Britain's First Lord of the Admiralty,

2109: 1898: 1683:

After the convention, Roosevelt won endorsements from several progressive Republicans, including

1572:, unemployment insurance, and old-age pensions. He was elected to a second term by a 14% margin. 1084: 1068: 824:, a large estate south of Hyde Park's historic center. Roosevelt's father, James, graduated from 813: 10677: 10440:

Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (Summer 1997). "Ranking the Presidents: From Washington to Clinton".

8576:

Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs at the U.S. National Archive at www.archives.gov

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in German and French. Except for attending public school in Germany at age nine, Roosevelt was

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A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror

11734: 11627: 11325: 10846: 8861: 8855: 8768: 7376: 6634: 6628: 3591: 3058:, conceptually outlining global wartime and postwar goals. This would be the first of several 1389:, but historians have continued to describe his paralysis according to the initial diagnosis. 25271: 24971: 24931: 24906: 24818: 24129: 23467: 22316: 22221: 21863: 21753: 21292: 21247: 21147: 20863: 19048: 18381: 18249: 18047: 18042: 16910: 16046: 15087: 14901: 14580: 14505: 13432: 13417: 13173: 12847: 12644: 12329: 11882:

The Wings of Democracy: The Influence of Air Power on the Roosevelt Administration, 1933–1941

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Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

10696: 9997: 9952:"The Forgotten Repatriation of Persons of Mexican Ancestry and Lessons for the War on Terror" 9918:"The time a president deported 1 million Mexican Americans for supposedly stealing U.S. jobs" 9632: 7854: 7761: 7465: 4775:

ratified in 1951, would bar any individual from winning more than two presidential elections.

4071: 4039: 4024: 3989: 3855: 3839: 3671: 3397: 2620: 2587:. The United States frequently intervened in Latin America following the promulgation of the 2238: 2094: 2086: 1889: 1881: 1711: 1413: 1205: 899: 841: 598: 350: 259: 12011: 11992: 11908: 11755: 11419: 10516: 9972: 9966: 9601: 8005: 7968: 5102: 4844: 4249:

There is controversy among historians about Roosevelt's attitude to Jews and the Holocaust.

4227:. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the executive order in the 1944 case of 4176:", Roosevelt never officially acknowledged it as such nor did he make "appointments" to it. 4062:

birthplace at Hyde Park. On April 15 he was buried, per his wish, in the rose garden of his

3763:, and by April 1945 the Allies had re-captured much of their lost territory in the Pacific. 3678:

of Germany, Japan, and Italy. In February 1943, the Soviet Union won a major victory at the

2683:

in 1937, isolationism limited Roosevelt's ability to aid China, despite atrocities like the

808:. His parents, who were sixth cousins, came from wealthy, established New York families—the 645:

from 1929 to 1933, during which he promoted programs to combat the Great Depression. In the

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Territory controlled by the Allies (blue and red) and the Axis Powers (black) in June 1942

2983: 2302:(FLSA) of 1938, which was the last major piece of New Deal legislation. The FLSA outlawed 8: 26320: 26267: 26039: 25672: 25316: 25286: 25196: 25171: 25111: 25051: 25001: 24986: 24793: 23689: 23408: 23373: 23096: 22937: 22815: 22643: 21994: 21978: 21964: 21838: 21738: 21510: 20803: 20793: 20627: 20532: 20520: 20490: 20484: 19557: 19531: 19492: 19488: 19466: 19306: 19296: 18838: 18808: 18798: 18299: 18204: 18112: 18002: 17982: 17894: 17869: 17854: 17378: 17326: 17291: 17269: 17222: 17211: 17085: 15891: 15616: 15494: 14040: 13960: 13219: 13211: 13165: 13124: 13064: 12383: 12100: 12093: 12061: 12037: 11602: 10418: 10147: 8431:

The Allies: Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin, and the Unlikely Alliance That Won World War II

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During his presidency, and continuing to a lesser extent afterwards, there has been much

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on December 7, 1941, Roosevelt obtained a declaration of war on Japan. After Germany and

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Kalman, Laura (October 2005). "The Constitution, the Supreme Court, and the New Deal".

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said in 2007, "He lifted himself from a wheelchair to lift the nation from its knees."

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Churchill and Roosevelt at War: The War They Fought and the Peace They Hoped to Make

10390: 9684: 7951: 6136: 6093: 3361:, which established a joint strategy between the U.S. and Britain. Both agreed on a 2572: 26540: 26295: 26218: 26007: 25870: 25737: 25677: 25567: 25474: 25459: 25441: 25436: 25146: 25101: 25036: 24966: 24881: 24434: 24374: 24302: 24113: 24089: 24085: 23653: 23592: 23536: 23313: 23243: 23128: 23060: 22996: 22651: 22612: 22584: 22463: 22458: 22185: 21988: 21803: 21748: 21713: 21663: 21500: 21357: 20973: 20953: 20943: 20933: 20913: 20729: 20717: 20693: 20681: 20657: 20639: 20508: 20460: 20372: 19828: 19788: 19708: 19579: 19570: 19566: 19553: 19527: 19414: 19397: 19384: 19375: 18958: 18928: 18868: 18456: 18406: 18386: 18309: 18284: 18269: 18244: 18234: 18097: 17934: 17924: 17769: 17603: 17434: 17428: 17417: 17383: 17336: 17321: 17274: 17241: 17055: 17015: 16980: 16965: 16900: 16890: 16880: 16814: 16708: 16174: 15967: 15938: 15457: 15116: 14911: 14741: 14698: 14561: 14465: 14020: 14010: 13990: 13950: 13900: 13850: 13800: 13568: 13459: 13266: 13243: 13086: 12733: 12689: 12417: 12142: 11900: 11810: 11124: 11095: 11057: 11051: 11030: 10449: 10080: 9791: 9664: 9488: 8516: 7939: 7863: 7500: 7206: 6108: 4683:

State legislatures elected United States senators prior to the ratification of the

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In contrast to Presidents Harding and Coolidge, Roosevelt stopped short of joining

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and other post-war institutions, even coining the term "United Nations". Roosevelt

637:

that permanently paralyzed his legs. Partly through the encouragement of his wife,

594: 575: 562:(January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials 486: 461: 238: 108: 25484: 13731: 10799: 1671:

In his acceptance speech, Roosevelt declared, "I pledge you, I pledge myself to a

1490: 1314:

During the campaign, Cox and Roosevelt defended the Wilson administration and the

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and Ruthie Bie, the daughter of caretakers at his Hyde Park estate, February 1941

1327: 1190: 1186: 1139: 999: 914: 910: 805: 415: 301: 250: 145: 24109: 13654: 11370:

No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II

9608:. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum Collections and Programs 8444:

Roosevelt's Centurions: FDR and the Commanders He Led to Victory in World War II

7847:"A New Deal Body Politic: Landscape, Labor, and the Civilian Conservation Corps" 7811: 1664:

Roosevelt entered the convention with a delegate lead due to his success in the

1051: 26552: 26433: 26405: 26391: 26387: 26137: 26116: 26102: 26053: 25807: 25800: 25751: 25637: 25611: 25356: 25351: 25311: 25276: 25221: 25176: 25091: 25011: 25006: 24936: 24921: 24765: 24728: 24638: 24603: 24549: 24484: 24480: 24418: 24314: 24298: 24199: 24031: 23876: 23864: 23856: 23816: 23695: 23086: 23073: 22976: 22683: 22656: 22589: 22550: 22528: 22524: 22453: 22098: 22084: 22078: 22028: 21918: 21873: 21743: 21733: 21688: 21668: 21055: 20978: 20948: 20883: 20878: 20848: 20843: 20838: 20823: 20808: 20741: 20723: 20675: 20651: 20556: 20502: 20009: 19993: 19973: 19868: 19664: 19644: 19622: 19518: 19514: 19449: 19371: 19358: 19098: 19038: 18978: 18908: 18828: 18688: 18461: 18441: 18366: 18314: 18289: 18189: 18184: 18087: 18052: 17987: 17949: 17784: 17749: 17631: 17576: 17461: 17456: 17411: 17331: 17264: 17235: 17195: 17184: 17120: 17035: 17030: 17000: 16995: 16960: 16930: 16885: 16870: 16860: 16640: 16635: 16290: 16270: 15834: 15447: 15429: 15420: 15367: 15058: 15016: 15010: 14921: 14735: 14648: 14598: 14200: 14080: 14050: 13940: 13920: 13890: 13840: 13513: 13367: 13322: 13149: 13098: 12804: 12798: 12664: 12577: 11509: 10904: 10881: 9492: 7581:

The Supreme Court Reborn: The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt

6112: 4478: 4455: 4310:, there is no evidence that anyone ever proposed such a campaign to Roosevelt. 4273: 4224: 4116: 4074:

and its celebrations to Roosevelt's memory. World War II ended with the signed

4032: 3808: 3706:

continued until 1945 as German and Italian troops resisted the Allied advance.

3575: 3528: 3455: 3401: 3184: 3130: 3118: 3051:

to counter perceived propaganda efforts in Latin America by Germany and Italy.

2910:

at Treasury. In military affairs, Roosevelt worked most closely with Secretary

2835: 2737: 2703: 2352: 2335: 2331: 2315: 2098: 1272: 1111: 650: 606: 445: 226: 133: 16481: 16121: 15684: 15279: 14802: 11099: 9668: 4752:. However, in 1941, Roosevelt elevated Stone to the position of Chief Justice. 3750:. American and Australian forces then began a slow and costly strategy called 1303:, he chose Roosevelt as his running mate, and the convention nominated him by 26610: 26475: 26309: 26274: 26239: 26204: 26190: 26151: 26109: 26021: 26000: 25979: 25958: 25909: 25821: 25606: 25489: 25479: 25201: 25161: 25151: 25121: 25116: 25061: 25021: 24991: 24876: 24777: 24712: 24703: 24582: 24568: 24505: 24488: 24476: 24410: 24394: 24390: 24366: 24350: 24244: 24232: 24117: 24097: 24093: 24073: 23916: 23892: 23808: 23582: 23319: 23302: 22895: 22842: 22760: 22736: 22731: 22607: 22438: 22094: 22088: 21998: 21974: 21928: 21778: 21673: 21658: 21562: 21007: 20993: 20771: 20633: 20574: 20384: 20209: 20193: 20093: 20033: 19928: 19848: 19704: 19596: 19410: 19148: 19118: 19068: 19028: 18888: 18878: 18858: 18446: 18361: 18214: 18174: 18027: 18012: 17839: 17809: 17799: 17764: 17522: 17498: 17487: 17466: 17444: 17351: 17286: 17280: 17229: 17115: 17110: 16985: 16950: 16915: 16729: 16551: 16387: 16358: 16280: 16017: 15988: 15959: 15909: 15829: 15591: 15554: 15512: 15000: 14881: 14729: 14170: 14140: 13880: 13810: 13674: 13271: 12994: 12883: 12842: 12777: 12520: 12506: 12114: 11278: 11266: 11175: 10998: 10174: 9929: 9795: 8457:

Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War

6120: 4514: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4281: 4263: 4173: 4051: 4006:

Graves of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt in Hyde Park, New York

3937: 3875: 3540: 3467: 3224: 3011: 2963: 2903: 2899: 2761: 2745: 2584: 2549: 2290:, were particularly influential in reshaping the jurisprudence of the Court. 2164: 1862: 1688: 1584: 1542: 1534: 1436: 1382: 1378: 1127: 954: 895: 891: 817: 590: 466: 26253: 23227:

United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1947–1953, Chairperson 1946–1951)

9462:"How Much Confidence Should We Have in the Doctor's Account of FDR's Death?" 8520: 7920:

Margo, Robert A. (Spring 1993). "Employment and Unemployment in the 1930s".

4744:

The two Justices who Roosevelt did not originally appoint to the Court were

4262:

German Jews already in the U.S. on visas to stay indefinitely. According to

4081: 3983:

Last photograph of Roosevelt, taken April 11, 1945, the day before his death

3623:

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met for a second time at the February 1945

2544:

Government spending increased from 8.0% of the gross national product (GNP)

1357: 1252:. In September, on the ship voyage back to the United States, he contracted 1126:

alienated some of his family, except Theodore. Roosevelt overcame a bout of

26528: 26516: 26398: 26373: 26345: 26313: 26260: 26225: 26144: 25993: 25930: 25895: 25765: 25718: 25341: 25326: 25296: 25266: 25226: 25206: 25186: 25181: 25056: 24976: 24956: 24911: 24896: 24805: 24720: 24699: 24686: 24678: 24654: 24646: 24529: 24521: 24466: 24334: 24278: 24224: 24203: 24178: 24007: 23884: 23824: 23743: 23659: 22922: 22625: 22594: 22124: 22118: 22114: 22104: 22068: 21788: 21773: 20983: 20888: 20873: 20818: 20687: 20645: 20580: 20149: 20129: 20113: 20069: 20049: 19989: 19969: 19684: 19635: 19158: 18918: 18708: 18599:

Unsuccessful major party candidates for Vice President of the United States

18356: 18324: 17834: 17619: 17582: 17571: 17561: 17405: 17206: 17130: 17125: 17025: 16935: 16905: 16556: 16413: 16337: 16201: 16191: 15901: 15844: 15095: 14960: 14871: 14617: 14586: 14499: 14220: 14210: 14190: 14160: 13820: 13400: 12738: 12501: 11686: 11218:

Dighe, Ranjit S. "Saving private capitalism: The US bank holiday of 1933."

11111: 10951: 10926: 9676: 7504: 7190:"Fiscal Policy and Economic Recovery: The Case of the 1936 Veterans' Bonus" 6128: 6092:

Goldman AS, Schmalstieg EJ, Freeman DH, Goldman DA, Schmalstieg FC (2003).

5172: 4988: 4749: 4671: 4356: 4269: 3883: 3755: 3709: 3667: 3385:

forces in the theater. On January 1, 1942, the United States and the other

3362: 3349: 3200: 3071: 2894: 2752: 2711: 2660: 2656: 2616: 2374: 2207: 1768: 1749: 1596: 1575:

Roosevelt proposed an economic relief package and the establishment of the

1527: 1451: 1405: 1296: 1096: 873: 748: 614: 583: 14434: 11143: 11061: 9500: 8251: 4323:

Roosevelt is widely considered to be one of the most important figures in

3823:, who came to be known as the "assistant president" due to his influence. 3039:

vehemently attacked Roosevelt as an irresponsible warmonger. When Germany

938:

in history. He remained there for a fourth year, taking graduate courses.

784: 26426: 26380: 26302: 26281: 26158: 26130: 26060: 26046: 25972: 25944: 25916: 25902: 25772: 25494: 25331: 25236: 25156: 24916: 24871: 24750: 24742: 24342: 24306: 24290: 24252: 23123: 23047: 22765: 22748: 22226: 22195: 22064: 22054: 22048: 21888: 21035: 20998: 20759: 20747: 20550: 20538: 20496: 20402: 19474: 19168: 19018: 18239: 18219: 18057: 18037: 18032: 17899: 17759: 17589: 17544: 17394: 17201: 17189: 17178: 17105: 16854: 15854: 14549: 14150: 13028: 12622: 11947: 11857: 11119: 10084: 7250: 7210: 6658: 4466:. On April 29, 1945, seventeen days after Roosevelt's death, the carrier 4447: 4254: 4193: 4128: 3439: 3126: 2592: 2222: 1630: 1304: 1018: 744: 610: 26583: 12147: 11779: 11107: 10491:(3rd ed.). United Kingdom: Princeton University Press. p. 14. 9999:

A new deal for Blacks: the emergence of civil rights as a national issue

3400:, which made the final decisions on American military strategy. Admiral 2764:

successfully mobilized opposition to Roosevelt's proposed repeal of the

2721:

during the first U.S. visit of a reigning British monarch (June 9, 1939)

1256:

with complicating pneumonia, which left him unable to work for a month.

26447: 26366: 26288: 26165: 26074: 26067: 25965: 25814: 25547: 25291: 25081: 24961: 24861: 24797: 24617: 24541: 24458: 24286: 24207: 23980: 23731: 22917: 22792: 22782: 22567: 22044: 22034: 21025: 21021: 21003: 20765: 20562: 20109: 19423: 19198: 19128: 18988: 18738: 18654: 18634: 18329: 18022: 18017: 17954: 17100: 15849: 15818: 15810: 14654: 13870: 13790: 13346: 12674: 11659:

By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans

11490:

Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945

11421:

Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II

10461: 10092: 7943: 7875: 7812:"The National Parks: America's Best Idea: History Episode 5: 1933–1945" 7698: 4293: 3924: 3413: 3324: 3223:, the Philippines, and other targets. Roosevelt called for war in his " 3212: 3031: 2975: 2846: 2792: 2636: 2370: 2283: 2149: 2135: 1841: 1702: 1696: 1463: 1362: 1346: 1336: 1228:

and attacked several U.S. ships, Congress approved Wilson's call for a

1178: 12066: 11822: 10847:"COMING TO LIGHT: The Louis I. Kahn Monument to Franklin D. Roosevelt" 6335: 6094:"What was the cause of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's paralytic illness?" 4119:

continued under Roosevelt, which scholars today contend was a form of

3713:

The Allies (blue and red) and the Axis Powers (black) in December 1944

2225:, which saw numerous economic regulations struck down on the basis of 1158:

Roosevelt's support of Wilson led to his appointment in March 1913 as

1110:

Roosevelt also opposed Tammany Hall by supporting New Jersey Governor

26559: 26412: 25937: 25504: 25141: 24785: 24773: 24533: 22960: 22860: 22824: 22448: 21050: 21040: 21012: 20988: 20568: 20408: 20189: 20173: 20153: 20133: 19188: 19178: 19138: 18102: 14230: 12684: 12654: 12491: 11904: 11652:

https://archive.org/details/conservationunde0000owen/page/n5/mode/2up

10489:

The Presidential Difference Leadership Style from FDR to Barack Obama

10244:"Jan Karski, Humanity's hero: The Story of Poland's Wartime Emissary" 8318:

Private Plans and Public Dangers: The Story of FDR's Third Nomination

6378: 4285: 3859: 3579: 3382: 3220: 2804: 2733: 2579:

The main foreign policy initiative of Roosevelt's first term was the

2567: 2156: 2077:

1936 re-election handbill for Roosevelt promoting his economic policy

1996: 1213: 771:

consistently place him among the three greatest American presidents.

23153: 12123: 12026: 10453: 9461: 8572: 8347:

Roosevelt's Second Act: The Election of 1940 and the Politics of War

7867: 3977: 3854:

advocated that Americans should think of basic economic rights as a

3791:), greatly increased the tax base, and instituted the first federal 3088: 2768:, but Roosevelt won Congressional approval of the sale of arms on a 2725: 2330:, Roosevelt launched a rhetorical campaign against big business and 1476:

his 1924 ideas into the design for the United Nations in 1944–1945.

26088: 25863: 25407: 25041: 24595: 24513: 24195: 23222:

United States delegate, United Nations General Assembly (1946–1952)

22787: 22171: 21924: 21914: 21904: 20526: 20213: 19724: 19247: 19088: 18062: 17060: 17050: 16833: 15372: 15193: 14995: 13723: 13578: 13486: 12287: 12127: 11814: 10276: 10198: 9892:"California law seeks history of Mexican deportations in textbooks" 9841: 9704: 9300: 7556:"When Franklin Roosevelt Clashed with the Supreme Court – and Lost" 4477:

also has a stone tablet memorial to Roosevelt that was unveiled by

4164: 3726: 3493: 3304: 3270: 2311: 2105: 1874: 1672: 1495: 1424: 1237: 1177:

In 1914, Roosevelt ran for the seat of retiring Republican Senator

1022: 946: 918: 665: 186: 16805: 8007:

Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970

7970:

Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970

7157: 7145: 3787:

instituted top tax rates as high as 94% (after accounting for the

2197: 2033:

Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act into law, August 14, 1935.

1369:

Roosevelt sought to build support for a political comeback in the

828:

but chose not to practice law after receiving an inheritance from

26482: 25509: 24746: 24670: 20089: 20073: 20053: 11629:

A People and a Nation: A History of the United States. Since 1865

10603:

John Massaro, "LBJ and the Fortas Nomination for Chief Justice".

9968:

The Columbia Documentary History of the Asian American Experience

8966: 6734: 4824:

WPA workers were counted as unemployed by this set of statistics.

2400:

Great Depression in the United States § Roosevelt's New Deal

2183: 2117: 2089:

through unions of their own choice. The act also established the

1661:

of Texas and Al Smith, the 1928 Democratic presidential nominee.

1641:

professors. Some were not so sanguine about his chances, such as

1170:

who paid it little attention. Roosevelt had an affection for the

26454: 11953:

The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust 1941–1945

11081:"Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868–2004" 11010:

Rightful Heritage: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Land of America

10911:(First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 4–7. 9700:"President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies at age 63, April 12, 1945" 9360:"Democrats Aren't Moving Left. They're Returning to Their Roots" 8262: 7973:. The Bureau of the U.S. Census. 1976. pp. Y457, Y493, F32. 6091: 5386: 3269:

Speech given before Joint Session of Congress in entirety. (3.1

2591:

in 1823, and occupied several Latin American nations during the

1763:

In February 1933, Roosevelt escaped an assassination attempt by

1439:, a compromise candidate who suffered a landslide defeat in the 23261: 12079: 12070: 10887:

The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope

10548: 10366: 9954:. Vol. 26, no. 1. Davis, California: Pace Law Review. 9818: 9336: 9252: 9240: 9051: 9014: 8122: 8014: 7674: 7058: 7011: 6818: 5225:"Presidents Roosevelt Honored With Posthumous Columbia Degrees" 3312: 3278: 3204: 3067: 2612: 24848: 23566:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

10309: 10040: 10038: 7963: 7961: 7312:

New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in America, 1920–1935

4735:

would later set a new record, taking 61.1% of the popular vote

4638: 4131:

for Mexican Americans is cited as a precedent for Roosevelt's

4092: 1145: 11834:

The Man He Became: How FDR Defied Polio to Win the Presidency

8038: 7467:

Voting Deliberatively: FDR and the 1936 Presidential Campaign

6945: 4696:

Roosevelt was the last president inaugurated on March 4. The

4160: 4019:

subordinates." On March 29, 1945, Roosevelt departed for the

3303:

Section of Pearl Harbor speech including "infamy" line. (168

2604: 2179: 1181:

of New York. Though he had the backing of Treasury Secretary

11536:

The American President: From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton

11442:

From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776

11231:

Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's Foreign Policies, 1933–1945

11180:

Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945

8252:"Roosevelt and Churchill: A Friendship That Saved The World" 6830: 5926: 4700:

changed presidential inaugurations to January 20, from 1937.

3944:

of Missouri, who had earned renown for his investigation of

3142:

into active duty to command U.S. forces in the Philippines.

2171:. Roosevelt won re-nomination with little opposition at the 1122:. Franklin's decision to back Wilson over his cousin in the 26702:

Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees

26352: 24613: 22662:

Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)

22140: 12031: 10035: 9144: 9142: 9140: 8895: 8893: 7958: 7826: 7334: 7332: 6842: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4600: 4594: 4588: 3920:

1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

3717:

To command the invasion of France, Roosevelt chose General

3458:. Szilard realized that the recently discovered process of 3374: 2884:

Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms

2608: 1935:, which financed railroads and industry. Congress gave the 1796:

Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms

1396:

Beginning in 1925, Roosevelt spent most of his time in the

1224:. In April 1917, after Germany declared it would engage in 796:

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882, in

26687:

Candidates in the 1944 United States presidential election

26682:

Candidates in the 1940 United States presidential election

26677:

Candidates in the 1936 United States presidential election

26672:

Candidates in the 1932 United States presidential election

23196:

Chairwoman, Presidential Commission on the Status of Women

16663: 16313: 15877: 15480: 15034: 10412:

Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin (February 16, 2015).

10143:"FDR defenders enlist TV critics to refute Holocaust film" 9555: 9507: 9063: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6075: 6073: 3393:, in which each nation pledged to defeat the Axis powers. 3357:

In late December 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met at the

2890:

Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration

2563:

Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration

2186:. The Democratic ticket won the highest proportion of the 2037:

Roosevelt expected that his party would lose seats in the

1099:

machine that dominated the state Democratic Party. In the

17698: 12695:

Military history of the United States during World War II

11347:

Prisoners of Time: The Misdiagnosis of FDR's 1921 Illness

10610: 10571:

In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to George W. Bush

10536: 10050: 9519: 8930: 8748: 8592: 8527: 8462: 8363: 8172: 8110: 7317: 6251: 5998: 5629: 5578: 5398: 4909: 4355:

His Second Bill of Rights became, according to historian

4082:

Civil rights, repatriation, internment, and the Holocaust

3658:

Military history of the United States during World War II

3499:

Chiang Kai-shek, Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill at the

3308: 3274: 2944:

State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (January 6, 1941)

2740:, the U.S. would remain neutral. After completion of the 1714:. Roosevelt's victory was enabled by the creation of the 1067:, the party recruited Roosevelt to run for a seat in the 26782:

Presidents of the United States who died while in office

10749:"Conservatives want Reagan to replace FDR on U.S. dimes" 10291: 10099: 9531: 9377: 9324: 9312: 9190: 9178: 9166: 9154: 9137: 9125: 9113: 9101: 9039: 9002: 8990: 8978: 8954: 8890: 8823: 8811: 8787: 8736: 8724: 8712: 8700: 8688: 8676: 8664: 8652: 8640: 8628: 8616: 8580: 8474: 8399: 8387: 8323: 8286: 8220: 8208: 8196: 8184: 8160: 8074: 8026: 7762:"FDR's Conservation Legacy (U.S. National Park Service)" 7710: 7662: 7650: 7535: 7511: 7445: 7409: 7397: 7385: 7329: 7280: 7232: 7109: 7085: 7075: 7073: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6921: 6878: 6854: 6806: 6770: 6758: 6676: 6608: 6584: 6572: 6560: 6548: 6536: 6524: 6512: 6500: 6464: 6452: 6440: 6347: 6323: 6311: 6299: 6287: 6275: 4850:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

1454:, a Smith protégé, who was the primary force behind the 969:

Eleanor and Franklin with their first two children, 1908

960: 21628: 12109:

Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Selections from His Writings

12038:

Full text and audio of a number of Roosevelt's speeches

11125:

The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York

10664:

Bruce Frohnen, Jeremy Beer and Jeffery O. Nelson, eds.

10338:"FDR: The President Who Made America Into a Superpower" 9943: 7292: 6663:

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

6359: 6215: 6070: 6058: 6034: 6022: 5974: 5962: 5950: 5938: 5882: 5870: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5798: 5774: 5738: 5726: 5689: 5617: 5520: 5518: 5283: 5247: 5141: 5129: 4371:, some of it intense. Critics have questioned not only 3698:, but Germany quickly restored Mussolini to power. The 3077: 1729: 1299:

of Ohio won the party's presidential nomination at the

11930:

Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Making of Modern America

11674: 10646: 10312:"The 100 Most Influential Figures in American History" 9744: 9567: 9543: 9214: 8232: 8098: 7256: 7169: 7133: 7097: 6384: 6239: 5762: 5665: 5653: 5605: 5595: 5593: 5566: 5542: 5530: 5503: 5479: 5410: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5117: 5083: 5045: 4969: 4899: 4897: 4058:. At 3:35 p.m., Roosevelt died at the age of 63. 4010:

When Roosevelt returned to the United States from the

909:

Like most of his Groton classmates, Roosevelt went to

26500: 12027:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

10634: 9866:

Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s

9863:

Balderrama, Francisco E.; Rodriguez, Raymond (2006).

9840:. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from 9579: 9441: 9288: 9276: 9264: 9202: 8942: 8878: 8835: 8799: 8604: 8411: 8375: 8298: 8274: 8086: 8062: 8050: 7722: 7686: 7523: 7433: 7421: 7356: 7344: 7268: 7121: 7070: 7023: 6969: 6957: 6933: 6890: 6866: 6794: 6782: 6746: 6596: 6488: 6476: 6428: 6390: 6263: 6227: 5491: 5259: 5177:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

4650: 4614: 4597: 3450:

to Roosevelt, warning of the possibility of a German

2877: 2041:, as the president's party had done in most previous 1789: 1278: 1046: 1041: 26732:

Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William

23571:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

10468: 10405: 10373: 9628:"President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies at 63 in 1945" 8486: 6158: 6010: 5810: 5515: 5467: 5374: 5362: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4884: 4882: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4608: 4591: 4585: 4473:

was launched and served from 1945 to 1977. London's

4253:

says Roosevelt "did what he could do" to help Jews;

3520:, February 1945, two months before Roosevelt's death 1347:

Paralytic illness and political comeback (1921–1928)

582:

saw him shift his focus to America's involvement in

566:, was an American politician who served as the 32nd 13761: 10355: 10303: 10119:"World War II Enemy Alien Control Program Overview" 9862: 8010:. The Bureau of the U.S. Census. 1976. p. F31. 7804: 6999:. Univ. of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs 6722:. Univ. of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs 6423:

The isolationist impulse: its 20th-century reaction

6046: 5986: 5786: 5750: 5701: 5677: 5641: 5590: 5554: 5271: 5205: 5195:"Franklin D. Roosevelt: Life Before the Presidency" 5153: 5033: 5021:. Univ. of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs 4957: 4945: 4894: 4605: 4582: 4027:, to rest before his anticipated appearance at the 3670:forces within days of landing. At the January 1943 3049:

Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs

2363: 1853:on March 4, 1933, the U.S. was at the nadir of the 1479: 1361:Rare photograph of Roosevelt in a wheelchair, with 1189:, he faced a formidable opponent in Tammany Hall's 1142:, in support of labor and social welfare programs. 735:declared war on the U.S. on December 11, 1941, the 26802:United States government officials of World War II 25723:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century 11831: 11690: 11461: 11007: 10935:(interpretive detailed biography). PublicAffairs. 10622: 10568: 10178: 10025:"How FDR Killed Federal Anti-Lynching Legislation" 9424:"Franklin D Roosevelt: The man who conquered fear" 6713: 6711: 4921: 4278:Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations 2583:, which was a re-evaluation of U.S. policy toward 2334:, alleging that the recession was the result of a 1502:Smith, the Democratic presidential nominee in the 1154:Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1913 23556:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 22903: 11560:Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940 10411: 8857:The Oxford Companion to American Military History 8146:Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs 7742:Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, 1911-1945 7602:"How FDR unleashed his Supreme Court 'scorpions'" 7044:"History of measuring presidents' first 100 days" 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 5003: 4933: 4879: 4670:In 2008, Columbia awarded Roosevelt a posthumous 4458:is one reason he is commemorated on the American 3819:to oversee the home front; the agency was led by 26752:Democratic Party New York (state) state senators 26707:Democratic Party presidents of the United States 26608: 11675:Roosevelt, Franklin; Roosevelt, Elliott (1970). 10974: 10272:"Holocaust eyewitness briefs FDR, July 28, 1943" 10204: 4143:fared well in two New Deal relief programs, the 2729:Foreign trips of Roosevelt during his presidency 2314:pay for certain employees who work in excess of 2298:, a second Agricultural Adjustment Act, and the 2274:. Four of Roosevelt's Supreme Court appointees, 1736:Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1722:. Between the Civil War and 1929, Democrats had 1420:, leading to the development of polio vaccines. 27:President of the United States from 1933 to 1945 26797:United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy 26667:1920 United States vice-presidential candidates 13724:Other articles related to Franklin D. Roosevelt 11753: 11693:Franklin and Eleanor: An Extraordinary Marriage 11345:Goldman, Armond S.; Goldman, Daniel A. (2017). 10575:, Cornell University Press, pp. 128, 178, 10169: 10167: 10165: 9246: 9084:"60 Years Later, Debating Yalta All Over Again" 7626:The Vinson Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy 7463: 6176: 5341:The Oxford Desk Dictionary of People and Places 5017:Leuchtenburg, William E. (September 26, 2016). 4485:was renamed after Roosevelt in September 1973. 2198:Supreme Court fight and second term legislation 1385:. A 2003 study strongly favored a diagnosis of 26712:Democratic Party governors of New York (state) 23341:Presidential Commission on the Status of Women 11344: 11273:, vol. 4 volumes, Little, Brown and Co., 11228: 10932:Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom 8972: 8044: 6688: 6633:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. pp. 6410:Franklin Delano Roosevelt: champion of freedom 5932: 5909:"Franklin Roosevelt was made in world war one" 4865:"When was the term United Nations first used?" 3408:commanded the Navy and Marines, while General 3138:under American command and reinstated General 2237:had been set at nine since the passage of the 2204:Franklin D. Roosevelt Supreme Court candidates 2018: 1435:. On the 101st ballot, the nomination went to 25704: 25393: 24834: 23759: 23455:Marian Anderson: the Lincoln Memorial Concert 23169: 22508: 22156: 21614: 19263: 18583: 17684: 16791: 16467: 16107: 15670: 15265: 14788: 14420: 13747: 12163: 10678:"Reagan says many New Dealers wanted fascism" 10517:"Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans" 9397:"Medical Research Pays Off for All Americans" 9236:, US: Bureau of the Census, 1946, p. 173 4424:. Washington, D.C., hosts two memorials: the 3735:Provisional Government of the French Republic 2556: 2393: 2270:of economic regulations to the protection of 1868: 1606: 851: 26632:20th-century presidents of the United States 23773: 22267:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) 13405: 12868: 11553: 11532: 11316:Franklin D. Roosevelt Launching the New Deal 11265: 10566: 10554: 10365:. C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership. 10162: 9824: 9697: 9403:. National Institutes of Health. Summer 2007 9353: 9351: 9342: 9258: 9057: 9020: 8349:. Oxford University Press. pp. 229–46. 8268: 8142:"Travels of President Franklin D. Roosevelt" 8128: 8020: 7704: 7680: 7553: 7163: 7151: 7064: 7017: 6995:Leuchtenburg, William E. (October 4, 2016). 6994: 6824: 6718:Leuchtenburg, William E. (October 4, 2016). 6717: 6630:The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall 5217: 5189: 5016: 4915: 4843: 4794:The United States would also declare war on 4533:Cultural depictions of Franklin D. Roosevelt 4154: 4096:Official portrait of President Roosevelt by 3773:United States home front during World War II 3666:in November 1942, securing the surrender of 3084:Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor 3010:" for Britain and other countries. With his 2958:Franklin Delano Roosevelt's January 6, 1941 2121:try another. But above all, try something." 1633:" of policy advisers, primarily composed of 672:, and realigning American politics into the 166:January 1, 1929 – December 31, 1932 23506:Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years 21480:National Democratic Redistricting Committee 21455:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee 12058:Franklin Delano Roosevelt: A Resource Guide 11611:(popular biography), Simon & Schuster, 11581:The Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt 11251:. Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing. 11229:Doenecke, Justus D; Stoler, Mark A (2005), 10720: 10511: 10439: 9856: 9075: 5903: 3570:established the framework for the post-war 3416:. The Joint Chiefs were chaired by Admiral 2914:at the War Department, Army Chief of Staff 1418:National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis 1146:Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1913–1919) 26767:Politicians from Dutchess County, New York 25711: 25697: 25400: 25386: 24841: 24827: 23766: 23752: 23308:1940 Democratic National Convention speech 23262:"My Day" daily newspaper column, 1935–1962 23176: 23162: 22727:Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984) 22515: 22501: 22163: 22149: 21621: 21607: 19270: 19256: 19232: 18590: 18576: 17691: 17677: 16798: 16784: 16474: 16460: 16114: 16100: 15677: 15663: 15272: 15258: 14795: 14781: 14427: 14413: 14389: 13754: 13740: 13002:Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite 12170: 12156: 11754:Schweikart, Larry; Allen, Michael (2004). 10486: 9790: 9654: 9602:"Franklin D. Roosevelt Day by Day – April" 8546:Media Sound & Culture in Latin America 7915: 7913: 5451:. Eleanor Roosevelt Papers. Archived from 4408:List of memorials to Franklin D. Roosevelt 4379:, and opposing anti-lynching legislation. 3396:In 1942, Roosevelt formed a new body, the 3209:launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor 2797:Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 1947:Reform of the economy was the goal of the 1446:In 1925, Smith appointed Roosevelt to the 1353:Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt 774: 53: 30:"FDR" redirects here. For other uses, see 23436:Statue at the Franklin Roosevelt Memorial 23386:Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness 22373:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act 21465:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee 13034:Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia 12177: 11899: 11878: 11798: 11711: 11220:Essays in Economic & Business History 11150: 10890:(popular history), Simon & Schuster, 10224:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 9348: 8911: 8773:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 311. 8754: 8533: 7933: 7374: 7035: 6911:"The FDR New Yorker cover that never ran" 6836: 6257: 5956: 4462:. Roosevelt has also appeared on several 3967: 3332:A majority of scholars have rejected the 2619:. In December 1933, Roosevelt signed the 2599:of 1898. After Roosevelt took office, he 1774: 1724:rarely controlled both houses of Congress 1577:Temporary Emergency Relief Administration 1404:. Intrigued by the potential benefits of 1330:defeated the Cox–Roosevelt ticket in the 1322:and other "Reservationists". Republicans 1130:that year and, with help from journalist 894:by tutors until age 14. He then attended 279:January 1, 1911 – March 17, 1913 218:March 17, 1913 – August 26, 1920 24702:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 23431:Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights 23272:Marian Anderson Lincoln Memorial Concert 21475:National Conference of Democratic Mayors 21470:Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 21450:Democratic Attorneys General Association 16488:1944 United States presidential election 16128:1940 United States presidential election 15691:1936 United States presidential election 15286:1932 United States presidential election 14809:1920 United States presidential election 13104:Roosevelt Institute for American Studies 12947:1920 United States presidential election 12556:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination 12355:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 12076:"Life Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt" 11681:. Vol. 1. Duell, Sloan, and Pearce. 11656: 11577: 11401:The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly 11286:Franklin D. Roosevelt The Apprenticeship 11078: 11005: 10689: 10640: 10381:"Presidential Leadership – The Rankings" 10329: 10140: 10121:. National Archives. September 23, 2016. 10062: 10044: 10029:American Institute for Economic Research 9889: 9596: 9594: 9421: 9081: 8853: 8340: 8338: 7832: 7616: 7593: 6908: 6848: 6177:Lomazow, Steven; Fettmann, Eric (2010). 6085: 4806:, all of which had joined the Axis bloc. 4318: 4091: 4001: 3923: 3916:1944 United States presidential election 3846:broadcast on January 11, 1944 (excerpt). 3825: 3708: 3516:Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at the 3348: 3087: 2982: 2845: 2817:1940 United States presidential election 2724: 2697: 2566: 2134: 2131:1936 United States presidential election 2072: 2028: 1903: 1901:, which brought Prohibition to a close. 1701: 1616: 1613:1932 United States presidential election 1579:to distribute those funds. Led first by 1494:Governor Roosevelt with his predecessor 1489: 1356: 1282: 1201:sought accommodation and became allies. 1149: 1050: 964: 783: 22272:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 21506:National Federation of Democratic Women 15411: 14951: 14837: 12628:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933 12561:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination 12389:Aid to Families with Dependent Children 12315:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 12139:Works by or about Franklin D. Roosevelt 11927: 11678:F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1928–1945 11483: 11438: 11387: 11363: 11330:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 120–23. 11202:Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Political Life 10068: 10022: 10002:. Oxford University Press. p. 71. 9995: 9949: 9915: 9513: 9460:Lerner, Barron H. (November 23, 2007). 9415: 9069: 9032:Townsend Hoopes, and Douglas Brinkley, 8860:. Oxford University Press, US. p. 8598: 8504: 8320:(University of Notre Dame Press, 1965). 8238: 7910: 7622: 7298: 7187: 6004: 5768: 5635: 5584: 5485: 5428: 5416: 5404: 5392: 5123: 5089: 5051: 4544:List of Allied World War II conferences 4521:, dedicated in 1997 in Washington, D.C. 4038:In the afternoon of April 12, 1945, in 3959:, defeating Dewey and his running mate 3639:, which would be charged with ensuring 3195:(stationed in the Philippines) and the 3187:. After diplomatic efforts failed, the 2231:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 2212:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination 1971:was created to regulate the trading of 1921:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 1771:, who was sitting alongside Roosevelt. 1537:power plants and addressed the ongoing 1533:Roosevelt proposed the construction of 1431:and a conservative, rural wing, led by 848:, from his father's previous marriage. 836:, once took Franklin to meet President 597:families, Roosevelt was elected to the 83:March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945 14: 26762:People from Meriwether County, Georgia 26652:American politicians with disabilities 26609: 22631:Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921) 18513:Research, Development and Acquisitions 11736:Roosevelt, the Party Leader, 1932–1945 11732: 11685: 11625: 11601: 11459: 11417: 11398: 11199: 11174: 10950: 10741: 10666:American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia 10652: 10616: 10173: 10056: 9750: 9573: 9549: 9525: 9478: 9459: 9306: 9220: 8936: 8766: 8468: 8369: 8178: 8116: 8104: 7728: 7547: 7490: 7323: 7262: 7175: 7139: 7103: 7041: 6740: 6446: 6341: 6329: 6317: 6245: 6233: 6206: 6146:from the original on November 30, 2012 5876: 5864: 5840: 5623: 5524: 5497: 5289: 5265: 5253: 5147: 4284:and warned to try its perpetrators as 4088:Franklin D. Roosevelt and civil rights 3543:, together with Chinese Generalissimo 3477: 3369:to coordinate military policy and the 2328:began to deteriorate again in mid-1937 1941:Agricultural Adjustment Administration 1915:Collection of video clips of Roosevelt 1091:, Roosevelt won a surprising victory. 1010:, was born in 1914, and the youngest, 722:official implementation of term limits 396: 36:Franklin D. Roosevelt (disambiguation) 25987:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 25692: 25381: 24822: 23747: 23232:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 23183: 23157: 22496: 22144: 21602: 21583:2018 House Caucus leadership election 21578:2006 House Caucus leadership election 19251: 18571: 18503:Energy, Installations and Environment 17700:United States Secretaries of the Navy 17672: 16779: 16662: 16455: 16312: 16095: 15876: 15658: 15479: 15253: 15033: 14776: 14408: 13735: 13722: 13404: 12151: 11946: 11856: 11829: 11774: 11323: 11049: 11028: 10925: 10903: 10880: 10874:Bibliography of Franklin D. Roosevelt 10628: 10542: 10474: 10363:"Presidential Historians Survey 2017" 10335: 10297: 10269: 10180:"What FDR said about Jews in private" 10105: 10023:Magness, Phillip W. (July 31, 2020). 9971:. Columbia University Press. p. 9890:McGreevy, Patrick (October 2, 2015). 9591: 9585: 9561: 9537: 9447: 9383: 9357: 9330: 9318: 9294: 9282: 9270: 9208: 9196: 9184: 9172: 9160: 9148: 9131: 9119: 9107: 9045: 9008: 8996: 8984: 8960: 8948: 8899: 8884: 8841: 8829: 8817: 8805: 8793: 8742: 8730: 8718: 8706: 8694: 8682: 8670: 8658: 8646: 8634: 8622: 8610: 8586: 8492: 8480: 8417: 8405: 8393: 8381: 8335: 8329: 8304: 8292: 8280: 8226: 8214: 8202: 8190: 8166: 8092: 8080: 8068: 8056: 8032: 7919: 7844: 7785: 7716: 7692: 7668: 7656: 7599: 7554:Leuchtenburg, William E. (May 2005). 7541: 7529: 7517: 7451: 7439: 7427: 7415: 7403: 7391: 7362: 7350: 7338: 7286: 7274: 7238: 7127: 7115: 7091: 7079: 7029: 6963: 6951: 6939: 6927: 6896: 6884: 6872: 6860: 6812: 6800: 6788: 6776: 6764: 6752: 6682: 6626: 6614: 6602: 6590: 6578: 6566: 6554: 6542: 6530: 6518: 6506: 6494: 6482: 6470: 6458: 6434: 6396: 6353: 6305: 6293: 6281: 6269: 6221: 6164: 6079: 6064: 6052: 6040: 6028: 6016: 5992: 5980: 5968: 5944: 5899: 5897: 5888: 5852: 5828: 5816: 5804: 5792: 5780: 5756: 5744: 5732: 5707: 5695: 5683: 5671: 5659: 5647: 5611: 5599: 5572: 5560: 5548: 5536: 5509: 5473: 5380: 5368: 5337: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5277: 5211: 5159: 5135: 5039: 4975: 4963: 4951: 4939: 4903: 4888: 4199: 3702:commenced in September 1943, but the 2925: 2630:in 1919–1920 marked the dominance of 2575:and other dignitaries in Brazil, 1936 1965:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1955:laws in return for better wages. The 1558:Great Depression in the United States 1486:Governorship of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1216:, and Roosevelt helped establish the 1162:, the second-ranking official in the 961:Marriage, family, and marital affairs 706:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 24179:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 23267:Co-Chair, Office of Civilian Defense 22393:Rural Electrification Administration 22358:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 19277: 18498:Financial Management and Comptroller 13077:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation 12917:Democratic National Convention, 1920 12717:Declaration by United Nations (1942) 12705:Combined Munitions Assignments Board 12350:National Labor Relations Act of 1935 11913:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 11802:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11508: 11464:FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944 11246: 11118: 10755:. Associated Press. December 5, 2003 10697:"Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial" 10389:. September 12, 2005. Archived from 10336:Walsh, Kenneth T. (April 10, 2015). 9389: 9082:Bumiller, Elizabeth (May 16, 2005). 6372: 6191: 5231:. September 26, 2008. Archived from 4927: 4163:leaders in pushing for federal anti- 3651: 3434:Nuclear weapons of the United States 3371:Combined Munitions Assignments Board 3078:Pearl Harbor and declarations of war 2778:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 2710:, sailing from Washington, D.C., to 1752:of Tennessee as Secretary of State. 1730:Transition and assassination attempt 22543:State funerals in the United States 22348:Works Progress Administration (WPA) 21630:New York State Democratic Committee 13617:for President of the United States 13557:Vice President of the United States 12633:U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 12435:Defense industry non-discrimination 12085:American Presidents: Life Portraits 11910:The Roosevelts: An Intimate History 9964: 9916:Bernard, Diane (October 28, 2021). 8344: 7779: 7375:Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1933). 7253:. Ssa.gov. Retrieved July 14, 2013. 5429:McGrath, Charles (April 20, 2008). 5344:. Oxford University Press. p. 4398:in 1980, who opposed the New Deal. 4182:Fair Employment Practices Committee 3934:1944 Democratic National Convention 3909: 3869: 3838:Roosevelt announced the plan for a 3377:, named for the American, British, 2823:1940 Democratic National Convention 2810: 2571:Roosevelt with Brazilian president 2266:, the Court shifted its focus from 2173:1936 Democratic National Convention 2124: 1335:Roosevelt who, with the support of 1301:1920 Democratic National Convention 990:, which Sara also gave the couple. 879:Roosevelt in 1900, at the age of 18 867:Roosevelt in 1893, at the age of 11 601:from 1911 to 1913 and was then the 24: 25417:recipients 23561:International Bill of Human Rights 23414:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network 13082:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial 13070:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network 12989: 12440:Fair Employment Practice Committee 12408:Securities and Exchange Commission 12340:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act 12115:Works by Franklin Delano Roosevelt 12032:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial 11885:. Texas A&M University Press. 11862:Franklin Delano Roosevelt, My Boss 10775:"Franklin Delano Roosevelt Issues" 9422:Hastings, Max (January 19, 2009). 9358:Zeitz, Joshua (November 4, 2018). 8916:. Penguin Press. pp. 147–49. 7893:from the original on June 2, 2016. 5894: 5065:"Family of Wealth Gave Advantages" 4837: 4519:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial 3840:bill of social and economic rights 3813:Reconstruction Finance Corporation 3484:Diplomatic history of World War II 3423: 3323:Problems playing these files? See 3288:"A date which will live in infamy" 3240: 2932: 2878:Third and fourth terms (1941–1945) 2843:, the popular Republican nominee. 1999:which was paralyzing the economy. 1969:Securities and Exchange Commission 1933:Reconstruction Finance Corporation 1802: 1790:First and second terms (1933–1941) 1279:Campaign for vice president (1920) 1047:New York state senator (1910–1913) 1042:Early political career (1910–1920) 898:, an Episcopal boarding school in 698:Securities and Exchange Commission 641:, he returned to public office as 25: 26823: 22307:Public Works Administration (PWA) 22277:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act 22237:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 18546:Research, Engineering and Systems 12650:Second London Naval Treaty (1936) 12487:Executive Office of the President 12401:Federal Communications Commission 12049:collected news and commentary at 11972: 11306:Franklin D. Roosevelt The Triumph 11053:Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom 10567:Leuchtenburg, William E. (2001), 9800:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 8854:Chambers, John Whiteclay (1999). 7600:Blake, John (December 14, 2010). 7188:Hausman, Joshua K. (April 2016). 6659:"History Of State Forest Program" 5019:"FDR: Life Before the Presidency" 3700:Allied invasion of mainland Italy 3211:, knocking out the main American 3100:for 1941 Atlantic Charter meeting 2324:Executive Office of the President 1977:Federal Communications Commission 1456:Long Island State Park Commission 1400:, at first on his houseboat, the 26642:American people of Dutch descent 26594: 26582: 26570: 26558: 26546: 26534: 26522: 26510: 25418: 25408: 24850:Hall of Fame for Great Americans 22332:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 22297:National Recovery Administration 22287:National Industrial Recovery Act 21528:High School Democrats of America 21460:Democratic Governors Association 21417:Congressional Progressive Caucus 20186:2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) 19231: 19227:All vice presidential candidates 19222: 19221: 18144: 18137: 18130: 17139: 14481: 14388: 14379: 14378: 13384: 13383: 12823:State of the Union Address (1934 12640:Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945) 12365:National Recovery Administration 12131: 11739:. University Press of Kentucky. 11296:Franklin D. Roosevelt The Ordeal 10839: 10817: 10792: 10767: 10714: 10671: 10658: 10597: 10594:Leuchtenburg, pp. 208, 218, 226. 10588: 10560: 10505: 10480: 10433: 10263: 10236: 10210: 10134: 10125: 10111: 10016: 9989: 9958: 9909: 9883: 9830: 9784: 9756: 9719: 9691: 9648: 9620: 9472: 9453: 9226: 9026: 8905: 8847: 8760: 8561: 8539: 8498: 8449: 8436: 8423: 8310: 8244: 8134: 7998: 7977: 7922:Journal of Economic Perspectives 7897: 7838: 7754: 7734: 7573: 7484: 7457: 7368: 7304: 7244: 7181: 7042:Liptak, Kevin (April 23, 2017). 6902: 6651: 6620: 6415: 6402: 4818: 4809: 4788: 4778: 4765: 4755: 4738: 4717: 4703: 4690: 4578: 4506: 4490: 4244: 4133:internment of Japanese Americans 3988: 3976: 3599: 3590: 3509: 3492: 3292: 3256: 3170:declaration of war against Japan 3158: 3149: 3016:freedom of speech and expression 2974:Problems playing this file? See 2948: 2821:In the months prior to the July 2364:Conservation and the environment 2155:An attempt by Louisiana Senator 2085:guaranteed workers the right to 1949:National Industrial Recovery Act 1840:Problems playing this file? See 1818: 1591:, prompting the creation of the 1480:Governor of New York (1929–1932) 872: 860: 846:James Roosevelt "Rosy" Roosevelt 765:internment of Japanese Americans 690:expand the Supreme Court in 1937 678:National Recovery Administration 524: 505: 59:Official campaign portrait, 1944 26777:Presidents of the United States 26757:People from Hyde Park, New York 26737:Liberalism in the United States 23369:Val-Kill National Historic Site 23346:National Organization for Women 23205:First Lady of the United States 23146:: Presidents and chief justices 22403:United States Housing Authority 21395:Steering and Outreach Committee 13763:Presidents of the United States 13467:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 13205:World War II: When Lions Roared 13060:Presidential Library and Museum 12335:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 12213:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 12042:Miller Center of Public Affairs 11838:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 11697:. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. 11032:Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox 11029:Burns, James MacGregor (1956). 10270:Glass, Andrew (July 28, 2018). 10141:Everhart, Karen (May 9, 1994). 9838:"Jewish Vote in U.S. Elections" 9698:Andrew Glass (April 12, 2016). 9468:. George Washington University. 6344:, pp. 267, 269–72, 286–87. 6200: 6185: 6170: 5713: 5441: 5422: 5331: 5199:Miller Center of Public Affairs 5183: 5165: 5095: 5057: 4989:"FDR Biography-The Early Years" 4981: 4677: 4664: 4218:interned in hastily built camps 3637:United Nations Security Council 2856:July 1940 Democratic Convention 2340:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2259:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish 2256:Starting with the 1937 case of 1855:worst depression in its history 1287:Cox and Roosevelt in Ohio, 1920 1160:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 1036:Crown Princess Märtha of Norway 718:ran successfully for reelection 662:his first 100 days as president 649:, Roosevelt defeated president 623:1920 U.S. presidential election 603:assistant Secretary of the Navy 574:were centered on combating the 392: 206:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 26812:World War II political leaders 25864:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel 22378:National Labor Relations Board 22368:Judicial Procedures Reform Act 13521:President of the United States 12700:Home front during World War II 12194:President of the United States 12124:Works by Franklin D. Roosevelt 11879:Underwood, Jeffery S. (1991). 11584:. University Press of Kansas. 11533:Leuchtenburg, William (2015). 11327:FDR and His Enemies: A History 11200:——— (2017). 11050:——— (1970). 10867: 10721:jessiekratz (April 10, 2015). 9034:FDR and the Creation of the UN 7493:The American Historical Review 6720:"FDR: Campaigns and Elections" 6207:Wooten, Heather Green (2009). 5103:"Almanac: The 1st cheerleader" 4991:. Roosevely Library and Museum 4857: 4853:(5th ed.). HarperCollins. 4570: 4280:, which condemned the ongoing 4220:in interior, harsh locations. 2872:Destroyers for Bases Agreement 2801:Destroyers for Bases Agreement 2615:, ending their status as U.S. 2607:and reached new treaties with 2548:in 1932 to 10.2% in 1936. The 2390:well as the national systems. 2146:National Labor Relations Board 2091:National Labor Relations Board 1601:New York's State Forest system 1226:unrestricted submarine warfare 820:, respectively—and resided at 792:Roosevelt in 1884, 2 years old 763:, such as his ordering of the 635:contracted a paralytic illness 568:president of the United States 71:President of the United States 13: 1: 25730:Leaders & revolutionaries 23666:Franklin Delano Roosevelt III 23514:Backstairs at the White House 23296:National Youth Administration 22302:National Youth Administration 17659:indicate acting officeholders 13305:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. 13197:Backstairs at the White House 12869:Early life, education, career 12546:Federal Judicial appointments 12377:National Youth Administration 12372:Works Progress Administration 11718:. New York University Press. 11518:. W.W. Norton & Company. 11298:(1954), covers 1919 to 1928, 11160:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 11056:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 10800:"FDR Library – USS Roosevelt" 10668:(2006). pp. 619–621, 645–646. 7790:. Springer. pp. 177–78. 7740:See also Edgar B. Nixon, ed. 7629:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 162–63. 7470:. Penn State UP. p. 19. 6909:Davidson, Amy (May 5, 2012). 5449:"Lucy Page Mercer Rutherfurd" 4101: 3766: 3740:began the invasion of Germany 3572:international monetary system 3391:Declaration by United Nations 2997: 2962:introducing the theme of the 2906:in the State Department, and 2322:and subsequently created the 2097:threatened the production of 2068:National Youth Administration 2064:Works Progress Administration 1506:, asked Roosevelt to run for 1230:declaration of war on Germany 1063:, and in preparation for the 720:, one entire term before the 520:Franklin D. Roosevelt's voice 25563:Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala 23393:Hyde Park home and gravesite 22363:Farm Security Administration 22170: 21496:College Democrats of America 18508:Manpower and Reserve Affairs 12907:1928 New York state election 12848:1944 (Second Bill of Rights) 12772:Madison Square Garden speech 12645:Montevideo Convention (1933) 12526:Jefferson's Birthday holiday 12465:Japanese American internment 12017:Resources in other libraries 11998:Resources in other libraries 11468:. Indiana University Press. 11403:. Fordham University Press. 11233:, Rowman & Littlefield, 10983:, Harvard University Press, 10342:U.S. News & World Report 10205:Breitman & Lichtman 2013 10072:The American Economic Review 9950:Johnson, Kevin (Fall 2005). 9309:, pp. 139–44, 151, 246. 9036:(Yale UP, 1997) pp. ix, 175. 7845:Maher, Neil M. (July 2002). 6101:Journal of Medical Biography 5105:. CBS News. November 2, 2014 4831: 4497:1948 statue of Roosevelt in 4401: 4196:in several Northern states. 3694:from Italian prime minister 3344: 3176:(right) on December 11, 1941 2866:A late August poll taken by 2595:that occurred following the 2083:National Labor Relations Act 2039:1934 Congressional elections 1621:Roosevelt in the early 1930s 1341:Fidelity and Deposit Company 1210:sinking of the RMS Lusitania 1089:1910 United States elections 951:Carter Ledyard & Milburn 779: 702:National Labor Relations Act 7: 26772:Politicians with paraplegia 26662:Burials in New York (state) 23648:Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves 23474:The Eleanor Roosevelt Story 22312:Public Works of Art Project 22232:Agricultural Adjustment Act 19459:1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) 18531:Installations and Logistics 18518:General Counsel of the Navy 13311:John Aspinwall Roosevelt II 12536:Judicial Court-Packing Bill 12475:Italian-American internment 12360:Public Works Administration 12325:Agricultural Adjustment Act 12320:Civilian Conservation Corps 12130:(public domain audiobooks) 11539:. Oxford University Press. 11445:. Oxford University Press. 11439:Herring, George C. (2008). 11079:Campbell, James E. (2006). 10825:"Franklin Delano Roosevelt" 10605:Political Science Quarterly 10442:Political Science Quarterly 9481:Annals of Internal Medicine 9247:Schweikart & Allen 2004 8912:Fullilove, Michael (2013). 7985:"Presidents and Job Growth" 7583:. Oxford University Press. 4526: 4233:. A much smaller number of 4145:Civilian Conservation Corps 3946:war production inefficiency 3928:1944 electoral vote results 3527:Roosevelt coined the term " 3197:United States Pacific Fleet 3193:United States Asiatic Fleet 2850:1940 electoral vote results 2387:Civilian Conservation Corps 2139:1936 electoral vote results 2019:Second New Deal (1935–1936) 1981:regulate telecommunications 1929:Civilian Conservation Corps 1925:Public Works Administration 1894:73rd United States Congress 1706:1932 electoral vote results 1295:nomination. After Governor 1248:, as well as a tour of the 1222:Council of National Defense 1195:James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. 1134:, he was re-elected in the 10: 26828: 26727:The Harvard Crimson people 26692:Columbia Law School alumni 25881:Artists & entertainers 25415:Philippine Legion of Honor 25132:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 24040:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 23426:Eleanor Roosevelt Monument 23353:Encampment for Citizenship 22913:Chestnut and Gibson (1998) 22853:Herbert C. Hoover Building 22353:Federal Project Number One 22262:Farm Credit Administration 22257:Homeowners Refinancing Act 22242:Civil Works Administration 21573:2017 chairmanship election 21568:2005 chairmanship election 21523:Young Democrats of America 18551:Shipbuilding and Logistics 14479: 13099:White House Roosevelt Room 12680:1940 Selective Service Act 12603:Presidential Proclamations 12470:German-American internment 12396:Communications Act of 1934 12345:Tennessee Valley Authority 11928:Winkler, Allan M. (2006). 11626:Norton, Mary Beth (2009). 11006:Brinkley, Douglas (2016). 10871: 10804:docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu 9636:. New York. April 13, 1945 9493:10.7326/0003-4819-72-4-579 8973:Doenecke & Stoler 2005 8767:Maffeo, Steven E. (2015). 8148:. U.S. Department of State 8045:Doenecke & Stoler 2005 7707:, pp. 262–63, 271–73. 6743:, pp. 232–36, 246–51. 6412:(Hachette UK, 2012) p 160. 6385:F. Roosevelt, E. Roosevelt 6113:10.1177/096777200301100412 5933:Goldman & Goldman 2017 5721:Diplomacy & Statecraft 4405: 4390:with the expansion of the 4230:Korematsu v. United States 4085: 3951:The Republicans nominated 3913: 3852:State of the Union Address 3844:State of the Union address 3817:Office of War Mobilization 3799:raising $ 2 billion. 3770: 3655: 3629:American invasion of Japan 3481: 3464:weapon of mass destruction 3462:could be used to create a 3430:History of nuclear weapons 3427: 3081: 2960:State of the Union Address 2887: 2881: 2829:, had been established by 2814: 2655:, and the Italians joined 2560: 2557:Foreign policy (1933–1941) 2397: 2394:GNP and unemployment rates 2320:Reorganization Act of 1939 2201: 2128: 2022: 1989:Tennessee Valley Authority 1872: 1869:First New Deal (1933–1934) 1793: 1733: 1627:1932 presidential election 1610: 1607:1932 presidential election 1547:New York State Legislature 1504:1928 presidential election 1483: 1466:established the $ 100,000 1441:1924 presidential election 1350: 1218:United States Navy Reserve 1116:1912 Democratic nomination 1114:'s successful bid for the 852:Education and early career 686:won a landslide reelection 647:1932 presidential election 589:A member of the prominent 29: 26337: 26183:Scientists & thinkers 26182: 26031: 25880: 25729: 25646: 25625: 25594: 25576: 25533: 25427: 25072:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 25067:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 24857: 24560: 24326: 23991: 23981:The American Fighting-Man 23784: 23684:Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt 23636:Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. 23591: 23548: 23441:Eleanor Roosevelt College 23401: 23361: 23328: 23252: 23214: 23191: 23141: 23114: 23036: 22959: 22950: 22894: 22869: 22851: 22833: 22801: 22558: 22549: 22540: 22472: 22416: 22388:Rural Electrification Act 22340: 22214: 22178: 21897: 21636: 21588:Weekly Democratic Address 21540: 21516:Stonewall Young Democrats 21488: 21442: 21377: 21366: 21064: 20781: 20596: 20347: 20229: 19327: 19287: 19217: 18609: 18605: 18490: 18349: 18338: 18153: 18128: 17968: 17715: 17706: 17652: 17148: 17137: 16821: 16751: 16718: 16697: 16676: 16658: 16613: 16586: 16569: 16544: 16516: 16499: 16427: 16405: 16376: 16347: 16326: 16308: 16263: 16236: 16219: 16184: 16156: 16139: 16068: 16035: 16006: 15977: 15948: 15919: 15890: 15872: 15801: 15783: 15772: 15731: 15713: 15702: 15630: 15601: 15572: 15543: 15522: 15493: 15475: 15440: 15390: 15345: 15318: 15297: 15225: 15192: 15163: 15134: 15105: 15076: 15047: 15029: 14978: 14934: 14864: 14820: 14751: 14714: 14689: 14672:Secretary of the Interior 14670: 14633: 14608: 14571: 14540: 14517:Secretary of the Treasury 14515: 14490: 14450: 14374: 14246: 13769: 13729: 13701: 13689: 13681: 13671: 13659: 13651: 13646: 13636: 13612: 13602: 13583: 13575: 13565: 13550: 13542: 13537: 13527: 13518: 13510: 13500: 13491: 13483: 13473: 13464: 13456: 13451: 13441: 13429: 13423: 13416: 13411: 13362: 13329:James Roosevelt Roosevelt 13262: 13042: 12982: 12897: 12861: 12767:Commonwealth Club Address 12752: 12722:Dumbarton Oaks Conference 12670:Destroyers-for-bases deal 12611: 12447:Indian Reorganization Act 12231: 12185: 12047:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 12012:Resources in your library 11993:Resources in your library 11712:Sainsbury, Keith (1994). 11648:Conservation under F.D.R. 11578:McJimsey, George (2000). 11100:10.1017/S014555320001350X 10513:Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr 9996:Sitkoff, Harvard (1978). 9869:. UNM Press. p. 82. 9727:"Roosevelt Funeral Train" 9669:10.1017/S1092852900014760 7579:Leuchtenburg, E. (1996). 6627:Allen, Oliver E. (1993). 5395:, pp. 28, 38, 48–49. 4313: 4251:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 4190:employment discrimination 4155:Lynching and civil rights 4149:Indian Reorganization Act 3805:Board of Economic Warfare 3686:. The Allies launched an 3406:Chief of Naval Operations 3172:(left) on December 8 and 2229:. Roosevelt proposed the 1888:to issue banknotes. The " 1666:1932 Democratic primaries 1101:1911 U.S. Senate election 913:. He was a member of the 560:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 553: 544:Recorded December 8, 1941 513: 501: 475: 454: 433: 406: 377: 367: 357: 340: 321:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 316: 311: 307: 295: 283: 272: 256: 244: 232: 222: 211: 204: 192: 180: 170: 159: 151: 139: 127: 87: 76: 68: 64: 52: 45: 26747:New York (state) lawyers 25536:(Marangal na Komandante) 25413: 25257:William Tecumseh Sherman 24947:George Washington Carver 24698:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 23672:John Roosevelt Boettiger 23490:Eleanor: The Years Alone 22408:Fair Labor Standards Act 21343:Northern Mariana Islands 18541:Research and Development 14691:Secretary of Agriculture 13685:Donald Wills Douglas Sr. 13647:Awards and achievements 13538:Party political offices 13406:Offices and distinctions 12990:Early life and education 12879:Governorship of New York 12729:World War II conferences 12460:War Relocation Authority 12006:By Franklin D. Roosevelt 11864:. Kessinger Publishing. 11733:Savage, Sean J. (1991). 11555:Leuchtenburg, William E. 11460:Jordan, David M (2011). 11394:. Harper & Brothers. 11373:. Simon & Schuster. 10723:"The other FDR Memorial" 10487:Greenstein, F I (2009). 10249:Museum of Polish History 7994:(graphic). July 2, 2003. 7623:Belknap, Michal (2004). 7464:Mary E. Stuckey (2015). 7381:. John Day. p. 141. 7198:American Economic Review 6209:The Polio Years in Texas 5338:Abate, Frank R. (1999). 5191:Leuchtenburg, William E. 4563: 4272:chose to implement the " 4056:intracerebral hemorrhage 3900:congestive heart failure 3864:post-secondary education 3367:Combined Chiefs of Staff 2306:, established a federal 2300:Fair Labor Standards Act 2070:and arts organizations. 2009:Veterans of Foreign Wars 1937:Federal Trade Commission 1539:farm crisis of the 1920s 1259:After Germany signed an 1073:Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler 953:, working in the firm's 26792:Time Person of the Year 25617:Alfredo Montelibano Sr. 25553:Fernando Zobel de Ayala 25337:John Greenleaf Whittier 24952:William Ellery Channing 24196:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 23291:American Youth Congress 22322:Railroad Retirement Act 22201:American Liberty League 21553:Presidential candidates 13436:from the 26th district 12744:Morgenthau Plan support 12690:Atlantic Charter (1941) 12413:Monetary gold ownership 11657:Robinson, Greg (2001), 11418:Herman, Arthur (2012). 11391:Roosevelt in Retrospect 11308:(1956) covers 1929–32, 11249:The Eagle in the Mirror 10386:The Wall Street Journal 8521:10.1111/0145-2096.00210 7788:FDR and the Environment 7251:Social Security History 6997:"FDR: Domestic Affairs" 6954:, pp. 157, 167–68. 6192:Rose, David M. (2016). 4773:Twenty-second Amendment 4554:– Roosevelt's limousine 4538:August Adolph Gennerich 4481:and Churchill in 1948. 4373:his policies, positions 3892:coronary artery disease 3676:unconditional surrender 3448:Einstein–Szilárd letter 3252:FDR Pearl Harbor speech 3037:America First Committee 2734:Germany annexed Austria 2349:November 1938 elections 2110:American Liberty League 2108:, fought back with the 1549:to advance his agenda. 1410:a rehabilitation center 1387:Guillain–Barré syndrome 1069:New York State Assembly 775:Early life and marriage 727:Following the Japanese 617:'s running mate on the 26722:Harvard College alumni 26657:American Episcopalians 26637:American anti-fascists 25794:Martin Luther King Jr. 25595:Commander (Komandante) 25322:James McNeill Whistler 25252:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 25167:Matthew Fontaine Maury 24155:Martin Luther King Jr. 23708:Martha Stewart Bulloch 23702:Theodore Roosevelt Sr. 23618:Anna Eleanor Roosevelt 23421:Roosevelt Study Center 23336:First Lady of New York 23286:Eleanor, West Virginia 23277:Tuskegee Airmen flight 22803:National Statuary Hall 21432:Problem Solvers Caucus 21427:New Democrat Coalition 20281:(1885–1889; 1893–1897) 18759:Theodore Frelinghuysen 15747:Incumbent VP nominee: 15204:Robert Colvin Macauley 14892:Nicholas Murray Butler 14887:William Cameron Sproul 13861:William Henry Harrison 13287:Anna Roosevelt Halsted 12874:Warm Springs Institute 12817:The More Abundant Life 12762:1932 Acceptance speech 12513:Four Freedoms Monument 12452:Executive Orders 9066, 12430:Record on civil rights 12278:Third and fourth terms 12273:First and second terms 12221:New York State Senator 11399:Hawley, Ellis (1995). 11388:Gunther, John (1950). 11324:Fried, Albert (2001). 11288:(vol 1 1952) to 1918, 11088:Social Science History 10779:National Postal Museum 10222:Holocaust Encyclopedia 9965:Odo, Franklin (2002). 9765:Allies Overrun Germany 7905:Conservation Under FDR 7903:Anna L. Riesch Owen, 7505:10.1086/ahr.110.4.1052 5431:"No End of the Affair" 4658:-zə-velt, -⁠vəlt 4442:, located next to the 4418:National Historic Site 4369:criticism of Roosevelt 4107: 4054:, diagnosed a massive 4007: 3968:Final months and death 3929: 3882:and was found to have 3847: 3714: 3684:North African Campaign 3641:international security 3354: 3245: 3189:Privy Council of Japan 3101: 3003: 2937: 2863:and other candidates. 2851: 2730: 2722: 2663:in supporting General 2576: 2357:Conservative coalition 2338:and even ordering the 2251:Joseph Taylor Robinson 2140: 2078: 2049:was the creation of a 2034: 1916: 1807: 1787: 1775:Presidency (1933–1945) 1707: 1693:Robert La Follette Jr. 1622: 1562:unemployment insurance 1499: 1398:Southern United States 1366: 1288: 1199:Charles Francis Murphy 1155: 1056: 970: 793: 757:won reelection in 1944 737:United States Congress 729:attack on Pearl Harbor 694:conservative coalition 541:declaring war on Japan 537:attack on Pearl Harbor 26647:American philatelists 26617:Franklin D. Roosevelt 26032:Builders & titans 25836:Franklin D. Roosevelt 25500:Franklin D. Roosevelt 25272:Harriet Beecher Stowe 25242:Franklin D. Roosevelt 24972:James Fenimore Cooper 24932:William Cullen Bryant 24907:Alexander Graham Bell 24612:The Good Samaritans: 23909:Franklin D. Roosevelt 23849:Franklin D. Roosevelt 23833:Franklin D. Roosevelt 23660:Sara Delano Roosevelt 23601:Franklin D. Roosevelt 23463:Sunrise at Campobello 22424:Franklin D. Roosevelt 22317:Reciprocal Tariff Act 22222:Emergency Banking Act 21898:Gubernatorial tickets 19049:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 18949:Franklin D. Roosevelt 16526:Franklin D. Roosevelt 16378:Socialist Labor Party 16166:Franklin D. Roosevelt 16073:Other 1936 elections: 16047:William Dudley Pelley 16008:Socialist Labor Party 15760:Henry S. Breckinridge 15741:Franklin D. Roosevelt 15574:Socialist Labor Party 15328:Franklin D. Roosevelt 15165:Socialist Labor Party 15088:Parley P. Christensen 14969:Franklin D. Roosevelt 14902:Robert M. La Follette 14716:Secretary of Commerce 14635:Secretary of the Navy 14581:Homer Stille Cummings 14506:Edward Stettinius Jr. 14443:Franklin D. Roosevelt 14091:Franklin D. Roosevelt 13418:New York State Senate 13189:The White House Years 13175:Sunrise at Campobello 13111:Franklin D. Roosevelt 12889:Assassination attempt 12330:Emergency Banking Act 12179:Franklin D. Roosevelt 11984:Franklin D. Roosevelt 11830:Tobin, James (2013). 11597:online free to borrow 11365:Goodwin, Doris Kearns 11271:Franklin D. Roosevelt 11195:online free to borrow 11182:. Oxford University. 10872:Further information: 10701:National Park Service 10607:97.4 (1982): 603–621. 8345:Moe, Richard (2013). 8256:National Park Service 7855:Environmental History 7166:, pp. 4, 448–52. 7154:, pp. 4, 320–39. 6258:Ward & Burns 2014 4727:Democratic ticket of 4685:Seventeenth Amendment 4470:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4352:expense of Congress. 4319:Historical reputation 4115:started by President 4095: 4086:Further information: 4072:Victory in Europe Day 4040:Warm Springs, Georgia 4025:Warm Springs, Georgia 4005: 3927: 3856:Second Bill of Rights 3837: 3712: 3672:Casablanca Conference 3398:Joint Chiefs of Staff 3352: 3244: 3229:declared war on Japan 3107:invasion of Manchuria 3091: 2986: 2936: 2888:Further information: 2849: 2744:and the execution of 2728: 2701: 2626:The rejection of the 2621:Montevideo Convention 2570: 2318:. He also passed the 2239:Judiciary Act of 1869 2138: 2095:Flint sit-down strike 2087:collective bargaining 2076: 2032: 1914: 1897:Roosevelt signed the 1886:Federal Reserve Banks 1882:Emergency Banking Act 1806: 1782: 1712:political realignment 1705: 1620: 1552:In October 1929, the 1493: 1414:Warm Springs, Georgia 1360: 1351:Further information: 1332:presidential election 1286: 1250:battlefield at Verdun 1206:Preparedness Movement 1153: 1054: 968: 900:Groton, Massachusetts 842:James MacGregor Burns 832:. James, a prominent 804:and his second wife, 787: 684:. In 1936, Roosevelt 633:. In 1921, Roosevelt 599:New York State Senate 351:Warm Springs, Georgia 260:New York State Senate 47:Franklin D. Roosevelt 26717:Groton School alumni 26173:Thomas J. Watson Jr. 25579:(Marangal na Pinuno) 25558:Jaime Zobel de Ayala 25452:Dwight D. Eisenhower 25302:Booker T. Washington 25212:Alice Freeman Palmer 25192:William T. G. Morton 25137:James Russell Lowell 24729:The Silence Breakers 24596:The American Soldier 24577:The Whistleblowers: 24435:The Endangered Earth 24217:The Middle Americans 24171:William Westmoreland 24064:Dwight D. Eisenhower 23933:Dwight D. Eisenhower 23612:presidency 1941–1945 23607:presidency 1933–1941 23498:Eleanor and Franklin 23482:Eleanor and Franklin 22535:in the United States 22444:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 22292:National Housing Act 22252:Executive Order 6102 21333:District of Columbia 20006:1984 (San Francisco) 19901:1964 (Atlantic City) 19681:1920 (San Francisco) 18939:Charles W. Fairbanks 18819:Francis P. Blair Jr. 16811:lieutenant governors 16756:Other 1944 elections 16432:Other 1940 elections 15635:Other 1932 elections 15534:William David Upshaw 15230:Other 1920 elections 14986:William Gibbs McAdoo 14556:Harry Hines Woodring 14531:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 14111:Dwight D. Eisenhower 13705:Claire Lee Chennault 13590:Governor of New York 13494:Governor of New York 13183:Eleanor and Franklin 12843:1941 (Four Freedoms) 12789:Arsenal of Democracy 12784:Day of Infamy speech 12710:War Production Board 12205:Governor of New York 11760:. Penguin Group US. 11247:Fink, Jesse (2023). 10686:. December 22, 1981. 10521:The Politics of Hope 10085:10.1257/aer.91.1.272 9844:on February 13, 2010 9606:In Roosevelt History 9564:, pp. 533, 562. 9466:History News Network 9234:Statistical Abstract 8316:Bernard F. Donahoe, 7560:Smithsonian Magazine 7211:10.1257/aer.20130957 5723:19.4 (2008): 732–45. 4452:more modest memorial 4422:Presidential library 4361:William Leuchtenburg 4214:Executive Order 9066 4186:Executive Order 8802 4184:(FEPC) to implement 4113:Mexican Repatriation 4048:Elizabeth Shoumatoff 4042:, while sitting for 3797:smaller revenue bill 3761:Battle of Leyte Gulf 3719:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3680:Battle of Stalingrad 3615:King Farouk of Egypt 3539:, and Soviet leader 3008:Arsenal of Democracy 2908:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 2902:in the White House, 2702:The Roosevelts with 2628:Treaty of Versailles 2597:Spanish–American War 2581:Good Neighbor Policy 2316:forty hours per week 2247:Charles Evans Hughes 2167:of the newly formed 1993:Executive Order 6102 1508:governor of New York 1468:American Peace Award 1433:William Gibbs McAdoo 1240:and prime ministers 1183:William Gibbs McAdoo 1014:, was born in 1916. 692:, the same year the 643:governor of New York 154:Governor of New York 32:FDR (disambiguation) 18:Franklin D Roosevelt 26321:Ludwig Wittgenstein 26268:John Maynard Keynes 26040:Stephen Bechtel Sr. 25673:Edith Nourse Rogers 25430:(Punong Komandante) 25317:George Westinghouse 25287:Henry David Thoreau 25197:John Lothrop Motley 25172:Albert A. Michelson 25052:Nathaniel Hawthorne 25002:Ralph Waldo Emerson 24987:James Buchanan Eads 24794:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 23778:Persons of the Year 23690:Anna Hall Roosevelt 23678:James Roosevelt III 23409:Roosevelt Institute 23374:Val-Kill Industries 22705:J. E. Hoover (1972) 21511:Stonewall Democrats 20166:2016 (Philadelphia) 19821:1948 (Philadelphia) 19761:1936 (Philadelphia) 19307:Fourth Party System 19297:Second Party System 18839:Thomas A. Hendricks 18809:George H. Pendleton 18799:Herschel V. Johnson 18645:Charles C. Pinckney 16678:America First Party 15739:Incumbent nominee: 15617:William Hope Harvey 14041:William Howard Taft 13961:Rutherford B. Hayes 13221:Hyde Park on Hudson 13167:The Roosevelt Story 13156:I'd Rather Be Right 13145:U.S. Postage stamps 13139:Unfinished portrait 13125:Four Freedoms Award 13065:Roosevelt Institute 12794:"...is fear itself" 12497:Cullen–Harrison Act 12492:G.I. Bill of Rights 12384:Social Security Act 12101:American Experience 12095:The Presidents: FDR 12062:Library of Congress 11646:Riesch Owen, A. L. 11128:. New York: Knopf. 10975:Breitman, Richard; 10827:. Westminster Abbey 10729:. National Archives 10545:, pp. 1126–27. 10523:, Riverside Press, 10419:The Washington Post 10393:on November 2, 2005 9922:The Washington Post 8442:Joseph E. Persico, 8271:, pp. 399–402. 7220:on October 31, 2014 6179:FDR's Deadly Secret 5907:(August 10, 2024). 5193:(October 4, 2016). 4698:Twentieth Amendment 4464:U.S. Postage stamps 4337:greatest presidents 4304:extermination camps 4292:intelligence agent 4137:concentration camps 4029:founding conference 3811:, in charge of the 3785:Revenue Act of 1942 3664:French North Africa 3662:The Allies invaded 3478:Wartime conferences 3334:conspiracy theories 3136:Philippine military 3060:wartime conferences 2966:(starting at 32:02) 2861:William B. Bankhead 2714:, Virginia, on the 2681:Japan invaded China 2677:Spanish Republicans 2632:non-interventionism 2406: 2405:Unemployment rates 2296:Housing Act of 1937 2227:freedom of contract 2055:Social Security Act 1979:was established to 1899:Cullen–Harrison Act 1849:When Roosevelt was 1635:Columbia University 1512:1928 state election 1120:William Howard Taft 943:Columbia Law School 924:The Harvard Crimson 917:fraternity and the 798:Hyde Park, New York 769:historical rankings 688:. He was unable to 493:Columbia University 334:Hyde Park, New York 26441:Emmeline Pankhurst 26360:Lady Diana Spencer 26338:Heroes & icons 26124:Charles E. Merrill 25843:Theodore Roosevelt 25663:Teodoro Locsin Sr. 25633:Benigno Aquino Jr. 25602:Benigno Aquino Jr. 25586:Teodoro Locsin Jr. 25247:Theodore Roosevelt 25187:Samuel F. B. Morse 25047:Alexander Hamilton 24992:Thomas Alva Edison 24902:Henry Ward Beecher 24887:John James Audubon 24359:Ayatollah Khomeini 24024:John Foster Dulles 23714:Theodore Roosevelt 23624:James Roosevelt II 23524:(2014 documentary) 23237:Drafting committee 22905:US Capitol rotunda 22871:Old Senate Chamber 22560:US Capitol rotunda 22282:Glass–Steagall Act 22247:Communications Act 22191:New Deal Coalition 22071:(1986, 1990, 1994) 21951:(1932, 1934, 1936) 21412:Blue Dog Coalition 20086:2000 (Los Angeles) 19941:1972 (Miami Beach) 19881:1960 (Los Angeles) 19661:1916 (Saint Louis) 19615:1904 (Saint Louis) 19602:1900 (Kansas City) 19563:1888 (Saint Louis) 19524:1876 (Saint Louis) 19317:Sixth Party System 19312:Fifth Party System 19302:Third Party System 18969:Joseph T. Robinson 18849:William H. English 18749:Richard M. Johnson 16688:Gerald L. K. Smith 16367:Maynard C. Krueger 15463:James W. Wadsworth 15175:William Wesley Cox 15078:Farmer–Labor Party 14991:A. Mitchell Palmer 14907:Jeter C. Pritchard 14877:Frank Orren Lowden 14753:Secretary of Labor 14610:Postmaster General 14492:Secretary of State 14031:Theodore Roosevelt 13699:November 29, 1943 13615:Democratic nominee 13553:Democratic nominee 13546:Thomas R. Marshall 13452:Political offices 13293:James Roosevelt II 13270: • 13092:Four Freedoms Park 12660:Export Control Act 12583:Modern Oval Office 12531:Jefferson Memorial 12482:Brownlow Committee 12298:New Deal coalition 12088:, October 11, 1999 12052:The New York Times 11956:, Pantheon Books, 11776:Smith, Jean Edward 11157:The Grand Alliance 11152:Churchill, Winston 10851:archweb.cooper.edu 10683:The New York Times 10619:, pp. 624–25. 10557:, pp. 174–75. 10300:, pp. 607–13. 10207:, pp. 114–15. 10131:Beito, p. 180-183. 10108:, pp. 549–53. 10059:, pp. 307–08. 10047:, pp. 162–63. 9827:, pp. 243–52. 9770:Universal Newsreel 9540:, pp. 617–19. 9528:, pp. 618–19. 9516:, pp. 372–74. 9386:, pp. 584–85. 9345:, pp. 223–25. 9333:, pp. 339–42. 9321:, pp. 571–72. 9261:, pp. 221–22. 9199:, pp. 630–31. 9187:, pp. 613–17. 9175:, pp. 596–97. 9163:, pp. 581–82. 9151:, pp. 575–76. 9134:, pp. 573–74. 9122:, pp. 565–67. 9110:, pp. 563–64. 9088:The New York Times 9072:, pp. 584–87. 9060:, pp. 233–34. 9048:, pp. 623–24. 9023:, pp. 214–16. 9011:, pp. 587–88. 8999:, pp. 560–61. 8987:, pp. 557–59. 8975:, pp. 109–10. 8963:, pp. 578–81. 8939:, pp. 678–80. 8902:, pp. 598–99. 8832:, pp. 180–85. 8820:, pp. 545–47. 8796:, pp. 523–39. 8745:, pp. 533–39. 8733:, pp. 531–33. 8721:, pp. 518–30. 8709:, pp. 522–23. 8697:, pp. 516–17. 8685:, pp. 134–46. 8673:, pp. 513–14. 8661:, pp. 510–11. 8649:, pp. 509–10. 8637:, pp. 506–08. 8625:, pp. 141–42. 8589:, pp. 126–28. 8508:Diplomatic History 8483:, pp. 488–90. 8471:, pp. 128–29. 8408:, pp. 476–77. 8396:, pp. 474–75. 8372:, pp. 389–90. 8332:, pp. 408–30. 8295:, pp. 464–66. 8229:, pp. 436–41. 8217:, pp. 503–06. 8205:, pp. 426–29. 8193:, pp. 425–26. 8181:, pp. 166–73. 8169:, pp. 423–24. 8131:, pp. 188–90. 8119:, pp. 146–47. 8083:, pp. 417–18. 8035:, pp. 341–43. 8023:, pp. 203–10. 7992:The New York Times 7944:10.1257/jep.7.2.41 7835:, pp. 170–86. 7719:, pp. 440–41. 7683:, pp. 187–88. 7671:, pp. 408–09. 7659:, pp. 390–91. 7544:, pp. 384–89. 7520:, pp. 379–82. 7454:, pp. 373–75. 7418:, pp. 360–61. 7406:, pp. 371–72. 7394:, pp. 364–66. 7341:, pp. 120–23. 7326:, pp. 463–67. 7289:, pp. 353–56. 7241:, pp. 349–51. 7118:, pp. 331–32. 7094:, pp. 318–23. 7067:, pp. 151–52. 7020:, pp. 147–48. 6930:, pp. 347–48. 6887:, pp. 292–95. 6863:, pp. 290–91. 6851:, pp. 127–49. 6839:, pp. 127–49. 6827:, pp. 183–96. 6815:, pp. 282–84. 6779:, pp. 266–67. 6767:, pp. 276–77. 6685:, pp. 261–63. 6617:, pp. 250–52. 6593:, pp. 243–44. 6581:, pp. 119–20. 6569:, pp. 242–43. 6557:, pp. 240–41. 6545:, pp. 238–39. 6533:, pp. 235–37. 6521:, pp. 230–33. 6509:, pp. 237–38. 6473:, pp. 225–28. 6461:, pp. 223–25. 6425:(1957) pp 200–201. 6375:, pp. 289–91. 6356:, pp. 160–67. 6308:, pp. 255–56. 6296:, pp. 215–19. 6284:, pp. 213–14. 6224:, pp. 195–96. 6082:, pp. 184–85. 6067:, pp. 182–83. 6043:, pp. 175–76. 6031:, pp. 181–82. 6007:, pp. 215–16. 5983:, pp. 177–81. 5971:, pp. 176–77. 5947:, pp. 171–72. 5891:, pp. 139–40. 5855:, pp. 130–32. 5831:, pp. 125–26. 5807:, pp. 57, 60. 5783:, pp. 122–23. 5747:, pp. 113–14. 5735:, pp. 102–06. 5698:, pp. 97–101. 5638:, pp. 205–06. 5587:, pp. 202–03. 5435:The New York Times 5407:, pp. 202–03. 5138:, pp. 18, 20. 5069:The New York Times 4746:Harlan Fiske Stone 4444:Jefferson Memorial 4440:Roosevelt Memorial 4438:-acre (3-hectare) 4259:Harvard University 4210:Roberts Commission 4206:Japanese Americans 4200:Japanese Americans 4108: 4098:Frank O. 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Van Rensselaer 16773: 16772: 16747: 16746: 16738:Darlington Hoopes 16699:Prohibition Party 16654: 16653: 16631:Douglas MacArthur 16565: 16564: 16449: 16448: 16423: 16422: 16328:Prohibition Party 16304: 16303: 16296:Arthur Vandenberg 16254:Charles L. McNary 16215: 16214: 16197:John Nance Garner 16089: 16088: 16064: 16063: 15997:Thomas C. O'Brien 15921:Prohibition Party 15868: 15867: 15860:Frederick Steiwer 15827:Other candidates: 15768: 15767: 15757:Other candidates: 15749:John Nance Garner 15652: 15651: 15626: 15625: 15610:James Renshaw Cox 15584:Verne L. Reynolds 15524:Prohibition Party 15505:William Z. Foster 15471: 15470: 15386: 15385: 15358:William H. Murray 15353:John Nance Garner 15336:John Nance Garner 15247: 15246: 15221: 15220: 15212:Richard C. Barnum 15146:James E. Ferguson 15107:Prohibition Party 15025: 15024: 15006:Edward I. Edwards 14930: 14929: 14917:Howard Sutherland 14847:Warren G. Harding 14770: 14769: 14705:Claude R. Wickard 14643:Claude A. Swanson 14593:Robert H. 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Truman → 13341:Warren Delano Jr. 13317:James Roosevelt I 13299:Elliott Roosevelt 13281:Eleanor Roosevelt 13024:Paralytic illness 12811:Quarantine Speech 12119:Project Gutenberg 11979:Library resources 11963:978-0-394-42813-0 11939:978-0-321-41285-0 11920:978-0-385-35306-9 11901:Ward, Geoffrey C. 11892:978-0-89096-388-3 11871:978-1-4179-8926-3 11849:978-1-4516-9867-1 11791:978-1-4000-6121-1 11767:978-1-101-21778-8 11746:978-0-8131-3079-8 11725:978-0-8147-7991-0 11704:978-0-374-15857-6 11668:978-1-5226-7771-0 11639:978-0-547-17560-7 11618:978-0-671-45495-1 11591:978-0-7006-1012-9 11570:978-0-06-133025-4 11546:978-0-19-517616-2 11525:978-0-393-07459-8 11500:978-0-19-503834-7 11475:978-0-253-35683-3 11452:978-0-19-507822-0 11431:978-0-679-60463-1 11410:978-0-8232-1609-3 11380:978-0-684-80448-4 11356:978-1-939-82403-5 11337:978-1-250-10659-9 11240:978-0-8476-9415-0 11211:978-0-69-818172-4 11189:978-0-19-509732-0 11167:978-0-395-41057-8 11135:978-0-394-48076-3 11071:978-0-15-678870-0 11042:978-0-15-678870-0 11021:978-0-06-208923-6 11014:. HarperCollins. 10990:978-0-674-05026-6 10977:Lichtman, Allan J 10967:978-0-307-27794-7 10942:978-1-58648-282-4 10897:978-0-7432-4600-2 10727:Pieces of History 10582:978-0-8014-8737-8 10555:Leuchtenburg 2015 10530:978-0-691-13475-8 10498:978-0-691-14383-5 10185:Los Angeles Times 10177:(April 7, 2013). 10009:978-0-19-502418-0 9982:978-0-231-11030-3 9896:Los Angeles Times 9876:978-0-8263-3973-7 9825:Leuchtenburg 2015 9811:978-0-671-86920-5 9792:McCullough, David 9343:Leuchtenburg 2015 9259:Leuchtenburg 2015 9058:Leuchtenburg 2015 9021:Leuchtenburg 2015 8923:978-1-59420-435-7 8871:978-0-19-507198-6 8780:978-1-4422-5564-7 8601:, pp. 15–16. 8554:978-0-8229-6187-1 8356:978-0-19-998191-5 8269:Leuchtenburg 1963 8129:Leuchtenburg 2015 8021:Leuchtenburg 1963 7797:978-0-230-10067-1 7705:Leuchtenburg 1963 7681:Leuchtenburg 2015 7636:978-1-57607-201-1 7477:978-0-271-07192-3 7164:Freidel 1952–1973 7152:Freidel 1952–1973 7065:Leuchtenburg 2015 7018:Leuchtenburg 2015 6825:Leuchtenburg 1963 6644:978-0-201-62463-2 6449:, pp. 96–98. 6332:, pp. 87–96. 6320:, pp. 87–88. 5905:O'Brien, Phillips 5879:, pp. 65–66. 5867:, pp. 62–63. 5843:, pp. 59–61. 5674:, pp. 44–46. 5662:, pp. 62–63. 5626:, pp. 57–60. 5614:, pp. 68–69. 5575:, pp. 65–66. 5551:, pp. 60–64. 5539:, pp. 60–62. 5512:, pp. 58–60. 5355:978-0-19-513872-6 5328:, pp. 57–58. 5316:, pp. 77–79. 5304:, pp. 54–55. 5292:, pp. 35–36. 5256:, pp. 38–39. 5150:, pp. 28–29. 4978:, pp. 20–25. 4916:Leuchtenburg 2015 4729:Lyndon B. Johnson 4711:Jean Edward Smith 4513:Engraving of the 4475:Westminster Abbey 4414:home in Hyde Park 4341:Jean Edward Smith 4329:George Washington 4308:Jean Edward Smith 4299:War Refugee Board 4125:Mexican Americans 4064:Springwood estate 3880:Bethesda Hospital 3850:Roosevelt's 1944 3835: 3731:Charles de Gaulle 3652:Course of the war 3560:Tehran Conference 3537:Winston Churchill 3472:Manhattan Project 3298: 3264: 3233:responded in kind 3217:attacked Thailand 3140:Douglas MacArthur 3111:Dutch East Indies 3094:Winston Churchill 3028:freedom from fear 3024:freedom from want 2989:Freedom from Fear 2953: 2831:George Washington 2774:Winston Churchill 2758:Charles Lindbergh 2673:Spanish Civil War 2653:overcome Ethiopia 2603:U.S. forces from 2542: 2541: 2280:Robert H. Jackson 2276:Felix Frankfurter 2235:size of the Court 2043:midterm elections 1912: 1823: 1746:William H. 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Lehman 100:John Nance Garner 16:(Redirected from 26819: 26807:Wheelchair users 26787:Roosevelt family 26599: 26598: 26597: 26587: 26586: 26577:New York (state) 26575: 26574: 26573: 26563: 26562: 26551: 26550: 26549: 26539: 26538: 26537: 26527: 26526: 26525: 26515: 26514: 26513: 26506: 26485: 26478: 26471: 26464: 26457: 26450: 26443: 26436: 26429: 26422: 26415: 26408: 26401: 26394: 26383: 26376: 26369: 26362: 26355: 26348: 26330: 26323: 26316: 26305: 26298: 26296:William Shockley 26291: 26284: 26277: 26270: 26263: 26256: 26249: 26242: 26235: 26228: 26221: 26219:Philo Farnsworth 26214: 26207: 26200: 26193: 26175: 26168: 26161: 26154: 26147: 26140: 26133: 26126: 26119: 26112: 26105: 26098: 26091: 26084: 26077: 26070: 26063: 26056: 26049: 26042: 26024: 26017: 26010: 26008:Steven Spielberg 26003: 25996: 25989: 25982: 25975: 25968: 25961: 25954: 25947: 25940: 25933: 25926: 25919: 25912: 25905: 25898: 25891: 25873: 25866: 25859: 25852: 25845: 25838: 25831: 25824: 25817: 25810: 25803: 25796: 25789: 25782: 25775: 25768: 25761: 25754: 25747: 25740: 25738:David Ben-Gurion 25713: 25706: 25699: 25690: 25689: 25678:Richard Sakakida 25626:Officer (Pinuno) 25568:Napoleon G. 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Glaser 24067: 24059: 24051: 24043: 24035: 24027: 24019: 24011: 24003: 23984: 23976: 23968: 23960: 23952: 23944: 23936: 23928: 23920: 23912: 23904: 23896: 23888: 23880: 23868: 23860: 23852: 23844: 23836: 23828: 23820: 23812: 23804: 23796: 23768: 23761: 23754: 23745: 23744: 23654:Curtis Roosevelt 23593:Roosevelt family 23532:(2022 TV series) 23493:(1972 biography) 23485:(1971 biography) 23314:Women in Defense 23244:Human Rights Day 23178: 23171: 23164: 23155: 23154: 23040:US Supreme Court 22957: 22956: 22901: 22900: 22679:MacArthur (1964) 22556: 22555: 22517: 22510: 22503: 22494: 22493: 22464:Robert F. Wagner 22459:Francis Townsend 22186:Great Depression 22165: 22158: 22151: 22142: 22141: 21623: 21616: 21609: 21600: 21599: 21501:Democrats Abroad 21390:Policy Committee 21375: 21374: 21358:Democrats Abroad 20146:2012 (Charlotte) 19641:1912 (Baltimore) 19511:1872 (Baltimore) 19433:1852 (Baltimore) 19420:1848 (Baltimore) 19407:1844 (Baltimore) 19394:1840 (Baltimore) 19381:1835 (Baltimore) 19368:1832 (Baltimore) 19281: 19280:Democratic Party 19272: 19265: 19258: 19249: 19248: 19235: 19234: 19225: 19224: 18959:Charles W. Bryan 18929:James S. Sherman 18869:Allen G. Thurman 18607: 18606: 18592: 18585: 18578: 18569: 18568: 18422:T. Roosevelt Jr. 18377:T. Roosevelt Sr. 18347: 18346: 18148: 18147: 18141: 18140: 18134: 18133: 17970:Dept. of Defense 17713: 17712: 17693: 17686: 17679: 17670: 17669: 17143: 17142: 16800: 16793: 16786: 16777: 16776: 16709:Claude A. Watson 16660: 16659: 16614:Other candidates 16602:Vice President: 16584: 16583: 16572:Republican Party 16545:Other candidates 16533:Vice President: 16514: 16513: 16502:Democratic Party 16476: 16469: 16462: 16453: 16452: 16310: 16309: 16264:Other candidates 16252:Vice President: 16234: 16233: 16222:Republican Party 16185:Other candidates 16175:Henry A. Wallace 16173:Vice President: 16154: 16153: 16142:Democratic Party 16116: 16109: 16102: 16093: 16092: 16026:Emil F. Teichert 15968:George A. Nelson 15939:Claude A. Watson 15874: 15873: 15781: 15780: 15775:Republican Party 15711: 15710: 15705:Democratic Party 15679: 15672: 15665: 15656: 15655: 15477: 15476: 15458:Joseph I. France 15441:Other candidates 15428:Vice President: 15409: 15408: 15393:Republican Party 15346:Other candidates 15334:Vice President: 15316: 15315: 15300:Democratic Party 15274: 15267: 15260: 15251: 15250: 15154:William J. Hough 15117:Aaron S. Watkins 15031: 15030: 14979:Other candidates 14967:Vice President: 14949: 14948: 14937:Democratic Party 14912:Miles Poindexter 14865:Other candidates 14853:Vice President: 14835: 14834: 14823:Republican Party 14797: 14790: 14783: 14774: 14773: 14742:Henry A. Wallace 14699:Henry A. Wallace 14573:Attorney General 14562:Henry L. Stimson 14542:Secretary of War 14485: 14484: 14466:Henry A. Wallace 14429: 14422: 14415: 14406: 14405: 14392: 14391: 14382: 14381: 14021:William McKinley 14011:Grover Cleveland 13991:Grover Cleveland 13951:Ulysses S. Grant 13901:Millard Fillmore 13851:Martin Van Buren 13801:Thomas Jefferson 13756: 13749: 13742: 13733: 13732: 13720: 13719: 13682:Preceded by 13652:Preceded by 13576:Preceded by 13569:Charles W. Bryan 13543:Preceded by 13511:Preceded by 13484:Preceded by 13460:Beekman Winthrop 13457:Preceded by 13424:Preceded by 13414: 13413: 13402: 13401: 13387: 13386: 13368:← Herbert Hoover 13231:2014 documentary 13087:Roosevelt Island 12734:Quebec Agreement 12655:ABCD line (1940) 12598:Executive Orders 12418:Gold Reserve Act 12224: 12216: 12208: 12197: 12172: 12165: 12158: 12149: 12148: 12143:Internet Archive 12135: 12134: 12034:, Washington, DC 11966: 11943: 11924: 11896: 11875: 11853: 11837: 11826: 11795: 11784:. Random House. 11771: 11750: 11729: 11708: 11696: 11682: 11671: 11643: 11621: 11608:FDR: A Biography 11595: 11574: 11550: 11529: 11504: 11485:Kennedy, David M 11479: 11467: 11456: 11435: 11424:. Random House. 11414: 11395: 11384: 11360: 11341: 11281: 11262: 11243: 11215: 11193: 11171: 11147: 11115: 11085: 11075: 11046: 11035:. Easton Press. 11025: 11013: 11001: 10981:FDR and the Jews 10971: 10960:. Anchor Books. 10946: 10922: 10900: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10843: 10837: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10821: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10810: 10796: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10771: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10745: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10693: 10687: 10675: 10669: 10662: 10656: 10650: 10644: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10620: 10614: 10608: 10601: 10595: 10592: 10586: 10585: 10574: 10564: 10558: 10552: 10546: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10509: 10503: 10502: 10484: 10478: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10409: 10403: 10402: 10400: 10398: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10359: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10322: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10267: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10256: 10240: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10229: 10214: 10208: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10191: 10182: 10171: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10155: 10138: 10132: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10115: 10109: 10103: 10097: 10096: 10066: 10060: 10054: 10048: 10042: 10033: 10032: 10020: 10014: 10013: 9993: 9987: 9986: 9962: 9956: 9955: 9947: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9887: 9881: 9880: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9834: 9828: 9822: 9816: 9815: 9788: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9777: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9723: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9598: 9589: 9583: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9457: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9419: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9401:NIH Medline Plus 9393: 9387: 9381: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9355: 9346: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9280: 9274: 9268: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9230: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9194: 9188: 9182: 9176: 9170: 9164: 9158: 9152: 9146: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9037: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8958: 8952: 8946: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8927: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8888: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8833: 8827: 8821: 8815: 8809: 8803: 8797: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8686: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8650: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8626: 8620: 8614: 8608: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8565: 8559: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8478: 8472: 8466: 8460: 8453: 8447: 8440: 8434: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8342: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8138: 8132: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8011: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7989: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7965: 7956: 7955: 7937: 7917: 7908: 7907:(Praeger, 1983). 7901: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7851: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7758: 7752: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7597: 7591: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7372: 7366: 7360: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7336: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7219: 7213:. Archived from 7194: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6992: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6715: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6419: 6413: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6145: 6098: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5901: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5455:on March 4, 2010 5445: 5439: 5438: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5235:on April 6, 2018 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5071:. April 15, 1945 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5014: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4892: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4867:. United Nations 4861: 4855: 4854: 4841: 4825: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4792: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4742: 4736: 4721: 4715: 4707: 4701: 4694: 4688: 4681: 4675: 4668: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4574: 4558:Air Mail scandal 4550:Sunshine Special 4510: 4499:Grosvenor Square 4494: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4420:and home to his 4290:Polish Home Army 4141:Native Americans 4121:ethnic cleansing 4106: 4103: 4016:prisoners of war 4012:Yalta Conference 3992: 3980: 3910:Election of 1944 3870:Declining health 3836: 3748:Battle of Midway 3704:Italian Campaign 3645:Yalta Conference 3625:Yalta Conference 3611:Haile Selassie I 3603: 3594: 3535:" of Roosevelt, 3518:Yalta Conference 3513: 3501:Cairo Conference 3496: 3438:In August 1939, 3418:William D. Leahy 3300: 3299: 3266: 3265: 3243: 3162: 3153: 3115:French Indochina 3056:Atlantic Charter 3002: 2999: 2955: 2954: 2935: 2920:William D. Leahy 2912:Henry L. Stimson 2811:Election of 1940 2789:Henry L. Stimson 2742:Munich Agreement 2685:Nanking Massacre 2665:Francisco Franco 2649:Benito Mussolini 2407: 2403: 2161:Charles Coughlin 2125:Election of 1936 2051:social insurance 1913: 1830:Inaugural speech 1825: 1824: 1805: 1765:Giuseppe Zangara 1758:Henry A. Wallace 1685:George W. Norris 1168:Josephus Daniels 1166:after Secretary 1124:general election 1061:Democratic Party 904:Endicott Peabody 876: 864: 838:Grover Cleveland 834:Bourbon Democrat 619:Democratic Party 613:. Roosevelt was 605:under President 580:third and fourth 576:Great Depression 532: 531: 509: 462:Roosevelt family 400: 398: 394: 347: 331:January 30, 1882 330: 328: 312:Personal details 298: 286: 277: 262: 247: 239:Beekman Winthrop 235: 216: 195: 183: 164: 142: 130: 109:Henry A. Wallace 92: 81: 57: 43: 42: 21: 26827: 26826: 26822: 26821: 26820: 26818: 26817: 26816: 26607: 26606: 26605: 26595: 26593: 26581: 26571: 26569: 26557: 26547: 26545: 26535: 26533: 26523: 26521: 26511: 26509: 26501: 26499: 26494: 26493: 26488: 26481: 26474: 26469:Andrei Sakharov 26467: 26462:Jackie Robinson 26460: 26453: 26446: 26439: 26432: 26425: 26418: 26411: 26404: 26397: 26386: 26379: 26372: 26365: 26358: 26351: 26344: 26333: 26328:Wright brothers 26326: 26319: 26308: 26301: 26294: 26287: 26280: 26273: 26266: 26259: 26252: 26245: 26238: 26231: 26224: 26217: 26212:Albert Einstein 26210: 26203: 26198:Tim Berners-Lee 26196: 26189: 26178: 26171: 26164: 26157: 26150: 26143: 26136: 26129: 26122: 26115: 26108: 26101: 26094: 26087: 26082:Amadeo Giannini 26080: 26073: 26066: 26059: 26052: 26045: 26038: 26027: 26020: 26015:Igor Stravinsky 26013: 26006: 25999: 25992: 25985: 25978: 25971: 25964: 25957: 25952:Aretha Franklin 25950: 25943: 25936: 25929: 25924:Charlie Chaplin 25922: 25915: 25908: 25901: 25894: 25889:Louis Armstrong 25887: 25876: 25869: 25862: 25855: 25850:Margaret Sanger 25848: 25841: 25834: 25827: 25820: 25813: 25806: 25799: 25792: 25785: 25778: 25771: 25764: 25757: 25750: 25743: 25736: 25725: 25717: 25687: 25682: 25668:Geronima Pecson 25648: 25642: 25621: 25590: 25578: 25572: 25543:Gilbert Teodoro 25535: 25534:Grand Commander 25529: 25456:Leonardo Espina 25447:Chiang Kai-shek 25429: 25428:Chief Commander 25423: 25406: 25376: 25371: 25347:Frances Willard 25282:Sylvanus Thayer 25232:Edgar Allan Poe 25217:Francis Parkman 25127:Abraham Lincoln 25107:John Paul Jones 25027:Josiah W. Gibbs 24942:Andrew Carnegie 24927:Phillips Brooks 24892:George Bancroft 24853: 24847: 24817: 24812: 24804: 24792: 24784: 24772: 24764: 24739:Jamal Khashoggi 24737:The Guardians: 24736: 24735: 24727: 24719: 24711: 24694: 24693: 24685: 24677: 24669: 24663:Mark Zuckerberg 24661: 24653: 24645: 24637: 24629: 24611: 24610: 24602: 24594: 24587:Sherron Watkins 24576: 24575: 24567: 24556: 24548: 24540: 24528: 24520: 24512: 24504: 24496: 24474: 24473: 24465: 24457: 24449: 24441: 24433: 24425: 24417: 24409: 24403:Peter Ueberroth 24401: 24389: 24381: 24373: 24365: 24357: 24349: 24341: 24333: 24322: 24275:Kathleen Byerly 24268: 24267: 24259: 24251: 24241:Henry Kissinger 24239: 24231: 24223: 24215: 24194: 24193: 24185: 24177: 24169: 24161: 24153: 24147:Pope John XXIII 24145: 24139:John F. Kennedy 24137: 24130:Robert Woodward 24126:James Van Allen 24071: 24070: 24062: 24054: 24046: 24038: 24030: 24022: 24016:Konrad Adenauer 24014: 24006: 23998: 23987: 23979: 23971: 23965:Harry S. Truman 23963: 23957:George Marshall 23955: 23949:James F. Byrnes 23947: 23941:Harry S. Truman 23939: 23931: 23925:George Marshall 23923: 23915: 23907: 23899: 23891: 23883: 23873:Chiang Kai-shek 23871: 23863: 23855: 23847: 23841:Hugh S. Johnson 23839: 23831: 23823: 23817:Mohandas Gandhi 23815: 23807: 23801:Walter Chrysler 23799: 23791: 23780: 23772: 23742: 23737: 23726:Bamie Roosevelt 23662:(granddaughter) 23650:(granddaughter) 23587: 23578:Morgenthau Plan 23544: 23397: 23381:Campobello home 23357: 23324: 23254: 23248: 23210: 23187: 23182: 23152: 23147: 23133: 23110: 23106:O'Connor (2023) 23097:Ginsburg (2020, 23074:Blackmun (1999) 23056:Marshall (1993) 23039: 23032: 22942: 22938:Williams (2022) 22928:Sicknick (2021) 22886: 22865: 22847: 22829: 22816:Ginsburg (2020, 22811:Cummings (2019) 22797: 22718:Humphrey (1978) 22652:Pershing (1948) 22621:L'Enfant (1909) 22545: 22536: 22521: 22491: 22486: 22468: 22434:Frances Perkins 22429:Harold L. Ickes 22412: 22398:Social Security 22341:Second New Deal 22336: 22210: 22174: 22169: 22139: 22134: 21893: 21632: 21627: 21597: 21592: 21532: 21484: 21438: 21369: 21362: 21069: 21067: 21060: 20783: 20777: 20670:C. A. Culberson 20616:J. W. Stevenson 20607: 20604: 20602: 20599: 20592: 20479:D. B. Culberson 20364: 20361: 20359: 20354: 20350: 20343: 20235:administrations 20233: 20225: 20046:1992 (New York) 19986:1980 (New York) 19966:1976 (New York) 19701:1924 (New York) 19498:1868 (New York) 19346: 19343: 19341: 19337: 19334: 19330: 19323: 19283: 19279: 19276: 19246: 19241: 19237:Vice presidents 19209: 19208: 19079:Sargent Shriver 19009:John W. Bricker 18729:Francis Granger 18699:Nathaniel Macon 18669:Jared Ingersoll 18625:Thomas Pinckney 18601: 18596: 18566: 18557: 18486: 18341: 18334: 18156: 18149: 18145: 18143: 18142: 18138: 18136: 18135: 18131: 18122: 17964: 17702: 17697: 17667: 17662: 17648: 17638:Stewart-Cousins 17626:Stewart-Cousins 17150: 17144: 17140: 17135: 16817: 16804: 16774: 16769: 16743: 16720:Socialist Party 16714: 16693: 16672: 16650: 16646:Wendell Willkie 16626:Everett Dirksen 16621:Riley A. Bender 16609: 16604:John W. Bricker 16596:Thomas E. Dewey 16575: 16561: 16540: 16505: 16495: 16480: 16450: 16445: 16419: 16401: 16396:Aaron M. Orange 16372: 16349:Socialist Party 16343: 16322: 16300: 16259: 16246:Wendell Willkie 16225: 16211: 16207:Millard Tydings 16180: 16145: 16135: 16120: 16090: 16085: 16060: 16037:Christian Party 16031: 16002: 15973: 15950:Socialist Party 15944: 15931:D. Leigh Colvin 15915: 15892:Communist Party 15886: 15864: 15840:L. J. Dickinson 15797: 15764: 15727: 15698: 15683: 15653: 15648: 15622: 15597: 15568: 15563:James H. Maurer 15545:Socialist Party 15539: 15518: 15495:Communist Party 15489: 15467: 15453:Calvin Coolidge 15436: 15396: 15382: 15341: 15303: 15293: 15278: 15248: 15243: 15217: 15188: 15183:August Gillhaus 15159: 15130: 15125:D. Leigh Colvin 15101: 15072: 15067:Seymour Stedman 15049:Socialist Party 15043: 15021: 14974: 14940: 14926: 14897:Calvin Coolidge 14860: 14855:Calvin Coolidge 14826: 14816: 14801: 14771: 14766: 14761:Frances Perkins 14747: 14724:Daniel C. Roper 14710: 14685: 14680:Harold L. Ickes 14666: 14661:James Forrestal 14629: 14624:Frank C. Walker 14604: 14567: 14536: 14511: 14486: 14482: 14477: 14472:Harry S. Truman 14446: 14433: 14403: 14398: 14370: 14296:F. D. Roosevelt 14248: 14242: 14241: 14240: 14121:John F. Kennedy 14101:Harry S. Truman 14071:Calvin Coolidge 13931:Abraham Lincoln 13911:Franklin Pierce 13771: 13765: 13760: 13725: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13698: 13687: 13677: 13668: 13657: 13642: 13640:Harry S. Truman 13619: 13608: 13593: 13581: 13571: 13560: 13548: 13533: 13531:Harry S. Truman 13524: 13516: 13506: 13497: 13489: 13479: 13477:Gordon Woodbury 13470: 13462: 13447: 13445:James E. Towner 13438: 13435: 13433:New York Senate 13427: 13407: 13399: 13394: 13358: 13335:Isaac Roosevelt 13323:Sara Ann Delano 13269: 13264: 13258: 13254:Other namesakes 13247:2023 miniseries 13239:2022 miniseries 13207:1997 miniseries 13199:1979 miniseries 13038: 13019:Campobello home 12978: 12893: 12857: 12754: 12748: 12614: 12607: 12541:Cannabis policy 12308:Second New Deal 12251:Inaugurations ( 12235: 12227: 12219: 12211: 12200: 12189: 12181: 12176: 12132: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12003: 12002: 11987: 11986: 11982: 11975: 11970: 11964: 11940: 11921: 11893: 11872: 11850: 11792: 11768: 11747: 11726: 11705: 11669: 11640: 11619: 11592: 11571: 11547: 11526: 11501: 11476: 11453: 11432: 11411: 11381: 11357: 11338: 11314:Frank Freidel, 11304:Frank Freidel, 11294:Frank Freidel, 11284:Frank Freidel, 11259: 11241: 11212: 11190: 11168: 11136: 11083: 11072: 11043: 11022: 10991: 10968: 10943: 10919: 10905:Beito, David T. 10898: 10882:Alter, Jonathan 10876: 10870: 10865: 10855: 10853: 10845: 10844: 10840: 10830: 10828: 10823: 10822: 10818: 10808: 10806: 10798: 10797: 10793: 10783: 10781: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10758: 10756: 10747: 10746: 10742: 10732: 10730: 10719: 10715: 10705: 10703: 10695: 10694: 10690: 10676: 10672: 10663: 10659: 10651: 10647: 10639: 10635: 10627: 10623: 10615: 10611: 10602: 10598: 10593: 10589: 10583: 10565: 10561: 10553: 10549: 10541: 10537: 10531: 10510: 10506: 10499: 10485: 10481: 10473: 10469: 10454:10.2307/2657937 10438: 10434: 10424: 10422: 10410: 10406: 10396: 10394: 10379: 10378: 10374: 10361: 10360: 10356: 10346: 10344: 10334: 10330: 10320: 10318: 10308: 10304: 10296: 10292: 10282: 10280: 10268: 10264: 10254: 10252: 10242: 10241: 10237: 10227: 10225: 10216: 10215: 10211: 10203: 10199: 10189: 10187: 10172: 10163: 10153: 10151: 10139: 10135: 10130: 10126: 10117: 10116: 10112: 10104: 10100: 10067: 10063: 10055: 10051: 10043: 10036: 10021: 10017: 10010: 9994: 9990: 9983: 9963: 9959: 9948: 9944: 9934: 9932: 9914: 9910: 9900: 9898: 9888: 9884: 9877: 9861: 9857: 9847: 9845: 9836: 9835: 9831: 9823: 9819: 9812: 9789: 9785: 9775: 9773: 9762: 9761: 9757: 9749: 9745: 9735: 9733: 9725: 9724: 9720: 9710: 9708: 9696: 9692: 9653: 9649: 9639: 9637: 9626: 9625: 9621: 9611: 9609: 9600: 9599: 9592: 9584: 9580: 9572: 9568: 9560: 9556: 9548: 9544: 9536: 9532: 9524: 9520: 9512: 9508: 9477: 9473: 9458: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9432: 9430: 9428:The Independent 9420: 9416: 9406: 9404: 9395: 9394: 9390: 9382: 9378: 9368: 9366: 9356: 9349: 9341: 9337: 9329: 9325: 9317: 9313: 9305: 9301: 9293: 9289: 9281: 9277: 9269: 9265: 9257: 9253: 9245: 9241: 9232: 9231: 9227: 9219: 9215: 9207: 9203: 9195: 9191: 9183: 9179: 9171: 9167: 9159: 9155: 9147: 9138: 9130: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9106: 9102: 9092: 9090: 9080: 9076: 9068: 9064: 9056: 9052: 9044: 9040: 9031: 9027: 9019: 9015: 9007: 9003: 8995: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8971: 8967: 8959: 8955: 8947: 8943: 8935: 8931: 8924: 8910: 8906: 8898: 8891: 8883: 8879: 8872: 8852: 8848: 8840: 8836: 8828: 8824: 8816: 8812: 8804: 8800: 8792: 8788: 8781: 8765: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8741: 8737: 8729: 8725: 8717: 8713: 8705: 8701: 8693: 8689: 8681: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8653: 8645: 8641: 8633: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8609: 8605: 8597: 8593: 8585: 8581: 8566: 8562: 8544: 8540: 8532: 8528: 8503: 8499: 8491: 8487: 8479: 8475: 8467: 8463: 8455:Eric Larrabee, 8454: 8450: 8441: 8437: 8429:Winston Groom, 8428: 8424: 8416: 8412: 8404: 8400: 8392: 8388: 8380: 8376: 8368: 8364: 8357: 8343: 8336: 8328: 8324: 8315: 8311: 8303: 8299: 8291: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8267: 8263: 8250: 8249: 8245: 8237: 8233: 8225: 8221: 8213: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8127: 8123: 8115: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8091: 8087: 8079: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8055: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8019: 8015: 8004: 8003: 7999: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7978: 7967: 7966: 7959: 7935:10.1.1.627.1613 7918: 7911: 7902: 7898: 7890: 7868:10.2307/3985917 7849: 7843: 7839: 7831: 7827: 7817: 7815: 7810: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7784: 7780: 7770: 7768: 7760: 7759: 7755: 7744:(2 vol. 1957); 7739: 7735: 7727: 7723: 7715: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7679: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7621: 7617: 7607: 7605: 7598: 7594: 7578: 7574: 7564: 7562: 7552: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7528: 7524: 7516: 7512: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7462: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7402: 7398: 7390: 7386: 7378:Looking forward 7373: 7369: 7361: 7357: 7349: 7345: 7337: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7309: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7273: 7269: 7261: 7257: 7249: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7192: 7186: 7182: 7174: 7170: 7162: 7158: 7150: 7146: 7138: 7134: 7126: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7049: 7047: 7040: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7002: 7000: 6993: 6970: 6966:, pp. 4–7. 6962: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6907: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6799: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6716: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6667: 6665: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6541: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6445: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6420: 6416: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6371: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6205: 6201: 6190: 6186: 6175: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6078: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6051: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5917: 5915: 5902: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5427: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5268:, pp. 3–6. 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5188: 5184: 5173:"FDR Biography" 5171: 5170: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5108: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5015: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4906:, pp. 5–6. 4902: 4895: 4887: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4743: 4739: 4733:Hubert Humphrey 4722: 4718: 4708: 4704: 4695: 4691: 4682: 4678: 4669: 4665: 4655: 4651: 4634: 4604: 4581: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4540:– his bodyguard 4529: 4522: 4511: 4502: 4495: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4410: 4404: 4333:Abraham Lincoln 4321: 4316: 4247: 4202: 4157: 4104: 4090: 4084: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3970: 3961:John W. Bricker 3953:Thomas E. Dewey 3942:Harry S. Truman 3922: 3914:Main articles: 3912: 3896:angina pectoris 3888:atherosclerosis 3872: 3826: 3821:James F. Byrnes 3793:withholding tax 3780:Great Migration 3775: 3769: 3696:Pietro Badoglio 3660: 3654: 3633:Sakhalin Island 3621: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3595: 3553:Operation Torch 3545:Chiang Kai-shek 3525: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3497: 3486: 3480: 3470:to oversee the 3460:nuclear fission 3456:nuclear weapons 3444:Albert Einstein 3436: 3426: 3424:Nuclear program 3347: 3330: 3329: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3301: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3282: 3267: 3257: 3254: 3247: 3241: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3174:against Germany 3165: 3164: 3163: 3155: 3154: 3123:Tripartite Pact 3098:Prince of Wales 3086: 3080: 3000: 2994:Norman Rockwell 2981: 2980: 2972: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2956: 2949: 2946: 2939: 2933: 2928: 2916:George Marshall 2892: 2886: 2880: 2841:Wendell Willkie 2819: 2813: 2708:Queen Elizabeth 2641:Neutrality Acts 2589:Monroe Doctrine 2565: 2559: 2402: 2396: 2383:National Forest 2366: 2310:, and required 2272:civil liberties 2268:judicial review 2214: 2200: 2133: 2127: 2027: 2025:Second New Deal 2021: 2005:American Legion 1963:, creating the 1904: 1877: 1871: 1847: 1846: 1838: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1816: 1814:Nothing to Fear 1809: 1803: 1798: 1792: 1777: 1754:Harold L. Ickes 1738: 1732: 1643:Walter Lippmann 1615: 1609: 1589:organized crime 1581:Jesse I. Straus 1570:full employment 1524:Frances Perkins 1520:Samuel Rosenman 1516:Albert Ottinger 1488: 1482: 1355: 1349: 1328:Calvin Coolidge 1281: 1191:James W. Gerard 1187:Martin H. Glynn 1164:Navy Department 1148: 1049: 1044: 963: 915:Alpha Delta Phi 911:Harvard College 884: 883: 882: 881: 880: 877: 869: 868: 865: 854: 830:his grandfather 806:Sara Ann Delano 782: 777: 767:. Nonetheless, 710:Social Security 668:, building the 549: 548: 547: 546: 545: 543: 533: 525: 522: 497: 471: 450: 402: 390: 386: 368:Political party 349: 345: 332: 326: 324: 323: 322: 302:James E. Towner 296: 284: 278: 273: 263: 258: 251:Gordon Woodbury 245: 233: 217: 212: 193: 181: 165: 160: 146:Harry S. Truman 140: 128: 123: 120: 119:(Jan–Apr. 1945) 118: 117:Harry S. Truman 113: 111: 104: 102: 88: 82: 77: 60: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 26825: 26815: 26814: 26809: 26804: 26799: 26794: 26789: 26784: 26779: 26774: 26769: 26764: 26759: 26754: 26749: 26744: 26739: 26734: 26729: 26724: 26719: 26714: 26709: 26704: 26699: 26694: 26689: 26684: 26679: 26674: 26669: 26664: 26659: 26654: 26649: 26644: 26639: 26634: 26629: 26624: 26619: 26604: 26603: 26591: 26579: 26567: 26555: 26543: 26531: 26519: 26496: 26495: 26490: 26489: 26487: 26486: 26479: 26472: 26465: 26458: 26451: 26444: 26437: 26434:Marilyn Monroe 26430: 26423: 26416: 26409: 26406:Kennedy family 26402: 26395: 26392:Tenzing Norgay 26388:Edmund Hillary 26384: 26377: 26370: 26363: 26356: 26349: 26341: 26339: 26335: 26334: 26332: 26331: 26324: 26317: 26306: 26299: 26292: 26285: 26278: 26271: 26264: 26257: 26250: 26243: 26236: 26229: 26222: 26215: 26208: 26201: 26194: 26186: 26184: 26180: 26179: 26177: 26176: 26169: 26162: 26155: 26148: 26141: 26138:Walter Reuther 26134: 26127: 26120: 26117:Louis B. Mayer 26113: 26106: 26103:William Levitt 26099: 26092: 26085: 26078: 26071: 26064: 26057: 26054:Willis Carrier 26050: 26043: 26035: 26033: 26029: 26028: 26026: 26025: 26018: 26011: 26004: 25997: 25990: 25983: 25976: 25969: 25962: 25955: 25948: 25941: 25934: 25927: 25920: 25913: 25906: 25899: 25892: 25884: 25882: 25878: 25877: 25875: 25874: 25867: 25860: 25853: 25846: 25839: 25832: 25825: 25818: 25811: 25808:Nelson Mandela 25804: 25801:Vladimir Lenin 25797: 25790: 25783: 25776: 25769: 25762: 25755: 25752:Mahatma Gandhi 25748: 25741: 25733: 25731: 25727: 25726: 25716: 25715: 25708: 25701: 25693: 25684: 25683: 25681: 25680: 25675: 25670: 25665: 25660: 25652: 25650: 25644: 25643: 25641: 25640: 25638:Manny Pacquiao 25635: 25629: 25627: 25623: 25622: 25620: 25619: 25614: 25612:Sotero Cabahug 25609: 25604: 25598: 25596: 25592: 25591: 25589: 25588: 25582: 25580: 25574: 25573: 25571: 25570: 25565: 25560: 25555: 25550: 25545: 25539: 25537: 25531: 25530: 25528: 25527: 25522: 25517: 25515:Lorenzo Tañada 25512: 25510:Achmad Sukarno 25507: 25502: 25497: 25492: 25487: 25482: 25477: 25472: 25467: 25465:José P. Laurel 25462: 25457: 25454: 25449: 25444: 25439: 25433: 25431: 25425: 25424: 25405: 25404: 25397: 25390: 25382: 25373: 25372: 25370: 25369: 25364: 25362:Orville Wright 25359: 25357:Woodrow Wilson 25354: 25352:Roger Williams 25349: 25344: 25339: 25334: 25329: 25324: 25319: 25314: 25312:Daniel Webster 25309: 25304: 25299: 25294: 25289: 25284: 25279: 25277:Gilbert Stuart 25274: 25269: 25264: 25259: 25254: 25249: 25244: 25239: 25234: 25229: 25224: 25222:George Peabody 25219: 25214: 25209: 25204: 25199: 25194: 25189: 25184: 25179: 25177:Maria Mitchell 25174: 25169: 25164: 25159: 25154: 25149: 25144: 25139: 25134: 25129: 25124: 25119: 25114: 25109: 25104: 25099: 25094: 25092:Andrew Jackson 25089: 25084: 25079: 25074: 25069: 25064: 25059: 25054: 25049: 25044: 25039: 25034: 25029: 25024: 25019: 25014: 25012:Stephen Foster 25009: 25007:David Farragut 25004: 24999: 24994: 24989: 24984: 24979: 24974: 24969: 24964: 24959: 24954: 24949: 24944: 24939: 24937:Luther Burbank 24934: 24929: 24924: 24922:Louis Brandeis 24919: 24914: 24909: 24904: 24899: 24894: 24889: 24884: 24879: 24874: 24869: 24864: 24858: 24855: 24854: 24846: 24845: 24838: 24831: 24823: 24814: 24813: 24811: 24810: 24802: 24790: 24782: 24770: 24766:Greta Thunberg 24762: 24733: 24725: 24717: 24709: 24696:Ebola Fighters 24691: 24683: 24675: 24667: 24659: 24651: 24643: 24639:Vladimir Putin 24635: 24627: 24608: 24604:George W. Bush 24600: 24592: 24579:Cynthia Cooper 24573: 24564: 24562: 24558: 24557: 24555: 24554: 24550:George W. Bush 24546: 24538: 24526: 24518: 24510: 24502: 24494: 24485:Nelson Mandela 24481:F. W. de Klerk 24471: 24463: 24455: 24447: 24439: 24431: 24423: 24419:Corazon Aquino 24415: 24407: 24399: 24387: 24379: 24371: 24363: 24355: 24347: 24339: 24330: 24328: 24324: 24323: 24321: 24320: 24299:Barbara Jordan 24265: 24257: 24249: 24237: 24229: 24221: 24213: 24200:William Anders 24191: 24183: 24175: 24167: 24159: 24151: 24143: 24135: 24122:Charles Townes 24102:Edward Purcell 24078:Charles Draper 24068: 24060: 24052: 24044: 24036: 24032:Harlow Curtice 24028: 24020: 24012: 24004: 23995: 23993: 23989: 23988: 23986: 23985: 23977: 23969: 23961: 23953: 23945: 23937: 23929: 23921: 23913: 23905: 23897: 23889: 23881: 23877:Soong Mei-ling 23869: 23865:Wallis Simpson 23861: 23857:Haile Selassie 23853: 23845: 23837: 23829: 23821: 23813: 23805: 23797: 23788: 23786: 23782: 23781: 23771: 23770: 23763: 23756: 23748: 23739: 23738: 23736: 23735: 23729: 23723: 23717: 23711: 23705: 23699: 23696:Hall Roosevelt 23693: 23687: 23681: 23675: 23669: 23663: 23657: 23651: 23645: 23639: 23633: 23627: 23621: 23615: 23609: 23604: 23597: 23595: 23589: 23588: 23586: 23585: 23580: 23575: 23574: 23573: 23568: 23558: 23552: 23550: 23546: 23545: 23543: 23542: 23534: 23530:The First Lady 23526: 23522:The Roosevelts 23518: 23510: 23502: 23494: 23486: 23478: 23470: 23459: 23451: 23443: 23438: 23433: 23428: 23423: 23418: 23417: 23416: 23405: 23403: 23399: 23398: 23396: 23395: 23390: 23389: 23388: 23378: 23377: 23376: 23365: 23363: 23362:Life and homes 23359: 23358: 23356: 23355: 23350: 23349: 23348: 23338: 23332: 23330: 23326: 23325: 23323: 23322: 23317: 23310: 23305: 23300: 23299: 23298: 23288: 23279: 23274: 23269: 23264: 23258: 23256: 23250: 23249: 23247: 23246: 23241: 23240: 23239: 23229: 23224: 23218: 23216: 23215:United Nations 23212: 23211: 23209: 23208: 23199: 23192: 23189: 23188: 23181: 23180: 23173: 23166: 23158: 23149: 23148: 23142: 23139: 23138: 23135: 23134: 23132: 23131: 23126: 23120: 23118: 23116:Senate Chamber 23112: 23111: 23109: 23108: 23103: 23094: 23092:Stevens (2019) 23089: 23084: 23076: 23071: 23069:Brennan (1997) 23066: 23058: 23053: 23044: 23042: 23034: 23033: 23031: 23030: 23018: 23010: 23002: 22994: 22982: 22974: 22965: 22963: 22954: 22952:Lain in repose 22948: 22947: 22944: 22943: 22941: 22940: 22935: 22930: 22925: 22920: 22915: 22909: 22907: 22898: 22892: 22891: 22888: 22887: 22885: 22884: 22875: 22873: 22867: 22866: 22864: 22863: 22857: 22855: 22849: 22848: 22846: 22845: 22839: 22837: 22831: 22830: 22828: 22827: 22822: 22813: 22807: 22805: 22799: 22798: 22796: 22795: 22790: 22785: 22780: 22768: 22763: 22758: 22746: 22734: 22729: 22720: 22715: 22707: 22702: 22700:Dirksen (1969) 22697: 22689: 22681: 22676: 22664: 22659: 22654: 22649: 22641: 22633: 22628: 22623: 22618: 22610: 22605: 22597: 22592: 22587: 22585:Stevens (1868) 22582: 22570: 22564: 22562: 22553: 22547: 22546: 22541: 22538: 22537: 22520: 22519: 22512: 22505: 22497: 22488: 22487: 22485: 22484: 22479: 22473: 22470: 22469: 22467: 22466: 22461: 22456: 22454:Herbert Hoover 22451: 22446: 22441: 22436: 22431: 22426: 22420: 22418: 22414: 22413: 22411: 22410: 22405: 22400: 22395: 22390: 22385: 22375: 22370: 22365: 22360: 22355: 22350: 22344: 22342: 22338: 22337: 22335: 22334: 22329: 22327:Securities Act 22324: 22319: 22314: 22309: 22304: 22299: 22294: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22269: 22264: 22259: 22254: 22249: 22244: 22239: 22234: 22229: 22224: 22218: 22216: 22212: 22211: 22209: 22208: 22203: 22198: 22193: 22188: 22182: 22180: 22176: 22175: 22168: 22167: 22160: 22153: 22145: 22136: 22135: 22133: 22132: 22122: 22112: 22102: 22092: 22082: 22072: 22062: 22052: 22042: 22032: 22022: 22012: 22002: 21992: 21982: 21972: 21962: 21952: 21942: 21932: 21922: 21912: 21901: 21899: 21895: 21894: 21892: 21891: 21886: 21881: 21876: 21871: 21866: 21861: 21856: 21851: 21846: 21841: 21836: 21831: 21826: 21821: 21816: 21811: 21806: 21801: 21796: 21791: 21786: 21781: 21776: 21771: 21766: 21761: 21756: 21751: 21746: 21741: 21736: 21731: 21726: 21721: 21716: 21711: 21706: 21701: 21696: 21691: 21686: 21681: 21676: 21671: 21666: 21661: 21656: 21651: 21646: 21640: 21638: 21634: 21633: 21626: 21625: 21618: 21611: 21603: 21594: 21593: 21591: 21590: 21585: 21580: 21575: 21570: 21565: 21560: 21555: 21550: 21544: 21542: 21538: 21537: 21534: 21533: 21531: 21530: 21525: 21520: 21519: 21518: 21508: 21503: 21498: 21492: 21490: 21486: 21485: 21483: 21482: 21477: 21472: 21467: 21462: 21457: 21452: 21446: 21444: 21440: 21439: 21437: 21436: 21435: 21434: 21429: 21424: 21419: 21414: 21404: 21399: 21398: 21397: 21392: 21381: 21379: 21372: 21364: 21363: 21361: 21360: 21355: 21353:Virgin Islands 21350: 21345: 21340: 21335: 21330: 21328:American Samoa 21325: 21320: 21315: 21310: 21305: 21300: 21295: 21290: 21285: 21280: 21275: 21273:South Carolina 21270: 21265: 21260: 21255: 21250: 21245: 21240: 21238:North Carolina 21235: 21230: 21225: 21220: 21215: 21210: 21205: 21200: 21195: 21190: 21185: 21180: 21175: 21170: 21165: 21160: 21155: 21150: 21145: 21140: 21135: 21130: 21125: 21120: 21115: 21110: 21105: 21100: 21095: 21090: 21085: 21080: 21074: 21072: 21062: 21061: 21059: 21058: 21053: 21048: 21043: 21038: 21033: 21028: 21019: 21010: 21001: 20996: 20991: 20986: 20981: 20976: 20971: 20966: 20961: 20956: 20951: 20946: 20941: 20936: 20931: 20926: 20921: 20916: 20911: 20906: 20901: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20801: 20796: 20790: 20788: 20779: 20778: 20776: 20775: 20769: 20763: 20757: 20751: 20745: 20739: 20733: 20727: 20721: 20715: 20709: 20703: 20697: 20691: 20685: 20679: 20673: 20667: 20661: 20655: 20649: 20643: 20637: 20631: 20625: 20619: 20612: 20610: 20594: 20593: 20591: 20590: 20584: 20578: 20572: 20566: 20560: 20554: 20548: 20542: 20536: 20530: 20524: 20518: 20512: 20506: 20500: 20494: 20488: 20482: 20476: 20470: 20464: 20458: 20452: 20446: 20440: 20430: 20424: 20418: 20412: 20406: 20400: 20394: 20388: 20382: 20376: 20369: 20367: 20345: 20344: 20342: 20341: 20335: 20329: 20323: 20317: 20311: 20305: 20299: 20288: 20282: 20276: 20270: 20264: 20258: 20252: 20246: 20239: 20237: 20227: 20226: 20224: 20223: 20222: 20221: 20206:2024 (Chicago) 20203: 20202: 20201: 20183: 20182: 20181: 20163: 20162: 20161: 20143: 20142: 20141: 20123: 20122: 20121: 20103: 20102: 20101: 20083: 20082: 20081: 20066:1996 (Chicago) 20063: 20062: 20061: 20043: 20042: 20041: 20026:1988 (Atlanta) 20023: 20022: 20021: 20003: 20002: 20001: 19983: 19982: 19981: 19963: 19962: 19961: 19938: 19937: 19936: 19921:1968 (Chicago) 19918: 19917: 19916: 19898: 19897: 19896: 19878: 19877: 19876: 19861:1956 (Chicago) 19858: 19857: 19856: 19841:1952 (Chicago) 19838: 19837: 19836: 19818: 19817: 19816: 19801:1944 (Chicago) 19798: 19797: 19796: 19781:1940 (Chicago) 19778: 19777: 19776: 19758: 19757: 19756: 19741:1932 (Chicago) 19738: 19737: 19736: 19721:1928 (Houston) 19718: 19717: 19716: 19698: 19697: 19696: 19678: 19677: 19676: 19658: 19657: 19656: 19638: 19625: 19612: 19599: 19589:1896 (Chicago) 19586: 19576:1892 (Chicago) 19573: 19560: 19550:1884 (Chicago) 19547: 19534: 19521: 19508: 19495: 19485:1864 (Chicago) 19482: 19456: 19443: 19430: 19417: 19404: 19391: 19378: 19365: 19351: 19349: 19325: 19324: 19322: 19321: 19320: 19319: 19314: 19309: 19304: 19299: 19288: 19285: 19284: 19275: 19274: 19267: 19260: 19252: 19243: 19242: 19240: 19239: 19229: 19218: 19215: 19214: 19211: 19210: 19207: 19206: 19196: 19186: 19176: 19166: 19156: 19146: 19136: 19126: 19116: 19106: 19099:Walter Mondale 19096: 19086: 19076: 19066: 19056: 19046: 19039:Estes Kefauver 19036: 19026: 19016: 19006: 18996: 18986: 18979:Charles Curtis 18976: 18966: 18956: 18946: 18936: 18926: 18916: 18909:Henry G. Davis 18906: 18896: 18886: 18876: 18866: 18856: 18846: 18836: 18829:B. Gratz Brown 18826: 18816: 18806: 18796: 18786: 18776: 18766: 18756: 18746: 18736: 18726: 18716: 18706: 18696: 18689:Nathan Sanford 18686: 18679:John E. Howard 18676: 18666: 18652: 18642: 18632: 18622: 18615:George Clinton 18611: 18610: 18603: 18602: 18595: 18594: 18587: 18580: 18572: 18563: 18562: 18559: 18558: 18556: 18555: 18554: 18553: 18548: 18543: 18538: 18533: 18528: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18494: 18492: 18488: 18487: 18485: 18484: 18479: 18474: 18469: 18464: 18459: 18454: 18449: 18444: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18414: 18409: 18404: 18399: 18394: 18389: 18384: 18379: 18374: 18369: 18364: 18359: 18353: 18351: 18344: 18336: 18335: 18333: 18332: 18327: 18322: 18317: 18312: 18307: 18302: 18297: 18292: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18262: 18257: 18252: 18247: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18222: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18172: 18167: 18161: 18159: 18151: 18150: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18123: 18121: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18060: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17995: 17990: 17985: 17980: 17974: 17972: 17966: 17965: 17963: 17962: 17957: 17952: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17932: 17927: 17922: 17917: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17812: 17807: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17721: 17719: 17710: 17704: 17703: 17696: 17695: 17688: 17681: 17673: 17664: 17663: 17661: 17660: 17653: 17650: 17649: 17647: 17646: 17641: 17634: 17629: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17600: 17593: 17586: 17579: 17574: 17569: 17564: 17559: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17513: 17506: 17501: 17496: 17491: 17484: 17479: 17474: 17469: 17464: 17459: 17454: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17371: 17366: 17361: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17304: 17299: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17245: 17238: 17233: 17226: 17219: 17214: 17209: 17204: 17199: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17154: 17152: 17146: 17145: 17138: 17136: 17134: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16825: 16823: 16819: 16818: 16803: 16802: 16795: 16788: 16780: 16771: 16770: 16768: 16767: 16762: 16752: 16749: 16748: 16745: 16744: 16742: 16741: 16733: 16724: 16722: 16716: 16715: 16713: 16712: 16703: 16701: 16695: 16694: 16692: 16691: 16682: 16680: 16674: 16673: 16656: 16655: 16652: 16651: 16649: 16648: 16643: 16641:Robert A. Taft 16638: 16636:Harold Stassen 16633: 16628: 16623: 16617: 16615: 16611: 16610: 16608: 16607: 16599: 16590: 16588: 16581: 16567: 16566: 16563: 16562: 16560: 16559: 16554: 16548: 16546: 16542: 16541: 16539: 16538: 16530: 16520: 16518: 16511: 16497: 16496: 16479: 16478: 16471: 16464: 16456: 16447: 16446: 16444: 16443: 16438: 16428: 16425: 16424: 16421: 16420: 16418: 16417: 16409: 16407: 16403: 16402: 16400: 16399: 16391: 16382: 16380: 16374: 16373: 16371: 16370: 16362: 16353: 16351: 16345: 16344: 16342: 16341: 16332: 16330: 16324: 16323: 16306: 16305: 16302: 16301: 16299: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16271:Styles Bridges 16267: 16265: 16261: 16260: 16258: 16257: 16249: 16240: 16238: 16231: 16217: 16216: 16213: 16212: 16210: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16188: 16186: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16178: 16170: 16160: 16158: 16151: 16137: 16136: 16119: 16118: 16111: 16104: 16096: 16087: 16086: 16084: 16083: 16078: 16069: 16066: 16065: 16062: 16061: 16059: 16058: 16050: 16041: 16039: 16033: 16032: 16030: 16029: 16021: 16012: 16010: 16004: 16003: 16001: 16000: 15992: 15983: 15981: 15975: 15974: 15972: 15971: 15963: 15954: 15952: 15946: 15945: 15943: 15942: 15934: 15925: 15923: 15917: 15916: 15914: 15913: 15905: 15896: 15894: 15888: 15887: 15870: 15869: 15866: 15865: 15863: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15835:Stephen A. Day 15832: 15823: 15822: 15814: 15805: 15803: 15799: 15798: 15796: 15795: 15790: 15784: 15778: 15770: 15769: 15766: 15765: 15763: 15762: 15753: 15752: 15744: 15735: 15733: 15729: 15728: 15726: 15725: 15720: 15714: 15708: 15700: 15699: 15682: 15681: 15674: 15667: 15659: 15650: 15649: 15647: 15646: 15641: 15631: 15628: 15627: 15624: 15623: 15621: 15620: 15613: 15605: 15603: 15599: 15598: 15596: 15595: 15587: 15578: 15576: 15570: 15569: 15567: 15566: 15558: 15549: 15547: 15541: 15540: 15538: 15537: 15528: 15526: 15520: 15519: 15517: 15516: 15508: 15499: 15497: 15491: 15490: 15473: 15472: 15469: 15468: 15466: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15448:John J. Blaine 15444: 15442: 15438: 15437: 15435: 15434: 15430:Charles Curtis 15425: 15421:Herbert Hoover 15415: 15413: 15406: 15388: 15387: 15384: 15383: 15381: 15380: 15370: 15368:Albert Ritchie 15365: 15360: 15355: 15349: 15347: 15343: 15342: 15340: 15339: 15331: 15322: 15320: 15313: 15295: 15294: 15277: 15276: 15269: 15262: 15254: 15245: 15244: 15242: 15241: 15236: 15226: 15223: 15222: 15219: 15218: 15216: 15215: 15207: 15198: 15196: 15190: 15189: 15187: 15186: 15178: 15169: 15167: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15157: 15149: 15140: 15138: 15136:American Party 15132: 15131: 15129: 15128: 15120: 15111: 15109: 15103: 15102: 15100: 15099: 15091: 15082: 15080: 15074: 15073: 15071: 15070: 15062: 15059:Eugene V. Debs 15053: 15051: 15045: 15044: 15027: 15026: 15023: 15022: 15020: 15019: 15017:Robert L. Owen 15014: 15011:Woodrow Wilson 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14982: 14980: 14976: 14975: 14973: 14972: 14964: 14955: 14953: 14946: 14932: 14931: 14928: 14927: 14925: 14924: 14922:Herbert Hoover 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14868: 14866: 14862: 14861: 14859: 14858: 14850: 14841: 14839: 14832: 14818: 14817: 14800: 14799: 14792: 14785: 14777: 14768: 14767: 14765: 14764: 14757: 14755: 14749: 14748: 14746: 14745: 14739: 14736:Jesse H. Jones 14733: 14727: 14720: 14718: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14708: 14702: 14695: 14693: 14687: 14686: 14684: 14683: 14676: 14674: 14668: 14667: 14665: 14664: 14658: 14652: 14649:Charles Edison 14646: 14639: 14637: 14631: 14630: 14628: 14627: 14621: 14614: 14612: 14606: 14605: 14603: 14602: 14599:Francis Biddle 14596: 14590: 14584: 14577: 14575: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14565: 14559: 14553: 14546: 14544: 14538: 14537: 14535: 14534: 14528: 14521: 14519: 14513: 14512: 14510: 14509: 14503: 14496: 14494: 14488: 14487: 14480: 14478: 14476: 14475: 14469: 14463: 14456: 14454: 14452:Vice President 14448: 14447: 14432: 14431: 14424: 14417: 14409: 14400: 14399: 14397: 14396: 14386: 14375: 14372: 14371: 14369: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14252: 14250: 14244: 14243: 14239: 14238: 14228: 14218: 14208: 14201:George W. Bush 14198: 14188: 14178: 14168: 14158: 14148: 14138: 14128: 14118: 14108: 14098: 14088: 14081:Herbert Hoover 14078: 14068: 14058: 14051:Woodrow Wilson 14048: 14038: 14028: 14018: 14008: 13998: 13988: 13978: 13968: 13958: 13948: 13941:Andrew Johnson 13938: 13928: 13921:James Buchanan 13918: 13908: 13898: 13891:Zachary Taylor 13888: 13878: 13868: 13858: 13848: 13841:Andrew Jackson 13838: 13828: 13818: 13808: 13798: 13788: 13777: 13776: 13775: 13773: 13770:Presidents and 13767: 13766: 13759: 13758: 13751: 13744: 13736: 13730: 13727: 13726: 13714: 13713: 13709: 13708: 13703: 13700: 13688: 13683: 13679: 13678: 13673: 13670: 13658: 13653: 13649: 13648: 13644: 13643: 13638: 13635: 13610: 13609: 13604: 13601: 13582: 13577: 13573: 13572: 13567: 13564: 13549: 13544: 13540: 13539: 13535: 13534: 13529: 13526: 13517: 13514:Herbert Hoover 13512: 13508: 13507: 13502: 13499: 13490: 13485: 13481: 13480: 13475: 13472: 13463: 13458: 13454: 13453: 13449: 13448: 13443: 13440: 13431:Member of the 13428: 13425: 13421: 13420: 13412: 13409: 13408: 13396: 13395: 13393: 13392: 13379: 13378: 13371: 13363: 13360: 13359: 13357: 13356: 13350: 13344: 13338: 13332: 13331:(half-brother) 13326: 13320: 13314: 13308: 13302: 13296: 13290: 13284: 13277: 13275: 13260: 13259: 13257: 13256: 13251: 13250: 13249: 13241: 13237:The First Lady 13233: 13229:The Roosevelts 13225: 13217: 13209: 13201: 13193: 13179: 13171: 13160: 13152: 13150:Roosevelt dime 13147: 13142: 13135: 13127: 13122: 13114: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13095: 13094: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13073: 13072: 13067: 13057: 13052: 13046: 13044: 13040: 13039: 13037: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13015: 13014: 13004: 12999: 12998: 12997: 12986: 12984: 12983:Life and homes 12980: 12979: 12977: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12960: 12959: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12903: 12901: 12895: 12894: 12892: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12865: 12863: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12813: 12808: 12805:Look to Norway 12801: 12799:Fireside chats 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12758: 12756: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12725: 12724: 12714: 12713: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12665:Four Policemen 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12636: 12635: 12630: 12619: 12617: 12615:foreign policy 12609: 12608: 12606: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12578:March of Dimes 12575: 12570: 12565: 12564: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12517: 12516: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12478: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12449: 12444: 12443: 12442: 12437: 12427: 12426: 12425: 12423:Silver seizure 12420: 12410: 12405: 12404: 12403: 12393: 12392: 12391: 12381: 12380: 12379: 12369: 12368: 12367: 12362: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12311: 12310: 12305: 12303:First 100 days 12300: 12295: 12285: 12283:Foreign policy 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12249: 12243: 12241: 12229: 12228: 12226: 12225: 12217: 12209: 12198: 12186: 12183: 12182: 12175: 12174: 12167: 12160: 12152: 12146: 12145: 12136: 12121: 12112: 12105: 12091: 12090: 12089: 12064: 12055: 12044: 12035: 12029: 12020: 12019: 12014: 12008: 12004: 12001: 12000: 11995: 11989: 11988: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11973:External links 11971: 11969: 11968: 11962: 11948:Wyman, David S 11944: 11938: 11925: 11919: 11897: 11891: 11876: 11870: 11854: 11848: 11827: 11815:10.2307/202828 11796: 11790: 11772: 11766: 11751: 11745: 11730: 11724: 11709: 11703: 11683: 11672: 11667: 11654: 11644: 11638: 11623: 11617: 11599: 11590: 11575: 11569: 11551: 11545: 11530: 11524: 11510:Lash, Joseph P 11506: 11499: 11481: 11474: 11457: 11451: 11436: 11430: 11415: 11409: 11396: 11385: 11379: 11361: 11355: 11349:. EHDP Press. 11342: 11336: 11321: 11320: 11319: 11312: 11302: 11292: 11267:Freidel, Frank 11263: 11257: 11244: 11239: 11226: 11216: 11210: 11197: 11188: 11176:Dallek, Robert 11172: 11166: 11148: 11134: 11116: 11076: 11070: 11062:2027/heb.00626 11047: 11041: 11026: 11020: 11003: 10989: 10972: 10966: 10948: 10941: 10923: 10918:978-1598133561 10917: 10901: 10896: 10877: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10863: 10838: 10816: 10791: 10766: 10740: 10713: 10688: 10670: 10657: 10655:, p. 626. 10645: 10633: 10621: 10609: 10596: 10587: 10581: 10559: 10547: 10535: 10529: 10504: 10497: 10479: 10467: 10432: 10404: 10372: 10354: 10328: 10302: 10290: 10262: 10235: 10209: 10197: 10175:Medoff, Rafael 10161: 10133: 10124: 10110: 10098: 10061: 10049: 10034: 10015: 10008: 9988: 9981: 9957: 9942: 9908: 9882: 9875: 9855: 9829: 9817: 9810: 9783: 9755: 9753:, p. 620. 9743: 9718: 9690: 9647: 9619: 9590: 9588:, p. 587. 9578: 9576:, p. 520. 9566: 9554: 9552:, p. 321. 9542: 9530: 9518: 9506: 9471: 9452: 9450:, p. 448. 9440: 9414: 9388: 9376: 9347: 9335: 9323: 9311: 9299: 9297:, p. 343. 9287: 9285:, p. 333. 9275: 9273:, p. 436. 9263: 9251: 9249:, p. 602. 9239: 9225: 9223:, p. 785. 9213: 9211:, p. 228. 9201: 9189: 9177: 9165: 9153: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9100: 9074: 9062: 9050: 9038: 9025: 9013: 9001: 8989: 8977: 8965: 8953: 8951:, p. 580. 8941: 8929: 8922: 8904: 8889: 8887:, p. 546. 8877: 8870: 8846: 8844:, p. 547. 8834: 8822: 8810: 8808:, p. 159. 8798: 8786: 8779: 8759: 8757:, p. 184. 8755:Sainsbury 1994 8747: 8735: 8723: 8711: 8699: 8687: 8675: 8663: 8651: 8639: 8627: 8615: 8613:, p. 502. 8603: 8591: 8579: 8560: 8538: 8536:, p. 119. 8534:Churchill 1977 8526: 8497: 8485: 8473: 8461: 8448: 8435: 8422: 8420:, p. 454. 8410: 8398: 8386: 8384:, p. 472. 8374: 8362: 8355: 8334: 8322: 8309: 8307:, p. 438. 8297: 8285: 8283:, p. 420. 8273: 8261: 8243: 8231: 8219: 8207: 8195: 8183: 8171: 8159: 8133: 8121: 8109: 8107:, p. 180. 8097: 8095:, p. 256. 8085: 8073: 8071:, p. 255. 8061: 8059:, p. 254. 8049: 8037: 8025: 8013: 7997: 7976: 7957: 7909: 7896: 7837: 7825: 7803: 7796: 7778: 7753: 7733: 7721: 7709: 7697: 7695:, p. 320. 7685: 7673: 7661: 7649: 7635: 7615: 7592: 7572: 7546: 7534: 7532:, p. 312. 7522: 7510: 7499:(4): 1052–80. 7483: 7476: 7456: 7444: 7442:, p. 284. 7432: 7430:, p. 366. 7420: 7408: 7396: 7384: 7367: 7365:, p. 226. 7355: 7353:, p. 350. 7343: 7328: 7316: 7310:Colin Gordon, 7303: 7301:, p. 291. 7291: 7279: 7277:, p. 353. 7267: 7265:, p. 670. 7255: 7243: 7231: 7205:(4): 1100–43. 7180: 7178:, p. 249. 7168: 7156: 7144: 7142:, p. 160. 7132: 7130:, p. 346. 7120: 7108: 7106:, p. 124. 7096: 7084: 7082:, p. 322. 7069: 7057: 7034: 7032:, p. 312. 7022: 7010: 6968: 6956: 6944: 6942:, p. 190. 6932: 6920: 6915:The New Yorker 6901: 6899:, p. 147. 6889: 6877: 6875:, p. 146. 6865: 6853: 6841: 6837:Sternsher 1975 6829: 6817: 6805: 6803:, p. 279. 6793: 6791:, p. 278. 6781: 6769: 6757: 6755:, p. 139. 6745: 6733: 6687: 6675: 6650: 6643: 6619: 6607: 6605:, p. 121. 6595: 6583: 6571: 6559: 6547: 6535: 6523: 6511: 6499: 6497:, p. 229. 6487: 6485:, p. 101. 6475: 6463: 6451: 6439: 6437:, p. 100. 6427: 6414: 6408:Conrad Black, 6401: 6399:, p. 231. 6389: 6377: 6358: 6346: 6334: 6322: 6310: 6298: 6286: 6274: 6272:, p. 220. 6262: 6260:, p. 332. 6250: 6248:, p. 120. 6238: 6236:, p. 125. 6226: 6214: 6211:. p. 192. 6199: 6196:. p. 179. 6184: 6169: 6167:, p. 355. 6157: 6084: 6069: 6057: 6045: 6033: 6021: 6019:, p. 181. 6009: 5997: 5985: 5973: 5961: 5957:Underwood 1991 5949: 5937: 5925: 5893: 5881: 5869: 5857: 5845: 5833: 5821: 5819:, p. 125. 5809: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5771:, p. 212. 5761: 5749: 5737: 5725: 5712: 5700: 5688: 5676: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5589: 5577: 5565: 5553: 5541: 5529: 5514: 5502: 5500:, p. 254. 5490: 5488:, p. 153. 5478: 5476:, p. 340. 5466: 5440: 5421: 5419:, p. 195. 5409: 5397: 5385: 5383:, p. 160. 5373: 5371:, p. 153. 5361: 5354: 5330: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5282: 5270: 5258: 5246: 5216: 5204: 5182: 5164: 5152: 5140: 5128: 5126:, p. 175. 5116: 5094: 5092:, p. 176. 5082: 5056: 5054:, p. 174. 5044: 5032: 5002: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4954:, p. 110. 4944: 4932: 4930:, p. 111. 4920: 4908: 4893: 4878: 4856: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4787: 4777: 4764: 4754: 4737: 4716: 4702: 4689: 4676: 4663: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4512: 4505: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4483:Welfare Island 4456:March of Dimes 4406:Main article: 4403: 4400: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4274:Final Solution 4246: 4243: 4225:John J. McCloy 4201: 4198: 4156: 4153: 4117:Herbert Hoover 4083: 4080: 4078:in September. 4033:United Nations 3994: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3911: 3908: 3871: 3868: 3809:Jesse H. Jones 3771:Main article: 3768: 3765: 3752:island hopping 3653: 3650: 3608: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3576:United Nations 3568:Dumbarton Oaks 3529:Four Policemen 3515: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3498: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3479: 3476: 3425: 3422: 3402:Ernest J. King 3346: 3343: 3320: 3302: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3268: 3255: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3199:(stationed at 3185:Fumimaro Konoe 3167: 3166: 3157: 3156: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3131:Southeast Asia 3119:British Malaya 3092:Roosevelt and 3079: 3076: 2971: 2957: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2918:, and Admiral 2882:Main article: 2879: 2876: 2836:Western Europe 2815:Main article: 2812: 2809: 2785:Fall of France 2770:cash-and-carry 2766:Neutrality Act 2738:Czechoslovakia 2704:King George VI 2573:Getúlio Vargas 2561:Main article: 2558: 2555: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2395: 2392: 2365: 2362: 2336:capital strike 2332:monopoly power 2253:in July 1937. 2199: 2196: 2129:Main article: 2126: 2123: 2099:General Motors 2023:Main article: 2020: 2017: 1890:first 100 Days 1873:Main article: 1870: 1867: 1863:fireside chats 1837: 1828:Sample of the 1827: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1794:Main article: 1791: 1788: 1776: 1773: 1734:Main article: 1731: 1728: 1611:Main article: 1608: 1605: 1543:fireside chats 1484:Main article: 1481: 1478: 1371:1922 elections 1348: 1345: 1309:prohibitionist 1280: 1277: 1273:Herbert Hoover 1265:William Benson 1147: 1144: 1136:1912 elections 1112:Woodrow Wilson 1065:1910 elections 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 962: 959: 878: 871: 870: 866: 859: 858: 857: 856: 855: 853: 850: 781: 778: 776: 773: 753:United Nations 651:Herbert Hoover 607:Woodrow Wilson 555: 554: 551: 550: 534: 523: 518: 517: 516: 515: 514: 511: 510: 503: 499: 498: 496: 495: 490: 479: 477: 473: 472: 470: 469: 464: 458: 456: 452: 451: 449: 448: 443: 437: 435: 431: 430: 408: 404: 403: 388: 382: 381: 379: 375: 374: 369: 365: 364: 359: 355: 354: 348:(aged 63) 344:April 12, 1945 342: 338: 337: 320: 318: 314: 313: 309: 308: 305: 304: 299: 293: 292: 287: 281: 280: 270: 269: 257:Member of the 254: 253: 248: 242: 241: 236: 230: 229: 227:Woodrow Wilson 224: 220: 219: 209: 208: 202: 201: 196: 190: 189: 184: 178: 177: 174: 168: 167: 157: 156: 149: 148: 143: 137: 136: 134:Herbert Hoover 131: 125: 124: 122: 121: 116: 114: 107: 105: 98: 95: 93: 90:Vice President 85: 84: 74: 73: 66: 65: 62: 61: 58: 50: 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26824: 26813: 26810: 26808: 26805: 26803: 26800: 26798: 26795: 26793: 26790: 26788: 26785: 26783: 26780: 26778: 26775: 26773: 26770: 26768: 26765: 26763: 26760: 26758: 26755: 26753: 26750: 26748: 26745: 26743: 26740: 26738: 26735: 26733: 26730: 26728: 26725: 26723: 26720: 26718: 26715: 26713: 26710: 26708: 26705: 26703: 26700: 26698: 26697:Delano family 26695: 26693: 26690: 26688: 26685: 26683: 26680: 26678: 26675: 26673: 26670: 26668: 26665: 26663: 26660: 26658: 26655: 26653: 26650: 26648: 26645: 26643: 26640: 26638: 26635: 26633: 26630: 26628: 26625: 26623: 26620: 26618: 26615: 26614: 26612: 26602: 26601:United States 26592: 26590: 26585: 26580: 26578: 26568: 26566: 26561: 26556: 26554: 26544: 26542: 26532: 26530: 26520: 26518: 26508: 26507: 26504: 26484: 26480: 26477: 26476:Mother Teresa 26473: 26470: 26466: 26463: 26459: 26456: 26452: 26449: 26445: 26442: 26438: 26435: 26431: 26428: 26424: 26421: 26417: 26414: 26410: 26407: 26403: 26400: 26396: 26393: 26389: 26385: 26382: 26378: 26375: 26371: 26368: 26364: 26361: 26357: 26354: 26350: 26347: 26343: 26342: 26340: 26336: 26329: 26325: 26322: 26318: 26315: 26311: 26310:Francis Crick 26307: 26304: 26300: 26297: 26293: 26290: 26286: 26283: 26279: 26276: 26275:Leakey family 26272: 26269: 26265: 26262: 26258: 26255: 26251: 26248: 26244: 26241: 26240:Sigmund Freud 26237: 26234: 26230: 26227: 26223: 26220: 26216: 26213: 26209: 26206: 26205:Rachel Carson 26202: 26199: 26195: 26192: 26191:Leo Baekeland 26188: 26187: 26185: 26181: 26174: 26170: 26167: 26163: 26160: 26156: 26153: 26152:David Sarnoff 26149: 26146: 26142: 26139: 26135: 26132: 26128: 26125: 26121: 26118: 26114: 26111: 26110:Lucky Luciano 26107: 26104: 26100: 26097: 26093: 26090: 26086: 26083: 26079: 26076: 26072: 26069: 26065: 26062: 26058: 26055: 26051: 26048: 26044: 26041: 26037: 26036: 26034: 26030: 26023: 26022:Oprah Winfrey 26019: 26016: 26012: 26009: 26005: 26002: 26001:Frank Sinatra 25998: 25995: 25991: 25988: 25984: 25981: 25980:Pablo Picasso 25977: 25974: 25970: 25967: 25963: 25960: 25959:Martha Graham 25956: 25953: 25949: 25946: 25942: 25939: 25935: 25932: 25928: 25925: 25921: 25918: 25914: 25911: 25910:Marlon Brando 25907: 25904: 25900: 25897: 25893: 25890: 25886: 25885: 25883: 25879: 25872: 25868: 25865: 25861: 25858: 25854: 25851: 25847: 25844: 25840: 25837: 25833: 25830: 25826: 25823: 25822:Ronald Reagan 25819: 25816: 25812: 25809: 25805: 25802: 25798: 25795: 25791: 25788: 25784: 25781: 25777: 25774: 25770: 25767: 25763: 25760: 25756: 25753: 25749: 25746: 25742: 25739: 25735: 25734: 25732: 25728: 25724: 25722: 25714: 25709: 25707: 25702: 25700: 25695: 25694: 25691: 25679: 25676: 25674: 25671: 25669: 25666: 25664: 25661: 25659: 25658: 25657:Escuadrón 201 25654: 25653: 25651: 25649:(Lehiyonaryo) 25645: 25639: 25636: 25634: 25631: 25630: 25628: 25624: 25618: 25615: 25613: 25610: 25608: 25607:Eulogio Balao 25605: 25603: 25600: 25599: 25597: 25593: 25587: 25584: 25583: 25581: 25577:Grand Officer 25575: 25569: 25566: 25564: 25561: 25559: 25556: 25554: 25551: 25549: 25546: 25544: 25541: 25540: 25538: 25532: 25526: 25523: 25521: 25518: 25516: 25513: 25511: 25508: 25506: 25503: 25501: 25498: 25496: 25493: 25491: 25490:Jesse Robredo 25488: 25486: 25485:Sergio Osmeña 25483: 25481: 25480:Imelda Marcos 25478: 25476: 25473: 25471: 25468: 25466: 25463: 25461: 25458: 25455: 25453: 25450: 25448: 25445: 25443: 25440: 25438: 25435: 25434: 25432: 25426: 25421: 25416: 25411: 25403: 25398: 25396: 25391: 25389: 25384: 25383: 25380: 25368: 25367:Wilbur Wright 25365: 25363: 25360: 25358: 25355: 25353: 25350: 25348: 25345: 25343: 25340: 25338: 25335: 25333: 25330: 25328: 25325: 25323: 25320: 25318: 25315: 25313: 25310: 25308: 25305: 25303: 25300: 25298: 25295: 25293: 25290: 25288: 25285: 25283: 25280: 25278: 25275: 25273: 25270: 25268: 25265: 25263: 25260: 25258: 25255: 25253: 25250: 25248: 25245: 25243: 25240: 25238: 25235: 25233: 25230: 25228: 25225: 25223: 25220: 25218: 25215: 25213: 25210: 25208: 25205: 25203: 25202:Simon Newcomb 25200: 25198: 25195: 25193: 25190: 25188: 25185: 25183: 25180: 25178: 25175: 25173: 25170: 25168: 25165: 25163: 25162:John Marshall 25160: 25158: 25155: 25153: 25152:James Madison 25150: 25148: 25145: 25143: 25140: 25138: 25135: 25133: 25130: 25128: 25125: 25123: 25122:Robert E. Lee 25120: 25118: 25117:Sidney Lanier 25115: 25113: 25110: 25108: 25105: 25103: 25100: 25098: 25095: 25093: 25090: 25088: 25085: 25083: 25080: 25078: 25075: 25073: 25070: 25068: 25065: 25063: 25062:Patrick Henry 25060: 25058: 25055: 25053: 25050: 25048: 25045: 25043: 25040: 25038: 25035: 25033: 25030: 25028: 25025: 25023: 25022:Robert Fulton 25020: 25018: 25015: 25013: 25010: 25008: 25005: 25003: 25000: 24998: 24995: 24993: 24990: 24988: 24985: 24983: 24980: 24978: 24975: 24973: 24970: 24968: 24965: 24963: 24960: 24958: 24955: 24953: 24950: 24948: 24945: 24943: 24940: 24938: 24935: 24933: 24930: 24928: 24925: 24923: 24920: 24918: 24915: 24913: 24910: 24908: 24905: 24903: 24900: 24898: 24895: 24893: 24890: 24888: 24885: 24883: 24880: 24878: 24877:Louis Agassiz 24875: 24873: 24870: 24868: 24865: 24863: 24860: 24859: 24856: 24851: 24844: 24839: 24837: 24832: 24830: 24825: 24824: 24821: 24807: 24803: 24799: 24795: 24791: 24787: 24783: 24779: 24778:Kamala Harris 24775: 24771: 24767: 24763: 24758: 24757: 24752: 24748: 24744: 24740: 24734: 24730: 24726: 24722: 24718: 24714: 24713:Angela Merkel 24710: 24705: 24704:Salome Karwah 24701: 24697: 24692: 24688: 24684: 24680: 24676: 24672: 24671:The Protester 24668: 24664: 24660: 24656: 24652: 24648: 24644: 24640: 24636: 24632: 24628: 24623: 24622:Melinda Gates 24619: 24615: 24609: 24605: 24601: 24597: 24593: 24588: 24584: 24583:Coleen Rowley 24580: 24574: 24570: 24566: 24565: 24563: 24559: 24551: 24547: 24543: 24539: 24535: 24531: 24527: 24523: 24519: 24515: 24511: 24507: 24506:Newt Gingrich 24503: 24499: 24495: 24490: 24489:Yitzhak Rabin 24486: 24482: 24478: 24477:Yasser Arafat 24472: 24468: 24464: 24460: 24456: 24452: 24448: 24444: 24440: 24436: 24432: 24428: 24424: 24420: 24416: 24412: 24411:Deng Xiaoping 24408: 24404: 24400: 24396: 24395:Yuri Andropov 24392: 24391:Ronald Reagan 24388: 24384: 24380: 24376: 24372: 24368: 24367:Ronald Reagan 24364: 24360: 24356: 24352: 24351:Deng Xiaoping 24348: 24344: 24340: 24336: 24332: 24331: 24329: 24325: 24316: 24312: 24308: 24304: 24300: 24296: 24292: 24288: 24284: 24280: 24276: 24272: 24266: 24262: 24258: 24254: 24250: 24246: 24245:Richard Nixon 24242: 24238: 24234: 24233:Richard Nixon 24230: 24226: 24222: 24218: 24214: 24209: 24205: 24201: 24197: 24192: 24188: 24184: 24180: 24176: 24172: 24168: 24164: 24160: 24156: 24152: 24148: 24144: 24140: 24136: 24131: 24127: 24123: 24119: 24118:Edward Teller 24115: 24111: 24107: 24103: 24099: 24098:Linus Pauling 24095: 24094:Willard Libby 24091: 24087: 24083: 24079: 24075: 24074:George Beadle 24069: 24065: 24061: 24057: 24053: 24049: 24045: 24041: 24037: 24033: 24029: 24025: 24021: 24017: 24013: 24009: 24008:Elizabeth II 24005: 24001: 23997: 23996: 23994: 23990: 23982: 23978: 23974: 23970: 23966: 23962: 23958: 23954: 23950: 23946: 23942: 23938: 23934: 23930: 23926: 23922: 23918: 23917:Joseph Stalin 23914: 23910: 23906: 23902: 23898: 23894: 23893:Joseph Stalin 23890: 23886: 23882: 23878: 23874: 23870: 23866: 23862: 23858: 23854: 23850: 23846: 23842: 23838: 23834: 23830: 23826: 23822: 23818: 23814: 23810: 23809:Owen D. Young 23806: 23802: 23798: 23794: 23790: 23789: 23787: 23783: 23779: 23777: 23769: 23764: 23762: 23757: 23755: 23750: 23749: 23746: 23733: 23730: 23727: 23724: 23721: 23718: 23715: 23712: 23710:(grandmother) 23709: 23706: 23704:(grandfather) 23703: 23700: 23697: 23694: 23691: 23688: 23685: 23682: 23679: 23676: 23673: 23670: 23667: 23664: 23661: 23658: 23655: 23652: 23649: 23646: 23643: 23640: 23637: 23634: 23631: 23628: 23625: 23622: 23619: 23616: 23613: 23610: 23608: 23605: 23602: 23599: 23598: 23596: 23594: 23590: 23584: 23583:Lorena Hickok 23581: 23579: 23576: 23572: 23569: 23567: 23564: 23563: 23562: 23559: 23557: 23554: 23553: 23551: 23547: 23541: 23539: 23535: 23533: 23531: 23527: 23525: 23523: 23519: 23517: 23515: 23511: 23509: 23507: 23503: 23501: 23499: 23495: 23492: 23491: 23487: 23484: 23483: 23479: 23477: 23475: 23471: 23469: 23466: 23464: 23460: 23458: 23456: 23452: 23450: 23449: 23444: 23442: 23439: 23437: 23434: 23432: 23429: 23427: 23424: 23422: 23419: 23415: 23412: 23411: 23410: 23407: 23406: 23404: 23400: 23394: 23391: 23387: 23384: 23383: 23382: 23379: 23375: 23372: 23371: 23370: 23367: 23366: 23364: 23360: 23354: 23351: 23347: 23344: 23343: 23342: 23339: 23337: 23334: 23333: 23331: 23327: 23321: 23320:Freedom House 23318: 23316: 23315: 23311: 23309: 23306: 23304: 23303:Black Cabinet 23301: 23297: 23294: 23293: 23292: 23289: 23287: 23283: 23280: 23278: 23275: 23273: 23270: 23268: 23265: 23263: 23260: 23259: 23257: 23253:First Lady of 23251: 23245: 23242: 23238: 23235: 23234: 23233: 23230: 23228: 23225: 23223: 23220: 23219: 23217: 23213: 23206: 23203: 23200: 23197: 23194: 23193: 23190: 23186: 23179: 23174: 23172: 23167: 23165: 23160: 23159: 23156: 23145: 23140: 23130: 23127: 23125: 23122: 23121: 23119: 23117: 23113: 23107: 23104: 23101: 23098: 23095: 23093: 23090: 23088: 23087:Scalia (2016) 23085: 23083: 23081: 23077: 23075: 23072: 23070: 23067: 23065: 23063: 23059: 23057: 23054: 23052: 23050: 23046: 23045: 23043: 23041: 23035: 23028: 23025: 23023: 23019: 23017: 23015: 23011: 23009: 23007: 23003: 23001: 22999: 22995: 22992: 22989: 22987: 22983: 22981: 22979: 22975: 22973: 22971: 22967: 22966: 22964: 22962: 22958: 22955: 22953: 22949: 22939: 22936: 22934: 22931: 22929: 22926: 22924: 22923:Graham (2018) 22921: 22919: 22916: 22914: 22911: 22910: 22908: 22906: 22902: 22899: 22897: 22896:Lain in honor 22893: 22883: 22881: 22877: 22876: 22874: 22872: 22868: 22862: 22859: 22858: 22856: 22854: 22850: 22844: 22843:Hooper (1875) 22841: 22840: 22838: 22836: 22835:House Chamber 22832: 22826: 22823: 22820: 22817: 22814: 22812: 22809: 22808: 22806: 22804: 22800: 22794: 22791: 22789: 22786: 22784: 22781: 22778: 22775: 22773: 22769: 22767: 22766:McCain (2018) 22764: 22762: 22761:Inouye (2012) 22759: 22756: 22753: 22751: 22747: 22744: 22741: 22739: 22735: 22733: 22732:Pepper (1989) 22730: 22728: 22724: 22721: 22719: 22716: 22714: 22712: 22708: 22706: 22703: 22701: 22698: 22696: 22694: 22690: 22688: 22686: 22682: 22680: 22677: 22674: 22671: 22669: 22665: 22663: 22660: 22658: 22655: 22653: 22650: 22648: 22646: 22642: 22640: 22638: 22634: 22632: 22629: 22627: 22624: 22622: 22619: 22617: 22615: 22611: 22609: 22606: 22604: 22602: 22598: 22596: 22595:Wilson (1875) 22593: 22591: 22590:Sumner (1874) 22588: 22586: 22583: 22580: 22577: 22575: 22571: 22569: 22566: 22565: 22563: 22561: 22557: 22554: 22552: 22551:Lain in state 22548: 22544: 22539: 22534: 22530: 22526: 22525:lain in state 22518: 22513: 22511: 22506: 22504: 22499: 22498: 22495: 22483: 22480: 22478: 22475: 22474: 22471: 22465: 22462: 22460: 22457: 22455: 22452: 22450: 22447: 22445: 22442: 22440: 22439:Harry Hopkins 22437: 22435: 22432: 22430: 22427: 22425: 22422: 22421: 22419: 22415: 22409: 22406: 22404: 22401: 22399: 22396: 22394: 22391: 22389: 22386: 22383: 22379: 22376: 22374: 22371: 22369: 22366: 22364: 22361: 22359: 22356: 22354: 22351: 22349: 22346: 22345: 22343: 22339: 22333: 22330: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22303: 22300: 22298: 22295: 22293: 22290: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22248: 22245: 22243: 22240: 22238: 22235: 22233: 22230: 22228: 22225: 22223: 22220: 22219: 22217: 22213: 22207: 22204: 22202: 22199: 22197: 22194: 22192: 22189: 22187: 22184: 22183: 22181: 22177: 22173: 22166: 22161: 22159: 22154: 22152: 22147: 22146: 22143: 22130: 22126: 22123: 22120: 22116: 22113: 22110: 22106: 22103: 22100: 22096: 22093: 22090: 22086: 22083: 22080: 22076: 22073: 22070: 22066: 22063: 22060: 22056: 22053: 22050: 22046: 22043: 22040: 22036: 22033: 22030: 22026: 22023: 22020: 22016: 22013: 22010: 22006: 22003: 22000: 21996: 21993: 21990: 21986: 21983: 21980: 21976: 21973: 21970: 21966: 21963: 21960: 21956: 21953: 21950: 21946: 21943: 21940: 21936: 21933: 21930: 21926: 21923: 21920: 21916: 21913: 21910: 21906: 21903: 21902: 21900: 21896: 21890: 21887: 21885: 21882: 21880: 21877: 21875: 21872: 21870: 21867: 21865: 21862: 21860: 21857: 21855: 21852: 21850: 21847: 21845: 21842: 21840: 21837: 21835: 21832: 21830: 21827: 21825: 21822: 21820: 21817: 21815: 21812: 21810: 21807: 21805: 21802: 21800: 21797: 21795: 21792: 21790: 21787: 21785: 21782: 21780: 21777: 21775: 21772: 21770: 21767: 21765: 21762: 21760: 21757: 21755: 21752: 21750: 21747: 21745: 21742: 21740: 21737: 21735: 21732: 21730: 21727: 21725: 21722: 21720: 21717: 21715: 21712: 21710: 21707: 21705: 21702: 21700: 21697: 21695: 21692: 21690: 21687: 21685: 21682: 21680: 21677: 21675: 21672: 21670: 21667: 21665: 21662: 21660: 21657: 21655: 21652: 21650: 21647: 21645: 21642: 21641: 21639: 21635: 21631: 21624: 21619: 21617: 21612: 21610: 21605: 21604: 21601: 21589: 21586: 21584: 21581: 21579: 21576: 21574: 21571: 21569: 21566: 21564: 21563:Superdelegate 21561: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21551: 21549: 21546: 21545: 21543: 21539: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21517: 21514: 21513: 21512: 21509: 21507: 21504: 21502: 21499: 21497: 21494: 21493: 21491: 21487: 21481: 21478: 21476: 21473: 21471: 21468: 21466: 21463: 21461: 21458: 21456: 21453: 21451: 21448: 21447: 21445: 21441: 21433: 21430: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21413: 21410: 21409: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21396: 21393: 21391: 21388: 21387: 21386: 21385:Senate Caucus 21383: 21382: 21380: 21376: 21373: 21371: 21365: 21359: 21356: 21354: 21351: 21349: 21346: 21344: 21341: 21339: 21336: 21334: 21331: 21329: 21326: 21324: 21321: 21319: 21316: 21314: 21313:West Virginia 21311: 21309: 21306: 21304: 21301: 21299: 21296: 21294: 21291: 21289: 21286: 21284: 21281: 21279: 21276: 21274: 21271: 21269: 21266: 21264: 21261: 21259: 21256: 21254: 21251: 21249: 21246: 21244: 21241: 21239: 21236: 21234: 21231: 21229: 21226: 21224: 21221: 21219: 21218:New Hampshire 21216: 21214: 21211: 21209: 21206: 21204: 21201: 21199: 21196: 21194: 21191: 21189: 21186: 21184: 21181: 21179: 21178:Massachusetts 21176: 21174: 21171: 21169: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21159: 21156: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21141: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21124: 21121: 21119: 21116: 21114: 21111: 21109: 21106: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21075: 21073: 21071: 21063: 21057: 21054: 21052: 21049: 21047: 21044: 21042: 21039: 21037: 21034: 21032: 21029: 21027: 21023: 21020: 21018: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21005: 21002: 21000: 20997: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20975: 20972: 20970: 20967: 20965: 20962: 20960: 20957: 20955: 20952: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20942: 20940: 20937: 20935: 20932: 20930: 20927: 20925: 20922: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20791: 20789: 20787: 20780: 20773: 20770: 20767: 20764: 20761: 20758: 20755: 20752: 20749: 20746: 20743: 20740: 20737: 20734: 20731: 20728: 20725: 20722: 20719: 20716: 20713: 20710: 20707: 20704: 20701: 20698: 20695: 20692: 20689: 20686: 20683: 20680: 20677: 20674: 20671: 20668: 20665: 20662: 20659: 20656: 20653: 20650: 20647: 20644: 20641: 20638: 20635: 20632: 20629: 20626: 20623: 20620: 20617: 20614: 20613: 20611: 20609: 20601: 20595: 20588: 20585: 20582: 20579: 20576: 20573: 20570: 20567: 20564: 20561: 20558: 20555: 20552: 20549: 20546: 20543: 20540: 20537: 20534: 20531: 20528: 20525: 20522: 20519: 20516: 20513: 20510: 20507: 20504: 20501: 20498: 20495: 20492: 20489: 20486: 20483: 20480: 20477: 20474: 20471: 20468: 20465: 20462: 20459: 20456: 20453: 20450: 20447: 20444: 20441: 20438: 20434: 20431: 20428: 20425: 20422: 20419: 20416: 20413: 20410: 20407: 20404: 20401: 20398: 20395: 20392: 20389: 20386: 20383: 20380: 20377: 20374: 20371: 20370: 20368: 20366: 20357: 20352: 20346: 20339: 20336: 20333: 20330: 20327: 20324: 20321: 20318: 20315: 20314:L. B. Johnson 20312: 20309: 20306: 20303: 20300: 20297: 20293: 20289: 20286: 20283: 20280: 20277: 20274: 20271: 20268: 20265: 20262: 20259: 20256: 20253: 20250: 20247: 20244: 20241: 20240: 20238: 20236: 20232: 20228: 20220: 20217: 20216: 20215: 20211: 20207: 20204: 20200: 20197: 20196: 20195: 20191: 20187: 20184: 20180: 20177: 20176: 20175: 20171: 20167: 20164: 20160: 20157: 20156: 20155: 20151: 20147: 20144: 20140: 20137: 20136: 20135: 20131: 20127: 20126:2008 (Denver) 20124: 20120: 20117: 20116: 20115: 20111: 20107: 20106:2004 (Boston) 20104: 20100: 20097: 20096: 20095: 20091: 20087: 20084: 20080: 20077: 20076: 20075: 20071: 20067: 20064: 20060: 20057: 20056: 20055: 20051: 20047: 20044: 20040: 20037: 20036: 20035: 20031: 20027: 20024: 20020: 20017: 20016: 20015: 20011: 20007: 20004: 20000: 19997: 19996: 19995: 19991: 19987: 19984: 19980: 19977: 19976: 19975: 19971: 19967: 19964: 19960: 19957: 19956: 19954: 19950: 19946: 19942: 19939: 19935: 19932: 19931: 19930: 19926: 19922: 19919: 19915: 19912: 19911: 19910: 19906: 19902: 19899: 19895: 19892: 19891: 19890: 19886: 19882: 19879: 19875: 19872: 19871: 19870: 19866: 19862: 19859: 19855: 19852: 19851: 19850: 19846: 19842: 19839: 19835: 19832: 19831: 19830: 19826: 19822: 19819: 19815: 19812: 19811: 19810: 19806: 19802: 19799: 19795: 19792: 19791: 19790: 19786: 19782: 19779: 19775: 19772: 19771: 19770: 19766: 19762: 19759: 19755: 19752: 19751: 19750: 19746: 19742: 19739: 19735: 19732: 19731: 19730: 19726: 19722: 19719: 19715: 19712: 19711: 19710: 19706: 19702: 19699: 19695: 19692: 19691: 19690: 19686: 19682: 19679: 19675: 19672: 19671: 19670: 19666: 19662: 19659: 19655: 19652: 19651: 19650: 19646: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19633: 19629: 19628:1908 (Denver) 19626: 19624: 19620: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19607: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19594: 19590: 19587: 19585: 19581: 19577: 19574: 19572: 19568: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19555: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19542: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19529: 19525: 19522: 19520: 19516: 19512: 19509: 19507: 19503: 19499: 19496: 19494: 19490: 19486: 19483: 19480: 19476: 19472: 19468: 19464: 19460: 19457: 19455: 19451: 19447: 19444: 19442: 19438: 19434: 19431: 19429: 19425: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19412: 19408: 19405: 19403: 19399: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19386: 19382: 19379: 19377: 19373: 19369: 19366: 19364: 19360: 19356: 19353: 19352: 19350: 19348: 19339: 19332: 19326: 19318: 19315: 19313: 19310: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19295: 19294: 19293: 19290: 19289: 19286: 19282: 19273: 19268: 19266: 19261: 19259: 19254: 19253: 19250: 19238: 19230: 19228: 19220: 19219: 19216: 19204: 19200: 19197: 19194: 19190: 19187: 19184: 19180: 19177: 19174: 19170: 19167: 19164: 19160: 19157: 19154: 19150: 19149:Joe Lieberman 19147: 19144: 19140: 19137: 19134: 19130: 19127: 19124: 19120: 19119:Lloyd Bentsen 19117: 19114: 19110: 19107: 19104: 19100: 19097: 19094: 19090: 19087: 19084: 19080: 19077: 19074: 19070: 19069:Edmund Muskie 19067: 19064: 19060: 19057: 19054: 19050: 19047: 19044: 19040: 19037: 19034: 19030: 19029:John Sparkman 19027: 19024: 19020: 19017: 19014: 19010: 19007: 19004: 19000: 18997: 18994: 18990: 18987: 18984: 18980: 18977: 18974: 18970: 18967: 18964: 18960: 18957: 18954: 18950: 18947: 18944: 18940: 18937: 18934: 18930: 18927: 18924: 18920: 18917: 18914: 18910: 18907: 18904: 18900: 18897: 18894: 18890: 18889:Arthur Sewall 18887: 18884: 18880: 18879:Whitelaw Reid 18877: 18874: 18870: 18867: 18864: 18860: 18859:John A. Logan 18857: 18854: 18850: 18847: 18844: 18840: 18837: 18834: 18830: 18827: 18824: 18820: 18817: 18814: 18810: 18807: 18804: 18800: 18797: 18794: 18790: 18787: 18784: 18780: 18777: 18774: 18770: 18767: 18764: 18760: 18757: 18754: 18750: 18747: 18744: 18740: 18737: 18734: 18730: 18727: 18724: 18720: 18719:John Sergeant 18717: 18714: 18710: 18707: 18704: 18700: 18697: 18694: 18690: 18687: 18684: 18680: 18677: 18674: 18670: 18667: 18664: 18660: 18656: 18653: 18650: 18646: 18643: 18640: 18636: 18633: 18630: 18626: 18623: 18620: 18616: 18613: 18612: 18608: 18604: 18600: 18593: 18588: 18586: 18581: 18579: 18574: 18573: 18570: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18523: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18495: 18493: 18489: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18380: 18378: 18375: 18373: 18370: 18368: 18365: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18354: 18352: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18337: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18321: 18318: 18316: 18313: 18311: 18308: 18306: 18303: 18301: 18298: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18162: 18160: 18158: 18152: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17975: 17973: 17971: 17967: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17745:Crowninshield 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17722: 17720: 17718: 17717:Cabinet-level 17714: 17711: 17709: 17705: 17701: 17694: 17689: 17687: 17682: 17680: 17675: 17674: 17671: 17658: 17655: 17654: 17651: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17639: 17635: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17627: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17605: 17601: 17599: 17598: 17594: 17592: 17591: 17587: 17585: 17584: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17557: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17535: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17518: 17514: 17512: 17511: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17489: 17485: 17483: 17480: 17478: 17475: 17473: 17470: 17468: 17465: 17463: 17460: 17458: 17455: 17453: 17452: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17430: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17413: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17396: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17359: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17282: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17255:E. Livingston 17253: 17251: 17250: 17246: 17244: 17243: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17231: 17227: 17225: 17224: 17223:P. Livingston 17220: 17218: 17215: 17213: 17210: 17208: 17205: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17197: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17180: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17158:Van Cortlandt 17156: 17155: 17153: 17147: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16856: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16826: 16824: 16820: 16816: 16812: 16808: 16801: 16796: 16794: 16789: 16787: 16782: 16781: 16778: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16757: 16754: 16753: 16750: 16740: 16739: 16734: 16732: 16731: 16730:Norman Thomas 16726: 16725: 16723: 16721: 16717: 16711: 16710: 16705: 16704: 16702: 16700: 16696: 16690: 16689: 16684: 16683: 16681: 16679: 16675: 16670: 16666: 16661: 16657: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16618: 16616: 16612: 16606: 16605: 16600: 16598: 16597: 16592: 16591: 16589: 16585: 16582: 16579: 16574: 16573: 16568: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16552:Harry F. Byrd 16550: 16549: 16547: 16543: 16537: 16536: 16531: 16528: 16527: 16522: 16521: 16519: 16515: 16512: 16509: 16504: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16489: 16485: 16477: 16472: 16470: 16465: 16463: 16458: 16457: 16454: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16433: 16430: 16429: 16426: 16416: 16415: 16411: 16410: 16408: 16404: 16398: 16397: 16392: 16390: 16389: 16388:John W. Aiken 16384: 16383: 16381: 16379: 16375: 16369: 16368: 16363: 16361: 16360: 16359:Norman Thomas 16355: 16354: 16352: 16350: 16346: 16340: 16339: 16334: 16333: 16331: 16329: 16325: 16320: 16316: 16311: 16307: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16281:Frank Gannett 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16268: 16266: 16262: 16256: 16255: 16250: 16248: 16247: 16242: 16241: 16239: 16235: 16232: 16229: 16224: 16223: 16218: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16189: 16187: 16183: 16177: 16176: 16171: 16168: 16167: 16162: 16161: 16159: 16155: 16152: 16149: 16144: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16129: 16125: 16117: 16112: 16110: 16105: 16103: 16098: 16097: 16094: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16071: 16070: 16067: 16057: 16056: 16051: 16049: 16048: 16043: 16042: 16040: 16038: 16034: 16028: 16027: 16022: 16020: 16019: 16018:John W. Aiken 16014: 16013: 16011: 16009: 16005: 15999: 15998: 15993: 15991: 15990: 15989:William Lemke 15985: 15984: 15982: 15980: 15976: 15970: 15969: 15964: 15962: 15961: 15960:Norman Thomas 15956: 15955: 15953: 15951: 15947: 15941: 15940: 15935: 15933: 15932: 15927: 15926: 15924: 15922: 15918: 15912: 15911: 15910:James W. Ford 15906: 15904: 15903: 15898: 15897: 15895: 15893: 15889: 15884: 15880: 15875: 15871: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15830:William Borah 15828: 15825: 15824: 15821: 15820: 15815: 15813: 15812: 15807: 15806: 15804: 15800: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15785: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15776: 15771: 15761: 15758: 15755: 15754: 15751: 15750: 15745: 15743: 15742: 15737: 15736: 15734: 15730: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15715: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15692: 15688: 15680: 15675: 15673: 15668: 15666: 15661: 15660: 15657: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15636: 15633: 15632: 15629: 15619: 15618: 15614: 15612: 15611: 15607: 15606: 15604: 15600: 15594: 15593: 15592:John W. Aiken 15588: 15586: 15585: 15580: 15579: 15577: 15575: 15571: 15565: 15564: 15559: 15557: 15556: 15555:Norman Thomas 15551: 15550: 15548: 15546: 15542: 15536: 15535: 15530: 15529: 15527: 15525: 15521: 15515: 15514: 15513:James W. Ford 15509: 15507: 15506: 15501: 15500: 15498: 15496: 15492: 15487: 15483: 15478: 15474: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15445: 15443: 15439: 15432: 15431: 15426: 15423: 15422: 15417: 15416: 15414: 15410: 15407: 15404: 15400: 15395: 15394: 15389: 15378: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15363:James A. Reed 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15350: 15348: 15344: 15338: 15337: 15332: 15330: 15329: 15324: 15323: 15321: 15317: 15314: 15311: 15307: 15302: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15287: 15283: 15275: 15270: 15268: 15263: 15261: 15256: 15255: 15252: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15231: 15228: 15227: 15224: 15214: 15213: 15208: 15206: 15205: 15200: 15199: 15197: 15195: 15191: 15185: 15184: 15179: 15177: 15176: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15166: 15162: 15156: 15155: 15150: 15148: 15147: 15142: 15141: 15139: 15137: 15133: 15127: 15126: 15121: 15119: 15118: 15113: 15112: 15110: 15108: 15104: 15098: 15097: 15092: 15090: 15089: 15084: 15083: 15081: 15079: 15075: 15069: 15068: 15063: 15061: 15060: 15055: 15054: 15052: 15050: 15046: 15041: 15037: 15032: 15028: 15018: 15015: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 15001:John W. Davis 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14983: 14981: 14977: 14971: 14970: 14965: 14963: 14962: 14957: 14956: 14954: 14950: 14947: 14944: 14939: 14938: 14933: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14882:Hiram Johnson 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14869: 14867: 14863: 14857: 14856: 14851: 14849: 14848: 14843: 14842: 14840: 14836: 14833: 14830: 14825: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14798: 14793: 14791: 14786: 14784: 14779: 14778: 14775: 14762: 14759: 14758: 14756: 14754: 14750: 14743: 14740: 14737: 14734: 14731: 14730:Harry Hopkins 14728: 14725: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14717: 14713: 14706: 14703: 14700: 14697: 14696: 14694: 14692: 14688: 14681: 14678: 14677: 14675: 14673: 14669: 14662: 14659: 14656: 14653: 14650: 14647: 14644: 14641: 14640: 14638: 14636: 14632: 14625: 14622: 14619: 14616: 14615: 14613: 14611: 14607: 14600: 14597: 14594: 14591: 14588: 14585: 14582: 14579: 14578: 14576: 14574: 14570: 14563: 14560: 14557: 14554: 14551: 14548: 14547: 14545: 14543: 14539: 14532: 14529: 14526: 14523: 14522: 14520: 14518: 14514: 14507: 14504: 14501: 14498: 14497: 14495: 14493: 14489: 14473: 14470: 14467: 14464: 14461: 14458: 14457: 14455: 14453: 14449: 14444: 14441: 14437: 14430: 14425: 14423: 14418: 14416: 14411: 14410: 14407: 14395: 14387: 14385: 14377: 14376: 14373: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14341:G. H. W. Bush 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14316:L. B. Johnson 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14253: 14251: 14245: 14236: 14232: 14229: 14226: 14222: 14219: 14216: 14212: 14209: 14206: 14202: 14199: 14196: 14192: 14189: 14186: 14182: 14179: 14176: 14172: 14171:Ronald Reagan 14169: 14166: 14162: 14159: 14156: 14152: 14149: 14146: 14142: 14141:Richard Nixon 14139: 14136: 14132: 14129: 14126: 14122: 14119: 14116: 14112: 14109: 14106: 14102: 14099: 14096: 14092: 14089: 14086: 14082: 14079: 14076: 14072: 14069: 14066: 14062: 14059: 14056: 14052: 14049: 14046: 14042: 14039: 14036: 14032: 14029: 14026: 14022: 14019: 14016: 14012: 14009: 14006: 14002: 13999: 13996: 13992: 13989: 13986: 13982: 13979: 13976: 13972: 13969: 13966: 13962: 13959: 13956: 13952: 13949: 13946: 13942: 13939: 13936: 13932: 13929: 13926: 13922: 13919: 13916: 13912: 13909: 13906: 13902: 13899: 13896: 13892: 13889: 13886: 13882: 13881:James K. Polk 13879: 13876: 13872: 13869: 13866: 13862: 13859: 13856: 13852: 13849: 13846: 13842: 13839: 13836: 13832: 13829: 13826: 13822: 13819: 13816: 13812: 13811:James Madison 13809: 13806: 13802: 13799: 13796: 13792: 13789: 13786: 13782: 13779: 13778: 13774: 13768: 13764: 13757: 13752: 13750: 13745: 13743: 13738: 13737: 13734: 13728: 13721: 13706: 13697: 13696: 13695: 13686: 13680: 13676: 13675:John L. Lewis 13669:May 28, 1923 13667: 13666: 13665: 13656: 13650: 13645: 13641: 13634: 13630: 13626: 13622: 13618: 13616: 13611: 13607: 13600: 13596: 13592: 13591: 13587: 13580: 13574: 13570: 13563: 13559: 13558: 13554: 13547: 13541: 13536: 13532: 13523: 13522: 13515: 13509: 13505: 13496: 13495: 13488: 13482: 13478: 13469: 13468: 13461: 13455: 13450: 13446: 13437: 13434: 13422: 13419: 13415: 13410: 13403: 13391: 13390: 13381: 13380: 13377: 13376: 13372: 13370: 13369: 13365: 13364: 13361: 13354: 13351: 13348: 13345: 13343:(grandfather) 13342: 13339: 13337:(grandfather) 13336: 13333: 13330: 13327: 13324: 13321: 13318: 13315: 13312: 13309: 13306: 13303: 13300: 13297: 13294: 13291: 13288: 13285: 13282: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13268: 13261: 13255: 13252: 13248: 13246: 13242: 13240: 13238: 13234: 13232: 13230: 13226: 13224: 13222: 13218: 13216: 13214: 13210: 13208: 13206: 13202: 13200: 13198: 13194: 13192: 13190: 13186: 13184: 13180: 13178: 13176: 13172: 13170: 13168: 13164: 13163: 13161: 13159: 13157: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13140: 13136: 13134: 13132: 13131:Four Freedoms 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13120: 13115: 13113: 13112: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13062: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13047: 13045: 13041: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13013: 13010: 13009: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12996: 12995:Groton School 12993: 12992: 12991: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12981: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12958: 12955: 12954: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12904: 12902: 12900: 12896: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12884:Business Plot 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12866: 12864: 12860: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12818: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12806: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12779: 12778:Four Freedoms 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12759: 12757: 12751: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12723: 12720: 12719: 12718: 12715: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12697: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12625: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12616: 12610: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12573:"Brain Trust" 12571: 12569: 12566: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12551:Supreme Court 12549: 12548: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12521:Black Cabinet 12519: 12515: 12514: 12510: 12509: 12508: 12507:Four Freedoms 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12457: 12456: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12432: 12431: 12428: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12402: 12399: 12398: 12397: 12394: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12385: 12382: 12378: 12375: 12374: 12373: 12370: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12357: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12290: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12234: 12230: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12192: 12188: 12187: 12184: 12180: 12173: 12168: 12166: 12161: 12159: 12154: 12153: 12150: 12144: 12140: 12137: 12129: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12110: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12097: 12096: 12092: 12087: 12086: 12081: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12072: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12053: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12039: 12036: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12009: 12007: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11965: 11959: 11955: 11954: 11949: 11945: 11941: 11935: 11931: 11926: 11922: 11916: 11912: 11911: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11888: 11884: 11883: 11877: 11873: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11845: 11841: 11836: 11835: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11809:(1): 127–49. 11808: 11804: 11803: 11797: 11793: 11787: 11783: 11782: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11763: 11759: 11758: 11752: 11748: 11742: 11738: 11737: 11731: 11727: 11721: 11717: 11716: 11710: 11706: 11700: 11695: 11694: 11688: 11687:Rowley, Hazel 11684: 11680: 11679: 11673: 11670: 11664: 11660: 11655: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11635: 11631: 11630: 11624: 11620: 11614: 11610: 11609: 11604: 11600: 11598: 11593: 11587: 11583: 11582: 11576: 11572: 11566: 11562: 11561: 11556: 11552: 11548: 11542: 11538: 11537: 11531: 11527: 11521: 11517: 11516: 11511: 11507: 11502: 11496: 11492: 11491: 11486: 11482: 11477: 11471: 11466: 11465: 11458: 11454: 11448: 11444: 11443: 11437: 11433: 11427: 11423: 11422: 11416: 11412: 11406: 11402: 11397: 11393: 11392: 11386: 11382: 11376: 11372: 11371: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11352: 11348: 11343: 11339: 11333: 11329: 11328: 11322: 11317: 11313: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11269:(1952–1973), 11268: 11264: 11260: 11258:9781785305108 11254: 11250: 11245: 11242: 11236: 11232: 11227: 11225: 11221: 11217: 11213: 11207: 11203: 11198: 11196: 11191: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11163: 11159: 11158: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11131: 11127: 11126: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11094:(3): 359–86. 11093: 11089: 11082: 11077: 11073: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11054: 11048: 11044: 11038: 11034: 11033: 11027: 11023: 11017: 11012: 11011: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10973: 10969: 10963: 10959: 10958: 10953: 10952:Brands, H. W. 10949: 10944: 10938: 10934: 10933: 10928: 10927:Black, Conrad 10924: 10920: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10899: 10893: 10889: 10888: 10883: 10879: 10878: 10875: 10856:September 25, 10852: 10848: 10842: 10826: 10820: 10809:September 25, 10805: 10801: 10795: 10780: 10776: 10770: 10754: 10750: 10744: 10728: 10724: 10717: 10702: 10698: 10692: 10685: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10667: 10661: 10654: 10649: 10642: 10641:Robinson 2001 10637: 10630: 10625: 10618: 10613: 10606: 10600: 10591: 10584: 10578: 10573: 10572: 10563: 10556: 10551: 10544: 10539: 10532: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10508: 10500: 10494: 10490: 10483: 10477:, p. ix. 10476: 10471: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10448:(2): 179–90. 10447: 10443: 10436: 10421: 10420: 10415: 10408: 10392: 10388: 10387: 10382: 10376: 10368: 10364: 10358: 10343: 10339: 10332: 10317: 10313: 10306: 10299: 10294: 10279: 10278: 10273: 10266: 10251: 10250: 10245: 10239: 10223: 10219: 10213: 10206: 10201: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10170: 10168: 10166: 10150: 10149: 10144: 10137: 10128: 10120: 10114: 10107: 10102: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10079:(1): 272–86. 10078: 10074: 10073: 10065: 10058: 10053: 10046: 10045:McJimsey 2000 10041: 10039: 10030: 10026: 10019: 10011: 10005: 10001: 10000: 9992: 9984: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9969: 9961: 9953: 9946: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9912: 9897: 9893: 9886: 9878: 9872: 9868: 9867: 9859: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9826: 9821: 9813: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9798: 9793: 9787: 9771: 9767: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9747: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9707: 9706: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9663:(9): 674–78. 9662: 9658: 9657:CNS Spectrums 9651: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9623: 9607: 9603: 9597: 9595: 9587: 9582: 9575: 9570: 9563: 9558: 9551: 9546: 9539: 9534: 9527: 9522: 9515: 9510: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9487:(4): 579–91. 9486: 9482: 9475: 9467: 9463: 9456: 9449: 9444: 9429: 9425: 9418: 9402: 9398: 9392: 9385: 9380: 9365: 9361: 9354: 9352: 9344: 9339: 9332: 9327: 9320: 9315: 9308: 9303: 9296: 9291: 9284: 9279: 9272: 9267: 9260: 9255: 9248: 9243: 9235: 9229: 9222: 9217: 9210: 9205: 9198: 9193: 9186: 9181: 9174: 9169: 9162: 9157: 9150: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9133: 9128: 9121: 9116: 9109: 9104: 9089: 9085: 9078: 9071: 9066: 9059: 9054: 9047: 9042: 9035: 9029: 9022: 9017: 9010: 9005: 8998: 8993: 8986: 8981: 8974: 8969: 8962: 8957: 8950: 8945: 8938: 8933: 8925: 8919: 8915: 8908: 8901: 8896: 8894: 8886: 8881: 8873: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8858: 8850: 8843: 8838: 8831: 8826: 8819: 8814: 8807: 8802: 8795: 8790: 8782: 8776: 8772: 8771: 8763: 8756: 8751: 8744: 8739: 8732: 8727: 8720: 8715: 8708: 8703: 8696: 8691: 8684: 8679: 8672: 8667: 8660: 8655: 8648: 8643: 8636: 8631: 8624: 8619: 8612: 8607: 8600: 8595: 8588: 8583: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8535: 8530: 8522: 8518: 8515:(2): 211–32. 8514: 8510: 8509: 8501: 8495:, p. 95. 8494: 8489: 8482: 8477: 8470: 8465: 8458: 8452: 8445: 8439: 8432: 8426: 8419: 8414: 8407: 8402: 8395: 8390: 8383: 8378: 8371: 8366: 8358: 8352: 8348: 8341: 8339: 8331: 8326: 8319: 8313: 8306: 8301: 8294: 8289: 8282: 8277: 8270: 8265: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8241:, p. 15. 8240: 8235: 8228: 8223: 8216: 8211: 8204: 8199: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8175: 8168: 8163: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8130: 8125: 8118: 8113: 8106: 8101: 8094: 8089: 8082: 8077: 8070: 8065: 8058: 8053: 8047:, p. 18. 8046: 8041: 8034: 8029: 8022: 8017: 8009: 8008: 8001: 7993: 7986: 7980: 7972: 7971: 7964: 7962: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7914: 7906: 7900: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7862:(3): 435–61. 7861: 7857: 7856: 7848: 7841: 7834: 7833:Brinkley 2016 7829: 7813: 7807: 7799: 7793: 7789: 7782: 7767: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7737: 7731:, p. 19. 7730: 7725: 7718: 7713: 7706: 7701: 7694: 7689: 7682: 7677: 7670: 7665: 7658: 7653: 7638: 7632: 7628: 7627: 7619: 7603: 7596: 7590: 7589:0-19-511131-1 7586: 7582: 7576: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7538: 7531: 7526: 7519: 7514: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7487: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7460: 7453: 7448: 7441: 7436: 7429: 7424: 7417: 7412: 7405: 7400: 7393: 7388: 7380: 7379: 7371: 7364: 7359: 7352: 7347: 7340: 7335: 7333: 7325: 7320: 7314:(1994) p. 225 7313: 7307: 7300: 7295: 7288: 7283: 7276: 7271: 7264: 7259: 7252: 7247: 7240: 7235: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7172: 7165: 7160: 7153: 7148: 7141: 7136: 7129: 7124: 7117: 7112: 7105: 7100: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7074: 7066: 7061: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7026: 7019: 7014: 6998: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6965: 6960: 6953: 6948: 6941: 6936: 6929: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6893: 6886: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6862: 6857: 6850: 6849:Campbell 2006 6845: 6838: 6833: 6826: 6821: 6814: 6809: 6802: 6797: 6790: 6785: 6778: 6773: 6766: 6761: 6754: 6749: 6742: 6737: 6721: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6684: 6679: 6664: 6660: 6654: 6646: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6580: 6575: 6568: 6563: 6556: 6551: 6544: 6539: 6532: 6527: 6520: 6515: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6491: 6484: 6479: 6472: 6467: 6460: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6436: 6431: 6424: 6421:Selig Adler, 6418: 6411: 6405: 6398: 6393: 6387:, p. 21. 6386: 6381: 6374: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6355: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6331: 6326: 6319: 6314: 6307: 6302: 6295: 6290: 6283: 6278: 6271: 6266: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6242: 6235: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6210: 6203: 6195: 6188: 6181:. p. 27. 6180: 6173: 6166: 6161: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6107:(4): 232–40. 6106: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6076: 6074: 6066: 6061: 6055:, p. 74. 6054: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6006: 6001: 5995:, p. 73. 5994: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5959:, p. 11. 5958: 5953: 5946: 5941: 5935:, p. 15. 5934: 5929: 5914: 5913:The Spectator 5910: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5890: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5806: 5801: 5795:, p. 56. 5794: 5789: 5782: 5777: 5770: 5765: 5759:, p. 52. 5758: 5753: 5746: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5722: 5716: 5710:, p. 51. 5709: 5704: 5697: 5692: 5686:, p. 43. 5685: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5650:, p. 49. 5649: 5644: 5637: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5602:, p. 34. 5601: 5596: 5594: 5586: 5581: 5574: 5569: 5563:, p. 65. 5562: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5527:, p. 41. 5526: 5521: 5519: 5511: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5413: 5406: 5401: 5394: 5389: 5382: 5377: 5370: 5365: 5357: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5280:, p. 26. 5279: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5255: 5250: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5214:, p. 28. 5213: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5162:, p. 24. 5161: 5156: 5149: 5144: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5104: 5098: 5091: 5086: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5042:, p. 16. 5041: 5036: 5020: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4990: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4966:, p. 21. 4965: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4918:, p. 16. 4917: 4912: 4905: 4900: 4898: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4866: 4860: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4840: 4836: 4821: 4812: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4781: 4774: 4768: 4758: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4712: 4706: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4680: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4659: 4646: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4520: 4516: 4515:Four Freedoms 4509: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4396:Ronald Reagan 4393: 4392:welfare state 4389: 4385: 4384:individualism 4380: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4335:as the three 4334: 4330: 4326: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4286:war criminals 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4265: 4264:Rafael Medoff 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245:The Holocaust 4242: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4175: 4174:Black Cabinet 4169: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4052:Howard Bruenn 4049: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4004: 3991: 3979: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3957:1944 election 3954: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938:Harry F. Byrd 3935: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3874:Roosevelt, a 3867: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3564:Bretton Woods 3561: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3549:Eastern front 3546: 3542: 3541:Joseph Stalin 3538: 3534: 3530: 3519: 3512: 3502: 3495: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3468:Leslie Groves 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3387:Allied Powers 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3340: 3339:Pacific Fleet 3335: 3328: 3326: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3289: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3253: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225:Infamy Speech 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3012:Four Freedoms 3009: 2995: 2992:from painter 2991: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2965: 2964:Four Freedoms 2961: 2945: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904:Sumner Welles 2901: 2900:Harry Hopkins 2896: 2891: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2848: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2780:in May 1940. 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762:William Borah 2759: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2746:Kristallnacht 2743: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2651:proceeded to 2650: 2646: 2645:Fascist Italy 2642: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2617:protectorates 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585:Latin America 2582: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2554: 2551: 2550:national debt 2547: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2401: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2379:National Park 2376: 2372: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243:court packing 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2218:Supreme Court 2213: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2165:William Lemke 2162: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2137: 2132: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2053:program. The 2052: 2048: 2047:74th Congress 2044: 2040: 2031: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957:Supreme Court 1954: 1950: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1845: 1843: 1831: 1815: 1797: 1786: 1781: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:Hiram Johnson 1686: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1619: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585:Harry Hopkins 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1535:hydroelectric 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1477: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1437:John W. Davis 1434: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379:hyperesthesia 1376: 1372: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1185:and Governor 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1152: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128:typhoid fever 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1053: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 967: 958: 956: 955:admiralty law 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 928: 926: 925: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 896:Groton School 893: 889: 875: 863: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 791: 786: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 552: 542: 538: 521: 512: 508: 504: 500: 494: 491: 488: 484: 481: 480: 478: 474: 468: 467:Delano family 465: 463: 460: 459: 457: 453: 447: 444: 442: 439: 438: 436: 432: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 410:6, including 409: 405: 385: 380: 376: 373: 370: 366: 363: 360: 358:Resting place 356: 352: 343: 339: 335: 319: 315: 310: 306: 303: 300: 294: 291: 288: 282: 276: 271: 267: 261: 255: 252: 249: 243: 240: 237: 231: 228: 225: 221: 215: 210: 207: 203: 200: 197: 191: 188: 185: 179: 175: 173: 169: 163: 158: 155: 150: 147: 144: 138: 135: 132: 126: 115: 110: 106: 101: 97: 96: 94: 91: 86: 80: 75: 72: 67: 63: 56: 51: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 26399:Helen Keller 26374:Billy Graham 26346:Muhammad Ali 26314:James Watson 26261:Edwin Hubble 26226:Enrico Fermi 26145:Pete Rozelle 26096:Estée Lauder 25994:Bart Simpson 25931:Le Corbusier 25896:Lucille Ball 25835: 25766:Adolf Hitler 25720: 25655: 25499: 25342:Emma Willard 25327:Walt Whitman 25297:Lillian Wald 25267:Joseph Story 25241: 25227:William Penn 25207:Thomas Paine 25182:James Monroe 25077:Mark Hopkins 25057:Joseph Henry 24977:Peter Cooper 24957:Rufus Choate 24912:Daniel Boone 24897:Clara Barton 24806:Taylor Swift 24754: 24721:Donald Trump 24700:Kent Brantly 24687:Pope Francis 24679:Barack Obama 24655:Ben Bernanke 24647:Barack Obama 24561:2001–present 24530:Bill Clinton 24522:Andrew Grove 24467:Bill Clinton 24383:The Computer 24335:Jimmy Carter 24311:Carol Sutton 24279:Alison Cheek 24225:Willy Brandt 24204:Frank Borman 24110:Emilio Segrè 23908: 23885:Adolf Hitler 23848: 23832: 23825:Pierre Laval 23775: 23734:(family dog) 23600: 23537: 23529: 23521: 23513: 23505: 23497: 23488: 23480: 23473: 23462: 23454: 23447: 23329:Other events 23312: 23143: 23079: 23061: 23048: 23021: 23013: 23012: 23005: 22997: 22985: 22977: 22969: 22933:Evans (2021) 22918:Parks (2005) 22879: 22861:Brown (1996) 22825:Young (2022) 22783:Lewis (2020) 22771: 22749: 22737: 22710: 22692: 22684: 22667: 22644: 22636: 22626:Dewey (1917) 22613: 22608:Logan (1886) 22600: 22573: 22523:Individuals 22423: 22121:(2014, 2018) 22001:(1956, 1958) 21941:(1928, 1930) 21934: 21921:(1922, 1924) 21809:Prendergrast 21637:Chairpersons 21402:House Caucus 21278:South Dakota 21268:Rhode Island 21263:Pennsylvania 21243:North Dakota 20373:A. Stevenson 20231:Presidential 19865:Stevenson II 19845:Stevenson II 19804: 19784: 19764: 19744: 19688: 19471:Breckinridge 19454:Breckinridge 19401: 19345:presidential 19336:presidential 19159:John Edwards 18948: 18919:John W. Kern 18709:Richard Rush 18437:H. Roosevelt 18412:F. Roosevelt 18411: 17656: 17636: 17624: 17602: 17595: 17588: 17581: 17554: 17532: 17515: 17508: 17486: 17449: 17427: 17410: 17393: 17356: 17279: 17247: 17240: 17228: 17221: 17194: 17177: 17066:F. Roosevelt 17065: 17031:J. Alden Dix 17006:T. Roosevelt 16961:J. Adams Dix 16853: 16755: 16736:VP nominee: 16735: 16727: 16706: 16685: 16601: 16593: 16570: 16557:James Farley 16535:Harry Truman 16532: 16525: 16523: 16500: 16492:→ 1948 16484:← 1940 16431: 16414:Gracie Allen 16412: 16406:Independents 16394:VP nominee: 16393: 16385: 16365:VP nominee: 16364: 16356: 16338:Roger Babson 16335: 16286:Arthur James 16276:Thomas Dewey 16251: 16243: 16220: 16202:Cordell Hull 16192:James Farley 16172: 16165: 16163: 16140: 16132:→ 1944 16124:← 1936 16072: 16055:Willard Kemp 16053:VP nominee: 16052: 16044: 16024:VP nominee: 16023: 16015: 15995:VP nominee: 15994: 15986: 15966:VP nominee: 15965: 15957: 15937:VP nominee: 15936: 15928: 15908:VP nominee: 15907: 15902:Earl Browder 15899: 15845:Warren Green 15826: 15817:VP nominee: 15816: 15808: 15773: 15756: 15746: 15740: 15738: 15703: 15695:→ 1940 15687:← 1932 15634: 15615: 15608: 15602:Independents 15590:VP nominee: 15589: 15581: 15561:VP nominee: 15560: 15552: 15531: 15511:VP nominee: 15510: 15502: 15427: 15418: 15391: 15333: 15327: 15325: 15298: 15290:→ 1936 15282:← 1928 15229: 15210:VP nominee: 15209: 15201: 15181:VP nominee: 15180: 15172: 15152:VP nominee: 15151: 15143: 15123:VP nominee: 15122: 15114: 15096:Max S. Hayes 15094:VP nominee: 15093: 15085: 15065:VP nominee: 15064: 15056: 14968: 14966: 14961:James M. Cox 14958: 14935: 14872:Leonard Wood 14852: 14844: 14821: 14813:→ 1924 14805:← 1916 14618:James Farley 14587:Frank Murphy 14500:Cordell Hull 14442: 14266:T. Roosevelt 14235:2021–present 14221:Donald Trump 14211:Barack Obama 14191:Bill Clinton 14161:Jimmy Carter 14090: 13821:James Monroe 13772:presidencies 13693: 13690: 13663: 13660: 13655:René Viviani 13613: 13588:nominee for 13584: 13551: 13519: 13492: 13465: 13430: 13382: 13373: 13366: 13355:(family dog) 13349:(family dog) 13244: 13236: 13228: 13220: 13213:Warm Springs 13212: 13204: 13196: 13188: 13182: 13174: 13166: 13158:1937 musical 13155: 13138: 13130: 13118: 13110: 13050:Bibliography 12862:Other events 12753:Presidential 12739:Europe first 12613:Presidential 12588:Official car 12511: 12502:Roerich Pact 12178: 12108: 12099: 12094: 12083: 12050: 12005: 11983: 11952: 11929: 11909: 11881: 11861: 11858:Tully, Grace 11833: 11806: 11800: 11780: 11756: 11735: 11714: 11692: 11677: 11658: 11647: 11628: 11607: 11580: 11559: 11535: 11513: 11489: 11463: 11441: 11420: 11400: 11390: 11369: 11346: 11326: 11315: 11305: 11295: 11285: 11270: 11248: 11230: 11219: 11201: 11179: 11156: 11123: 11120:Caro, Robert 11112:Project Muse 11110:– via 11091: 11087: 11052: 11031: 11009: 10980: 10956: 10931: 10908: 10886: 10854:. 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Cox 1290: 1258: 1234: 1212:by a German 1203: 1176: 1157: 1109: 1097:Tammany Hall 1093: 1058: 1028: 1016: 992: 972: 940: 929: 922: 908: 892:homeschooled 885: 795: 749:Europe first 743:against the 726: 659: 615:James M. Cox 588: 584:World War II 578:, while his 563: 559: 558: 424:Franklin Jr. 346:(1945-04-12) 297:Succeeded by 274: 246:Succeeded by 213: 194:Succeeded by 161: 141:Succeeded by 78: 40: 26627:1945 deaths 26622:1882 births 26427:Harvey Milk 26381:Che Guevara 26303:Alan Turing 26282:Jean Piaget 26159:Juan Trippe 26131:Akio Morita 26061:Walt Disney 26047:Leo Burnett 25973:James Joyce 25945:T. S. Eliot 25917:Coco Chanel 25903:The Beatles 25871:Lech Wałęsa 25773:Ho Chi Minh 25647:Legionnaire 25495:Chino Roces 25332:Eli Whitney 25237:Walter Reed 25157:Horace Mann 24917:Edwin Booth 24872:Jane Addams 24756:The Capital 24753:/ Staff of 24751:Kyaw Soe Oo 24743:Maria Ressa 24375:Lech Wałęsa 24343:Anwar Sadat 24315:Addie Wyatt 24307:Susie Sharp 24295:Carla Hills 24291:Ella Grasso 24283:Jill Conway 24261:King Faisal 24253:John Sirica 24106:Isidor Rabi 24082:John Enders 23508:(1977 film) 23500:(1976 film) 23476:(1965 film) 23465:(1958 play, 23457:(1939 film) 23207:(1933–1945) 23198:(1961–1962) 23124:Byrd (2010) 22793:Reid (2022) 22788:Dole (2021) 22568:Clay (1852) 22417:Individuals 22227:Economy Act 22196:Brain Trust 21979:Corning 2nd 21929:Corning 1st 21794:Fitzpatrick 21443:Fundraising 21348:Puerto Rico 21193:Mississippi 21108:Connecticut 21068:territorial 20768:(2005–2017) 20762:(1995–2005) 20756:(1989–1995) 20750:(1977–1989) 20744:(1961–1977) 20738:(1953–1961) 20732:(1951–1953) 20726:(1949–1951) 20720:(1937–1949) 20714:(1923–1937) 20708:(1920–1923) 20702:(1919–1920) 20696:(1917–1919) 20690:(1913–1917) 20684:(1911–1913) 20678:(1909–1911) 20672:(1907–1909) 20666:(1906–1907) 20660:(1903–1906) 20654:(1899–1903) 20652:J. K. Jones 20648:(1898–1899) 20642:(1890–1898) 20636:(1885–1890) 20630:(1881–1885) 20624:(1877–1881) 20618:(1873–1877) 20598:U.S. Senate 20583:(2003–2023) 20577:(1995–2003) 20571:(1989–1995) 20565:(1987–1989) 20559:(1977–1987) 20553:(1971–1977) 20547:(1962–1971) 20541:(1940–1961) 20535:(1936–1940) 20529:(1935–1936) 20523:(1933–1934) 20517:(1929–1933) 20511:(1923–1929) 20505:(1921–1923) 20499:(1909–1921) 20493:(1903–1909) 20487:(1897–1903) 20481:(1895–1897) 20475:(1891–1895) 20469:(1889–1891) 20463:(1883–1889) 20457:(1876–1881) 20451:(1875–1876) 20445:(1873–1875) 20439:(1869–1871) 20429:(1859–1861) 20423:(1857–1859) 20417:(1855–1857) 20415:G. W. Jones 20411:(1851–1855) 20405:(1849–1851) 20399:(1845–1847) 20393:(1843–1845) 20391:J. W. Jones 20387:(1835–1839) 20381:(1834–1835) 20375:(1827–1834) 20334:(2009–2017) 20328:(1993–2001) 20322:(1977–1981) 20316:(1963–1969) 20310:(1961–1963) 20304:(1945–1953) 20290:Roosevelt ( 20287:(1913–1921) 20275:(1868–1869) 20269:(1857–1861) 20263:(1853–1857) 20257:(1845–1849) 20251:(1837–1841) 20245:(1829–1837) 19610:Stevenson I 19584:Stevenson I 19355:1828 (None) 19331:conventions 19169:Sarah Palin 19019:Earl Warren 18417:G. Woodbury 18342:Secretaries 18305:Livingstone 18157:Secretaries 18113:Braithwaite 17765:L. Woodbury 17708:Secretaries 17317:Floyd-Jones 17091:Rockefeller 16669:independent 16665:Third-party 16594:President: 16529:(incumbent) 16524:President: 16319:independent 16315:Third-party 16291:Robert Taft 16244:President: 16169:(incumbent) 16164:President: 15979:Union Party 15883:independent 15879:Third-party 15855:Earl Warren 15486:independent 15482:Third party 15433:(incumbent) 15424:(incumbent) 15419:President: 15326:President: 15040:independent 15036:Third party 15013:(incumbent) 14959:President: 14845:President: 14763:(1933–1945) 14738:(1940–1945) 14732:(1938–1940) 14726:(1933–1938) 14707:(1940–1945) 14701:(1933–1940) 14682:(1933–1945) 14663:(1944–1945) 14657:(1940–1944) 14651:(1939–1940) 14645:(1933–1939) 14626:(1940–1945) 14620:(1933–1940) 14601:(1941–1945) 14595:(1940–1941) 14589:(1939–1940) 14583:(1933–1939) 14564:(1940–1945) 14558:(1936–1940) 14552:(1933–1936) 14550:George Dern 14533:(1934–1945) 14508:(1944–1945) 14502:(1933–1944) 14468:(1941–1945) 14462:(1933–1941) 14445:(1933–1945) 14151:Gerald Ford 13029:Top Cottage 13007:Adams House 12623:Banana Wars 12223:(1911–1913) 12215:(1913–1920) 12207:(1929–1932) 12196:(1933–1945) 12104:documentary 12067:Appearances 11932:. Longman. 11632:. Cengage. 11603:Morgan, Ted 11563:. Harpers. 10868:Works cited 10759:January 22, 10706:January 19, 10653:Dallek 2017 10617:Dallek 2017 10347:October 13, 10321:October 13, 10057:Dallek 2017 9848:February 7, 9751:Dallek 2017 9736:February 7, 9574:Dallek 1995 9550:Jordan 2011 9526:Dallek 2017 9307:Herman 2012 9221:Brands 2009 9093:October 14, 8937:Brands 2009 8469:Herman 2012 8370:Dallek 2017 8179:Dallek 1995 8152:December 2, 8117:Dallek 1995 8105:Dallek 1995 7748:; also see 7729:Dallek 2017 7608:October 10, 7324:Brands 2009 7263:Norton 2009 7224:October 22, 7176:Dallek 2017 7140:Savage 1991 7104:Hawley 1995 7003:January 29, 6741:Brands 2009 6726:January 28, 6447:Dallek 2017 6342:Morgan 1985 6330:Dallek 2017 6318:Dallek 2017 6246:Rowley 2010 6234:Rowley 2010 5877:Dallek 2017 5865:Dallek 2017 5841:Dallek 2017 5624:Brands 2009 5525:Dallek 2017 5498:Rowley 2010 5459:February 7, 5290:Dallek 2017 5266:Rowley 2010 5254:Dallek 2017 5148:Dallek 2017 5109:December 1, 5025:January 25, 4995:January 25, 4845:"Roosevelt" 4709:Biographer 4576:Pronounced 4448:Tidal Basin 4255:David Wyman 4194:voting bloc 4129:due process 4105: 1947 3613:(left) and 3454:to develop 3440:Leo Szilard 3389:issued the 3127:Axis powers 3096:aboard HMS 3001: 1943 2593:Banana Wars 2371:fire trails 2353:Robert Taft 2304:child labor 2223:Lochner era 2169:Union Party 1851:inaugurated 1651:progressive 1631:brain trust 1305:acclamation 1140:progressive 1019:Lucy Mercer 745:Axis powers 682:Prohibition 611:World War I 446:Sara Delano 285:Preceded by 234:Preceded by 182:Preceded by 129:Preceded by 112:(1941–1945) 103:(1933–1941) 26611:Categories 26565:Liberalism 26448:Rosa Parks 26367:Anne Frank 26289:Jonas Salk 26254:Kurt Gödel 26166:Sam Walton 26075:Bill Gates 26068:Henry Ford 25966:Jim Henson 25815:Mao Zedong 25548:Emilio Yap 25292:Mark Twain 25112:James Kent 25082:Elias Howe 24962:Henry Clay 24862:John Adams 24618:Bill Gates 24542:Jeff Bezos 24459:Ted Turner 24287:Betty Ford 24208:Jim Lovell 23720:presidency 23680:(grandson) 23674:(grandson) 23668:(grandson) 23656:(grandson) 23620:(daughter) 23468:1960 film) 23282:Arthurdale 22693:Eisenhower 22645:W. H. Taft 22005:Morgenthau 21829:Cunningham 21368:Affiliated 21308:Washington 21228:New Mexico 21223:New Jersey 21098:California 20485:Richardson 20349:U.S. House 20273:A. Johnson 20170:H. Clinton 20070:B. Clinton 20050:B. Clinton 19905:L. Johnson 19889:L. Johnson 19467:H. Johnson 19389:R. Johnson 19199:Mike Pence 19129:Dan Quayle 18989:Frank Knox 18739:John Tyler 18655:Rufus King 18635:Aaron Burr 18250:Middendorf 18043:Middendorf 17855:R Thompson 17750:S Thompson 17342:Dorsheimer 17149:Lieutenant 16871:D. Clinton 16861:D. Clinton 16839:G. Clinton 16829:G. Clinton 16671:candidates 16578:Convention 16508:Convention 16321:candidates 16228:Convention 16148:Convention 15885:candidates 15850:Frank Knox 15819:Frank Knox 15811:Alf Landon 15802:Candidates 15788:Convention 15732:Candidates 15718:Convention 15488:candidates 15403:Convention 15310:Convention 15194:Single Tax 15042:candidates 14943:Convention 14829:Convention 14655:Frank Knox 14351:G. W. Bush 14306:Eisenhower 14256:Washington 14247:Presidency 13871:John Tyler 13791:John Adams 13586:Democratic 13525:1933–1945 13498:1929–1932 13471:1913–1920 13439:1911–1913 13289:(daughter) 12957:theme song 12675:Lend-Lease 12247:Transition 12233:Presidency 11905:Burns, Ken 11222:29 (2011) 11204:. Viking. 10629:Wyman 1984 10543:Black 2005 10475:Smith 2007 10298:Smith 2007 10106:Smith 2007 9935:August 12, 9901:August 12, 9731:c-span.org 9633:Daily News 9586:Burns 1970 9562:Burns 1970 9538:Smith 2007 9448:Burns 1970 9384:Smith 2007 9331:Burns 1970 9319:Smith 2007 9295:Burns 1970 9283:Burns 1970 9271:Burns 1970 9209:Burns 1970 9197:Smith 2007 9185:Smith 2007 9173:Smith 2007 9161:Smith 2007 9149:Smith 2007 9132:Smith 2007 9120:Smith 2007 9108:Smith 2007 9046:Smith 2007 9009:Smith 2007 8997:Smith 2007 8985:Smith 2007 8961:Smith 2007 8949:Smith 2007 8900:Smith 2007 8885:Smith 2007 8842:Smith 2007 8830:Burns 1970 8818:Smith 2007 8806:Burns 1970 8794:Smith 2007 8743:Smith 2007 8731:Smith 2007 8719:Smith 2007 8707:Smith 2007 8695:Smith 2007 8683:Burns 1970 8671:Smith 2007 8659:Smith 2007 8647:Smith 2007 8635:Smith 2007 8623:Burns 1970 8611:Smith 2007 8587:Burns 1970 8493:Burns 1970 8481:Smith 2007 8418:Burns 1956 8406:Smith 2007 8394:Smith 2007 8382:Smith 2007 8330:Burns 1956 8305:Burns 1956 8293:Smith 2007 8281:Burns 1956 8227:Smith 2007 8215:Black 2005 8203:Smith 2007 8191:Smith 2007 8167:Smith 2007 8093:Burns 1956 8081:Smith 2007 8069:Burns 1956 8057:Burns 1956 8033:Smith 2007 7717:Smith 2007 7693:Burns 1956 7669:Smith 2007 7657:Smith 2007 7542:Smith 2007 7530:Burns 1956 7518:Smith 2007 7452:Smith 2007 7440:Burns 1956 7428:Smith 2007 7416:Smith 2007 7404:Smith 2007 7392:Smith 2007 7363:Burns 1956 7351:Burns 1956 7339:Fried 2001 7287:Smith 2007 7275:Smith 2007 7239:Smith 2007 7128:Smith 2007 7116:Smith 2007 7092:Smith 2007 7080:Smith 2007 7050:October 9, 7030:Smith 2007 6964:Tobin 2013 6952:Burns 1956 6940:Alter 2006 6928:Burns 1970 6897:Burns 1956 6885:Smith 2007 6873:Burns 1956 6861:Smith 2007 6813:Smith 2007 6801:Smith 2007 6789:Smith 2007 6777:Smith 2007 6765:Smith 2007 6753:Burns 1956 6683:Smith 2007 6615:Smith 2007 6603:Burns 1956 6591:Smith 2007 6579:Burns 1956 6567:Smith 2007 6555:Smith 2007 6543:Smith 2007 6531:Smith 2007 6519:Smith 2007 6507:Smith 2007 6495:Smith 2007 6483:Burns 1956 6471:Smith 2007 6459:Smith 2007 6435:Burns 1956 6397:Smith 2007 6354:Black 2005 6306:Smith 2007 6294:Smith 2007 6282:Smith 2007 6270:Smith 2007 6222:Smith 2007 6165:Alter 2006 6080:Smith 2007 6065:Smith 2007 6053:Burns 1956 6041:Smith 2007 6029:Smith 2007 6017:Smith 2007 5993:Burns 1956 5981:Smith 2007 5969:Smith 2007 5945:Smith 2007 5918:August 10, 5889:Smith 2007 5853:Smith 2007 5829:Smith 2007 5817:Smith 2007 5805:Burns 1956 5793:Burns 1956 5781:Smith 2007 5757:Burns 1956 5745:Smith 2007 5733:Smith 2007 5708:Burns 1956 5696:Smith 2007 5684:Burns 1956 5672:Burns 1956 5660:Black 2005 5648:Burns 1956 5612:Smith 2007 5600:Burns 1956 5573:Smith 2007 5561:Smith 2007 5549:Smith 2007 5537:Smith 2007 5510:Smith 2007 5474:Tully 2005 5381:Smith 2007 5369:Smith 2007 5326:Smith 2007 5314:Burns 1956 5302:Smith 2007 5278:Burns 1956 5212:Burns 1956 5160:Burns 1956 5136:Burns 1956 5040:Burns 1956 4976:Smith 2007 4964:Black 2005 4952:Smith 2007 4940:Burns 1956 4904:Smith 2007 4889:Burns 1956 4762:unemployed 4377:West Coast 4349:liberalism 4294:Jan Karski 4070:dedicated 4044:a portrait 3767:Home front 3656:See also: 3482:See also: 3428:See also: 3414:Hap Arnold 3383:Australian 3325:media help 3219:, British 3213:battleship 3082:See also: 3032:Lend-Lease 2976:media help 2805:destroyers 2793:Frank Knox 2637:Gerald Nye 2398:See also: 2284:Hugo Black 2202:See also: 2150:Alf Landon 1973:securities 1842:media help 1697:Bonus Army 1464:Edward Bok 1337:Louis Howe 1179:Elihu Root 984:Springwood 957:division. 888:conversant 822:Springwood 814:Aspinwalls 810:Roosevelts 790:unbreeched 741:the Allies 627:Republican 372:Democratic 327:1882-01-30 172:Lieutenant 26541:Biography 26413:Bruce Lee 25938:Bob Dylan 25505:Jaime Sin 25142:Mary Lyon 24852:inductees 24786:Elon Musk 24774:Joe Biden 24534:Ken Starr 24327:1976–2000 23992:1951–1975 23785:1927–1950 23698:(brother) 23448:Roosevelt 23080:Rehnquist 23014:Roosevelt 22961:East Room 22752:(2006–07, 22685:H. Hoover 22533:in repose 22449:Huey Long 22206:Criticism 21935:Roosevelt 21834:Baranello 21548:Primaries 21489:Sectional 21318:Wisconsin 21283:Tennessee 21188:Minnesota 21163:Louisiana 21066:State and 21031:McAuliffe 20859:McCormick 20782:Chairs of 20742:Mansfield 20730:McFarland 20706:Underwood 20700:Hitchcock 20664:Blackburn 20628:Pendleton 20545:McCormack 20296:1941–1945 20292:1933–1941 20279:Cleveland 20249:Van Buren 20219:primaries 20199:primaries 20179:primaries 20159:primaries 20139:primaries 20119:primaries 20099:primaries 20094:Lieberman 20079:primaries 20059:primaries 20039:primaries 20019:primaries 19999:primaries 19979:primaries 19959:primaries 19934:primaries 19914:primaries 19894:primaries 19874:primaries 19854:primaries 19834:primaries 19814:primaries 19805:Roosevelt 19794:primaries 19785:Roosevelt 19774:primaries 19765:Roosevelt 19754:primaries 19745:Roosevelt 19734:primaries 19714:primaries 19694:primaries 19689:Roosevelt 19674:primaries 19654:primaries 19580:Cleveland 19567:Cleveland 19558:Hendricks 19554:Cleveland 19532:Hendricks 19493:Pendleton 19489:McClellan 19398:Van Buren 19385:Van Buren 19376:Van Buren 19347:primaries 19189:Tim Kaine 19179:Paul Ryan 19139:Jack Kemp 18522:defunct: 18491:Post–1954 18402:Satterlee 18340:Assistant 18260:Macdonald 18195:Whitehair 18165:Forrestal 17960:Forrestal 17905:Bonaparte 17770:Dickerson 17567:McCaughey 17435:Schoeneck 17292:Patterson 17270:Dickinson 17212:Tallmadge 17151:governors 16981:Cleveland 16881:Van Buren 16822:Governors 16807:Governors 16728:Nominee: 16707:Nominee: 16686:Nominee: 16386:Nominee: 16357:Nominee: 16336:Nominee: 16045:Nominee: 16016:Nominee: 15987:Nominee: 15958:Nominee: 15929:Nominee: 15900:Nominee: 15809:Nominee: 15793:Primaries 15723:Primaries 15582:Nominee: 15553:Nominee: 15532:Nominee: 15503:Nominee: 15399:Primaries 15306:Primaries 15202:Nominee: 15173:Nominee: 15144:Nominee: 15115:Nominee: 15086:Nominee: 15057:Nominee: 14440:President 14249:timelines 14231:Joe Biden 14225:2017–2021 14215:2009–2017 14205:2001–2009 14195:1993–2001 14185:1989–1993 14175:1981–1989 14165:1977–1981 14155:1974–1977 14145:1969–1974 14135:1963–1969 14125:1961–1963 14115:1953–1961 14105:1945–1953 14095:1933–1945 14085:1929–1933 14075:1923–1929 14065:1921–1923 14055:1913–1921 14045:1909–1913 14035:1901–1909 14025:1897–1901 14015:1893–1897 14005:1889–1893 13995:1885–1889 13985:1881–1885 13965:1877–1881 13955:1869–1877 13945:1865–1869 13935:1861–1865 13925:1857–1861 13915:1853–1857 13905:1850–1853 13895:1849–1850 13885:1845–1849 13875:1841–1845 13855:1837–1841 13845:1829–1837 13835:1825–1829 13825:1817–1825 13815:1809–1817 13805:1801–1809 13795:1797–1801 13785:1789–1797 13692:Cover of 13662:Cover of 13267:Roosevelt 13133:paintings 13119:Roosevelt 13012:FDR Suite 12899:Elections 12685:Hull note 12593:Criticism 12060:from the 11279:459748221 10999:812248674 10929:(2005) . 10831:April 16, 10753:USA Today 10515:(2007) , 10283:April 16, 10255:April 16, 10228:April 16, 10190:April 16, 10154:April 16, 9930:0190-8286 9768:(video). 8573:73-600146 8557:pp. 41–54 7930:CiteSeerX 7884:144800756 7818:April 23, 6373:Caro 1974 6121:0967-7720 4928:Lash 1971 4832:Citations 4416:is now a 4402:Memorials 4282:Holocaust 3860:G.I. Bill 3692:armistice 3580:Wilsonian 3533:Big Three 3446:sent the 3345:War plans 3221:Hong Kong 2413:Lebergott 2355:formed a 2192:Civil War 2157:Huey Long 2013:Bonus Act 1997:deflation 1953:antitrust 1892:" of the 1261:armistice 1214:submarine 788:A young, 780:Childhood 761:criticism 595:Roosevelt 502:Signature 476:Education 455:Relatives 275:In office 264:from the 223:President 214:In office 162:In office 152:44th 79:In office 69:32nd 26742:New Deal 26589:Politics 26089:Ray Kroc 25042:Asa Gray 24514:David Ho 23692:(mother) 23686:(father) 23603:(husband 22998:McKinley 22970:Harrison 22614:McKinley 22601:Garfield 22529:in honor 22477:Category 22215:New Deal 22172:New Deal 22115:A. Cuomo 22105:A. Cuomo 22099:Paterson 22065:M. Cuomo 22059:DelBello 22055:M. Cuomo 22049:M. Cuomo 22029:Paterson 22025:Goldberg 22015:O'Connor 21995:Harriman 21874:Paterson 21839:Hennessy 21719:Campbell 21714:Danforth 21709:Hinckley 21684:Faulkner 21659:Richmond 21407:Factions 21378:Congress 21303:Virginia 21253:Oklahoma 21233:New York 21208:Nebraska 21198:Missouri 21183:Michigan 21173:Maryland 21158:Kentucky 21138:Illinois 21113:Delaware 21103:Colorado 21093:Arkansas 21056:Harrison 21017:Grossman 20959:Westwood 20924:Mitchell 20919:McKinney 20904:Hannegan 20864:Cummings 20754:Mitchell 20712:Robinson 20587:Jeffries 20575:Gephardt 20533:Bankhead 20491:Williams 20461:Carlisle 20356:Speakers 20267:Buchanan 19949:Eagleton 19945:McGovern 19925:Humphrey 19909:Humphrey 19869:Kefauver 19849:Sparkman 19729:Robinson 19709:C. Bryan 19705:J. Davis 19669:Marshall 19649:Marshall 19632:W. Bryan 19623:H. Davis 19606:W. Bryan 19593:W. Bryan 19450:Buchanan 19329:National 19089:Bob Dole 18536:Material 18427:Robinson 18407:Winthrop 18397:Newberry 18350:Pre–1954 18320:Davidson 18275:Goodrich 18205:T. Gates 18180:Sullivan 18175:A. Gates 18118:Del Toro 18028:Ignatius 18013:Connally 18003:T. Gates 17993:Anderson 17983:Matthews 17978:Sullivan 17915:Newberry 17870:Chandler 17805:Bancroft 17775:Paulding 17755:Southard 17735:Hamilton 17725:Stoddert 17632:Benjamin 17577:Paterson 17556:Anderson 17550:DelBello 17545:M. Cuomo 17534:Anderson 17379:Woodruff 17358:McCarthy 17337:Robinson 17327:Woodford 17312:Campbell 17275:Gardiner 17242:Stebbins 17126:A. Cuomo 17121:Paterson 17106:M. Cuomo 17086:Harriman 16971:Robinson 16849:Tompkins 16815:New York 16587:Nominees 16517:Nominees 16237:Nominees 16157:Nominees 15412:Nominees 15377:campaign 15373:Al Smith 15319:Nominees 14996:Al Smith 14952:Nominees 14838:Nominees 14384:Category 14286:Coolidge 14261:McKinley 13579:Al Smith 13487:Al Smith 13389:Category 13325:(mother) 13319:(father) 12755:speeches 12293:overview 12288:New Deal 12238:timeline 12128:LibriVox 11950:(1984), 11907:(2014). 11860:(2005). 11778:(2007). 11689:(2010). 11605:(1985), 11557:(1963). 11512:(1971). 11487:(1999). 11367:(1995). 11178:(1995). 11154:(1977). 11122:(1974). 11108:40267912 10979:(2013), 10954:(2009). 10907:(2023). 10884:(2006), 10733:June 19, 10277:Politico 9802:345, 381 9794:(1992). 9705:Politico 9685:44889213 9677:16946692 9433:July 25, 9407:July 25, 9364:Politico 7952:26369842 7888:Archived 7771:June 28, 7642:March 3, 7565:March 1, 6668:June 28, 6141:Archived 6137:39957366 6129:14562158 5239:April 6, 4796:Bulgaria 4687:in 1913. 4527:See also 4501:, London 4450:, and a 4165:lynching 4147:and the 4123:towards 3894:causing 3727:Normandy 3574:and the 3315:format). 3281:format). 2693:incident 2687:and the 2667:and the 2601:withdrew 2312:overtime 2106:Al Smith 2007:and the 1875:New Deal 1832:from FDR 1673:new deal 1496:Al Smith 1462:In 1923 1425:Al Smith 1238:George V 1220:and the 1081:Columbia 1077:Dutchess 1023:Val-Kill 1008:Franklin 947:law firm 919:Fly Club 816:and the 666:New Deal 629:nominee 407:Children 268:district 187:Al Smith 26553:History 26503:Portals 26483:Bill W. 24747:Wa Lone 23549:Related 23100:funeral 23027:funeral 23022:Kennedy 23006:Harding 22991:funeral 22986:Lincoln 22819:funeral 22777:funeral 22755:funeral 22743:funeral 22723:Blassie 22711:Johnson 22673:funeral 22668:Kennedy 22637:Harding 22579:funeral 22574:Lincoln 22482:Commons 22129:Delgado 22095:Spitzer 22079:Frankel 22075:Vallone 22069:Lundine 22039:Krupsak 22019:Samuels 21969:Poletti 21965:Bennett 21959:Poletti 21869:O'Neill 21864:Farrell 21824:Crangle 21779:Corning 21764:Kellogg 21739:Huppuch 21729:Conners 21694:O'Brien 21689:Manning 21679:Purcell 21654:Bingham 21558:Debates 21541:Related 21323:Wyoming 21298:Vermont 21203:Montana 21143:Indiana 21123:Georgia 21118:Florida 21088:Arizona 21078:Alabama 21070:parties 21022:Rendell 20994:Wilhelm 20964:Strauss 20954:O'Brien 20944:O'Brien 20934:Jackson 20909:McGrath 20854:McCombs 20844:Taggart 20834:Harrity 20809:Belmont 20804:Smalley 20794:Hallett 20774:(2017–) 20772:Schumer 20760:Daschle 20736:Johnson 20718:Barkley 20622:Wallace 20600:leaders 20589:(2023–) 20557:O'Neill 20539:Rayburn 20509:Garrett 20503:Kitchin 20455:Randall 20443:Niblack 20437:Randall 20433:Niblack 20427:Houston 20351:leaders 20340:(2021–) 20326:Clinton 20308:Kennedy 20243:Jackson 20114:Edwards 20034:Bentsen 20030:Dukakis 20014:Ferraro 20010:Mondale 19994:Mondale 19974:Mondale 19953:Shriver 19885:Kennedy 19829:Barkley 19789:Wallace 19571:Thurman 19545:English 19541:Hancock 19515:Greeley 19502:Seymour 19463:Douglas 19372:Jackson 19363:Calhoun 19359:Jackson 19338:tickets 19292:History 18472:Koehler 18467:Andrews 18447:Compton 18432:Jahncke 18392:Darling 18387:Hackett 18280:Garrett 18265:Woolsey 18245:Sanders 18230:Baldwin 18190:Kimball 18108:Spencer 18093:England 18078:O'Keefe 18073:Garrett 18053:Hidalgo 18048:Claytor 17988:Kimball 17945:Swanson 17925:Daniels 17910:Metcalf 17885:Herbert 17875:Whitney 17850:Robeson 17825:Kennedy 17815:Preston 17790:Henshaw 17657:Italics 17644:Delgado 17610:Ravitch 17572:Donohue 17562:Lundine 17540:Krupsak 17517:Mahoney 17494:Wallace 17482:Poletti 17467:Corning 17401:Chanler 17384:Higgins 17369:Sheehan 17347:Hoskins 17302:Raymond 17265:Bradish 17217:Pitcher 17185:Clinton 17116:Spitzer 17076:Poletti 17046:Whitman 17016:Higgins 16976:Cornell 16956:Hoffman 16946:Seymour 16926:Seymour 16876:Pitcher 14436:Cabinet 14346:Clinton 14311:Kennedy 14281:Harding 13055:Statues 12568:Cabinet 12141:at the 12078:, from 11650:(1983) 11318:(1973). 10784:May 11, 10462:2657937 10148:Current 10093:2677909 9711:May 21, 9612:May 14, 9501:4908628 8446:(2013). 7876:3985917 7766:nps.gov 6150:July 4, 4804:Romania 4800:Hungary 4674:degree. 4654:-ə-noh 4517:at the 4446:on the 4433:⁄ 4239:Italian 4031:of the 3842:in the 3452:project 3070:of the 3068:U-boats 3041:invaded 2854:At the 2718:Potomac 2679:. 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Franklin D. Roosevelt

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