126:. The Freedmen's Bureau bill that passed in 1866 provided many additional rights to ex-slaves, including the distribution of land, schools for their children, and military courts to ensure these rights. The Freedmen's Bureau Act gave ex-slaves "any of the civil rights or immunities belonging to white persons, including the right to.....inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold and convey real and personal property, and to have full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and estate, including the constitutional right of bearing arms." This bill passed both House and Senate and they overrode the president's veto. This was in response to the Southern Black Codes & the KKK and other groups who were taking guns away from freedmen.
20:
79:
violence across the South; members of the KKK and other terrorist organizations, attacked both blacks and sympathetic white
Republicans, including teachers. Northern Democrats also opposed the Bureau's work, painting it as a program that would make African Americans "lazy". In 1872, the political
88:
The
Freedmen's Bureau was created in 1865 during the Lincoln administration, by an act of Congress called the Freedman's Bureau Bill. It was passed on March 3, 1865, in order to aid former slaves through food and housing, oversight, education, health care, and employment contracts with private
129:
In July 1868, Congress voted to again extend the
Freedmen's Bureau, but a couple weeks later decided to limit its functions to processing claims and supporting education. Four years later, in June 1872, Congress voted to completely shut down the Freedmen's Bureau by the end of that month.
2942:
3540:
1831:
117:
On July 16, 1866, Congress received another presidential veto message, which
Congress overrode later that day. This congressional action extended the Freedmen's Bureau, increased antipathy between President Johnson and
310:
113:
On May 29, 1866, the House passed a further
Freedmen's Bureau Bill, and on June 26, 1866, the Senate passed an amended version. On July 3, 1866, both chambers passed a conference committee's compromise version.
3376:"<sc>The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow</sc>. Produced, directed, and written by Bill Jersey, Sam Pollard and Richard Wormser. 2002; color, 200 minutes. Distributed by PBS Thirteen/WNET New York"
110:
explained that, "the seventh and eighth sections of the
Freedmen's Bureau bill enumerate the same rights and all the rights and privileges that are enumerated in the first section of this bill."
2176:
425:
3088:
2655:
2579:
2467:
2406:
2355:
2091:
2077:
320:
75:
in
Congress had deprived the Bureau of most of its funding, and as a result it had to cut much of its staff. By 1870 the Bureau had been weakened further due to the rise of
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761:
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1972:
325:
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1873:
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80:
will to extend the Bureau's life had diminished to the point that
Congress abruptly abandoned the program, refusing to approve renewal legislation.
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484:
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1982:
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1977:
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2016:
2011:
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1460:
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944:
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181:
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1956:
1930:
1839:
24:
2072:
93:
54:
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3138:
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623:
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2513:
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1951:
1817:
1785:
1780:
1775:
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3324:
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2139:
1994:
1989:
285:
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174:
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3185:
3075:
2995:
2955:
2625:
2333:
2181:
1925:
1895:
315:
64:. Following the original bill in 1865, subsequent bills sought to extend its authority and lifespan.
3411:
The racial divide in
American medicine: Black physicians and the struggle for justice in health care
2791:
2678:
2457:
2057:
2052:
1868:
1863:
103:
3594:"Records of the Field Offices of the Freedmen's Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, 1872-1878"
3287:
3106:
2884:
2868:
2759:
2600:
2437:
2376:
2067:
1846:
3262:
3151:
2985:
2770:
2427:
389:
3596:, National Archives and Records Administration; Freedmen's Bureau Preservation Project (2006).
53:(formally known as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands), which was set up by
3236:
3172:
2781:
2635:
2595:
2550:
1900:
519:
3544:, page 298 (Harper & Brothers 1868), text of the compromise version via eBooksRead.com.
2097:
1999:
1812:
489:
415:
364:
50:
28:
8:
3525:
3478:
3462:
3114:
3041:
2975:
2936:
2853:
2776:
2564:
2391:
2338:
2272:
2186:
2164:
2144:
1946:
1879:
290:
238:
119:
3593:
3048:
2876:
2860:
2822:
2713:
2630:
2615:
2605:
2544:
2498:
2278:
2267:
1858:
667:
197:
72:
61:
37:
99:
on
February 19, 1866, and Congress failed to override that veto on the following day.
3439:
3414:
3391:
3241:
3095:
2754:
2344:
2110:
1915:
628:
410:
3383:
3198:
3145:
3025:
3012:
3002:
2962:
2744:
2688:
2645:
2640:
2556:
2432:
2103:
1910:
499:
477:
467:
233:
3302:
3192:
3115:
The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution
3007:
2897:
2832:
2723:
2569:
2539:
2503:
2021:
472:
223:
139:
57:
68:
tried to derail the bill's intention to aid freed slaves during his presidency.
3166:
2990:
2315:
504:
494:
228:
96:
65:
3615:
3395:
3267:
3231:
3132:
2827:
2610:
2574:
2534:
509:
359:
3387:
3375:
3307:
3277:
3069:
2708:
2620:
2396:
2159:
2036:
514:
452:
437:
432:
107:
76:
3350:
3100:
2508:
347:
342:
337:
32:
19:
3226:
3082:
3361:. Vol. X, no. 485. p. 232 – via Internet Archive.
2493:
447:
166:
3496:
Fourteenth Amendment Passage and Ratification: Freedman's Bureau Act
3292:
442:
420:
102:
That failed 1866 Freedmen's Bureau bill was closely related to the
2078:
Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866
3438:. American ethnic experience. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO.
145:
List of United States presidential vetoes § Andrew Johnson
3509:
Freedmen, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Right to Bear Arms
321:
United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction
3089:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
3541:
History of the Thirty-ninth Congress of the United States
3298:
Technological and industrial history of the United States
3529:, 39th Congress, 1st Session, page 1292 (March 9, 1866).
3434:
Alexander, Leslie M.; Rucker, Walter C., eds. (2010).
3258:
African American founding fathers of the United States
3160:
The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
326:
United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction
3557:(July 16, 1866) from the American Presidency Project.
3413:. Jackson (Miss.): University press of Mississippi.
1832:
The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women
2083:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866
163:Foner, Eric "The Making of Radical Reconstruction"
1874:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act
92:A follow-up Freedmen's Bureau Bill was vetoed by
3613:
3461:, 13 Stat. 507 (enacted March 3, 1865) from the
3433:
2218:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
2192:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
182:
122:in Congress, and was a major factor during
49:provided legislative authorization for the
3359:Harper's Weekly: A Journal of Civilization
189:
175:
2750:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
3436:Encyclopedia of African American history
3273:History of the United States (1865–1917)
18:
3408:
3614:
3491:
3489:
3487:
2932:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era
1978:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
196:
3217:Women's suffrage in the United States
1906:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction
170:
3370:
3368:
3349:
2324:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
2012:Confederates surrender at Appomattox
1824:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
83:
3484:
3475:Full text of 13th Congress statutes
3180:United Daughters of the Confederacy
2311:American Woman Suffrage Association
2306:National Woman Suffrage Association
2233:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
532:Women during the Reconstruction era
16:U.S. Reconstruction-era legislation
13:
3515:(Greenwood Publishing Group 1998).
3222:Labor history of the United States
2258:South Carolina readmitted to Union
2255:North Carolina readmitted to Union
2238:Impeachment managers investigation
2177:Constitutional conventions of 1867
1853:National Women's Rights Convention
14:
3638:
3365:
2463:United States expedition to Korea
2170:Reconstruction military districts
158:Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction
106:. On March 9, 1866, Congressman
27:a bill extending funding for the
2017:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
311:African-American representatives
3599:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3547:
3532:
3019:Black Reconstruction in America
2892:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
2802:1876 State of the Union Address
2729:1875 State of the Union Address
2656:1874 State of the Union Address
2580:1873 State of the Union Address
2519:1872 State of the Union Address
2468:1871 State of the Union Address
2407:1870 State of the Union Address
2356:1869 State of the Union Address
2351:First transcontinental railroad
2290:1868 State of the Union Address
2197:1867 State of the Union Address
2032:1865 State of the Union Address
1957:1864 State of the Union Address
1931:1863 State of the Union Address
1840:Woman in the Nineteenth Century
3627:Reconstruction Era legislation
3518:
3501:
3468:
3452:
3427:
3402:
3380:The American Historical Review
3343:
2092:Petition for Universal Freedom
2073:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
1:
3605:17 Stat. 366 (June 10, 1872).
3584:15 Stat. 193 (July 25, 1868).
3566:14 Stat. 173 (July 16, 1866).
3355:"Untitled caricature collage"
3139:A Visit from the Old Mistress
2838:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
2704:Specie Payment Resumption Act
2329:Board of Indian Commissioners
2261:Louisiana readmitted to Union
2223:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
2087:Tennessee readmitted to Union
1921:Women's Loyal National League
624:Straight-Out Democratic Party
395:Confederate States of America
150:
3477:(December 4, 1865) from the
3459:Proceedings of 13th Congress
3409:deShazo, Richard D. (2018).
3336:
2765:Battle of the Little Bighorn
2249:Arkansas readmitted to Union
2155:Knights of the White Camelia
2117:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866
2063:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
2037:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan
1995:Special Field Orders No. 15
1818:Slavery in the United States
7:
3575:15 Stat. 83 (July 6, 1868).
3283:Race (human categorization)
2673:United States v. Cruikshank
2264:Alabama readmitted to Union
2252:Florida readmitted to Union
133:
10:
3643:
2484:General Mining Act of 1872
2453:New York custom house ring
2443:Meridian race riot of 1871
2387:Naturalization Act of 1870
3320:
3250:
3209:
3125:
3076:Been in the Storm So Long
2996:William Archibald Dunning
2956:The American Commonwealth
2924:
2917:
2846:
2810:
2737:
2664:
2626:Election Massacre of 1874
2588:
2527:
2476:
2415:
2364:
2334:Public Credit Act of 1869
2298:
2273:Fourth Reconstruction Act
2205:
2182:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
2132:
2045:
1965:
1939:
1926:New York City draft riots
1896:Emancipation Proclamation
1888:
1805:
1798:
1748:
770:
724:
678:
571:National Union Convention
551:
544:
403:
380:
316:Reconstruction Amendments
306:African-American senators
211:
204:
2792:Safe burglary conspiracy
2679:Civil Rights Act of 1875
2458:Civil service commission
2058:Memphis massacre of 1866
2053:Civil Rights Act of 1866
1869:Confiscation Act of 1862
1864:Confiscation Act of 1861
619:Liberal Republican Party
301:Conservative Republicans
104:Civil Rights Act of 1866
3288:Reconstruction Treaties
3107:A Nation Under Our Feet
3055:From Slavery to Freedom
2885:Williams v. Mississippi
2869:United States v. Harris
2760:Great Sioux War of 1876
2699:Yazoo City Riot of 1875
2601:Battle of Liberty Place
2489:Crédit Mobilier scandal
2438:Alcorn State University
2377:Enforcement Act of 1870
2243:Articles of impeachment
2150:Indian Peace Commission
2068:Swing Around the Circle
2005:Freedmen's Bureau bills
1847:Seneca Falls Convention
576:Radical Democracy Party
527:Freedman's Savings Bank
60:in 1865 as part of the
47:Freedmen's Bureau bills
3263:Forty acres and a mule
2986:Walter Lynwood Fleming
2771:United States v. Reese
2428:Second Enforcement Act
658:Prohibition Convention
390:Southern United States
42:
31:(editorial cartoon by
3388:10.1086/ahr/108.2.623
3237:Civil rights movement
3173:The Birth of a Nation
2782:Centennial Exposition
2636:Black Hills Gold Rush
2551:Slaughter-House Cases
2423:Ku Klux Klan hearings
1901:General Order No. 143
520:James Mitchell Ashley
22:
3507:Halbrook, Stephen.
2818:Electoral Commission
2694:Clifton Riot of 1875
2448:Treaty of Washington
2140:Tenure of Office Act
2098:National Labor Union
1813:American Indian Wars
663:Electoral Commission
653:Greenback Convention
416:Free people of color
356:Federal bureaucracy
296:Moderate Republicans
3526:Congressional Globe
3479:Library of Congress
3463:Library of Congress
3167:D. W. Griffith
3152:The Leopard's Spots
3042:The American Crisis
2976:Columbia University
2943:The Prostrate State
2937:James Shepherd Pike
2854:Posse Comitatus Act
2777:Trader post scandal
2565:Coinage Act of 1873
2339:Black Friday (1869)
2187:Peonage Act of 1867
2165:Reconstruction Acts
2145:Command of Army Act
1880:Militia Act of 1862
291:Radical Republicans
239:Rutherford B. Hayes
156:McKitrick, Eric L.
120:Radical Republicans
3353:(April 14, 1866).
3186:Gone with the Wind
3049:John Hope Franklin
2905:Disenfranchisement
2877:Plessy v. Ferguson
2861:Civil Rights Cases
2823:Compromise of 1877
2714:Wheeler Compromise
2631:Vicksburg massacre
2616:Timber Culture Act
2606:Coushatta massacre
2545:Timber Culture Act
2499:Star Route scandal
2382:Justice Department
2279:Georgia v. Stanton
2268:Opelousas massacre
1859:American Civil War
668:Compromise of 1877
370:Justice Department
334:Federal judiciary
213:Federal government
198:Reconstruction era
77:Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
73:Southern Democrats
62:United States Army
43:
3622:Freedmen's Bureau
3553:Johnson, Andrew.
3538:Barnes, William.
3445:978-1-85109-769-2
3420:978-1-4968-1768-6
3333:
3332:
3316:
3315:
3242:American frontier
3096:Kenneth M. Stampp
2913:
2912:
2755:Ellenton massacre
2596:Brooks–Baxter War
2345:Ex parte McCardle
2111:Ex parte Milligan
2000:Freedmen's Bureau
1916:National Bank Act
1794:
1793:
629:Victoria Woodhull
540:
539:
411:African Americans
382:State governments
365:Freedmen's Bureau
84:The various bills
51:Freedmen's Bureau
41:, April 14, 1866)
29:Freedmen's Bureau
3634:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3558:
3551:
3545:
3536:
3530:
3522:
3516:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3482:
3472:
3466:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3347:
3199:Race and Reunion
3146:Thomas Dixon Jr.
3036:William R. Brock
3026:C. Vann Woodward
3013:W. E. B. Du Bois
3003:Charles A. Beard
2963:Claude G. Bowers
2922:
2921:
2745:Hamburg massacre
2724:Pratt & Boyd
2689:Mississippi Plan
2646:Anti-Moiety Acts
2641:Sanborn incident
2433:Ku Klux Klan Act
2104:Ex parte Garland
1911:Ten percent plan
1803:
1802:
549:
548:
500:Thaddeus Stevens
485:Republican Party
478:Samuel J. Tilden
468:Bourbon Democrat
463:Democratic Party
234:Ulysses S. Grant
209:
208:
191:
184:
177:
168:
167:
140:Slave Trade Acts
3642:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3552:
3548:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3519:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3485:
3473:
3469:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3407:
3403:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3312:
3303:White supremacy
3246:
3205:
3193:David W. Blight
3121:
3031:Joel Williamson
3008:Howard K. Beale
2909:
2898:Giles v. Harris
2842:
2833:Desert Land Act
2806:
2733:
2660:
2584:
2570:Long Depression
2540:Colfax massacre
2523:
2504:Salary Grab Act
2472:
2411:
2392:Kirk–Holden war
2360:
2294:
2201:
2128:
2041:
2022:Shaw University
1961:
1947:Wade–Davis Bill
1935:
1884:
1790:
1744:
766:
720:
674:
554:
536:
473:Horatio Seymour
399:
383:
376:
224:Abraham Lincoln
214:
200:
195:
153:
136:
86:
58:Abraham Lincoln
38:Harper's Weekly
23:Andrew Johnson
17:
12:
11:
5:
3640:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3608:
3607:
3598:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3546:
3531:
3517:
3500:
3483:
3467:
3451:
3444:
3426:
3419:
3401:
3382:. April 2003.
3364:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3190:
3182:
3177:
3169:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3085:
3080:
3072:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3046:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2991:Dunning School
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2969:The Tragic Era
2965:
2960:
2952:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2925:Historiography
2919:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2797:1876 elections
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2651:1874 elections
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2514:1872 elections
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2402:1870 elections
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:15th Amendment
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2285:1868 elections
2282:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2220:
2215:
2213:14th Amendment
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2124:1866 elections
2120:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1973:13th Amendment
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1952:1864 elections
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1749:U.S. elections
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
965:
964:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
908:
907:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
846:
845:
844:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
774:
772:
768:
767:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
728:
726:
722:
721:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
682:
680:
676:
675:
673:
672:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
634:
633:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
600:
599:
598:
597:
592:
581:
580:
579:
578:
573:
568:
557:
555:
552:
546:
542:
541:
538:
537:
535:
534:
529:
524:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
505:Lyman Trumbull
502:
497:
495:Charles Sumner
492:
482:
481:
480:
475:
470:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
429:
428:
423:
418:
407:
405:
401:
400:
398:
397:
392:
386:
384:
381:
378:
377:
375:
374:
373:
372:
367:
362:
353:
352:
351:
350:
345:
340:
331:
330:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
244:
243:
242:
241:
236:
231:
229:Andrew Johnson
226:
217:
215:
212:
206:
202:
201:
194:
193:
186:
179:
171:
165:
164:
161:
152:
149:
148:
147:
142:
135:
132:
124:Reconstruction
97:Andrew Johnson
94:U.S. President
85:
82:
66:Andrew Johnson
55:U.S. President
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3639:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3602:
3595:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3556:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3527:
3521:
3514:
3511:, 1866–1876,
3510:
3504:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:Habeas corpus
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:Winslow Homer
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:After Slavery
3060:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Nez Perce War
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Delano affair
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:Red River War
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Comstock laws
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:Panic of 1873
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:New Departure
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
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771:Gubernatorial
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510:Benjamin Wade
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433:Carpetbaggers
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360:Edwin Stanton
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3589:
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3562:
3555:Veto Message
3549:
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3520:
3508:
3503:
3470:
3454:
3435:
3429:
3410:
3404:
3379:
3358:
3351:Nast, Thomas
3345:
3308:Whitecapping
3278:Paramilitary
3251:Other topics
3232:Jim Crow era
3197:
3184:
3171:
3158:
3150:
3137:
3113:
3105:
3087:
3074:
3070:Leon Litwack
3061:
3053:
3040:
3017:
2981:John Burgess
2967:
2954:
2941:
2896:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2769:
2709:Whiskey Ring
2671:
2621:White League
2557:
2549:
2397:Shoffner Act
2343:
2316:
2277:
2160:Pulaski riot
2109:
2102:
2090:
2004:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1666:
1658:
553:Presidential
515:John Bingham
453:White League
438:Ku Klux Klan
205:Participants
157:
128:
116:
112:
108:John Bingham
101:
91:
89:landowners.
87:
70:
46:
44:
36:
3498:, HarpWeek.
3101:Steven Hahn
2950:James Bryce
2509:Amnesty Act
1990:Black Codes
679:U.S. Senate
426:Politicians
348:Waite Court
343:Chase Court
338:Taney Court
220:Presidents
33:Thomas Nast
3616:Categories
3227:Gilded Age
3083:Eric Foner
2787:Cattellism
2684:Red Shirts
1799:Key events
725:U.S. House
458:Red Shirts
151:References
3396:1937-5239
3337:Footnotes
2847:Aftermath
2558:Virginius
2494:Modoc War
545:Elections
490:Stalwarts
448:Redeemers
247:Congress
3325:Category
3293:Suffrage
2228:Timeline
443:Scalawag
421:Freedman
134:See also
71:By 1869
3513:page 29
2918:Aspects
2317:Alabama
1983:Address
1806:Prelude
762:1876–77
757:1874–75
752:1872–73
747:1870–71
742:1868–69
737:1866–67
732:1864–65
716:1876–77
711:1874–75
706:1872–73
701:1870–71
696:1868–69
691:1866–67
686:1864–65
3442:
3417:
3394:
3210:Legacy
3202:(2001)
3189:(1939)
3176:(1915)
3163:(1905)
3155:(1902)
3142:(1876)
3126:Memory
3118:(2019)
3110:(2003)
3092:(1988)
3079:(1979)
3066:(1965)
3058:(1947)
3045:(1963)
3022:(1935)
2972:(1929)
2959:(1888)
2946:(1874)
2901:(1903)
2888:(1898)
2880:(1896)
2872:(1883)
2864:(1883)
2856:(1878)
2560:Affair
2319:Claims
1876:(1862)
1855:(1850)
1849:(1848)
1843:(1839)
1835:(1838)
1827:(1792)
404:Others
160:(1960)
25:vetoed
1643:1876
1581:1875
1509:1874
1452:1873
1365:1872
1298:1871
1231:1870
1164:1869
1082:1868
1030:1867
968:1866
911:1865
849:1864
777:1863
3440:ISBN
3415:ISBN
3392:ISSN
2811:1877
2738:1876
2665:1875
2589:1874
2528:1873
2477:1872
2416:1871
2365:1870
2299:1869
2206:1868
2133:1867
2046:1866
1966:1865
1940:1864
1889:1863
1786:1876
1781:1874
1776:1872
1771:1870
1766:1868
1761:1866
1756:1864
1667:Nov.
1659:Apr.
638:1876
604:1872
585:1868
561:1864
45:The
3384:doi
1665:CT
1657:CT
648:RNC
643:DNC
614:RNC
609:DNC
595:RNC
590:DNC
566:DNC
3618::
3486:^
3390:.
3378:.
3367:^
3357:.
1738:WV
1733:VT
1728:SC
1723:RI
1718:NC
1713:MO
1708:MI
1703:ME
1698:MA
1693:LA
1688:KS
1683:IN
1678:IL
1673:FL
1652:CO
1647:AL
1635:WI
1630:OH
1625:OH
1620:MN
1615:ME
1610:MD
1605:MA
1600:KY
1595:IA
1590:CT
1585:CA
1573:VT
1568:SC
1563:OR
1558:NV
1553:NJ
1548:MO
1543:MI
1538:ME
1533:MA
1528:KS
1523:DE
1518:CT
1513:AL
1501:WI
1496:VA
1491:TX
1486:OH
1481:MS
1476:MN
1471:ME
1466:MA
1461:IA
1456:CT
1444:WV
1439:VT
1434:SC
1429:RI
1424:PA
1419:NC
1414:MO
1409:MI
1404:ME
1399:MA
1394:LA
1389:IN
1384:IL
1379:FL
1374:CT
1369:AL
1357:WI
1352:RI
1347:OH
1342:NJ
1337:MN
1332:ME
1327:MD
1322:MA
1317:KY
1312:IA
1307:CT
1302:CA
1290:WV
1285:VT
1280:SC
1275:RI
1270:OR
1265:MO
1260:MI
1255:ME
1250:MA
1245:DE
1240:CT
1235:AL
1223:WI
1218:VT
1213:VA
1208:RI
1203:PA
1198:OH
1193:MS
1188:MN
1183:ME
1178:MA
1173:IA
1168:CT
1156:WV
1151:VT
1146:SC
1141:NJ
1136:NC
1131:MO
1126:MI
1121:ME
1116:MA
1111:LA
1106:IN
1101:IL
1096:FL
1091:CT
1086:AL
1074:WI
1069:VT
1064:OH
1059:MN
1054:ME
1049:MD
1044:MA
1039:CT
1034:CA
1022:WV
1017:VT
1012:TX
1007:PA
1002:OR
997:NC
992:MI
987:ME
982:MA
977:DE
972:CT
960:WI
955:VT
950:SC
945:OH
940:NJ
935:MN
930:MA
925:LA
920:FL
915:CT
903:WV
898:VT
893:NH
888:MO
883:MI
878:MA
873:MD
868:LA
863:IN
858:IL
853:CT
841:WV
836:WI
831:VT
826:VA
821:PA
816:OH
811:NH
806:MN
801:MA
796:KY
791:CT
786:CA
781:AL
286:45
281:44
276:43
271:42
266:41
261:40
256:39
251:38
35:,
3481:.
3465:.
3448:.
3423:.
3398:.
3386::
190:e
183:t
176:v
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