Ku Klux Klan - Knowledge

6132: 4263:. Individuals who joined the Klan had earlier demonstrated a much higher rate of voting and civic activism than did their opponents. Cocoltchos suggests that many of the individuals in Orange County joined the Klan out of that sense of civic activism. The Klan representatives easily won the local election in Anaheim in April 1924. They fired city employees who were known to be Catholic and replaced them with Klan appointees. The new city council tried to enforce Prohibition. After its victory, the Klan chapter held large rallies and initiation ceremonies over the summer. The opposition organized, bribed a Klansman for the secret membership list, and exposed the Klansmen running in the state primaries; they defeated most of the candidates. Klan opponents in 1925 took back local government and succeeded in a special election in recalling the Klansmen who had been elected in April 1924. The Klan in Anaheim quickly collapsed, its newspaper closed after losing a libel suit, and the minister who led the local 5848:("Knights of the Fiery Cross"), was established in 1925 by returning naturalized German-born US citizens in Berlin who managed to gather around 300 persons of middle-class occupations such as merchants and clerks. It soon saw the original founders being removed by internal conflicts, and mocking newspapers about the affair. After the Nazis took over Germany, the group disbanded and its members joined the Nazis. On 1991, Dennis Mahon, then of Oklahoma's White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, reportedly helped to organize Klan groups. Another German KKK-related group, the European White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, has organized and it gained notoriety in 2012 when the German media reported that two police officers who held membership in the organization would be allowed to keep their jobs. In 2019, the German authorities conducted raids against a possibly dangerous group called National Socialist Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Deutschland. 3942:

who had been accused of having sex with a white woman. They burned the letters "KKK" into his forehead and gave him a severe beating by a riverbed. The police chief and district attorney refused to prosecute, explicitly and publicly stating they believed that Johnson deserved this treatment. Encouraged by the approval of this whipping, Klansmen in Dallas whipped 68 people by the riverbed in 1922 alone. Although Johnson had been Black, most of the Dallas KKK's whipping victims were white men who were accused of offenses against their wives such as adultery, wife beating, abandoning their wives, refusing to pay child support or gambling. Klansmen often invited local newspaper reporters to attend their whippings so they could write a story about it in the next day's newspaper. All the Dallas newspapers strongly condemned the Klan. Historians report that the

4389: 4806:" revolution in historiography from the 1960s explored history from the bottom up. In terms of the Klan, it developed evidence based on the characteristics, beliefs, and behavior of the typical membership, and downplayed accounts by elite sources. Historians discovered membership lists and the minutes of local meetings from KKK chapters scattered around the country. They discovered that the original interpretation was largely mistaken about the membership and activities of the Klan; the membership was not anti-modern, rural or rustic and consisted of fairly well-educated middle-class joiners and community activists. Half the members lived in the fast-growing industrial cities of the period: Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia, Indianapolis, Denver, and Portland, Oregon, were Klan strongholds during the 1920s. 4228: 3410:, was visited ... between one and two o'clock in the morning in March 1871, by about fifty men mounted and disguised. Each man wore a long white robe and his face was covered by a loose mask with scarlet stripes. She was ordered to get up and dress which she did at once and then admitted to her room the captain and lieutenant who in addition to the usual disguise had long horns on their heads and a sort of device in front. The lieutenant had a pistol in his hand and he and the captain sat down while eight or ten men stood inside the door and the porch was full. They treated her "gentlemanly and quietly" but complained of the heavy school-tax, said she must stop teaching and go away and warned her that they never gave a second notice. She heeded the warning and left the county. 4325: 4119: 4384:

movement. For them, the Klan had been nothing more than a means for gaining wealth and power. These marginal men had risen to the top of the hooded order because, until it became a political force, the Klan had never required strong, dedicated leadership. More established and experienced politicians who endorsed the Klan, or who pursued some of the interests of their Klan constituents, also accomplished little. Factionalism created one barrier, but many politicians had supported the Klan simply out of expedience. When charges of crime and corruption began to taint the movement, those concerned about their political futures had even less reason to work on the Klan's behalf.

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doing. Almost all the major national newspapers and magazines were hostile to its activities. The historian Thomas R. Pegram says that published accounts exaggerated the official viewpoint of the Klan leadership and repeated the interpretations of hostile newspapers and the Klan's enemies. There was almost no evidence in that time regarding the behavior or beliefs of individual Klansmen. According to Pegram, the resulting popular and scholarly interpretation of the Klan from the 1920s into the mid-20th century emphasized its Southern roots and the violent vigilante-style actions of the Klan in its efforts to turn back the clock of modernity. Scholars compared it to

3689: 9394:, but he decided to build an organization all his own. He was an effective speaker, with an affinity for alliteration; he had preached on "Women, Weddings and Wives", "Red Heads, Dead Heads and No Heads", and the "Kinship of Kourtship and Kissing". On Thanksgiving Eve 1915, Simmons took 15 friends to the top of Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, built an altar on which he placed an American flag, a Bible and an unsheathed sword, set fire to a crude wooden cross, muttered a few incantations about a "practical fraternity among men", and declared himself Imperial Wizard of the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. 2641: 4072:, where they made up more than half of the state's membership. Most Klansmen were lower- to middle-class whites who feared the waves of newcomers to the industrial cities: immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, who were mostly Catholic or Jewish; and Black and white migrants from the South. As new populations poured into cities, rapidly changing neighborhoods created social tensions. Because of the rapid pace of population growth in industrializing cities such as Detroit and Chicago, the Klan grew rapidly in the Midwest. The Klan also grew in booming Southern cities such as Dallas and Houston. 4876:(1997) and contrasted the intolerant rhetoric of the group's leaders with the actions of most of the membership. The Klan was white Protestant, established Americans who were fearful of change represented by new immigrants and Black migrants to the North. They were highly suspicious of Catholics, Jews and Black people, who they believed subverted ideal, Protestant moral standards. Violence was uncommon in most chapters. In Indiana, KKK members directed more threats and economic blacklisting primarily against fellow white Protestants for transgressions of community moral standards, such as adultery, 2771: 3257:, and all those who desired restoration of white supremacy. Its purposes were political, but political in the broadest sense, for it sought to affect power relations, both public and private, throughout Southern society. It aimed to reverse the interlocking changes sweeping over the South during Reconstruction: to destroy the Republican party's infrastructure, undermine the Reconstruction state, reestablish control of the Black labor force, and restore racial subordination in every aspect of Southern life. To that end they worked to curb the education, economic advancement, 11697: 3701: 3763: 5020: 6108: 3322:"Armed guerrilla warfare killed thousands of Negroes; political riots were staged; their causes or occasions were always obscure, their results always certain: ten to one hundred times as many Negroes were killed as whites." Masked men shot into houses and burned them, sometimes with the occupants still inside. They drove successful Black farmers off their land. "Generally, it can be reported that in North and South Carolina, in 18 months ending in June 1867, there were 197 murders and 548 cases of aggravated assault." 3771: 5534:(SPLC), which monitors extremist groups, estimated that there were "at least 29 separate, rival Klan groups currently active in the United States, and they compete with one another for members, dues, news media attention and the title of being the true heir to the Ku Klux Klan". The formation of independent chapters has made KKK groups more difficult to infiltrate, and researchers find it hard to estimate their numbers. Analysts believe that about two-thirds of KKK members are concentrated in the 42: 4505:(CIO), which advocated industrial unions and accepted African American members, unlike earlier unions. With access to dynamite and using the skills from their jobs in mining and steel, in the late 1940s some Klan members in Birmingham used bombings to destroy houses in order to intimidate upwardly mobile Black people who moved into middle-class neighborhoods. It has been said that "By mid-1949, there were so many charred house carcasses that the area was informally named Dynamite Hill." 19415: 4255:. Given their tradition of moderate social drinking, the German Americans did not strongly support Prohibition laws – the mayor had been a saloon keeper. Led by the minister of the First Christian Church, the Klan represented a rising group of politically oriented non-ethnic Germans who denounced the elite as corrupt, undemocratic and self-serving. The historian Christopher Cocoltchos says the Klansmen tried to create a model, orderly community. The Klan had about 1,200 members in 6148: 3379: 3066: 2873: 3820:" signed up hundreds of new members, who paid initiation fees and received KKK costumes in return. The organizer kept half the money and sent the rest to state or national officials. When the organizer was done with an area, he organized a rally, often with burning crosses, and perhaps presented a Bible to a local Protestant preacher. He left town with the money collected. The local units operated like many fraternal organizations and occasionally brought in speakers. 5627:—the newspaper's owner, publisher and editor—which urged the Klan to return to staging their night rides, because proposals were being made to raise taxes in the state. In an interview, Sutton suggested that Washington, D.C., could be "clean out" by way of lynchings. "We'll get the hemp ropes out, loop them over a tall limb and hang all of them," Sutton said. He also specified that he was only referring to hanging "socialist-communists" and compared the Klan to the 6120: 16881: 16082: 19379: 3171: 4769: 16901: 3885: 3326: 3153: 4173:

liquor's negative impact on wives and children. Its efforts in public schools included distributing Bibles and petitioning for the dismissal of Catholic teachers. As a result of the Women's Klan's efforts, Texas would not hire Catholic teachers to work in its public schools. As sexual and financial scandals rocked the Klan leadership late in the 1920s, the organization's popularity among both men and women dropped off sharply.

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fighting the kikes, and-there are as many kikes among the Protestants as among the Jews." Active in the Klan revival is J.B.Stoner of Chattanooga who last year sent a petition to Congress reading: "I request, urge and petition you to pass a resolution recognizing the fact that the Jews are children of the devil and that, consequently, they constitute a grave danger to the United States of America."

4054: 2660:. It borrowed parts of the initiation ceremony from that group, with the same purpose: "ludicrous initiations, the baffling of public curiosity, and the amusement for members were the only objects of the Klan", according to Albert Stevens in 1907. The manual of rituals was printed by Laps D. McCord of Pulaski. The origins of the hood are uncertain; it may have been appropriated from the 5396:, claiming damages amounting to millions of dollars. These were filed after KKK members shot into a group of African Americans. Klansmen curtailed their activities in order to conserve money for defense against the lawsuits. The KKK also used lawsuits as tools; they filed a libel suit in order to prevent the publication of a paperback edition of Thompson's book but were unsuccessful. 2678:(1907), "Beginning in April, 1867, there was a gradual transformation. ... The members had conjured up a veritable Frankenstein. They had played with an engine of power and mystery, though organized on entirely innocent lines, and found themselves overcome by a belief that something must lie behind it all—that there was, after all, a serious purpose, a work for the Klan to do." 3754:. A publicist claimed that Wilson said, "It is like writing history with lightning, and my only regret is that it is all so terribly true." Wilson strongly disliked the film and felt he had been tricked by Dixon. The White House issued a denial of the "lightning" quote, saying that he was entirely unaware of the nature of the film and at no time had expressed his approbation of it. 3674: 4793:...depicted the Klan movement as an irrational rebuke of modernity by undereducated, economically marginal bigots, religious zealots, and dupes willing to be manipulated by the Klan's cynical, mendacious leaders. It was, in this view, a movement of country parsons and small-town malcontents who were out of step with the dynamism of twentieth-century urban America. 3792:

and maintain the distinctive institutions, rights, privileges, principles and ideals of a pure Americanism". Such moral-sounding purpose underlay its appeal as a fraternal organization, recruiting members with a promise of aid for settling into the new urban societies of rapidly growing cities such as Dallas and Detroit. During the 1930s, particularly after

4367:(NAACP) launched public education campaigns in order to inform people about Klan activities and lobbied in Congress against Klan abuses. After its peak in 1925, Klan membership in most areas began to decline rapidly. Specific events contributed to the Klan's decline as well. In Indiana, the scandal surrounding the 1925 murder trial of Grand Dragon 5832:, the following decade saw visits by leading Klansmen, and the 1990s saw recruitment drives in London, Scotland and the Midlands and huge internal turmoil and splintering: for example a leader, Allan Beshella, had to resign after a 1972 conviction for child sex abuse was revealed. In 2018, Klan-clad far-right activists marched in front of a 3167:, Klan members gathered to try to create a hierarchical organization with local chapters eventually reporting to a national headquarters. Since most of the Klan's members were veterans, they were used to such military hierarchy, but the Klan never operated under this centralized structure. Local chapters and bands were highly independent. 4984:, began to resist social change and Black people's efforts to improve their lives by bombing houses in transitional neighborhoods. The white men worked in mining and steel industries, with access to these materials. There were so many bombings of Black people's homes in Birmingham by Klan groups in the 1950s that the city was nicknamed " 6131: 3307:

mannerisms. "The kind of thing that men are afraid or ashamed to do openly, and by day, they accomplish secretly, masked, and at night." The KKK night riders "sometimes claimed to be ghosts of Confederate soldiers so, as they claimed, to frighten superstitious Blacks. Few freedmen took such nonsense seriously."

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A report to the World-Telegram today from Atlanta, Georgia, says that the Ku Klux Klan has resumed functioning there, with all its trappinge burning crosses, hoods and other KKK rituals – and quotes Grand Dragon Samuel Greens as stating that "we are not fighting Jews because of their religion. We are

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arrived in Birmingham in 1961, Connor gave Klan members fifteen minutes to attack the riders before sending in the police to quell the attack. When local and state authorities failed to protect the Freedom Riders and activists, the federal government began to establish intervention and protection. In

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After the decline of the national organization, small independent groups adopted the name "Ku Klux Klan", along with variations. They had no formal relationships with each other, and most had no connection to the second KKK, except for the fact that they copied its terminology and costumes. Beginning

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Studies find that in general, the KKK membership in these cities was from the stable, successful middle classes, with few members drawn from the elite or the working classes. Pegram, reviewing the studies, concludes, "the popular Klan of the 1920s, while diverse, was more of a civic exponent of white

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enforcing their moral views by flogging people who violated them, whites as well as Black people. In March 1940, they were implicated in the beating murders of a young white couple taken from their car on a lovers lane, and flogged a white barber to death for drinking, both in East Point, a suburb of

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Stephenson and the other salesmen and office seekers who maneuvered for control of Indiana's Invisible Empire lacked both the ability and the desire to use the political system to carry out the Klan's stated goals. They were uninterested in, or perhaps even unaware of, grass roots concerns within the

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The Klan had numerous members in every part of the United States but was particularly strong in the South and Midwest. At its peak, claimed Klan membership exceeded four million and comprised 20% of the adult white male population in many broad geographic regions, and 40% in some areas. The Klan also

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The Klan attracted people but most of them did not remain in the organization for long. Membership in the Klan turned over rapidly as people found out that it was not the group which they had wanted. Millions joined and at its peak in the 1920s the organization claimed numbers that amounted to 15% of

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By the 1920s, most of its members lived in the Midwest and West. Nearly one in five of the eligible Indiana population were members. It had a national base by 1925. In the South, where the great majority of whites were Democrats, the Klansmen were Democrats. In the rest of the country, the membership

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The Second Klan saw threats from every direction. According to historian Brian R. Farmer, "two-thirds of the national Klan lecturers were Protestant ministers". Much of the Klan's energy went into guarding the home, and historian Kathleen Blee says that its members wanted to protect "the interests of

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argues that "generally speaking, the Klan's end was more in the form of spotty, slow, and gradual disintegration than a formal and decisive disbandment". A Georgia-based reporter wrote in 1870: "A true statement of the case is not that the Ku Klux are an organized band of licensed criminals, but that

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organization" and issued hundreds of indictments for crimes of violence and terrorism. Klan members were prosecuted, and many fled from areas that were under federal government jurisdiction, particularly in South Carolina. Many people not formally inducted into the Klan had used the Klan's costume to

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in Columbia, S.C., during December 1871. The defendants were given from three months to five years of incarceration with fines. More Black people served on juries in federal court than on local or state juries, so they had a chance to participate in the process. Hundreds of Klan members were fined or

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By 1868, two years after the Klan's creation, its activity was beginning to decrease. Members were hiding behind Klan masks and robes as a way to avoid prosecution for freelance violence. Many influential Southern Democrats feared that Klan lawlessness provided an excuse for the federal government to

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took on a thinly disguised version of the KKK. Kennedy stripped away the Klan's mystique and trivialized its rituals and code words, which may have contributed to the decline in Klan recruiting and membership. In the 1950s Kennedy wrote a bestselling book about his experiences, which further damaged

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Scholars and biographers have recently examined Hugo Black's Klan role. Ball finds regarding the KKK that Black "sympathized with the group's economic, nativist, and anti-Catholic beliefs". Newman says Black "disliked the Catholic Church as an institution" and gave over 100 anti-Catholic speeches to

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won the Alabama governor's office. He was a former Klan chapter head. He pushed for increased education funding, better public health, new highway construction, and pro-labor legislation. Because the Alabama state legislature refused to redistrict until 1972, and then under court order, the Klan was

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Members of the KKK swore to uphold American values and Christian morality, and some Protestant ministers became involved at the local level. However, no Protestant denomination officially endorsed the KKK; indeed, the Klan was repeatedly denounced by the major Protestant magazines, as well as by all

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in Atlanta in 1917; in it, he identified the Klan's goals as "to shield the sanctity of the home and the chastity of womanhood; to maintain white supremacy; to teach and faithfully inculcate a high spiritual philosophy through an exalted ritualism; and by a practical devotedness to conserve, protect

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who would go into the huts of the recently freed negroes or catch some negro who had been working for thirty cents a day on his way home from work...and cruelly whip him, leaving him to live or die." Seemingly random whipping attacks, meant to be suggestive of previous condition of servitude, were a

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bands, displaced Democratic politicians, illegal whiskey distillers, coercive moral reformers, sadists, rapists, white workmen fearful of Black competition, employers trying to enforce labor discipline, common thieves, neighbors with decades-old grudges, and even a few freedmen and white Republicans

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The first Klan had mixed results in terms of achieving its objectives. It seriously weakened the Black political leadership through its use of assassinations and threats of violence, and it drove some people out of politics. On the other hand, it caused a sharp backlash, with passage of federal laws

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at the time. The national headquarters made its profit through a monopoly on costume sales, while the organizers were paid through initiation fees. It grew rapidly nationwide at a time of prosperity. Reflecting the social tensions pitting urban versus rural America, it spread to every state and was

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A 2016 analysis by the SPLC found that hate groups in general were on the rise in the United States. The ADL published a report in 2016 that concluded: "Despite a persistent ability to attract media attention, organized Ku Klux Klan groups are actually continuing a long-term trend of decline. They

5046:, the homes of 40 Black Southern families were bombed during 1951 and 1952. Some of the bombing victims were social activists whose work exposed them to danger, but most were either people who refused to bow to racist convention or were innocent bystanders, unsuspecting victims of random violence. 4965:

formed in 1964 after splitting from the Original Knights. According to an FBI report published in May 1965, the KKK was divided into 14 different organizations at the time with a total membership of approximately 9,000. The FBI reported that Roy Davis's Original Knights was the largest faction and

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In some states, historians have obtained membership rosters of some local units and matched the names against city directory and local records to create statistical profiles of the membership. Big city newspapers were often hostile and ridiculed Klansmen as ignorant farmers. Detailed analysis from

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The second Klan was less violent than either the first or third Klan were. However, the second Klan, especially in the Southeast, was not an entirely non-violent organization. The most violent Klan was in Dallas, Texas. In April 1921, several members of the Klan kidnapped Alex Johnson, a Black man

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In 1985, the KKK began creating wanted posters listing personal information for abortion providers (doxing before the Internet age) ... Groups like the Confederate Knights of the Ku Klux Klan trafficked in rhetoric that mirrored that of the anti-abortion movement—with an anti-Semitic twist: 'More

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in Europe. Amann states that, "Undeniably, the Klan had some traits in common with European fascism—chauvinism, racism, a mystique of violence, an affirmation of a certain kind of archaic traditionalism—yet their differences were fundamental. ... never envisioned a change of political or economic

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The KKK was a secret organization; apart from a few top leaders, most members never identified as such and wore masks in public. Investigators in the 1920s used KKK publicity, court cases, exposés by disgruntled Klansmen, newspaper reports, and speculation to write stories about what the Klan was

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destroyed the image of the KKK as upholders of law and order. By 1926 the Klan was "crippled and discredited". D. C. Stephenson was the grand dragon of Indiana and 22 northern states. In 1923 he had led the states under his control in order to break away from the national KKK organization. At his

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Klan leaders hope to have all major candidates competing to win the movement's endorsement. ... The Klan's leadership wanted to keep their options open and repeatedly announced that the movement was not aligned with any political party. This non-alliance strategy was also valuable as a recruiting

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positions. It presented itself as a fraternal, nativist and strenuously patriotic organization; and its leaders emphasized support for vigorous enforcement of Prohibition laws. It expanded membership dramatically to a 1924 peak of 1.5 million to 4 million, which was between 4–15% of the

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Klan members adopted masks and robes that hid their identities and added to the drama of their night rides, their chosen time for attacks. Many of them operated in small towns and rural areas where people otherwise knew each other's faces, and sometimes still recognized the attackers by voice and

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The Assembly Hall was filled in the evening, with about 100 klanswomen and a few klansmen in robes. The first speaker of the evening was Bishop White. She gave a fiery message on the topic of race and social equality....She expressed hope that the Klan would do its part in keeping the blood of

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was elected to follow Edwards as national leader. Edwards had previously appointed Davis Grand Dragon of Texas in an effort to unite their two klan organizations. Davis was already leading the Original Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Davis held rallies

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The first and third Klans were primarily Southeastern groups aimed against Black people. The second Klan, in contrast, broadened the scope of the organization to appeal to people in the Midwestern and Western states who considered Catholics, Jews, and foreign-born minorities to be anti-American.

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the Klan in 1870, adding to his unpopularity. This and extensive violence and fraud at the polls caused the Republicans to lose their majority in the state legislature. Disaffection with Holden's actions contributed to white Democratic legislators impeaching him and removing him from office, but

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Klan leader Nathan Bedford Forrest boasted that the Klan was a nationwide organization of 550,000 men and that he could muster 40,000 Klansmen within five days' notice. However, the Klan had no membership rosters, no chapters, and no local officers, so it was difficult for observers to judge its

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characterized the second Klan as "anti-Negro, anti-Alien, anti-Red, anti-Catholic, anti-Jew, anti-Darwin, anti-Modern, anti-Liberal, Fundamentalist, vastly Moral, militantly Protestant. And summing up these fears, it brought them into focus with the tradition of the past, and above all with the

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Police in Virginia are investigating a series of violently antisemitic and homophobic flyers targeting a local school board that were distributed by a white supremacist group affiliated with the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Flyers denouncing the school board in Fairfax, Va., as 'Jew-inspired, communist,

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Historian Robert Moats Miller reports that "not a single endorsement of the Klan was found by the present writer in the Methodist press, while many of the attacks on the Klan were quite savage. ...The Southern Baptist press condoned the aims but condemned the methods of the Klan." National

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in Dallas. Davis, based in Dallas, resigned as Imperial Wizard of the Original Knights shortly after the Original Knights received a Congressional subpoena. The Original Knights became increasingly fractured in the immediate aftermath as many members were forced to testify before Congress. The

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had a registered Republican majority of 1,071, after the murders, no Republicans voted in the fall elections. White Democrats cast the full vote of the parish for President Grant's opponent. The KKK killed and wounded more than 200 Black Republicans, hunting and chasing them through the woods.

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The Klan declined in strength in part because of internal weaknesses; its lack of central organization and the failure of its leaders to control criminal elements and sadists. More fundamentally, it declined because it failed to achieve its central objective – the overthrow of Republican state

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By the 1920s, the KKK developed a women's auxiliary, with chapters in many areas. Its activities included participation in parades, cross lightings, lectures, rallies, and boycotts of local businesses owned by Catholics and Jews. The Women's Klan was active in promoting Prohibition, stressing

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and continued to operate autonomously. There were never hierarchical levels or state headquarters. Klan members used violence to settle old personal feuds and local grudges, as they worked to restore general white dominance in the disrupted postwar society. The historian Elaine Frantz Parsons

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of Alabama was leading a faction of 400–600 members. Congressional investigators found that by the end of 1965 most members of Original Knights organization joined Shelton's United Klans and the Original Knights of the KKK disbanded. Shelton's United Klan continued to absorb members from the

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argues that Klansmen seriously embraced Protestantism as an essential component of their white supremacist, anti-Catholic, and paternalistic formulation of American democracy and national culture. Their cross was a religious symbol, and their ritual honored Bibles and local ministers. But no

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and targeted violence against African-American leaders. The Klan was organized into numerous independent chapters across the Southern United States. Each chapter was autonomous and highly secretive about membership and plans. Members made their own, often colorful, costumes: robes, masks and

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Bishop White's transformation from minister to Klan propagandist is detailed in voluminous autobiographical and political writing. White's anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic, and racist message fit well into the Klan's efforts to convince white Protestant women that their collective interests as

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The distinctive white costume permitted large-scale public activities, especially parades and cross-burning ceremonies, while keeping the membership roles a secret. Sales of the costumes provided the main financing for the national organization, while initiation fees funded local and state

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The existence of modern Klan groups has been in a state of consistent decline, due to a variety of factors: from the American public's negative distaste of the group's image, platform, and history, infiltration and prosecution by law enforcement, civil lawsuit forfeitures, and the radical

7593:, reminds us that 'virtually every' Protestant denomination denounced the KKK, but that most KKK members were not 'innately depraved or anxious to subvert American institutions', but rather believed their membership in keeping with 'one-hundred percent Americanism' and Christian morality. 10838:"Georgia Orders Action to Revoke Charter of Klan. Federal Lien Also Put on File to Collect Income Taxes Dating Back to 1921. Governor Warns of a Special Session if Needed to Enact 'De-Hooding' Measures Tells of Phone Threats Georgia Acts to Crush the Klan. Federal Tax Lien Also Is Filed" 4947:

in 1950. Based in Atlanta, Edwards worked to rebuild the organization by uniting the different factions of the KKK from other parts of the United States, but the strength of the organization was short-lived, and the group fractured as it competed with other klan organizations. In 1959,

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The Alabama KKK whipped both white and Black women who were accused of fornication or adultery. Although many people in Alabama were outraged by the whippings of white women, no Klansmen were ever convicted for the violence. Anti-Catholicism was a main concern of the Alabama Klan, and

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The historiography of the second Klan of the 1920s has changed over time. Early histories were based on mainstream sources of the time, but since the late 20th century, other histories have been written drawing from records and analysis of members of the chapters in social histories.

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National sentiment gathered to crack down on the Klan, even though some Democrats at the national level questioned whether the Klan really existed, or believed that it was a creation of nervous Southern Republican governors. Many southern states began to pass anti-Klan legislation.

4892:, a major Catholic college near South Bend. In May 1924, when the KKK scheduled a regional meeting in the city, Notre Dame students blocked the Klansmen and stole some KKK regalia. On the next day, the Klansmen counterattacked. Finally, the college president and the football coach 2811:

in December of that year, Simmons and his new klansmen paraded to the theater in robes and pointed hoods – many on robed horses – just like in the film. These mass parades became another hallmark of the new Klan that had not existed in the original Reconstruction-era organization.

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hide their identities when carrying out independent acts of violence. Forrest called for the Klan to disband in 1869, arguing that it was "being perverted from its original honorable and patriotic purposes, becoming injurious instead of subservient to the public peace". Historian

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argues that religion was critical—the KKK based its hatred on a particular brand of Protestantism that resonated with mainstream Americans: "Members embraced Protestant Christianity and a crusade to save America from domestic as well as foreign threats." Member were primarily

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The second Klan expanded with new chapters in cities in the Midwest and West, and reached both Republicans and Democrats, as well as men without a party affiliation. The goal of Prohibition in particular helped the Klan and some Republicans to make common cause in the North.

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workers. When they killed Black political leaders, they also took heads of families, along with the leaders of churches and community groups, because these people had many roles in society. Agents of the Freedmen's Bureau reported weekly assaults and murders of Black people.

5635:'s School of Communication removed Sutton—who is an alumnus of that school—from its Mass Communication and Journalism Hall of Fame, and "strongly condemned" his remarks. Sutton was also stripped of a distinguished community journalism award he had been presented in 2009 by 5529:

The modern KKK is not one organization; rather, it is composed of small independent chapters across the United States. According to a 1999 ADL report, the KKK's estimated size then was "No more than a few thousand, organized into slightly more than 100 units". In 2017, the

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Indiana's Klansmen represented a wide cross section of society: they were not disproportionately urban or rural, nor were they significantly more or less likely than other members of society to be from the working class, middle class, or professional ranks. Klansmen were

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and white-hooded robes. The KKK of the 1920s had a nationwide membership in the millions and reflected a cross-section of the native-born white English-speaking and Protestant population. The third Klan formed in the mid 20th century, largely as a reaction to the growing

6080:

Although predating the Klan, in modern times the symbol of the burning cross has become almost solely associated with the Ku Klux Klan and has become one of the most potent hate symbols in the United States. Burning crosses did not become associated with the clan until

5455:

was tried in February 1987. The all-white jury found the Klan responsible for the lynching of Donald, and ordered the Klan to pay US$ 7 million, but the KKK did not have sufficient funds to pay the fine. They had to sell off their national headquarters building in

3595:, saber clubs, and rifle clubs, that intimidated and murdered Black political leaders. The White League and Red Shirts were distinguished by their willingness to cultivate publicity, working directly to overturn Republican officeholders and regain control of politics. 3140:

reported that disorder, lack of control, and lawlessness were widespread; in some states armed bands of Confederate soldiers roamed at will. The Klan used public violence against Black people and their allies as intimidation. They burned houses and attacked and killed

5225:

citing "their successful campaign against the Ku Klux Klan, waged on their own doorstep at the risk of economic loss and personal danger, culminating in the conviction of over one hundred Klansmen and an end to terrorism in their communities". In a 1958 incident in

11859: 4141:

as a dramatic display of symbolism, with a tone of intimidation. No crosses had been used as a symbol by the first Klan, but it became a symbol of the Klan's quasi-Christian message. Its lighting during meetings was often accompanied by prayer, the singing of

3002:

claims an estimate of just over 30 active Klan groups existing in the United States. Estimates of total collective membership range from about 3,000 to 8,000. In addition to its active membership, the Klan has an "unknown number of associates and supporters".

2834:

ancient Southern pattern of high romantic histrionics, violence and mass coercion of the scapegoat and the heretic." It preached "One Hundred Percent Americanism" and demanded the purification of politics, calling for strict morality and better enforcement of

4419:, citing "his editorials against gangsterism, floggings and racial and religious intolerance". Other newspapers kept up a steady, loud attack on the Klan, referring to the organization as violent and "un-American". Sheriffs cracked down on activities. In the 6100:

inspired members of the second Klan to take up the practice. In the modern day the symbol of the burning cross is so associated with racial intimidation that it is used by many non-Klan racist elements and has spread to locations outside the United States.

4558:'s theory that Jews and non-whites were descended from the serpent in the Garden of Eden. Monson connected the work of the corrupt race to the activities of the Catholic Church and the Pope. Monson's ideas were popular among some KKK members in the 1950s. 3823:

Simmons initially met with little success in either recruiting members or in raising money, and the Klan remained a small operation in the Atlanta area until 1920. The group produced publications for national circulation from its headquarters in Atlanta:

3224:". He argued that many Southerners believed that Black people were voting for the Republican Party because they were being hoodwinked by the Loyal Leagues. One Alabama newspaper editor declared "The League is nothing more than a nigger Ku Klux Klan." 4363:(which was chiefly aimed at Catholic parochial schools). Opposing groups worked to penetrate the Klan's secrecy. After one civic group in Indiana began to publish Klan membership lists, there was a rapid decline in the number of Klan members. The 3582:

By 1872, the federal government's evident willingness to bring its legal and coercive authority to bear had broken the Klan's back and produced a dramatic decline in violence throughout the South. So ended the Reconstruction career of the Ku Klux

4315:

appointed Black to the Supreme Court without knowing how active in the Klan he had been in the 1920s. He was confirmed by his fellow Senators before the full KKK connection was known; Justice Black said he left the Klan when he became a senator.

4087:

and religious conflicts among more recent immigrants contributed to the rise of the Klan in the city. Swedish Protestants were struggling against Irish Catholics, who had been entrenched longer, for political and ideological control of the city.

4884:

and heavy drinking. Up to one third of Indiana's Protestant men joined the order making it, Moore argued, "a kind of interest group for average white Protestants who believed that their values should be dominant in their community and state."

2705:

and their allies; it sought to restore white supremacy by threats and violence, including murder. "They targeted white Northern leaders, Southern sympathizers and politically active Blacks." In 1870 and 1871, the federal government passed the

5237:

for associating with white people, and threatened more actions. When the KKK held a nighttime rally nearby, they were quickly surrounded by hundreds of armed Lumbee. Gunfire was exchanged, and the Klan was routed at what became known as the

3135:

violence related not only to the high number of veterans in the population, but also to their effort to control the dramatically changed social situation by using extrajudicial means to restore white supremacy. In 1866, Mississippi governor

5428:, the FBI investigated his death. The US attorney prosecuted the case. Two local KKK members were convicted for his murder, including Henry Francis Hays who was sentenced to death. After exhausting the appeals process, Hays was executed by 5408:, following a KKK initiation rally. A fifth woman, Fannie Crumsey, was injured by flying glass in the incident. Attempted murder charges were filed against the three KKK members, two of whom—Bill Church and Larry Payne—were acquitted by an 4067:

A significant characteristic of the second Klan was that it was an organization based in urban areas, reflecting the major shifts of population to cities in the North, West, and the South. In Michigan, for instance, 40,000 members lived in

1305: 4028:

campaign. They also argue that the Klan leadership focused more intently on monetizing the organization during this period than fulfilling the political goals of the organization. Local leaders profited from expanding their membership.

3265:

of Black people. The Klan soon spread into nearly every Southern state, launching a reign of terror against Republican leaders both Black and white. Those political leaders assassinated during the campaign included Arkansas Congressman

4079:, in the 1920s, the Klan ascended to power quickly but declined as a result of opposition from the Catholic Church. There was no violence and the local newspaper ridiculed Klansmen as "night-shirt knights". Half of the members were 5631:. The editorial and Sutton's subsequent comments provoked calls for his resignation from Alabama politicians and the Alabama Press Association, which later censured Sutton and suspended the newspaper's membership. In addition, the 3848:

and the accompanying proliferation of non-Protestant cultural values, as well as some high-profile instances of violence against whites. The Klan had a nationwide reach by the mid-1920s, with its densest per capita membership in

4259:. The economic and occupational profile of the pro- and anti-Klan groups shows the two were similar and about equally prosperous. Klan members were Protestants, as were most of their opponents, but the latter also included many 2894:. Within the first six months of the Association's national recruitment campaign, Klan membership had increased by 85,000. At its peak in the mid-1920s, the organization's membership ranged from three to eight million members. 9263:, p. 109, writes that by 1874, "For many, the lapse of the enforcement acts was justified since their reason for being—the Ku-Klux Klan—had been effectively smashed as a result of the dramatic showdown in South Carolina". 6065:

interlocked and facing inward, referencing the name of the group. A variation on this symbol has the K's facing outwards instead of inwards. It is an old Klan symbol that has also been resurrected as a modern-day hate symbol.

3375:, and hundreds more in other counties including Madison, Alachua, Columbia, and Hamilton. Florida Freedmen's Bureau records provided a detailed recounting of Klansmen's beatings and murders of freedmen and their white allies. 6604: 5851:

In 2001, David Duke came to Moscow to network with local anti-Semitic Russian nationalists. Duke said that Russia was "the key to white survival" and blamed most of the events of the 20th century Russian history on the Jews.

3431:, organized "the anti-Ku Klux". They put an end to violence by threatening Klansmen with reprisals unless they stopped whipping Unionists and burning Black churches and schools. Armed Black people formed their own defense in 4270:

In the South, Klan members were still Democratic, as it was essentially a one-party region for whites. Klan chapters were closely allied with Democratic police, sheriffs, and other functionaries of local government. Due to

3520:

imprisoned during the crackdown, "once the national government became set upon a policy of military intervention whole populations which had scouted the authority of the weak 'Radical' government of the State became meek."

3502:

were used by the federal government to enforce the civil rights provisions for individuals under the constitution. The Klan refused to voluntarily dissolve after the 1871 Klan Act, so President Grant issued a suspension of

15419: 12538: 2931:– and external opposition brought about a collapse in the membership of both groups. The main group's membership had dropped to about 30,000 by 1930. It finally faded away in the 1940s. Klan organizers also operated in 12299: 11851: 9389:

An itinerant Methodist preacher named William Joseph Simmons started up the Klan again in Atlanta in 1915. Simmons, an ascetic-looking man, was a fetishist on fraternal organizations. He was already a "colonel" in the

12062: 8332: 7284: 6229: 6572: 15326: 4012:

tool. The Klan drew its members from Democratic as well as Republican voters. If the movement had aligned itself with a single political party, it would have substantially narrowed its pool of potential recruits.

2751:

as governor in South Carolina. They were described as acting as the military arm of the Democratic Party and are attributed with helping white Democrats regain control of state legislatures throughout the South.

10043: 8188: 7627: 5412:. The third defendant, Marshall Thrash, was sentenced by the same jury to nine months on lesser charges. He was released after three months. In 1982, a jury awarded the five women $ 535,000 in a civil trial. 7399:

Historians have suggested a combination of reasons for the eventual decline of the Ku Klux Klan of the Reconstruction period: 1)growth of public sentiment in the South against activities of masked terrorists

3612:

did not include the right to regulate against private conspiracies. It recommended that persons who had been victimized should seek relief in state courts, which were entirely unsympathetic to such appeals.

12431: 10858:

Governor Ellis Arnall today ordered the State's legal department to bring action to revoke the Georgia charter of the Ku Klux Klan. ... 'It is my further information that on June 4, 1944, the Ku Klux

4400:

launched a wave of physical terror in 1927. They targeted both Black and white people for violations of racial norms and for perceived moral lapses. This led to a strong backlash, beginning in the media.

3946:: "diligently published thousands of anti-Klan editorials, exposés, and critical stories, informing its readership of Klan activities in their community as well as from around the state and the nation." 3778:, from the shores of America. Among the "snakes" are various supposed negative attributes of the Church, including superstition, the union of church and state, control of public schools, and intolerance. 6945: 4450:

Atlanta. More than 20 others were "brutally flogged". As the police began to investigate, they found the records of the KKK had disappeared from their East Point office. The cases were reported by the

9702: 12739: 11828: 7533: 3116:

of the South. The group was known for a short time as the "Kuklux Clan". The Ku Klux Klan was one of a number of secret, oath-bound organizations using violence, which included the Southern Cross in

12963: 13330: 6301:

The Ku Klux Klan opposed the civil rights and Black rights movements, and often killed Black people that either committed crimes, or simply exercised their rights of voting, owning guns, land, etc.

6007:

All of the above terminology was created by William Joseph Simmons, as part of his 1915 revival of the Klan. The Reconstruction-era Klan used different titles; the only titles to carry over were "

4041:

represented the single most important bond between Klansmen throughout the nation". The Klan opposed bootleggers, sometimes with violence. In 1922, two hundred Klan members set fire to saloons in

5906:, that was being threatened by the activities of the Fijian Klan, which owned fortresses and artillery. By March, it had become the "British Subjects' Mutual Protection Society", which included 5249:(FBI) had paid informants in the Klan (for instance, in Birmingham in the early 1960s), its relations with local law enforcement agencies and the Klan were often ambiguous. The head of the FBI, 3473:(Ku Klux Klan Act). This added to the enmity that Southern white Democrats bore toward him. While the bill was being considered, further violence in the South swung support for its passage. The 12517: 5723:

Aside from the Ku Klux Klan in Canada, there have been various attempts to organize KKK chapters outside the United States in places such as: Asia, Europe and Oceania, with negligible results.

13212: 10845: 5373:

had sponsored a rally against the Klan in an effort to organize predominantly Black industrial workers in the area. Klan members drove up with arms in their car trunks, and attacked marchers.

4725:

filed a lien for $ 685,000 in back taxes against the Klan, and Colescott dissolved the organization by decree on April 23 of that year. Local Klan groups closed down over the following years.

2587:. This second Klan flourished both in the south and northern states; it was funded by initiation fees and selling its members a standard white costume. The chapters did not have dues. It used 15407: 11795: 8398: 6045:, a white cross on a red disk with what appears to be a blood drop in the middle. It was first used in the early 1900s, with the symbol in the center originally appearing as a red and white 4953:

Florida and other southern states during 1961 and 1962 recruiting members. Davis had been a close associate of William J. Simmons and been active in the KKK since it first reformed in 1915.

19575: 3938:

denominational organizations never endorsed the Klan, but they rarely condemned it by name. Many nationally and regionally prominent churchmen did condemn it by name, and none endorsed it.

19585: 15102:

The Cyclopedia of Fraternities: A Compilation of Existing Authentic Information and the Results of Original Investigation As to More Than Six Hundred Secret Societies in the United States

10429: 5148:, a reputed Ku Klux Klansman, was convicted. Seale was sentenced to serve three life sentences. Seale, who died in prison in 2011, was a former Mississippi policeman and sheriff's deputy. 1266: 11178: 7506:

include it in their lists of hate groups. See also Brian Levin, "Cyberhate: A Legal and Historical Analysis of Extremists' Use of Computer Networks in America", in Perry, Barbara (ed.),

6557:

than ten million white babies have been murdered through Jewish-engineered legalized abortion since 1973 here in America and more than a million per year are being slaughtered this way.'

5772:

with the intention of destroying Catholicism there. On 1924 vigilantes claimed to have organized themselves into a Klan against "criminals", publishing a program of "social epuration".

10478: 6861: 11889: 2656:: Frank McCord, Richard Reed, John Lester, John Kennedy, J. Calvin Jones, and James Crowe. It started as a fraternal social club inspired at least in part by the then largely defunct 6612: 2445:

Three separate groups calling themselves the Klan have existed in non-overlapping time periods. Each comprised local chapters with little or no central direction. Each has advocated

11677: 11647: 8363: 6808: 6648: 5935:

Membership in the Klan is secret. Like many fraternal organizations, the Klan has signs that members can use to recognize one another. In conversation, a member may use the acronym

3345:

Thirteen captives were taken from jail and shot; a half-buried pile of 25 bodies was found in the woods. The KKK made people vote Democratic and gave them certificates of the fact.

13611: 3620:", disappeared from use by the early 1870s, after Grand Wizard Forrest called for their destruction as part of disbanding the Klan. The Klan was broken as an organization by 1872. 11462: 2815:

Beginning in 1921, it adopted a modern business system of using full-time, paid recruiters and it appealed to new members as a fraternal organization, of which many examples were

6752: 6672: 6588: 4869:

described the Klan of the 1920s as associated with cities and urbanization, with chapters often acting as a kind of fraternal organization to aid people coming from other areas.

3970:. The new leadership invigorated the Klan and it grew rapidly. It appealed to new members based on current social tensions, and stressed responses to fears raised by defiance of 12550: 8583: 7707: 6831: 4971:

competing factions and remained the largest Klan group unto the 1970s, peaking with an estimated 30,000 members and another 250,000 non-member supporters during the late 1960s.

9843: 9817: 12289: 8224: 6905: 6776: 2850:. Its appeal was directed exclusively toward white Protestants; it opposed Jews, Black people, Catholics, and newly arriving Southern and Eastern European immigrants such as 2594:

The third and current manifestation of the KKK emerged after 1950, in the form of localized and isolated groups that use the KKK name. They have focused on opposition to the

11617: 10577: 6957: 4003:. Klan leaders tried to infiltrate political parties; as Cummings notes, "it was non-partisan in the sense that it pressed its nativist issues to both parties". Sociologist 13270: 12070: 7292: 7268: 3465:

convened a congressional committee which took testimony from 52 witnesses about Klan atrocities, accumulating 12 volumes. In February, former Union general and congressman

2901:. From September 1923 there were two Ku Klux Klan organizations: the one founded by Simmons and led by Evans with its strength primarily in the southern United States, and 2591:

which were similar to those used by the first Klan, while adding cross burnings and mass parades to intimidate others. It rapidly declined in the latter half of the 1920s.

19620: 18904: 12453: 6576: 5159:

mother of five who was visiting the state in order to attend a civil rights march. At the time of her murder, Liuzzo was transporting Civil Rights marchers related to the

15316: 4216:

in New York City. Their delegates proposed a resolution indirectly attacking the Klan; it was defeated by one vote out of 1,100. The leading presidential candidates were

2718:

says were a success in terms of "restoring order, reinvigorating the morale of Southern Republicans, and enabling Blacks to exercise their rights as citizens". Historian

12384: 10646: 5560:

In 2015, the number of KKK chapters nationwide grew from 72 to 190. The SPLC released a similar report stating that "there were significant increases in Klan as well as

11958: 10035: 6881: 5313:

After federal legislation was passed prohibiting legal segregation and authorizing enforcement of protection of voting rights, KKK groups began to oppose court-ordered

5200:

Perry Nussbaum. These were carried out by Klan member Thomas Albert Tarrants III, who was convicted in 1968. Another Klan bombing was averted in Meridian the same year.

5174:

was convicted of his murder and sentenced to life. Two other Klan members were indicted with Bowers, but one died before trial and the other's indictment was dismissed.

2681:

The KKK had no organizational structure above the chapter level. However, there were similar groups across the South that adopted similar goals. Klan chapters promoted

19450: 8192: 7631: 6929: 5639:'s Journalism Advisory Council. Sutton expressed no regret and said that the editorial was intended to be "ironic", but that "not many people understand irony today." 5432:

for Donald's death in Alabama on June 6, 1997. It was the first time since 1913 that a white man had been executed in Alabama for a crime against an African American.

5054: 4037:

Historians agree that the Klan's resurgence in the 1920s was aided by the national debate over Prohibition. The historian Prendergast says that the KKK's "support for

12328: 2790:. While Simmons relied on documents from the original Klan and memories of some surviving elders, the revived Klan was based significantly on the wildly popular film 13813: 13244: 4501:, Klan members kept control of access to the better-paying industrial jobs and opposed unions. During the 1930s and 1940s, Klan leaders urged members to disrupt the 4489:. In January 2017, the police chief and mayor of LaGrange apologized for their offices' failures to protect Callaway, at a reconciliation service marking his death. 2606:. As of 2016, the Anti-Defamation League puts total KKK membership nationwide at around 3,000, while the Southern Poverty Law Center puts it at 6,000 members total. 13701:, p. 227: "Imperial Kludd: Is the Chaplain of the Imperial Klonvokation and shall perform such other duties as may be required by the Imperial Wizard ..." 13520: 11319: 4275:

of most African Americans and many poor whites around the start of the 20th century, the only political activity for whites took place within the Democratic Party.

19610: 1774: 13134: 12421: 10116: 19121: 16937: 2865:

Some local groups threatened violence against rum runners and those they deemed "notorious sinners"; the violent episodes generally took place in the South. The

15454: 15439: 12706: 11720: 9872: 7512: 19328: 19178: 19172: 16059: 6949: 3724: 3609: 2802: 798: 12772: 11922: 4224:, a Catholic with a base in the large cities. After weeks of stalemate and bitter argumentation, both candidates withdrew in favor of a compromise candidate. 15509: 15123: 13494: 13300: 12729: 7738: 6696: 13108: 12937: 10372: 7529: 7499: 7248: 7211: 16672: 15386: 12959: 10306:

Christopher N. Cocoltchos (2004). "The Invisible Empire and the Search for the Orderly Community: The Ku Klux Klan in Anaheim, California". Shawn Lay, ed.

8418: 7191: 6716: 15540: 13749: 13322: 6448: 5902:

who, although not officially yet established as the major authority of Fiji, had played a leading role in establishing a new constitutional monarchy, the

3241:

who allied with Democratic whites or had criminal agendas of their own. Indeed, all they had in common, besides being overwhelmingly white, southern, and

15766: 13588: 12492: 11428:"Reputed Klansman, Ex-Cop, and Sheriff's Deputy Indicted For The 1964 Murders of Two Young African-American Men in Mississippi; U.S. v. James Ford Seale" 10690: 1014: 7806: 4247:

In some states, such as Alabama and California, KKK chapters had worked for political reform. In 1924, Klan members were elected to the city council in

13454: 10547: 9768: 6543: 4205:

was perhaps the most prominent Ku Klux Klan in the nation. It claimed more than 30% of white male Hoosiers as members. In 1924 it supported Republican

12513: 12210: 12041: 11191:

Dr. James A. Colescott, former chief of the Ku Klux Klan, died last night in the United States veterans' Hospital at Coral Gables. His age was 53. ...

8328: 7433: 3336:

Klan violence worked to suppress Black voting, and campaign seasons were deadly. More than 2,000 people were killed, wounded, or otherwise injured in

2502:. It used murder and bombings to achieve its aims. All three movements have called for the "purification" of American society, and are all considered 19625: 19510: 19445: 18753: 16824: 15553: 13202: 10837: 8286: 7065: 5875:

member Peter Coleman established branches throughout the country, and circa 2012 the KKK has attempted to infiltrate other political parties such as

5607: 3659:

agenda, which reflected contemporary social tensions, particularly recent immigration. The new organization and chapters adopted regalia featured in

2185: 1546: 15373:

Because there are multiple Ku Klux Klan organizations, there are multiple official websites. Following are third-party lists of such organizations:

13719: 13361: 11788: 5253:, appeared more concerned about Communist links to civil rights activists than about controlling Klan excesses against citizens. In 1964, the FBI's 4438:, in 1928. By 1930, Klan membership in Alabama dropped to less than 6,000. Small independent units continued to be active in the industrial city of 2644:

Depiction of Ku Klux Klan in North Carolina in 1870, based on a photograph taken under the supervision of a federal officer who seized Klan costumes

2489:. The first Klan, founded by Confederate veterans in the late 1860s, assaulted and murdered politically active Black people and their allies in the 19595: 15404: 14875: 12100: 9797: 8394: 5545:

For some time, the Klan's numbers have been steadily dropping. This decline has been attributed to the Klan's lack of competence in the use of the

4908:

was a member before becoming nationally famous; he focused on anti-Catholicism. However, in rural Alabama the Klan continued to operate to enforce

4474: 4360: 2317: 965: 4888:

Northern Indiana's industrial cities had attracted a large Catholic population of European immigrants and their descendants. They established the

3485:, courthouse, from which a Black state representative escaped by fleeing to the woods. The 1871 Civil Rights Act allowed the president to suspend 19460: 17589: 13782: 6736: 6624: 6014:

The imperial kludd was the chaplain of the Imperial Klonvokation and he performed "such other duties as may be required by the imperial wizard".

4411:

from 1926, wrote a series of editorials and articles that attacked the Klan. (Today the paper says it "waged war on the resurgent ".) Hall won a

4272: 3516: 2522: 11427: 11170: 10421: 4740:

infiltrated the Klan; he provided internal data to media and law enforcement agencies. He also provided secret code words to the writers of the

4520:

came to North Carolina to organize textile workers and pushed back against racial discrimination there, taunting the KKK, resulting in the 1979

2982:

agents arrested four members of the True Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in Dallas for conspiracy to commit robbery and for conspiring to blow up a

19540: 19470: 15706: 15500: 10880: 10741: 10622: 9657: 6261: 6199: 5121:, three civil rights workers, in Mississippi. Seven men were convicted of federal civil rights charges in the 1960s. In June 2005, Klan member 878: 15566: 8043: 2971:. Several members of Klan groups were convicted of murder in the deaths of civil rights workers in Mississippi in 1964 and of children in the 19605: 18571: 18535: 18470: 16959: 15931: 9514: 9366: 6851: 3204:, and claimed to be the Klan's national leader. In an 1868 newspaper interview, Forrest stated that the Klan's primary opposition was to the 15619: 11881: 10475: 7114: 5513:

In a 2007 article by the ADL, it was reported that many KKK groups had formed strong alliances with other white supremacist groups, such as

4105:. In reality, their religious affiliations mirrored the whole of white Protestant society, including those who did not belong to any church. 3557:

In many states, officials were reluctant to use Black militia against the Klan out of fear that racial tensions would be raised. Republican

19475: 16624: 15577: 5898:

in 1874 by white American and British settlers wanting to enact White supremacy, although its operations were quickly put to an end by the

3975: 3954:

built his political career in the 1920s on fighting Catholicism. Black, a Democrat, went on to the U.S. Senate and the U.S. Supreme Court.

1551: 15276: 13391: 11669: 11639: 10803: 9349: 8355: 8119: 6800: 6640: 19515: 18995: 16930: 16607: 11522: 11518: 11454: 10516: 9935: 9298: 9163: 8935: 8495: 7871: 6219: 5899: 5370: 5282: 4517: 1521: 1107: 623: 15636: 10176: 9423: 8082: 5595:. ...Since the late 1970s, the Klan has increasingly focused its ire on this previously ignored population." The Klan has produced 19580: 19550: 19545: 19274: 12628: 12179: 6760: 6664: 6596: 783: 13323:"Bundesweite Durchsuchungen bei mutmaßlichen Mitgliedern der Gruppierung "National Socialist Knights of the Ku-Klux-Klan Deutschland"" 11820: 8580: 8519:, p. 9: The founders were John C. Lester, John B. Kennedy, James R. Crowe, Frank O. McCord, Richard R. Reed, and J. Calvin Jones. 7699: 6839: 19525: 19440: 18884: 18793: 16794: 15962: 15781: 15756: 14004: 9839: 9813: 6496:

McVeigh, Rory. "Structural Incentives for Conservative Mobilization: Power Devaluation and the Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 1915–1925".

6239: 6184: 5273: 5118: 2747:, which started in Mississippi and developed chapters in the Carolinas. For instance, the Red Shirts are credited with helping elect 14849:

Prendergast, Michael L. (1987). "A History of Alcohol Problem Prevention Efforts in the United States". In Holder, Harold D. (ed.).

9096: 8846: 8214: 7933: 18735: 17298: 16510: 15998: 15972: 15854: 12049: 12006: 8676: 6897: 6784: 4420: 3816:

with his chest covered with fraternal badges, consciously modeling the Klan after fraternal organizations. Klan organizers called "

3361: 705: 593: 15037:

Mystical Anti-Semitism and the Christian Identity Movement: A Narrative Criticism of Dan Gayman's "The Two Seeds of Genesis 3:15."

13175: 11755: 11601: 10569: 7764: 6965: 5891:. Unlike in the United States, the Australian branches did not require members to be Christian, but did require them to be white. 5004:, Klan members forged alliances with governors' administrations. In Birmingham and elsewhere, the KKK groups bombed the houses of 4388: 3742:. Its imagery was based on Dixon's romanticized concept of old England and Scotland, as portrayed in the novels and poetry of Sir 19640: 19600: 19116: 17837: 16530: 16128: 15889: 13266: 12461: 12361: 11413: 9670:

White's words and Clarke's imagery combined in various ways to create a persuasive and powerful message of religious intolerance.

8600: 7264: 6234: 5706: 4311:

KKK meetings across Alabama in his 1926 election campaign. Black was elected US senator in 1926 as a Democrat. In 1937 President

3278:

In a 1933 interview, William Sellers, born enslaved in Virginia, recalled the post-war "raids of the Ku Klux, young white men of

3113: 2506:

organizations. In each era, membership was secret and estimates of the total were highly exaggerated by both allies and enemies.

13421: 12986: 11984: 8255: 5293:

started an investigation on the Klan, putting in the public spotlight its front organizations, finances, methods and divisions.

4512:

of the 1950s and 1960s. Independent Klan groups violently opposed the civil rights movement. KKK members were implicated in the

4158:; Simmons adopted the symbol wholesale from the movie, and the symbol and action have been associated with the Klan ever since. 2609:

The second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent references to a false mythologized perception of America's "

2430:, have characterized the Klan as America's first terrorist group. Their primary targets, at various times and places, have been 19635: 19560: 19555: 19323: 18505: 16923: 16866: 15671: 14545:

Miller, Robert Moats (August 1956). "A Note on the Relationship between the Protestant Churches and the Revived Ku Klux Klan".

13637: 12014: 11549: 11357: 8963:, Vol. 13. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1872. Among historians of the Klan, this volume is also known as 8604: 8558: 5290: 5008:

activists. In some cases they used physical violence, intimidation, and assassination directly against individuals. Continuing

4838: 2890:, with a national and state structure. During the resurgence of the second Klan in the 1920s, its publicity was handled by the 2286: 970: 715: 543: 528: 523: 353: 15492: 11948: 18665: 15044: 12258: 12152: 11711:"Remembering the 1979 Greensboro Massacre: 25 Years Later Survivors Form Country's First Truth and Reconciliation Commission" 10459: 9696: 7367: 7137: 6877: 5779:, Brazil, the website of a group called Imperial Klans of Brazil was shut down in 2003, and the group's leader was arrested. 5404:

In 1980, three KKK members shot four elderly Black women (Viola Ellison, Lela Evans, Opal Jackson, and Katherine Johnson) in

4912:; its members resorted more often to violence against Black people for infringements of the social order of white supremacy. 3979: 3648: 2959:, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. During this period, they often forged alliances with Southern police departments, as in 2869:

were a militant group organized in opposition to the Klan and responded violently to Klan provocations on several occasions.

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was released, mythologizing and glorifying the first Klan and its endeavors. The second Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1915 by

2998:

reported that between 2016 and 2019, the number of Klan groups in America dropped from 130 to just 51. A 2016 report by the

2541:. It suddenly started to grow after 1920 and flourished nationwide in the early and mid-1920s, including urban areas of the 19465: 19455: 15869: 14819: 12324: 11059: 6276: 4995:

as police commissioner in Birmingham, Klan groups were closely allied with the police and operated with impunity. When the

4502: 4485:, a suspect in the assault of a white woman, was taken from jail in the middle of the night and killed by six white men in 4416: 4227: 3853:. It became most prominent in cities with high growth rates between 1910 and 1930, as rural Protestants flocked to jobs in 3236:

Lifting the Klan mask revealed a chaotic multitude of anti-Black vigilante groups, disgruntled poor white farmers, wartime

2584: 2310: 1327: 598: 412: 15286:

Moore, Leonard J. (1990). "Historical Interpretations of the 1920s Klan: The Traditional View and the Populist Revision".

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from Reconstruction days. Federal prosecutors used these laws as the basis for investigations and indictments in the 1964

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Testimony Taken by the Joint Select Committee to Enquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States

8747: 5745:

offices or by wearing their costumes. In response, American Klan leader Terry Venable attempted to establish a branch at

5389:. William Wilkinson of the Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, was revealed to have been working for the FBI. 4213: 4024:

Economists Fryer and Levitt argue that the rapid growth of the Klan in the 1920s was partly the result of an innovative,

3592: 2887: 1987: 1643: 1556: 1447: 1097: 915: 533: 518: 7088: 4324: 3415:

retain its power over the South, and they began to turn against it. There were outlandish claims made, such as Georgian

18635: 17557: 15798: 15691: 15212: 15179: 15133: 15077: 15012: 14966: 14906: 14869: 14827: 14790: 14769: 14712: 14679: 14646: 14579: 14510: 14423: 14361: 14275: 14242: 14184: 14156: 14120: 14092: 14067: 14018: 13982: 13946: 13900: 13863: 13621: 13568: 13185: 13130: 13066: 13050: 13023: 12996: 12985:

Perez, Louis A. Jr.; Stoner, K. Lynn; Perez, Gladys Marel Garcia; Chapa, Teresa; Hynson, Rachel M. (January 31, 2010).

12909: 12884: 12857: 12847: 12830: 11765: 11141: 11069: 10288: 10108: 9929: 9563:. Vol. 1, no. 8. Atlanta, Georgia: Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. January 1, 1923 – via Internet Archive. 9479: 9417: 9052: 8645: 8004: 7850: 7661: 7582: 7507: 6224: 6209: 5930: 5632: 5234: 5091: 4939:

reestablished the KKK at a ceremony on Stone Mountain. His group primarily operated in Georgia. Green was succeeded by

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Klan operations ended in South Carolina and gradually withered away throughout the rest of the South. Attorney General

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groups arose that were explicitly directed at suppressing Republican voting and turning Republicans out of office: the

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Pacific Strife: the great powers and their political and economic rivalries in Asia and the Western Pacific, 1870–1914

13235:"Ku Klux Klan: German Police Officers Allowed to Stay on Job Despite Links with European Branch of White Supremacists" 11378: 10137:

Pegram, Thomas R. (2008). "Hoodwinked: The Anti-Saloon League and the Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Prohibition Enforcement".

5209:

There was considerable resistance among African Americans and white allies to the Klan. In 1953, newspaper publishers

3145:, leaving their bodies on the roads. While racism was a core belief of the Klan, antisemitism was not. Many prominent 18889: 17066: 16711: 16694: 16156: 15874: 15833: 15771: 15451: 15436: 14958: 13040: 13013: 12698: 12130: 11710: 10650: 9869: 6174: 5712: 5346: 5222: 4962: 4919:, was lynched in 1940 for trying to organize Black residents to register and vote; also that year, Jesse Thornton of 4201:

In Indiana, members were American-born, white Protestants and covered a wide range of incomes and social levels. The

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Recruitment activity has also been reported in the United Kingdom. In the 1960s, "klaverns" were established in the

4516:

on a Sunday in September 1963, which killed four African American girls and injured 22 other people. Members of the

3529:

membership. It had created a sensation by the dramatic nature of its masked forays and because of its many murders.

18856: 18559: 16904: 16660: 16629: 16525: 15644: 15160: 14729:

Parsons, Elaine Frantz (2005). "Midnight Rangers: Costume and Performance in the Reconstruction-Era Ku Klux Klan".

14302: 13484: 7156: 7027: 6147: 5322: 5137: 5133: 4957: 4118: 4038: 3996: 3971: 3652: 3242: 3209: 2835: 2723: 2572: 1940: 1769: 1663: 1102: 992: 15506: 15465: 15139: 15043:. Eighty-sixth Annual Meeting of the National Communication Association. Stockton, CA: University of the Pacific. 13292: 12658: 8824: 7733: 7496: 7488: 6688: 6423: 5682: 4212:

Catholic and liberal Democrats—who were strongest in northeastern cities—decided to make the Klan an issue at the

3193:, which stripped the vote from white persons who refused to swear that they had not borne arms against the Union. 2978:

The United States government still considers the Klan to be a "subversive terrorist organization". In April 1997,

19505: 19500: 19495: 19485: 19287: 18941: 18583: 18200: 18128: 16612: 14940: 14731: 13100: 12933: 12820: 12576: 11574: 10376: 10085: 9729: 7244: 7219: 5246: 3284: 2979: 2598:, often using violence and murder to suppress activists. This manifestation is classified as a hate group by the 2482: 2303: 1516: 1009: 753: 548: 218: 17805: 17290: 15600: 15383: 14616: 10209: 8414: 7463: 7197: 6712: 4045:. Membership in the Klan and in other Prohibition groups overlapped, and they sometimes coordinated activities. 2796:. The earlier Klan had not worn the white costumes and had not burned crosses; these aspects were introduced in 19490: 18612: 18423: 18320: 17525: 17445: 17381: 17226: 16784: 16641: 16028: 14482: 14312: 13741: 13685:'It was rather difficult, sometimes, to make the two letters fit in,' he recalled later, 'but I did it somehow. 12467: 9629: 8311: 8076: 6445: 6271: 5844: 5738:

in the 1960s, some far-right activists copied KKK actions, for example by writing "Ku Klux Klan Africa" on the

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stating "that some of these outrages were actually perpetrated by the political friends of the parties slain."

3299: 2891: 608: 17565: 13584: 12488: 12394:(January 2006). Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute: 137. Archived from 10698: 3962:

In 1920, Simmons handed the day-to-day activities of the national office over to two professional publicists,

3750:. Dixon was an old friend of Wilson's and, before its release, there was a private showing of the film at the 3270:, three members of the South Carolina legislature, and several men who served in constitutional conventions." 763: 19480: 18624: 18618: 18565: 17925: 17877: 17266: 17170: 17074: 16946: 16095: 15479: 14502: 13517:"Killing raises Ku Klux Klan link in Queensland | Sovereign Union – First Nations Asserting Sovereignty" 12684: 12356: 11553: 11408: 7798: 7395:

Ku Klux Klan: America's First Terrorists Exposed : the Rebirth of the Strange Society of Blood and Death

6204: 5475: 4967: 3432: 3157: 3101: 2217: 1925: 588: 19258: 18982: 13444: 10539: 9764: 6713:"Ku Klux Klan Rallies In Ellijay, GA – Condemns Homosexuals, Illegal Immigrants, Black Americans and Others" 6535: 19371: 19217: 19148: 19000: 18914: 18741: 18729: 18458: 18429: 18382: 17661: 17653: 17573: 17477: 17330: 17282: 17234: 16978: 16854: 16716: 16706: 16699: 16503: 15838: 15761: 15468:

as recorded in two manuscripts in 1871–1872 by Captain Albion Howe (1841–1873), from the collection of The

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rights to hold public rallies, parades, and marches, as well as their right to field political candidates.

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was a vocal Klan supporter who repeatedly endorsed the organization, allowing it to hold meetings and even

3901: 3738:

Much of the modern Klan's iconography is derived from it, including the standardized white costume and the

3121: 2610: 1474: 1422: 343: 18787: 14440:

Lewis, George (September 4, 2013). ""An Amorphous Code": The Ku Klux Klan and Un-Americanism, 1915–1965".

14310:

Fryer, Roland G. Jr.; Levitt, Steven D. (2012). "Hatred and Profits: Under the Hood of the Ku Klux Klan".

7049: 5392:

Thompson also related that KKK leaders showed great concern about a series of civil lawsuits filed by the

19615: 19570: 19520: 19126: 18747: 18077: 17981: 17965: 17957: 17941: 17669: 17645: 17533: 17354: 17314: 17306: 17274: 17250: 17098: 16731: 16547: 16121: 15701: 15378: 14993: 14898: 14404: 14211: 13938: 13711: 13353: 12240: 11953: 9686: 9159: 8931: 8568: 7215: 6256: 6214: 6057:

The Triangular Ku Klux Klan symbol is made of what looks like a triangle inside a triangle, similar to a

5531: 5440: 5393: 5160: 4940: 4714: 4482: 4232: 3951: 3279: 3262: 2995: 2603: 2128: 1972: 1377: 960: 898: 14859: 12092: 9794: 5709:, a North Carolina-based group headed by Will Quigg, is currently thought to be the largest KKK chapter. 5568:

remain a collection of mostly small, disjointed groups that continually change in name and leadership."

4430:

Although in decline, a measure of the Klan's influence was still evident when it staged its march along

4372:

1925 trial, he was convicted of second-degree murder for his part in the rape, and subsequent death, of

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The editor of an Alabama newspaper is calling for the return of the Ku Klux Klan's infamous night rides

9100: 6189: 5939:(Are you a Klansman?) to surreptitiously identify themselves to another potential member. The response 5688: 5421: 5362: 5218: 5214: 4465:

In 1940, three lynchings of Black men by whites (no KKK affiliation is known) took place in the South:

3558: 3478: 3474: 3407: 3253:

observed: "In effect, the Klan was a military force serving the interests of the Democratic party, the

2987: 2924: 2866: 2816: 2744: 2560: 2237: 982: 643: 358: 17885: 13774: 12822:

Revolutionaries for the Right: Anticommunist Internationalism and Paramilitary Warfare in the Cold War

9660:(2009). "Christianizing the Klan: Alma White, Branford Clarke, and the Art of Religious Intolerance". 6732: 6620: 6107: 4110:

the nation's eligible population. The lessening of social tensions contributed to the Klan's decline.

3027: 18866: 18801: 18771: 18553: 18541: 18388: 17997: 17933: 17733: 17469: 17338: 17258: 17210: 17106: 17010: 16804: 16648: 15884: 15815: 14861:

The Ku Klux Klan and Related American Racialist and Antisemitic Organizations: A History and Analysis

11431: 6138: 5677: 5338: 5039: 5023: 4256: 4167: 3930: 3462: 3213: 1568: 1382: 1271: 1151: 805: 773: 422: 348: 22: 18013: 15263:

The invisible empire in the west: Toward a new historical appraisal of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s

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To Captain Morton performed the ceremonies which initiated Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest into the KKK.

6813:

50 Klansmen, skinheads and supporters proclaimed gays and lesbians should receive the death penalty.

4915:

Racial terrorism was used in smaller towns to suppress Black political activity. Elbert Williams of

4904:

In Alabama, some young, white, urban activists joined the KKK to fight the old guard establishment.

4521: 3149:

identified wholly with southern culture, resulting in examples of Jewish participation in the Klan.

19590: 18476: 18394: 18312: 18264: 18192: 18152: 18061: 18029: 18021: 17989: 17909: 17869: 17853: 17677: 17541: 17413: 16421: 15810: 15696: 15563: 14632: 8110: 8035: 5539: 5103: 4889: 4722: 4299: 4076: 3813: 3688: 3508: 3353: 2542: 1834: 1722: 1563: 1332: 1256: 1079: 1034: 888: 768: 743: 673: 603: 479: 9522: 9376: 4473:, for working to register Black people to vote, and several other activists were run out of town; 4220:, a Protestant with a base in the South and West where the Klan was strong, and New York governor 4154:

from 'the call to arms' of the Scottish Clans, and film director D.W. Griffith used this image in

3287:), South Carolina, of 77 documented attacks, "four were shot, sixty-seven whipped and six had had 2640: 19630: 19159: 19154: 19142: 18975: 18683: 18328: 18304: 18280: 18256: 18120: 18069: 17917: 17901: 17829: 17765: 17701: 17685: 17421: 17389: 17162: 17146: 17082: 16894: 16814: 16619: 16559: 16537: 16264: 15864: 15616: 14656: 14084: 13892: 9129:. Edited by Benn Pitman and Louis Freeland Post. Columbia, SC: Republican Printing Company, 1872. 7996: 7842: 7838:

Carpetbaggers, Cavalry, and the Ku Klux Klan: Exposing the Invisible Empire During Reconstruction

6119: 5452: 4936: 4542:

According to Professor Jon Schamber, Rev. Philip E. J. Monson branched off from the teachings of

4240: 3600: 3499: 3372: 2936: 2653: 2133: 2113: 1967: 1957: 1915: 1531: 1372: 1221: 1216: 1186: 1181: 1124: 1059: 1044: 977: 950: 935: 309: 158: 17757: 17194: 15574: 15342:

Sneed, Edgar P. (1969). "A Historiography of Reconstruction in Texas: Some Myths and Problems".

15255: 11171:"Dr. Colescott Dies. Successor of Hiram W. Evans Disbanded Order in 1944. Joined Group in 1920s" 7110: 5813:, klaverns were established on some US military bases, often tolerated by military authorities. 3587:

New groups of insurgents emerged in the mid-1870s, local paramilitary organizations such as the

1161: 19293: 19045: 18876: 18688: 18659: 18647: 18224: 18160: 17629: 17453: 17322: 17202: 16779: 16682: 16602: 16431: 16372: 16274: 16171: 16114: 16008: 15977: 15788: 15776: 15584:, examines the Ku Klux Klan's role in Central Florida in the second quarter of the 20th century 15517: 15469: 15397: 15273: 14928:

History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896

13641: 13449: 13383: 12632: 12546: 12262: 12183: 12156: 12066: 10789: 9345: 9155: 8776: 8105: 7867: 5872: 5793:, under the name of Ku Klux Klan Kubano, directed against both West Indian migrant workers and 5648: 5535: 5405: 5141: 4916: 4470: 4445:

KKK units were active through the 1930s in parts of Georgia, with a group of "night riders" in

4348: 4126: 4042: 3809: 3730: 3640: 3428: 3197: 3174: 2999: 2983: 2787: 2770: 2761: 2618: 2599: 2490: 2232: 2205: 2195: 1653: 1633: 1496: 1367: 1251: 1196: 1166: 1146: 1074: 1054: 1029: 1024: 1019: 930: 893: 866: 837: 832: 758: 407: 397: 11526: 11214:

Staff report (March 4, 1986). Samuel W. Roper, 90, was second director of GBI in early 1940s.

10502: 9919: 9407: 9309: 8921: 8487: 7574: 7568: 6058: 6011:" for the overall leader of the Klan and "Night Hawk" for the official in charge of security. 5946:

Throughout its varied history, the Klan has coined many words beginning with "Kl", including:

5381:

Jerry Thompson, a newspaper reporter who infiltrated the KKK in 1979, reported that the FBI's

4469:

was the first NAACP member known to be killed for civil rights activities: he was murdered in

3647:, near Atlanta, with fifteen "charter members". Its growth was based on a new anti-immigrant, 2923:

Internal divisions, criminal behavior by leaders – especially Stephenson's conviction for the

19435: 19407: 19264: 19211: 19165: 19106: 19035: 18811: 18601: 18577: 18547: 18493: 18417: 18405: 18362: 18216: 17949: 17893: 17861: 17789: 16986: 16834: 16726: 16721: 16636: 16597: 16404: 16399: 16085: 16066: 16013: 16003: 15967: 15751: 15657: 15633: 14413: 14059: 13489: 11383: 10180: 9639: 8850: 8637: 8631: 8066: 7836: 6194: 6096: 5907: 5876: 5619: 5483: 5334: 5330: 5019: 4509: 4407: 4312: 4282:

enforcement, expanded road construction, and other political measures to benefit lower-class

4025: 3905: 3893: 3889: 3706: 3635: 3482: 3470: 3450: 3288: 2952: 2829: 2792: 2595: 2555: 2546: 2518: 2499: 2200: 2160: 2093: 1982: 1930: 1849: 1598: 1362: 1261: 1236: 1231: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1141: 1089: 1049: 955: 925: 815: 417: 15592: 13558: 12636: 12187: 7357: 6573:"Ku Klux Klan distributes homophobic, antisemitic flyers targeting school board in Virginia" 6049:

which in the subsequent years, lost the white part and was reinterpreted as a "blood drop".

3710:, which has been widely credited with inspiring the 20th-century revival of the Ku Klux Klan 3364:, Klan intimidation led to suppression of the Republican vote and only one person voted for 2559:, which mythologized the founding of the first Klan, it employed marketing techniques and a 19530: 19419: 19299: 19281: 18919: 18653: 17346: 16789: 16655: 16299: 16236: 16206: 16191: 16176: 15993: 10950:

Amann, Peter H. (1986). "A 'Dog in the Nighttime' Problem: American Fascism in the 1930s".

9391: 6582:

queer-loving sex fiends violating the words of the Holy Bible' were discovered on Wednesday

5884: 5518: 5487: 5469: 5329:. By 1975, there were known KKK groups on most college campuses in Louisiana as well as at 5314: 5239: 5084: 4710: 4217: 3963: 3572: 3561: 3550: 3349: 3315: 3164: 3036:. The word had previously been used for other fraternal organizations in the South such as 2694: 2538: 2416: 2071: 1583: 1457: 1276: 1156: 1114: 1064: 1039: 847: 810: 538: 392: 26: 13156: 12763:"'Still a racist nation': American bigotry on full display at KKK rally in South Carolina" 9556: 7930:"A 1905 Silent Movie Revolutionizes American Film – and Radicalizes American Nationalists" 7818: 7719: 4379:

The historian Leonard Moore says that a failure in leadership caused the Klan's collapse:

2493:. The second iteration of the Klan originated in the late 1910s, and was the first to use 8: 19535: 19307: 19224: 19204: 19055: 18711: 17485: 17218: 17090: 16809: 16564: 16443: 16196: 16023: 16018: 15957: 15936: 15879: 15236:

Eagles, Charles W., "Urban-Rural Conflict in the 1920s: A Historiographical Assessment".

14537: 14353:

Searching for Freedom After the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman

12734: 12290:"Ku Klux Kontraction: How did the KKK lose nearly one-third of its chapters in one year?" 9104: 8461:, p. 33 says that Kennedy came up with both words, but Crowe suggested transforming 7929: 6856: 6320: 5572: 5457: 5385:

efforts were highly successful. Rival KKK factions accused each other's leaders of being

5366: 5358: 5342: 5178: 4981: 4826: 4555: 4498: 4439: 4431: 4248: 3967: 3909: 3564: 3089: 2960: 2913: 2847: 2614: 2470: 2454: 2439: 2247: 2108: 1727: 1623: 1603: 1392: 1300: 1246: 1226: 1191: 1084: 871: 668: 198: 193: 133: 14044: 10008:'Night-Shirt Knights' in the City: The Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Worcester, Massachusetts", 7611:

The present-day Ku Klux Klan movement: Report by the Committee on Un-American activities

6605:"Ku Klux Klan supports Alabama chief Justice Rory Moore's attempts to stop gay marriage" 5517:. Some KKK groups have become increasingly "nazified", adopting the look and emblems of 19238: 19050: 18894: 18841: 18671: 18523: 18464: 18184: 17725: 17717: 17405: 16839: 16819: 16478: 16409: 16377: 16344: 16334: 16216: 15351: 15303: 14748: 14608: 14562: 14534:

Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution

14457: 14329: 14176:

Speak Now Against the Day: The Generation Before the Civil Rights Movement in the South

12471: 10967: 10603:

Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution

10261: 9045:

In the Wake of Slavery: Civil War, Civil Rights, and the Reconstruction of Southern Law

8816: 8808: 8219: 7756: 7405: 7331:"The Untold Story of Grant vs. the KKK: A Deep Dive with Historian Fergus M. Bordewich" 7168: 7019: 7011: 6332: 5692: 5444: 5325:

authorized in the 1960s. In 1971, KKK members used bombs to destroy 10 school buses in

5318: 5107: 5012:

of Black people across the South meant that most could not serve on juries, which were

4932: 4866: 4706: 4702: 4547: 4537: 4251:. The city had been controlled by an entrenched commercial-civic elite that was mostly 3870: 3793: 3406:

One of these teachers (Miss Allen of Illinois), whose school was at Cotton Gin Port in

3283:

widespread aspect of the early Klan; for example in 1870–71 in Limestone Township (now

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Proceedings in the Ku Klux Trials at Columbia, S.C. in the United States Circuit Court

8608: 8247: 6984:"Red Schoolhouse, Burning Cross: The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s and Educational Reform" 4853:

In Indiana, traditional political historians focused on notorious leaders, especially

4508:

Activism by these independent KKK groups in Birmingham increased as a reaction to the

3700: 19198: 19111: 19080: 19020: 18899: 18805: 18723: 16498: 16463: 16453: 16414: 16354: 16304: 16226: 16211: 16181: 15208: 15175: 15129: 15073: 15008: 14962: 14923: 14902: 14865: 14823: 14786: 14765: 14708: 14675: 14642: 14636: 14612: 14506: 14478: 14461: 14419: 14385: 14357: 14333: 14271: 14238: 14180: 14152: 14116: 14088: 14063: 14014: 13978: 13942: 13896: 13859: 13617: 13564: 13413: 13181: 13046: 13019: 12992: 12915: 12905: 12880: 12853: 12826: 12678: 11761: 11609: 11244:"Ku Klux Klan Active In Shreveport Area". The Times of Shreveport. February 10, 1961. 11137: 11065: 10284: 10244:

Allen, Lee N. (1963). "The McAdoo Campaign for the Presidential Nomination in 1924".

9925: 9692: 9573: 9475: 9413: 9048: 8820: 8800: 8641: 8072: 8000: 7846: 7578: 7570:

Legacy of Hate: A Short History of Ethnic, Religious, and Racial Prejudice in America

7363: 7057: 7023: 7003: 6999: 6621:"Ku Klux Klan distributes anti-transgender fliers in at least 1 Alabama neighborhood" 6266: 5746: 5636: 5606:(ACLU) has provided legal support to various factions of the KKK in defense of their 5580: 5491: 5448: 5326: 5034:

were three civil rights workers abducted and murdered by members of the Ku Klux Klan.

5031: 4877: 4862: 4543: 4486: 4373: 4336: 4291: 4206: 4080: 4000: 3605: 3477:

appealed for federal troops to assist his efforts in keeping control of the state. A

3341: 3329: 2928: 2450: 2431: 2412: 2279: 2190: 2118: 2103: 1886: 1829: 1628: 1536: 1427: 1347: 1176: 447: 118: 108: 13645: 12514:

Goodloe Sutton, writer of KKK editorial, not sorry, says he'd 'do it all over again'

12010: 11557: 11353: 3762: 19230: 19192: 19183: 19085: 19075: 19040: 18699: 18677: 18529: 18517: 18440: 18288: 18144: 17797: 17461: 17058: 16592: 16569: 16552: 16542: 16520: 16483: 16473: 16458: 16448: 16367: 16362: 16339: 16329: 15489: 15295: 15258:, organized like a debate handbook with pro and con arguments from primary sources. 15004:

Religion and the Ku Klux Klan: Biblical Appropriation in Their Literature and Songs

14740: 14600: 14554: 14449: 14321: 14142: 13968: 10959: 10253: 9735: 9634: 8792: 7245:"Ku Klux Klan Fliers Promoting Islamophobia Found In Washington State Neighborhood" 6995: 6362: 6357: 6082: 5833: 5561: 5265: 5210: 5145: 5122: 5099: 5095: 5013: 5009: 4949: 4920: 4854: 4773: 4742: 4733: 4695: 4478: 4435: 4368: 4344: 4328: 4287: 4260: 4252: 3735: 3682: 3512: 3495: 3365: 3085: 2951:

The "Ku Klux Klan" name was used by numerous independent local groups opposing the

2909: 2878: 2797: 2748: 2707: 2466: 2427: 2337: 2242: 2227: 2155: 2076: 2046: 1861: 1697: 1397: 945: 940: 778: 663: 223: 208: 15035: 12266: 12160: 10456: 9745: 7141: 6230:

List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups

3774:

In this 1926 cartoon, the Ku Klux Klan chases the Catholic Church, personified by

3692:"The Fiery Cross of old Scotland's hills!" Illustration from the first edition of 19248: 18781: 18717: 18487: 18085: 18005: 17138: 17130: 17122: 17114: 17034: 16884: 16849: 16741: 16574: 16493: 16468: 16436: 16426: 16394: 16389: 16284: 16241: 16231: 16221: 16186: 16166: 16151: 15640: 15623: 15604: 15581: 15570: 15544: 15530: 15513: 15496: 15483: 15458: 15443: 15411: 15390: 15280: 15202: 15169: 15100: 15067: 15002: 14952: 14944: 14892: 14851:

Control Issues in Alcohol Abuse Prevention: Strategies for States and Communities

14813: 14780: 14702: 14669: 14496: 14492: 14396: 14351: 14265: 14232: 14174: 14146: 14110: 14078: 14008: 13972: 13932: 13886: 13853: 12521: 12496: 12426: 12045: 12018: 11988: 11504: 11361: 11115: 10626: 10482: 10476:"Klan's Records Vanish in Terror Quiz/Floggers Linked to Killings in Lovers Lane" 10463: 10433: 9876: 9801: 9371: 9353: 9305: 8587: 8422: 8402: 8315: 7742: 7516: 7503: 7492: 7157:"The Ku Klux Klan, Anti-Catholicism, and Atlanta's Board of Education, 1916–1927" 6452: 5903: 5880: 5798: 5687:

Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, headed by national director and self-claimed pastor

5614: 5583:. In 2006, J. Keith Akins argued that "Klan literature and propaganda is rabidly 5306: 5250: 5182: 4737: 4466: 4452: 4392:

Ku Klux Klan members march down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., in 1928.

4084: 4004: 3746:. The film's influence was enhanced by a false claim of endorsement by President 3466: 3446: 3387: 3340:

within a few weeks prior to the Presidential election of November 1868. Although

3037: 2839: 2719: 2702: 2682: 2568: 2257: 2165: 2061: 2002: 1854: 1839: 1819: 1784: 1491: 1402: 1337: 1119: 1069: 842: 688: 138: 113: 16915: 14589:"Good Old-Fashioned New Social History and the Twentieth-Century American Right" 14471:

The Jew Accused – Three Anti-Semitic Affairs – Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank, 1894–1915

11753: 5260:

As 20th-century Supreme Court rulings extended federal enforcement of citizens'

2722:

argues that the Klan was a political failure and therefore was discarded by the

19395: 19366: 19070: 19060: 19030: 19025: 18909: 18777: 18765: 18705: 18399: 18112: 17781: 17773: 17741: 16994: 16861: 16515: 16384: 16053: 15921: 14933: 13855:

Gospel According to the Klan: The KKK's Appeal to Protestant America, 1915–1930

13849: 12470:

professes a mission to defend the constitutional rights of all groups, whether

12294: 11757:

The White Separatist Movement in the United States: "White Power, White Pride!"

11715: 11689: 11496: 11388: 10036:"Supreme Court Roundup; Free Speech or Hate Speech? Court Weighs Cross Burning" 6244: 6169: 6154: 5860: 5696: 5624: 5429: 5409: 5227: 5069: 5058: 4996: 4813: 4803: 4423:, the state voters overcame their initial opposition to the Catholic candidate 4412: 4402: 4347:

in Detroit, spoke out against the Klan, gaining national attention. The Jewish

4102: 4101:, of course, but they cannot be described exclusively or even predominantly as 4017: 3987: 3983: 3913: 3747: 3715: 3644: 3267: 2964: 2940: 2783: 2550: 2474: 2252: 2210: 2180: 2170: 2088: 2081: 2066: 2056: 1876: 1812: 1754: 1749: 1734: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1387: 1322: 820: 793: 633: 317: 213: 15523: 15415:(2016) – not organized as a list of names but many names appear in this report 15272:(1999) 40#1: 139–158. Deals with the memory of the KKK in Pulaski, Tennessee. 15243:

Horowitz, David A., "The Normality of Extremism: The Ku Klux Klan Revisited".

14894:

But There was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction

14453: 12244: 7330: 7138:"The Ku Klux Klan and the Anti-Catholic School Bills of Washington and Oregon" 6536:"The Long History of the Anti-Abortion Movement's Links to White Supremacists" 5768:

In Mexico, the KKK endorsed and funded the Calles government during the 1920s

5049:

Among the more notorious murders by Klan members in the 1950s and 1960s were:

4935:

after the IRS levied a large tax liability against the organization. In 1946,

19429: 19253: 18952: 18924: 18846: 18629: 18511: 18411: 18240: 18168: 17709: 17373: 17018: 17002: 16677: 16324: 16289: 16201: 16161: 16048: 15952: 12919: 11613: 11255:"Klan Is Renounced By 4,000 at Chattanooga". The Tennessean. October 4, 1924. 10799: 9682: 8804: 8115: 7080: 7061: 7007: 6328: 6324: 6179: 6092: 6075: 5386: 5171: 5167: 5073: 5062: 4956:

Congress launched an investigation into the KKK in early 1964, following the

4944: 4909: 4865:

helped destroy the Ku Klux Klan movement nationwide. In his history of 1967,

4834: 4352: 4122: 4098: 3845: 3770: 3739: 3507:

and stationed federal troops in nine South Carolina counties by invoking the

3487: 3357: 3258: 3254: 3205: 3190: 2657: 2494: 2264: 1871: 1807: 1792: 1648: 1613: 1593: 1464: 1407: 1342: 710: 613: 272: 10540:"'Justice failed Austin Callaway': Town attempts to atone for 1940 lynching" 7653: 6946:"Racist, antisemitic fliers dropped in Virginia neighborhood before MLK Day" 6832:"Ku Klux Klan Revived in South; Leader Says Organization Will Fight "kikes"" 4376:. After Stephenson's conviction, the Klan declined dramatically in Indiana. 3877:

in the South. Close to half of Michigan's 80,000 Klansmen lived in Detroit.

3398:

Milder encounters, including some against white teachers, also occurred. In

3156:

This Frank Bellew cartoon links the Democratic Party with secession and the

3108:, created the original Ku Klux Klan on December 24, 1865, shortly after the 2579:, while also stressing its opposition to the alleged political power of the 19383: 19359: 19270: 18958: 18946: 18797: 18452: 18366: 17821: 17186: 17050: 16844: 16689: 15916: 15321: 15299: 12767: 11789:"Women's Appeal for Justice in Chattanooga – US Department of Justice" 11133: 6087: 6046: 6018: 6008: 5769: 5735: 5596: 5507: 5277: 5261: 5152: 5126: 5080: 5027: 5005: 4893: 4858: 4830: 4729: 4699: 4533: 4332: 4286:. By 1925, the Klan was a political force in the state, as leaders such as 4283: 4236: 4202: 4195: 4007:

has explained the Klan's strategy in appealing to members of both parties:

3743: 3656: 3588: 3538: 3458: 3378: 3311: 3217: 3201: 3142: 3081: 3065: 2906: 2902: 2765: 2740: 2736: 2486: 2462: 2098: 1977: 1797: 1764: 1744: 1668: 1658: 1638: 1618: 1241: 1134: 1129: 852: 827: 678: 618: 583: 553: 292: 203: 41: 14954:

Not a Catholic Nation: The Ku Klux Klan Confronts New England in the 1920s

14604: 12572: 12539:"Ku Klux Klan – Extremism in America – Active Groups (by state)" 12122: 11852:"History Around the Nation; Jury Award to 5 Blacks Hailed as Blow to Klan" 9974: 5776: 5188:

The 1967 multiple bombings in Jackson, Mississippi, of the residence of a

5072:., who was forced by Klansmen to jump to his death from a bridge into the 4343:

Many groups and leaders, including prominent Protestant ministers such as

4307:

unable to break the planters' and rural areas' hold on legislative power.

4231:

Two children wearing Ku Klux Klan robes and hoods stand on either side of

19065: 18930: 18370: 18208: 18176: 18136: 17026: 16769: 16736: 16314: 16294: 15725: 15503:, examines the influence of the second KKK in the state during the 1920s. 15268:

Lewis, Michael, and Serbu, Jacqueline, "Kommemorating the Ku Klux Klan".

15063: 14325: 14112:

Klansville, U.S.A: The Rise and Fall of the Civil Rights-era Ku Klux Klan

13842:

The International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies & Fraternal Orders

13207: 11640:"Daily Illini 10 September 1971 — Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections" 11300:"No Assistance Given In Case". Lake Charles American Press. May 18, 1965. 11130:

Notre Dame vs. The Klan: How the Fighting Irish Defeated the Ku Klux Klan

11108: 10403: 10077: 5914: 5810: 5576: 5571:

Recent KKK membership campaigns have stimulated people's anxieties about

5499: 5436: 5111: 5001: 4992: 4842: 4303: 4279: 4138: 3775: 3751: 3399: 3227:

Despite Gordon's and Forrest's work, local Klan units never accepted the

3117: 2872: 2859: 2521:

began taking action against it around 1871. The Klan sought to overthrow

2446: 1992: 1952: 1920: 1779: 1739: 1573: 1486: 1437: 1412: 1312: 987: 700: 683: 638: 558: 277: 123: 15610: 15355: 14498:

The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right-wing Movements and National Politics

11282:

Activities of Ku Klux Klan Organizations of the United States; Parts 1–5

9577: 8356:"The KKK is in rapid decline – but its symbols remain worryingly potent" 7430:

Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1855–1865

7176: 7172: 7015: 6983: 4829:, while men of "more elite or liberal" Protestant denominations such as 3511:. The Klansmen were apprehended and prosecuted in federal court. Judges 19243: 18693: 18446: 18232: 18104: 17845: 17813: 17154: 17042: 16665: 16319: 16309: 16246: 15859: 15731: 15719: 15534: 15307: 14752: 14566: 14267:

Everyday Klansfolk: White Protestant Life and the KKK in 1920s Michigan

14228: 14040: 10507: 10265: 10081: 8812: 8780: 7485: 6416:"Historical Flags of Our Ancestors – Flags of Extremism – Part 1 (a-m)" 6415: 5888: 5794: 5783: 5584: 5550: 5514: 5495: 5479: 5382: 5254: 4985: 4905: 4822: 4768: 4718: 4458: 4397: 4295: 4151: 3916:

at its churches. White's pro-Klan writings were collected in her books

3416: 3250: 3170: 3049: 2994:

right-wing's perception of the Klan as outdated and unfashionable. The

2824: 2715: 2668: 2478: 2423: 2274: 2269: 2150: 2145: 2041: 2017: 1866: 1759: 1717: 1673: 1481: 1469: 1442: 1432: 1352: 727: 722: 693: 628: 469: 282: 51: 15587: 14937: 12629:"Arkansas Klan Group Loses Legal Battle with North Carolina Newspaper" 10971: 10638: 9141:. "Kuklux Trials – Sentence of the Prisoners". December 29, 1871. 8308:

Dallas.FBI.gov "Domestic terrorism by the Klan remained a key concern"

7193:

The Boys in Butte: The Ku Klux Klan confronts the Catholics, 1923–1929

6037:

The Primary symbol used by the clan for the past century has been the

5357:

On November 3, 1979, five communist protesters were killed by KKK and

5257:

program began attempts to infiltrate and disrupt civil rights groups.

4721:. They could not revive the Klan's declining membership. In 1944, the 3294: 18595: 18499: 18434: 17637: 16829: 16764: 16269: 15597: 15157:

White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction

14588: 11993: 10438: 10205: 8307: 8071:. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. pp. 43, 89. 7455: 6029:

The Ku Klux Klan has utilized a variety of symbols over its history.

5856: 5757: 5742: 5732: 5668: 5301: 5193: 5189: 4356: 3844:

The second Klan was a response to the growing power of Catholics and

3797: 3722:

glorified the original Klan. The film was based on the book and play

3533: 3337: 3237: 3132: 3125: 2698: 2686: 2458: 2419: 2175: 2123: 1824: 1417: 503: 183: 15613:, at the Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library. 14744: 14558: 14415:

1963 Birmingham Church Bombing: The Ku Klux Klan's History of Terror

13131:"KKK garb on Northern Irish streets – then a swift display of unity" 10257: 8796: 8395:"Tattered Robes: The State of the Ku Klux Klan in the United States" 5140:

in Mississippi. In August 2007, based on the confession of Klansman

4278:

In Alabama, Klan members advocated better public schools, effective

3884: 3545: 3325: 3131:

Historians generally classify the KKK as part of the post-Civil War

2617:. Although members of the KKK swear to uphold "Christian morality", 50:, used by some in the Third Klan and named after former Klan leader 18836: 16799: 12475: 12023: 11279: 11266:"Simmons Order Growing Rapidly". Arkansas Gazette. October 6, 1924. 10963: 10573: 8282: 6852:"Anti-Semitic and racist KKK fliers dropped in Philadelphia suburb" 6644: 5829: 5817: 5753: 5700: 5664: 5660: 5592: 5546: 5269: 4974: 4923:, was lynched for failing to address a police officer as "Mister". 4881: 4818: 4747: 4424: 4221: 4181: 4092:

Indiana showed that the rural stereotype was false for that state:

3221: 3152: 3077: 3074: 2990:, passed a resolution declaring the Klan a terrorist organization. 2855: 2851: 2664: 2531: 2140: 1962: 1881: 1526: 1452: 1357: 1317: 658: 653: 648: 573: 568: 513: 15475: 15405:

Tattered Robes: The State of the Ku Klux Klan in the United States

14988:

Rogers, William; Ward, Robert; Atkins, Leah; Flynt, Wayne (1994).

11600:

Times, William K. Stevens Special to The New York (May 22, 1973).

11061:

Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan

9156:"The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow – The Enforcement Acts (1870–1871)" 7993:

Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan

5623:

carried an editorial titled "Klan needs to ride again" written by

5352: 16958: 16759: 12605:. White Camelia Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. 2011. Archived from 9472:

Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America

8248:"Samuel Bowers, 82, Klan Leader Convicted in Fatal Bombing, Dies" 6753:"Ku Klux Klan plans rally to support anti-gay counseling student" 6665:"Ku Klux Klan plans rally to support anti-gay counseling student" 6485:

Dictionary of antisemitism from the earliest times to the present

5703:. It claims to be the largest Klan organization in America today. 5425: 5156: 5043: 4782: 4446: 4264: 4150:, Thomas Dixon Jr. borrows the idea that the first Klan had used 4069: 4021:

nationally prominent religious leader said he was a Klan member.

3874: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3817: 3442: 3070: 2968: 2917: 2808: 2775: 578: 474: 454: 427: 402: 325: 10670: 10668: 9346:"The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow: The Enforcement Acts, 1870–1871" 7735:

Religious Violence Today: Faith and Conflict in the Modern World

7265:"Alabama KKK actively recruiting to 'fight the spread of Islam'" 5451:

sued the KKK in civil court in Alabama. Her lawsuit against the

5098:

girls and injured 22 people. The perpetrators were Klan members

4694:

In 1939, after experiencing several years of decline due to the

4339:, a white schoolteacher, led to the decline of the Indiana Klan. 4302:, who had long dominated the state. In 1926, with Klan support, 4057:"The End" referring to the end of Catholic influence in the US. 16137: 15649: 14080:

Backfire: how the Ku Klux Klan helped the civil rights movement

12525: 7691: 7318:

Klan War: Ulysses S Grant and the Battle to Save Reconstruction

6777:"Mississippi KKK leader defends post-Orlando anti-gay leaflets" 6017:

The imperial kaliff was the second-highest position, after the

5987: 5926: 5836: 5554: 5503: 5231: 4351:

was formed in the early 20th century in response to attacks on

3866: 3858: 3020: 2932: 1578: 563: 459: 437: 432: 382: 14815:

Keeping Canada British: The Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Saskatchewan

12063:"Ku Klux Klan – Affiliations – Extremism in America" 10281:

After Wilson: The Struggle for the Democratic Party, 1920–1934

8068:

Grand Dragon: D. C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana

4298:

tried to build political power against the Black Belt wealthy

3888:

Klan gathering on August 31, 1929, in front of Assembly Hall,

3532:

In 1870, a federal grand jury determined that the Klan was a "

3302:, September 1871, for the attempted murder of an entire family 2689:

movement in resistance to Reconstruction. Confederate veteran

18936: 16774: 11229:"Imperial Wizard Says KKK's Membership Very Small in Texas". 10665: 10512: 8663:. "Civil War Threatened in Tennessee". September 3, 1868: 2; 8471: 8463: 8447: 8439: 7898: 6374: 5656: 5628: 5197: 4527: 4364: 3018: 2710:, which were intended to prosecute and suppress Klan crimes. 2661: 2395: 2346: 1588: 387: 19576:

Organizations based in North America designated as terrorist

18905:

Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching

13354:"Ex-Klansman David Duke Sets Sights on Russian Anti-Semites" 13015:

The African American Experience in Vietnam: Brothers in Arms

12902:

La Cristiada: the Mexican people's war for religious liberty

12599:"White Camelia Knights of the Ku Klux Klan – Home page" 12038:

WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center: Case No. DTV2001-0023

10283:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ch. 2–3. 9921:

Red States, Blue States, and the Coming Sharecropper Society

7111:"Principles and Purposes of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan" 6878:"KKK drops antisemitic fliers in Florida to recruit members" 6641:"KKK Allegedly Threatens Gay Political Candidate in Florida" 5170:

Sr., 58, in Mississippi. In 1998 former Ku Klux Klan wizard

5094:

in September 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama, which killed four

4861:, whose conviction for the 1925 kidnap, rape, and murder of 4053: 3245:, was that they called themselves, or were called, Klansmen. 19586:

Organizations that oppose LGBTQ rights in the United States

15317:"The KKK's Mount Rushmore: the problem with Stone Mountain" 13638:"A Visual Database of Extremist Symbols, Logos and Tattoos" 12802: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12794: 12792: 12790: 11334: 10771: 10769: 10767: 10647:

North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources

9901: 9899: 9897: 8718: 8716: 8633:

A Battle from the Start: The Life of Nathan Bedford Forrest

6922:"Antisemitic, racist KKK fliers dropped in Cherry Hill, NJ" 5895: 5790: 5588: 4143: 3032: 2580: 2576: 2435: 2222: 2051: 15558:

Invisible Empire: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866–1871

14343:

Invisible Empire: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866–1871

14234:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

13267:"German police raid far-right group members, find weapons" 12211:"Leader of a Ku Klux Klan Group Is Found Dead in Missouri" 11477: 10919: 10513:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

9962: 8901: 8889: 8865: 8546: 8534: 8425:, Southern Poverty Law Center (accessed October 21, 2017). 7972: 5549:, their history of violence, a proliferation of competing 5055:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

4365:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

3673: 3498:

signed Butler's legislation. The Ku Klux Klan Act and the

2534:, designed to be terrifying and to hide their identities. 16106: 14638:

Terror in the Night: The Klan's Campaign Against the Jews

12606: 12500: 12454:"A.C.L.U. Lawsuit Backs Klan In Seeking Permit for Cross" 11754:

Betty A. Dobratz & Stephanie L. Shanks-Meile (2000).

11196: 10543: 9789:

Amber Jolly and Ted Banks, "Dallas Ku Klux Klan No. 66,"

9266: 8970: 7613:. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office. 1967. 6898:"KKK Flyers Threatening Blacks And Jews Found In Florida" 6517: 6515: 5739: 5217:), who had campaigned for three years, and Willard Cole ( 4931:

In 1944, the second KKK was disbanded by Imperial Wizard

3663:; membership was kept secret by wearing masks in public. 2411:, is the name of several historical and current American 2392: 2377: 2357: 14576:

Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921–1928

14345:. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith Publishing Corporation. 12787: 12352:"Anti-Immigrant Sentiments Fuel Ku Klux Klan Resurgence" 10931: 10818: 10764: 10724: 10722: 10720: 10718: 10716: 9894: 9840:"Baldwin: Local Klan enforced their version of law here" 9278: 9195: 9193: 8713: 8215:"Inquiry Begun on Klan Ties Of 2 Icons at Virginia Tech" 8171: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8161: 6958:"Ku Klux Klan extends antisemitic campaign to Argentina" 4810:

Protestant social values than a repressive hate group."

3787:

white womanhood". Joseph Simmons published the pamphlet

2807:

on which the film was based. When the film was shown in

21:"KKK" and "Klansman" redirect here. For other uses, see 19122:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

15452:

Revised and Amended Prescript of the Order of the * * *

15034:

Schamber, Jon F.; Stroud, Scott R. (November 9, 2000).

13692: 13660: 13177:

Fememorde und Fememordprozesse in der Weimarer Republik

12422:"KKK-supportive notes dropped in Erie County driveways" 10318: 10316: 9950: 9597: 9537: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9491: 7530:"At 150, KKK sees opportunities in US political trends" 6589:"Ku Klux Klan rallies against homosexuals in Lancaster" 5718: 4943:

as Imperial Wizard in 1949, and Roper was succeeded by

4896:

kept the students on campus to avert further violence.

3796:

of Indiana took over as imperial wizard, opposition to

2973:

bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham

2939:

in 1926–1928, where Klansmen denounced immigrants from

10990: 10978: 9609: 9405: 9002: 9000: 8987: 8985: 8950: 8701: 8667:. "A Talk with General Forrest". September 8, 1868: 1. 7779: 7681: 7679: 6512: 6473:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. pp. 21, 30, 55. 5478:

and Chloê Hardin, the ex-wife of the KKK grand wizard

5280:. They were also the basis for prosecution in 1991 in 4980:

in the 1950s, for instance, individual Klan groups in

4146:, and other overtly religious symbolism. In his novel 3725:

The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

2803:

The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

2652:, on December 24, 1865, by six former officers of the 19343: 14987: 14208:

Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915–1949

13769: 13767: 12984: 12487:

Criss, Doug and Burnside, Tina (February 20, 2019). "

11882:"Ex-Klansman sheds tears for victim before execution" 11735: 10713: 10444: 10409: 10391: 10232:

Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith

10179:. Northern Indiana Center for History. Archived from 9882: 9587: 9585: 9515:"Nation: The Various Shady Lives of The Ku Klux Klan" 9474:. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. p. 65. 9190: 8522: 8158: 8134: 6368: 6365: 6062: 5913:

In the 1920s, the Klan had been rumoured to exist in

5538:, with another third situated primarily in the lower 4797: 3212:

state governments, people such as Tennessee governor

3056:

Nathan Bedford Forrest § Ku Klux Klan membership

2838:. Its official rhetoric focused on the threat of the 2667:

hood, or it may be traced to the uniform of Southern

2636:

Nathan Bedford Forrest § Ku Klux Klan leadership

2389: 2386: 2380: 2371: 2363: 2360: 2351: 2343: 2340: 14762:

Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan during Reconstruction

13934:

The Ku Klux Klan: A History of Racism & Violence

13672: 13071:. University of British Columbia. 1992. p. 557. 12259:"About the Ku Klux Klan – Extremism in America" 12153:"About the Ku Klux Klan – Extremism in America" 11662: 11280:

Committee on Un-American Activities (January 1966).

11039: 10895: 10313: 9986: 9864:

Daniel M. Berman, "Hugo L. Black: The Early Years".

9488: 9327: 9230: 9218: 9061: 9012: 8877: 8728: 7960: 7886: 6371: 5463: 4872:

Social historian Leonard Moore titled his monograph

4754: 3435:, and patrolled the streets to protect their homes. 3016:

The name was probably formed by combining the Greek

2897:

In 1923, Simmons was ousted as leader of the KKK by

2537:

The second Klan started in 1915 as a small group in

2525:

state governments in the South, especially by using

2374: 2354: 19621:

Religiously motivated violence in the United States

14764:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 14391:(1992 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 14056:

Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan

13018:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 85. 11027: 10353: 10328: 10152:

The Ku Klux Klan: A Guide to an American Subculture

10015: 9662:

Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture

9451: 9446:

American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice

9242: 9149: 9147: 9073: 8997: 8982: 8146: 8058: 8018: 8016: 7948: 7834: 7676: 7392: 7323: 6733:"KKK members protest LGBTQ pride march in Florence" 5756:had a Ku Klux Klan, led by Len Idensohn, attacking 3371:Klansmen killed more than 150 African Americans in 2368: 14384: 13764: 12730:"The KKK leader who says he backs Hillary Clinton" 12665:. Archived from the original on September 23, 2019 12385:"The Ku Klux Klan: America's Forgotten Terrorists" 11507:. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved November 8, 2013. 11085: 11002: 10466:. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved November 8, 2013. 9582: 8689: 7654:"Ku Klux Klan not founded by the Democratic Party" 7548: 7359:The Ku Klux Klan: A History of Racism and Violence 7196:(MA thesis). University of Montana. Archived from 6838:. United States. December 11, 1945. Archived from 6487:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1997, p. 267. 5879:. Branches of the Klan have previously existed in 5674:Church of the American Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 5110:, convicted in 2001 and 2002. The fourth suspect, 4083:, including some first-generation immigrants. The 3696:, by Arthur I. Keller. Note figures in background. 19451:Anti-communist organizations in the United States 16945: 16825:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 14671:The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida 14221:Ku Klux Klan: Its Origins, Growth and Disbandment 13977:(2008 ed.). University of California Press. 13293:"German police raid suspected KKK members' homes" 13203:"German Police Kept Jobs Despite KKK Involvement" 12573:"No. 2 Klan group on trial in Ky. teen's beating" 11602:"5 Ex-Klansmen Convicted in School Bus Bomb Plot" 11404:"Mississippi verdict greeted by a generation gap" 10428:: a Gannett Company. Retrieved November 8, 2013. 10157: 10058: 9125:p. 5, United States Circuit Court (4th Circuit). 8601:"Ku Klux Klan, Organization and Principles, 1868" 8510: 8329:"Klan named terrorist organization in Charleston" 7910: 7622: 7620: 7189: 6471:Religion and terrorism: an interfaith perspective 5557:activists who are willing to join groups at all. 5083:in Mississippi. In 1994, former Ku Klux Klansman 4550:in the 1910s. During the 1920s, Monson published 4481:, for a minor social infraction; and 16-year-old 4113: 2735:After the Klan was suppressed, similar insurgent 2186:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 19427: 18566:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN) 15634:Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan No. 51 records 15617:"Quaint Customs and Methods of the Ku Klux Klan" 15593:1871 Congressional Testimony on the Ku Klux Klan 13585:"Discovering Fiji: Cakobau and the Ku Klux Klan" 13084:The Making of the Black Working Class in Britain 11676:. Appleton, Wisconsin. May 23, 1975. p. 9. 11516: 11312:"Robert Shelton, 73, Leader of Big Klan Faction" 10907: 10076: 9681: 9144: 9024: 8847:"History of the Ku Klux Klan – Preach the Cross" 8389: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8013: 7456:"See the rise of the KKK in the U.S., 1915–1940" 7310: 7154: 5855:In the 1920s, the Klan was rumoured to exist in 5655:Bayou Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, prevalent in 5599:propaganda and distributed anti-Islamic flyers. 5490:, which has become a prominent online forum for 5016:and demonstrably biased verdicts and sentences. 4975:1950s–1960s: post-war opposition to civil rights 4185:Sheet music to "We Are All Loyal Klansmen", 1923 3812:joined 12 different fraternal organizations and 3542:men who commit crimes call themselves Ku Klux". 2943:as a threat to Canada's "Anglo-Saxon" heritage. 19611:Race-related controversies in the United States 13095: 13093: 11519:"January 1958 – The Lumbees face the Klan" 9412:. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 272–273. 9296: 9097:"The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, 1869–1877" 8781:"The Ku Klux Klan in South Carolina, 1868–1871" 7432:. Digital History, Kansas City Public Library. 6689:"KKK to Floridians: End AIDS by 'bashing gays'" 5353:Massacre of Communist Workers' Party protesters 2509:The first Klan, established in the wake of the 1830:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 16:American white supremacist terrorist hate group 15560:(1939), Forest History Society, Inc., May 1978 15501:Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project 15033: 14599:(4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 555–573. 12991:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 55. 12960:"Jovem ligado Ku Klux Klan detido em So Paulo" 12174: 12172: 12170: 10674: 10302: 10300: 10082:"Were Scots responsible for the Ku Klux Klan?" 9814:"Baldwin: The Ku Klux Klan in Randolph County" 9765:"Backstory: When the KKK paraded in Oak Cliff" 9716:women....were best served by joining the Klan. 9047:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 57–58. 8919: 8636:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 8181: 7791: 7617: 7560: 6262:Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials 6200:Ku Klux Klan members in United States politics 5376: 5230:, the Klan burned crosses at the homes of two 5053:The 1951 Christmas Eve bombing of the home of 4763: 4746:radio program, resulting in episodes in which 4427:and voted the Democratic Party line as usual. 3332:was assassinated for his pro-Black sentiments. 2743:, which started in Louisiana in 1874; and the 1306:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 16960:List of lynching victims in the United States 16931: 16122: 15665: 12349: 12093:"Immigration fuels Klan surge | Facing South" 11981:RedState, White Supremacy, and Responsibility 10742:"The Various Shady Lives of The Ku Klux Klan" 10139:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 9754:, pp. 350–368, quotes on pages 360, 363. 9367:"The Various Shady Lives of the Ku Klux Klan" 8378: 8239: 8207: 6801:"Klan leader calls for death for homosexuals" 6343: 6341: 5642: 4926: 3677:Frontispiece to the first edition of Dixon's 2311: 15462:: first edition of the Klan's 1868 prescript 15447:: first edition of the Klan's 1867 prescript 15265:(2nd ed. University of Illinois Press, 2004) 15171:The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America 15105:. Hamilton printing and publishing company. 13384:"David Duke, To Russia With Hate – CBS News" 13090: 12319: 12317: 11547: 11208: 10570:"Nightly News Full Broadcast (January 27th)" 10375:. Indiana Historical Society. Archived from 9656: 9153: 9090: 9088: 8748:"Former Negro Slave Resident of Shippenberg" 7285:"In the Army and the Klan, he hated Muslims" 7204: 6391:An analysis of this cartoon can be found in 18996:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act 15204:The Fiery Cross The Ku Klux Klan in America 14848: 14309: 14299:Race and History: Selected Essays 1938–1988 13351: 13042:Vietnam, PTSD, USMC, Black-Americans and Me 12934:"El día que llegó el Ku Klux Klan a México" 12876:Under the Skin: The Death of White Rhodesia 12531: 12281: 12180:"Church of the American Knights of the KKK" 12167: 11523:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 10613: 10611: 10489:, March 24, 1940; accessed February 3, 2017 10297: 10200: 10198: 10027: 9980: 9905: 9036: 8270: 6220:List of Confederate monuments and memorials 5166:The 1966 firebombing death of NAACP leader 4335:. His conviction in 1925 for the murder of 3766:Three Ku Klux Klan members at a 1922 parade 3608:. It ruled that Congress's power under the 1522:List of people killed for being transgender 18967: 18812:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore 18542:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken 16938: 16924: 16129: 16115: 15672: 15658: 15598:Mapping the Second Ku Klux Klan, 1915–1940 14990:Alabama: The History of a Deep South State 14704:The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi: A History 14448:(4). Cambridge University Press: 971–992. 13616:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 69. 13560:The Federation Movement in Fiji, 1880–1902 13011: 11455:"Klan Murder Shines Light on Bogalusa, La" 10497: 10495: 10033: 8353: 8321: 7628:"Ku Klux Klan – Extremism in America" 7566: 7460:Mapping the Second Ku Klux Klan, 1915–1940 7393:Jacobs, David; O'Donnell, Patrick (2006). 7381:one of the nation's first terrorist groups 7135: 6468: 6338: 5943:(A Klansman I am) completes the greeting. 5816:In the 1920s, the Klan briefly existed in 5782:The Klan has also been established in the 5415: 5079:The 1963 assassination of NAACP organizer 4789:Pegram says this original interpretation: 4528:Development of Christian Identity Theology 4492: 4359:in Atlanta, and to the Klan's campaign to 3839: 3568:their reasons for doing so were numerous. 3402:, according to the Congressional inquiry: 2782:In 1915, the second Klan was founded atop 2588: 2318: 2304: 19288:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain) 18748:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes 17526:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner 16795:Interminority racism in the United States 14531: 14468: 14411: 14148:Black Reconstruction in America 1860–1880 13806:"Why Does the Ku Klux Klan Burn Crosses?" 13546:. Suva: The Fiji Times. pp. 120–124. 13327:Staatsanwanltschaft Stuttgart (in German) 12314: 12123:"Report: Supremacist activity flourishes" 11946: 11942: 11940: 11304: 10824: 10775: 10685: 10683: 10605:, New York: Touchstone Book, 2002, p. 75. 10597: 10595: 10109:"Why does the Ku Klux Klan burn crosses?" 9630:"Patriotic Day at Zarephath Camp-Meeting" 9469: 9085: 8564: 8175: 7081:"Ku Klux Klan Ledgers | History Colorado" 6240:Mass racial violence in the United States 6185:History of the Ku Klux Klan in New Jersey 6052: 5274:murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner 5119:murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner 4319: 4209:in his successful campaign for governor. 4129:, the founder of the second Klan in 1915. 3623: 3314:and intimidated Southern Republicans and 2613:" blood, hearkening back to 19th-century 19626:Right-wing populism in the United States 19511:Christian terrorism in the United States 19446:1915 establishments in the United States 15999:University of Georgia desegregation riot 15855:Original Ku Klux Klan of the Confederacy 15611:Ku Klux Klan collection, circa 1875–1990 15154: 15121: 14663:. New York / London: Garland Publishing. 14053: 13930: 13609: 13541: 13414:"Ku Klux Klan sets up Australian branch" 13200: 12806: 12350:Knickerbocker, Brad (February 9, 2007). 12251: 12050:World Intellectual Property Organization 11915:"Klan Member Put to Death In Race Death" 11741: 11295: 11293: 11291: 10937: 10728: 10608: 10538:Grinberg, Emanuella (January 27, 2017). 10537: 10469: 10415: 10373:"D. C. Stephenson manuscript collection" 10208:. Indiana State Library. November 2000. 10195: 9917: 9627: 9199: 9094: 8959:, pp. 1–30. Newton quotes from the 8922:"Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era" 8488:"Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era" 8408: 8191:. Anti-Defamation League. Archived from 8064: 7785: 7630:. Anti-Defamation League. Archived from 7167:(1). Georgia Historical Society: 63–75. 6533: 5920: 5894:A Ku Klux Klan group was established in 5300: 5283:Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic 5132:The 1964 murder of two Black teenagers, 5018: 4767: 4387: 4323: 4226: 4180: 4117: 4052: 3883: 3800:became another primary aim of the Klan. 3769: 3761: 3699: 3687: 3672: 3666: 3544: 3523: 3441: 3377: 3324: 3293: 3169: 3151: 3064: 3043: 2871: 2862:, many of whom were Jewish or Catholic. 2769: 2639: 2561:popular fraternal organization structure 594:Social determinants of health in poverty 19596:Political violence in the United States 19117:National Memorial for Peace and Justice 15932:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers 15890:Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 15420:Ku Klux Klan – Active Groups (By State) 15098: 14857: 14811: 14728: 14491: 14395: 14387:The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930 14382: 14218: 14205: 14172: 14141: 14129:from the original on September 23, 2020 13839: 13803: 13698: 13666: 13478: 13476: 13474: 13472: 12845: 12575:. Associated Press. November 11, 2008. 11909: 11907: 11831:from the original on September 19, 2015 11670:"'Ladies' Become Vocal in Ku Klux Klan" 11340: 11275: 11273: 11202: 11057: 11022:The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930 10901: 10790:"Ku Klux Klan in the Twentieth Century" 10492: 10322: 10212:from the original on September 18, 2009 9956: 9615: 9603: 9543: 9501: 8938:from the original on September 19, 2008 8907: 8895: 8871: 8775: 8707: 8552: 8540: 8528: 8498:from the original on September 19, 2008 8437:, p. 11 states that Reed proposed 8152: 8106:"Ku Klux Klan in the Twentieth Century" 7990: 7984: 7978: 7700:"The Ku Klux Klan: Some of Its Leaders" 7685: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7355: 6739:from the original on September 12, 2020 6699:from the original on September 12, 2020 6651:from the original on September 12, 2020 6627:from the original on September 12, 2020 6347:In addition to previous Klan ideologies 6319:The Ku Klux Klan has been described as 6235:List of white nationalist organizations 5871:In Australia in the late 1990s, former 5707:Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 5553:, and a decline in the number of young 5524: 5399: 3974:and new sexual freedoms. It emphasized 3310:The Klan attacked Black members of the 3298:Three Ku Klux Klan members arrested in 19461:Anti-black racism in the United States 19428: 16867:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 14922: 14779:Pegram, Thomas R. (October 16, 2011). 14778: 14700: 14667: 14631: 14619:from the original on February 24, 2021 14544: 13955:from the original on December 29, 2022 13816:from the original on November 10, 2021 13804:Koerner, Brendan (December 17, 2002). 13523:from the original on February 14, 2023 13482: 13457:from the original on February 14, 2012 13442: 13364:from the original on December 13, 2022 13215:from the original on September 4, 2012 13081: 13038: 12287: 12202: 11937: 11569: 11567: 11550:"The Civil Rights Movement, 1964–1968" 11483: 11452: 11401: 11379:"Justice Still Absent in Bridge Death" 11127: 11064:. Oxford University Press. p. 8. 11033: 10996: 10984: 10925: 10870: 10680: 10631: 10592: 10519:from the original on February 15, 2017 10422:"History of the Montgomery Advertiser" 10169: 9968: 9888: 9751: 9705:from the original on November 22, 2023 9166:from the original on February 28, 2016 9042: 8976: 8956: 8605:State University of New York at Albany 7799:"John W. Morton Passes Away in Shelby" 7754: 7591:The Ku Klux Klan in the City 1915–1930 7554: 7271:from the original on November 15, 2020 7117:from the original on November 27, 2022 7091:from the original on December 25, 2022 7068:from the original on December 25, 2022 7030:from the original on December 25, 2022 6521: 6500:, Vol. 77, No. 4 (June 1999), p. 1463. 6061:, but in fact represents three letter 5671:, and other areas of the Southern U.S. 5613:The February 14, 2019, edition of the 5291:House Un-American Activities Committee 4075:In the medium-size industrial city of 3060: 2963:; or with governor's offices, as with 2685:and spread throughout the South as an 19541:History of the Southern United States 19471:Anti-Catholicism in the United States 18754:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels 18660:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA 18351: 16957: 16919: 16110: 15653: 15344:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 15341: 15329:from the original on October 24, 2018 15285: 15254:(H.H. Wilson Reference Shelf) (1926) 15050:from the original on December 8, 2021 14890: 14586: 14573: 14349: 14227: 14010:The Ku Klux Klan in Wood County, Ohio 13848: 13591:from the original on October 27, 2022 13394:from the original on January 22, 2022 13352:Daniszewski, John (January 6, 2001). 13333:from the original on December 9, 2021 13303:from the original on December 9, 2021 13273:from the original on December 9, 2021 13173: 13157:"Orden der Ritter vom feurigen Kreuz" 12899: 12872: 12818: 12208: 11947:Kornbluth, Jesse (November 1, 1987). 11925:from the original on October 15, 2015 11599: 11288: 11284:. United States Congress. p. 49. 11181:from the original on February 4, 2017 11091: 11045: 11008: 10949: 10806:from the original on October 25, 2005 10691:"The Ku Klux Klan, a brief biography" 10580:from the original on February 2, 2017 10550:from the original on February 2, 2017 10397: 10278: 10243: 10106: 10088:from the original on October 23, 2017 10021: 9757: 9727: 9650: 9591: 9359: 9272: 9187:. "N. B. Forrest". September 3, 1868. 9018: 8883: 8771: 8769: 8734: 8722: 8629: 8279:"Court Will Review Cross Burning Ban" 8276: 8122:from the original on October 25, 2005 7966: 7916: 7904: 7892: 7767:from the original on February 5, 2023 7710:from the original on October 23, 2016 7698:Dixon, Thomas Jr. (August 27, 1905). 7697: 7466:from the original on October 13, 2016 7436:from the original on January 26, 2023 7251:from the original on October 20, 2020 6981: 6932:from the original on October 30, 2020 6908:from the original on October 21, 2020 6884:from the original on October 30, 2020 6864:from the original on November 2, 2020 6719:from the original on October 24, 2020 6426:from the original on January 12, 2021 6392: 4137:The second Klan embraced the burning 3628: 3181:Former Confederate brigadier general 2916:with its membership primarily in the 2513:, was a defining organization of the 55: 19606:Progressive Era in the United States 19329:Lynching deaths in the United States 18459:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman 18352: 16890: 16091: 15870:National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 15575:A History of Central Florida Podcast 15507:Buffalo Ku Klux Klan Membership List 15490:The Ku Klux Klan in Washington State 15368: 15314: 15200: 15167: 15062: 14820:University of British Columbia Press 14799:from the original on August 12, 2022 14340: 14039: 13967: 13921: 13884: 13678: 13469: 13424:from the original on October 4, 2013 13247:from the original on August 25, 2012 13201:Gathmann, Florian (August 2, 2012). 12760: 12727: 12709:from the original on October 1, 2018 12579:from the original on October 4, 2013 12420:Rink, Matthew (September 25, 2020). 12419: 12000: 11904: 11465:from the original on August 14, 2017 11270: 11126:See also the semi-fictional account 10531: 10359: 10334: 10163: 10064: 9992: 9457: 9333: 9284: 9260: 9248: 9236: 9224: 9212: 9095:Scaturro, Frank (October 26, 2006). 9079: 9067: 9030: 9006: 8991: 8849:. preachthecross.net. Archived from 8827:from the original on August 10, 2023 8695: 8684: 8516: 8458: 8434: 8354:Allerfeldt, Kristofer (March 2019). 8289:from the original on October 6, 2010 8227:from the original on October 6, 2010 8140: 8022: 7954: 7809:from the original on October 8, 2016 7598: 6811:from the original on July 28, 2022. 6444:Blow, Charles M. (January 7, 2016). 6277:White supremacy in the United States 5719:Outside the United States and Canada 4503:Congress of Industrial Organizations 4194:moved north into Canada, especially 4016:Religion was a major selling point. 3598:In 1882, the Supreme Court ruled in 2986:plant. In 1999, the city council of 1328:Capital punishment for homosexuality 599:Social determinants of mental health 19476:Anti-communism in the United States 18990:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act 18766:O'Day Short, wife, and two children 18548:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey 16280:Discrimination based on nationality 15533:by biracial director and filmmaker 15021:from the original on April 24, 2023 14975:from the original on April 24, 2023 14836:from the original on April 24, 2023 14587:Moore, Leonard J. (December 1996). 14519:from the original on April 24, 2023 14370:from the original on April 24, 2023 14270:. Michigan State University Press. 14263: 14251:from the original on April 24, 2023 13909:from the original on April 24, 2023 13556: 13497:from the original on April 26, 2012 12966:from the original on March 11, 2014 12775:from the original on March 17, 2016 12742:from the original on March 14, 2016 12460:. December 16, 1993. Archived from 12364:from the original on March 27, 2008 12302:from the original on March 25, 2012 11961:from the original on August 8, 2016 11892:from the original on August 4, 2016 11849: 11723:from the original on August 6, 2009 11564: 11416:from the original on June 29, 2006. 11376: 10913: 9938:from the original on April 16, 2016 9846:from the original on March 26, 2019 9820:from the original on March 26, 2019 9771:from the original on March 27, 2019 9426:from the original on April 14, 2015 8245: 7865: 7805:. November 21, 1914. pp. 1–2. 6611:. February 13, 2015. Archived from 6534:Dibranco, Alex (February 3, 2020). 6483:Michael, Robert, and Philip Rosen. 6032: 4561: 4552:Satan's Seat: The Enemy of Our Race 4462:magazine, as well as local papers. 4214:1924 Democratic National Convention 3427:Union Army veterans in mountainous 2567:communities, it sought to maintain 2457:and—especially in later iterations— 1448:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 19516:Christianity-related controversies 15315:Shah, Khushbu (October 24, 2018). 15230: 15188:from the original on April 7, 2023 15109:from the original on April 8, 2023 15086:from the original on April 7, 2023 15069:White Hoods: Canada's Ku Klux Klan 14878:from the original on April 8, 2023 14688:from the original on April 8, 2023 14641:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 14580:University of North Carolina Press 14284:from the original on April 8, 2023 14193:from the original on April 8, 2023 14027:from the original on April 8, 2023 13991:from the original on April 8, 2023 13924:Drink: A Social History of America 13872:from the original on April 7, 2023 13137:from the original on June 18, 2022 13111:from the original on June 18, 2022 12940:from the original on June 18, 2022 12849:Rhodesia: The Struggle for Freedom 12512:Gore, Leada (February 21, 2019). " 12434:from the original on March 2, 2021 12331:from the original on April 2, 2016 12186:. October 22, 1999. Archived from 11680:from the original on March 7, 2016 11430:. January 24, 2007. Archived from 10848:from the original on July 23, 2018 10653:from the original on July 31, 2017 10515:. October 1940. pp. 323–324. 10119:from the original on June 19, 2010 10046:from the original on July 24, 2009 10034:Greenhouse, Linda (May 29, 2002). 9691:. University of California Press. 8766: 8246:Lee, Jennifer (November 6, 2006). 8223:. November 16, 1997. p. 138. 8085:from the original on June 28, 2022 7874:from the original on March 4, 2012 7755:Kinney, Alison (January 8, 2016). 6948:. January 16, 2018. Archived from 6675:from the original on July 13, 2022 6225:List of Ku Klux Klan organizations 6210:Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary 5931:Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary 5633:University of Southern Mississippi 5092:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 4798:New social history interpretations 4705:sold the national organization to 4514:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 3517:South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials 3515:and George S. Bryan presided over 3084:(right) on March 4, 1869, the day 14: 19652: 19581:Organizations established in 1865 19551:Islamophobia in the United States 19546:20th century in the United States 18890:American Crusade Against Lynching 18536:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer 15875:White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 15834:Black Legion (political movement) 15707:Members in United States politics 15363: 14959:University of Massachusetts Press 14661:The Ku Klux Klan: An Encyclopedia 13888:Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior 13785:from the original on May 25, 2021 13752:from the original on June 2, 2021 13610:van Dijk, Kees (March 14, 2015). 13161:politische-bildung-brandenburg.de 12382: 12209:Stack, Liam (February 13, 2017). 12133:from the original on July 4, 2023 12103:from the original on July 4, 2023 11862:from the original on May 12, 2011 11801:from the original on May 22, 2011 11650:from the original on July 7, 2023 11620:from the original on July 7, 2023 11517:Graham, Nicholas (January 2005). 11322:from the original on May 18, 2009 10883:from the original on May 11, 2015 9557:"Imperial Nighthawk Vol. 1 No. 8" 8366:from the original on May 16, 2022 8335:from the original on June 5, 2015 8258:from the original on May 12, 2011 8046:from the original on July 5, 2022 7936:from the original on May 27, 2018 7664:from the original on July 7, 2020 7536:from the original on July 1, 2016 6759:. October 5, 2010. Archived from 6595:. August 24, 1991. Archived from 6546:from the original on June 2, 2020 6175:Black Legion (political movement) 5842:In Germany, a KKK-related group, 5713:White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 5464:Neo-Nazi alliances and Stormfront 5347:University of Southern California 5223:Pulitzer Prize for Public Service 5192:activist, Robert Kochtitzky, the 5181:, a stronghold of Klan activity, 4963:White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 4755:Historiography of the second Klan 4497:In major Southern cities such as 4176: 3892:, for "Patriotic Day" during the 3384:Ku Klux Klan in Southern Illinois 19526:Democratic Party (United States) 19441:1865 establishments in Tennessee 19413: 19401: 19389: 19377: 19365: 19353: 19102:America's Black Holocaust Museum 18885:American anti-lynching activists 18857:Nadir of American race relations 18447:Steve Long and two half-brothers 18383:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX 16899: 16889: 16880: 16879: 16090: 16081: 16080: 15679: 15645:University of Maryland Libraries 15524:interview with hooded KKK member 15466:The Ku Klux Klan in Shelby, N.C. 15161:Louisiana State University Press 14303:Louisiana State University Press 14219:Fleming, Walter J., ed. (1905). 13797: 13734: 13722:from the original on May 8, 2021 13704: 13630: 13603: 13577: 13550: 13535: 13509: 13485:"We have infiltrated party: KKK" 13436: 13406: 13376: 13345: 13315: 13285: 13259: 13227: 13194: 13167: 13149: 13123: 13075: 13059: 13032: 13005: 12978: 12952: 12936:(in Spanish). December 5, 2020. 12926: 12893: 12866: 12839: 12812: 12754: 12721: 12691: 12651: 12621: 12591: 12565: 12506: 12481: 12446: 12413: 12376: 12343: 12325:"The Year in Hate and Extremism" 12225: 12145: 12115: 12085: 12055: 12030: 11973: 11874: 11843: 11813: 11781: 11747: 11703: 11695: 11632: 11593: 11541: 11510: 11489: 11446: 11420: 11395: 11370: 11346: 11259: 11248: 11237: 11222: 11163: 11150: 11120: 11097: 11051: 11014: 10943: 10864: 10830: 10781: 10734: 10562: 10450: 10365: 10340: 10308:The invisible empire in the West 10272: 10237: 10224: 10144: 10131: 10100: 10070: 9998: 9911: 9858: 9832: 9806: 9783: 9721: 9675: 9621: 9567: 9549: 9507: 9463: 9438: 9399: 9339: 9290: 9254: 9205: 9178: 9132: 9119: 8405:, Anti-Defamation League (2016). 7868:"The Enforcement Acts (1870–71)" 7161:The Georgia Historical Quarterly 7000:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2012.00402.x 6964:. March 20, 2015. Archived from 6361: 6146: 6130: 6118: 6106: 6069: 5587:and encourages violence against 5296: 4958:assassination of John F. Kennedy 4567:Estimated membership statistics 3604:that the Klan Act was partially 3469:of Massachusetts introduced the 3356:cast 1,222 votes for Republican 3177:in Confederate military uniform 2426:. Various historians, including 2336: 1941:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1770:Law for Protection of the Nation 1664:White genocide conspiracy theory 324: 40: 19308:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 18942:National Conference on Lynching 18500:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya 18377:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre 17718:Mary Turner and her unborn baby 16900: 15922:Assassination of George Ashburn 15643:, Mt. Rainier, Maryland at the 14760:Parsons, Elaine Frantz (2016). 14732:The Journal of American History 14674:. University Press of Florida. 14547:The Journal of Southern History 14356:. University of Alabama Press. 13931:Baudouin, Richard, ed. (1997). 13926:. New York: Carroll & Graf. 13832: 13544:Fiji's Times: A History of Fiji 12728:Tait, Robert (March 14, 2016). 12392:Law Enforcement Executive Forum 12288:Palmer, Brian (March 8, 2012). 11377:Cox, Major W. (March 2, 1999). 10787: 10748:. April 9, 1965. Archived from 10617:Mark Hand (November 18, 2004). 10177:"Indiana History Chapter Seven" 9628:Lawrence, L.S. (October 1929). 9521:. April 9, 1965. Archived from 9406:John Milton Cooper Jr. (2011). 9375:. April 9, 1965. Archived from 8913: 8839: 8740: 8670: 8654: 8623: 8593: 8574: 8480: 8428: 8415:"Extremist Files: Ku Klux Klan" 8347: 8301: 8103: 8097: 8036:"The Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s" 8028: 7922: 7859: 7828: 7748: 7726: 7646: 7522: 7478: 7448: 7418: 7386: 7362:. DIANE Publishing. p. 6. 7349: 7234: 7183: 7148: 7129: 7103: 7042: 6975: 6821: 6783:. June 22, 2016. Archived from 6562: 6527: 6385: 6350: 6313: 5797:and using the fear of the 1912 5247:Federal Bureau of Investigation 5204: 5038:According to a report from the 4048: 3957: 3803: 2726:leaders of the South. He says: 1775:MSM blood donation restrictions 1517:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 19641:Terrorism in the United States 19601:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 18424:Gallatin County, KY, race riot 16785:Go back to where you came from 16029:Macedonia Baptist Church arson 15554:Interview with Stanley F. Horn 15429: 15099:Stevens, Albert Clark (1907). 14313:Quarterly Journal of Economics 13858:. University Press of Kansas. 13483:Jensen, Erik (July 10, 2009). 12635:. July 9, 2009. Archived from 12011:Circling the Wagons in Georgia 11581:(21 ed.): 1517–1525. 1965 11453:Keller, Larry (May 29, 2009). 11402:Axtman, Kris (June 23, 2005). 10107:Adams, Cecil (June 18, 1993). 10010:New England Journal of History 9866:Catholic University Law Review 6988:History of Education Quarterly 6503: 6490: 6477: 6462: 6446:"Gun Control and White Terror" 6438: 6408: 6304: 6295: 6272:Terrorism in the United States 5760:for his perceived moderation. 5604:American Civil Liberties Union 5435:With the support of attorneys 5114:, died before he was indicted. 4198:, where it opposed Catholics. 4114:Costumes and the burning cross 4060:Klansmen: Guardians of Liberty 4032: 3925:Klansmen: Guardians of Liberty 3900:One notable exception was the 3565:called out the militia against 3362:November presidential election 3300:Tishomingo County, Mississippi 3073:threatening that the KKK will 2892:Southern Publicity Association 2755: 2676:The Cyclopædia of Fraternities 2648:The first Klan was founded in 1788:(as religious or racial quota) 234:Third Klan (1946/1950–present) 1: 19636:Social movement organizations 19561:Neo-Confederate organizations 19556:Lynching in the United States 19324:Lynching in the United States 18625:Springfield race riot of 1908 17043:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer 16947:Lynching in the United States 15537:for her documentary The Aryan 14503:University of Minnesota Press 14469:Lindemann, Albert S. (1991). 14237:. Perennial (HarperCollins). 14151:(1998 ed.). Free Press. 13443:Ansley, Greg (June 5, 1999). 13012:Westheider, James E. (2007). 12699:"Knights of the Ku Klux Klan" 12357:The Christian Science Monitor 11949:"The Woman Who Beat The Klan" 11554:Southern Methodist University 11409:The Christian Science Monitor 10511:. Vol. 47, no. 10. 10012:, Vol. 66 Issue 1, pp. 62–78. 9918:Cummings, Stephen D. (2008). 9740:I believe in white supremacy. 8331:. Reuters. October 14, 1999. 8065:Lutholtz, M. William (1993). 7509:Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader 6283: 6205:Ku Klux Klan raid (Inglewood) 6039:Mystic Insignia of a Klansman 5315:busing to desegregate schools 5264:, the government revived the 3433:Bennettsville, South Carolina 3422: 3273: 2946: 2886:The second Klan was a formal 2629: 2403:), commonly shortened to the 2218:Second-generation gender bias 1926:Constitutional colorblindness 589:Social determinants of health 243:Stone Mountain, Georgia, U.S. 169: 19218:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson 19149:And you are lynching Negroes 19001:Emmett Till Antilynching Act 18736:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith 18642:Harris County, GA, lynchings 18584:Wilmington, NC, insurrection 18430:New Orleans massacre of 1866 15839:Association of Georgia Klans 15588:FBI file on the Ku Klux Klan 14858:Quarles, Chester L. (1999). 14782:One Hundred Percent American 14383:Jackson, Kenneth T. (1967). 14297:Franklin, John Hope (1992). 14049:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 13240:International Business Times 12846:Kapungu, Leonard T. (1974). 11217:Atlanta Journal-Constitution 10795:The New Georgia Encyclopedia 8927:The New Georgia Encyclopedia 8785:The Journal of Negro History 8472: 8448: 8277:Brush, Pete (May 28, 2002). 8042:. American Experience. PBS. 7932:. Southern Hollows podcast. 7835:J. Michael Martinez (2007). 7732:Michael K. Jerryson (2020), 6469:Al-Khattar, Aref M. (2003). 6401: 6251:One Hundred Percent American 5683:Knights of the White Camelia 5647:A list is maintained by the 5305:Violence at a Klan march in 5155:. She was a Southern-raised 5065:, resulting in their deaths. 4845:, were less likely to join. 4355:, including the lynching of 3919:The Ku Klux Klan in Prophecy 3616:Klan costumes, also called " 3122:Knights of the White Camelia 3019: 3011: 7: 19466:Anti-Catholic organizations 19456:Anti-black racism in Canada 19127:Southern Poverty Law Center 18772:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings 18400:? Lachenais and four others 17838:James Harvey and Joe Jordan 17155:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson 15379:Southern Poverty Law Center 15247:(1998) 35#6 pp. 71–77. 15240:(1986) 49#1 pp. 26–48. 15207:. Oxford University Press. 15155:Trelease, Allen W. (1995). 15007:. McFarland & Company. 14994:University of Alabama Press 14951:Richard, Mark Paul (2015). 14899:University of Georgia Press 14864:. McFarland & Company. 14853:. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. 14593:Reviews in American History 14442:Journal of American Studies 14405:University Press of Florida 14212:University of Alabama Press 14115:. Oxford University Press. 14077:Chalmers, David M. (2003). 14054:Chalmers, David M. (1987). 13939:Southern Poverty Law Center 13269:. AP News. April 30, 2021. 12962:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 12879:. Allen Lane. p. 211. 12852:. Orbis Books. p. 48. 12761:Blau, Max (July 19, 2015). 12703:Southern Poverty Law Center 12241:Southern Poverty Law Center 11954:The New York Times Magazine 10639:"'Death to the Klan' March" 10246:Journal of Southern History 9470:McWhirter, Cameron (2011). 9409:Woodrow Wilson: A Biography 9348:, Public Broadcast Service 9160:Public Broadcasting Service 8932:Georgia Southern University 8762:– via Newspapers.com. 8630:Wills, Brian Steel (1992). 7757:"How the Klan Got Its Hood" 7589:Kenneth T. Jackson, in his 7567:Perlmutter, Philip (1999). 7497:Southern Poverty Law Center 7397:. 8: Idea Men Productions. 7216:Southern Poverty Law Center 6257:Racism in the United States 6215:Leaders of the Ku Klux Klan 6162: 6091:, and its film adaptation, 5845:Ritter des Feurigen Kreuzes 5763: 5532:Southern Poverty Law Center 5510:in the early 21st century. 5441:Southern Poverty Law Center 5394:Southern Poverty Law Center 5377:Jerry Thompson infiltration 5151:The 1965 Alabama murder of 5000:states such as Alabama and 4764:Anti-modern interpretations 4548:Christian Identity Theology 3789:ABC of the Invisible Empire 3263:right to keep and bear arms 3030:, which means circle) with 2996:Southern Poverty Law Center 2925:abduction, rape, and murder 2624: 2604:Southern Poverty Law Center 2129:Medical model of disability 1973:Hate speech laws by country 10: 19657: 19566:American fascist movements 18608:1906 Atlanta race massacre 18578:Phoenix, SC, election riot 18554:New Orleans 1891 lynchings 18506:Benjamin and Mollie French 16136: 15927:San Francisco riot of 1877 15495:September 9, 2012, at the 15410:November 18, 2017, at the 14812:Pitsula, James M. (2013). 14659:; Newton, Judy Ann (199). 14574:Moore, Leonard J. (1991). 14475:Cambridge University Press 14109:Cunningham, David (2012). 13844:. New York: Facts On File. 13445:"Dark mystique of the KKK" 12520:February 22, 2019, at the 12495:February 22, 2019, at the 11575:"Ku Klux Klan Probe Begun" 11503:November 12, 2013, at the 11058:MacLean, Nancy K. (1995). 10675:Schamber & Stroud 2000 10279:Craig, Douglas B. (1992). 10230:Robert A. Slayton (2001). 10080:; Frantz Parsons, Elaine. 10004:Emily Parker (Fall 2009). 9356:. Retrieved April 5, 2008. 9101:College of St. Scholastica 8464: 8440: 8401:November 18, 2017, at the 7519:, Routledge, 2003, p. 112. 7502:February 19, 2010, at the 7426:"Ku Klux Klan Established" 7316:Fergus Bordewich. (2023). 6593:United Press International 6459:. Retrieved March 3, 2022. 6190:Ku Klux Klan Honor Society 6073: 6024: 5959: – local organization 5924: 5887:, as well as allegedly in 5866: 5643:Current Klan organizations 5467: 5422:Michael Donald was lynched 5365:, in what is known as the 5363:Greensboro, North Carolina 5219:Whiteville, North Carolina 5215:Tabor City, North Carolina 4927:Later Klans: 1950s–present 4899: 4857:, the Grand Dragon of the 4848: 4531: 4421:1928 presidential election 4417:Editorial Writing Pulitzer 4415:for the crusade, the 1928 4165: 3999:and Democrats, as well as 3881:major secular newspapers. 3559:governor of North Carolina 3475:governor of South Carolina 3232:describes the membership: 3053: 3047: 3006: 2988:Charleston, South Carolina 2820:prominent in many cities. 2759: 2633: 2549:. Taking inspiration from 2238:Social model of disability 644:Discrimination against men 20: 19316: 19135: 19094: 19013: 18915:William O'Connell Bradley 18875: 18829: 18825: 18654:East St. Louis, IL, riots 18406:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre 18389:New York City draft riots 18358: 18347: 18096: 17365: 16970: 16966: 16953: 16875: 16752: 16585: 16353: 16255: 16144: 16076: 16041: 15986: 15945: 15909: 15902: 15885:Imperial Klans of America 15847: 15826: 15816:Women of the Ku Klux Klan 15806: 15797: 15741: 15715: 15687: 15603:October 13, 2016, at the 15457:October 23, 2012, at the 15442:October 23, 2012, at the 15288:Journal of Social History 15001:Sánchez, Juan O. (2016). 14891:Rable, George C. (1984). 14532:McWhorter, Diane (2001). 14454:10.1017/S0021875813001357 14341:Horn, Stanley F. (1939). 12904:. Square One Publishers. 12683:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 12233:"Active U.S. Hate Groups" 11850:UPI (February 28, 1982). 11644:idnc.library.illinois.edu 11360:January 18, 2012, at the 10873:"Superman Versus the KKK" 10619:"The Greensboro Massacre" 10481:February 4, 2017, at the 10462:October 31, 2013, at the 10206:"Ku Klux Klan in Indiana" 9800:November 3, 2023, at the 9731:Heroes of the Fiery Cross 9352:October 19, 2017, at the 9043:Ranney, Joseph A (2006). 8754:. July 7, 1933. p. 6 8665:The Charleston Daily News 7870:. Jim Crow Stories. PBS. 7155:Philip N. Racine (1973). 5823: 5726: 5678:Imperial Klans of America 5443:(SPLC) and state senator 5339:University of Mississippi 5276:; and the 1965 murder of 5161:Selma to Montgomery March 5059:Harry and Harriette Moore 5040:Southern Regional Council 4966:had about 1,500 members. 4257:Orange County, California 4168:Women of the Ku Klux Klan 3931:Heroes of the Fiery Cross 3214:William Gannaway Brownlow 2731:governments in the South. 2701:group, the Klan targeted 2693:founded a KKK chapter in 1569:Opposition to immigration 438:Race / Ethnicity 255: 247: 239: 232: 176: 165: 154: 147: 101: 93: 82: 75: 63: 39: 23:Clansman (disambiguation) 19179:Deaths in police custody 18666:Jenkins County, GA, riot 18477:Chinese massacre of 1871 18395:Detroit race riot (1863) 18030:Lynching of Raymond Gunn 17822:Dick Rowland (attempted) 15973:La Paloma nightclub raid 15201:Wade, Wyn Craig (1998). 15174:. Simon & Schuster. 15168:Wade, Wyn Craig (1987). 15122:Thompson, Jerry (1982). 14701:Newton, Michael (2009). 14668:Newton, Michael (2001). 14412:Klobuchar, Lisa (2009). 14085:Rowman & Littlefield 13742:"Triangular Klan Symbol" 13563:. iUniverse. p. 7. 13039:Jordan, John H. (2016). 12327:. Southern Poverty Law. 11839:– via Google News. 10625:October 6, 2008, at the 10432:August 25, 2012, at the 10346:Roger K. Newman (1997). 9297:Balkin, Jack M. (2002). 8492:New Georgia Encyclopedia 8189:"About the Ku Klux Klan" 8111:New Georgia Encyclopedia 7907:, pp. 101, 110–111. 7843:Rowman & Littlefield 7573:. M. E. Sharpe. p. 7491:October 3, 2012, at the 7410:: CS1 maint: location ( 6288: 6041:, commonly known as the 5371:Communist Workers' Party 5104:Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. 4890:University of Notre Dame 4723:Internal Revenue Service 4518:Communist Workers' Party 4361:prohibit private schools 4161: 4077:Worcester, Massachusetts 3757: 3509:Insurrection Act of 1807 3471:Civil Rights Act of 1871 3467:Benjamin Franklin Butler 3451:Civil Rights Act of 1871 3447:Benjamin Franklin Butler 3382:Garb and weapons of the 3352:gubernatorial election, 2876:The "Ku Klux Number" of 1564:Occupational segregation 1333:Compulsory sterilization 19160:Battle of Liberty Place 19155:Attack on John Shillady 19143:James Allen (collector) 18976:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill 18760:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot 18684:Omaha race riot of 1919 18672:Longview, TX, race riot 18648:Newberry, FL, lynchings 18590:Julia and Frazier Baker 18572:Porter and Spencer (MS) 18524:Thibodeax, LA, massacre 18482:Meridian, MS, race riot 18465:Opelousas, LA, massacre 17438:Paul Reed and Will Cato 17123:Big Nose George Parrott 16815:Psychometrics of racism 16265:Anti-miscegenation laws 15865:United Klans of America 15639:August 2, 2020, at the 15622:August 2, 2020, at the 15569:March 11, 2016, at the 15529:August 7, 2022, at the 15512:April 22, 2021, at the 15476:Civil Rights Greensboro 15279:August 3, 2020, at the 14350:Hubbs, G. Ward (2015). 14206:Feldman, Glenn (1999). 13893:Oxford University Press 13045:. Dorrance Publishing. 12900:Meyer, Jean A. (2013). 12659:"FAQ—The Knights Party" 12044:March 26, 2017, at the 11987:April 27, 2016, at the 11821:"Bonds for Klan Upheld" 11354:Who Was Harry T. Moore? 11105:The Story of Notre Dame 10348:Hugo Black: A Biography 10141:vol. 7 no. 1 pp. 89–119 9924:. Algora. p. 119. 9906:Fryer & Levitt 2012 9875:March 11, 2024, at the 9868:(1959). 8 (2): 103–116 8586:August 3, 2020, at the 7997:Oxford University Press 7991:MacLean, Nancy (1995). 7190:Christine K. Erickson. 7085:www.historycolorado.org 6962:Jewish Telegraph Agency 6836:Jewish Telegraph Agency 6141:, North Carolina (1958) 5804: 5453:United Klans of America 5416:Michael Donald lynching 5196:, and the residence of 5125:was convicted of state 4772:Ku Klux Klan parade in 4493:Labor and anti-unionism 4241:Stone Mountain, Georgia 3896:'s annual Camp Meeting. 3840:Perceived moral threats 3601:United States v. Harris 3500:Enforcement Act of 1870 3373:Jackson County, Florida 2619:Christian denominations 2575:stance, and it opposed 2519:Federal law enforcement 2420:terrorist organizations 2114:Internalized oppression 1968:Fighting Discrimination 1958:Fat acceptance movement 1916:Anti-discrimination law 1542:Native American mascots 159:Stone Mountain, Georgia 149:Second Klan (1915–1944) 58:is shown in the centre. 19506:Christian anti-Judaism 19501:Antisemitism in Europe 19496:Antisemitism in Canada 19486:Anti-Italian sentiment 19294:United States v. Shipp 19046:Rebecca Latimer Felton 18877:Anti-lynching movement 18794:Freedom Summer Murders 18724:Rosewood, FL, massacre 18689:Knoxville riot of 1919 17558:Laura and L. D. Nelson 16780:Ethnic plastic surgery 16275:Biological determinism 16009:Murder of Frank Morris 15978:Murder of Maceo Snipes 15580:July 14, 2018, at the 15518:Buffalo History Museum 15470:Buffalo History Museum 15423:(2011) – archived list 15398:Anti-Defamation League 15389:April 6, 2018, at the 15270:Sociological Quarterly 15250:Johnsen, Julia E. ed. 14173:Egerton, John (1994). 13840:Axelrod, Alan (1997). 13779:Anti-Defamation League 13746:Anti-Defamation League 13716:Anti-Defamation League 13642:Anti-Defamation League 13542:Gravelle, Kim (1988). 13450:The New Zealand Herald 13174:Nagel, Irmela (1991). 12633:Anti-Defamation League 12549:. 2011. Archived from 12547:Anti-Defamation League 12263:Anti-Defamation League 12184:Anti-Defamation League 12157:Anti-Defamation League 12067:Anti-Defamation League 11114:March 1, 2010, at the 8421:April 6, 2018, at the 8314:March 5, 2010, at the 7741:April 7, 2023, at the 7515:April 7, 2023, at the 7486:Anti-Defamation League 7356:Bullard, Sara (1998). 7320:. Penguin Random House 6715:. September 13, 2010. 6451:March 4, 2022, at the 6125:Triangular Klan symbol 6053:Triangular Klan symbol 5971: – initiation fee 5649:Anti-Defamation League 5536:Southern United States 5406:Chattanooga, Tennessee 5310: 5142:Charles Marcus Edwards 5035: 4917:Brownsville, Tennessee 4795: 4777: 4471:Brownsville, Tennessee 4393: 4386: 4349:Anti-Defamation League 4340: 4331:, Grand Dragon of the 4320:Resistance and decline 4244: 4186: 4130: 4107: 4064: 4043:Union County, Arkansas 4014: 3897: 3814:recruited for the Klan 3779: 3767: 3728:, as well as the book 3711: 3697: 3685: 3641:William Joseph Simmons 3624:Second Klan: 1915–1944 3585: 3575:led the prosecutions. 3554: 3454: 3429:Blount County, Alabama 3412: 3395: 3333: 3303: 3247: 3200:was elected the first 3198:Nathan Bedford Forrest 3178: 3175:Nathan Bedford Forrest 3163:At an 1867 meeting in 3160: 3097: 3000:Anti-Defamation League 2984:natural gas processing 2888:fraternal organization 2883: 2788:William Joseph Simmons 2779: 2762:Ku Klux Klan in Canada 2733: 2645: 2621:widely denounce them. 2600:Anti-Defamation League 2233:Social identity threat 2206:Reverse discrimination 2196:Racial color blindness 1654:Violence against women 1634:Sex-selective abortion 77:First Klan (1865–1872) 19491:Anti-Slavic sentiment 19372:Civil Rights Movement 19265:Summer in Mississippi 19212:Mississippi Cold Case 19166:The Birth of a Nation 19107:Civil Rights Memorial 19036:Sidney Johnston Catts 19014:Defenders of lynching 18700:Duluth, MN, lynchings 18678:Elaine, AR, race riot 18636:Laura and L.D. Nelson 18602:Watkinsville lynching 18560:Ruggles Brothers (CA) 18518:Hamburg, SC, massacre 18494:Election riot of 1874 18441:Camilla, GA, massacre 18363:Death of Joseph Smith 16987:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 16700:In Jewish communities 16678:Hispanic & Latino 16067:The Birth of a Nation 16014:Murder of Lemuel Penn 16004:Birmingham bus attack 15968:Murder of Oneal Moore 15782:Inglewood, California 15692:Titles and vocabulary 15482:July 6, 2014, at the 15437:Prescript of the * * 14943:July 1, 2010, at the 14605:10.1353/rah.1996.0084 14060:Duke University Press 14046:The Mind Of The South 13922:Barr, Andrew (1999). 13885:Ball, Howard (1996). 13490:Sydney Morning Herald 13180:(in German). Böhlau. 12873:Caute, David (1983). 12221:on February 15, 2017. 12017:June 4, 2011, at the 11825:The Victoria Advocate 11719:. November 18, 2004. 11391:on November 26, 2010. 11384:Montgomery Advertiser 11128:Tucker, Todd (2004). 10871:von Busack, Richard. 10426:Montgomery Advertiser 10150:Marty Gitlin (2009). 9767:. February 28, 2017. 9640:Pillar of Fire Church 8853:on September 16, 2014 7267:. December 10, 2015. 6695:. November 23, 2015. 6195:Ku Klux Klan in Maine 6097:The Birth of a Nation 5921:Titles and vocabulary 5908:Francis Herbert Dufty 5620:The Democrat-Reporter 5519:white power skinheads 5484:bulletin board system 5335:University of Georgia 5331:Vanderbilt University 5304: 5102:, convicted in 1977, 5022: 4991:During the tenure of 4825:, and members of the 4791: 4771: 4586:4,000,000–6,000,000* 4546:and began to develop 4510:civil rights movement 4456:and the NAACP in its 4408:Montgomery Advertiser 4391: 4381: 4327: 4313:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4230: 4184: 4156:The Birth of a Nation 4121: 4094: 4056: 4026:multi-level marketing 4009: 3991:eligible population. 3906:Zarephath, New Jersey 3902:Pillar of Fire Church 3894:Pillar of Fire Church 3890:Zarephath, New Jersey 3887: 3773: 3765: 3720:The Birth of a Nation 3707:The Birth of a Nation 3703: 3691: 3676: 3668:The Birth of a Nation 3661:The Birth of a Nation 3636:The Birth of a Nation 3580: 3548: 3524:End of the first Klan 3483:Meridian, Mississippi 3445: 3404: 3381: 3328: 3297: 3234: 3173: 3155: 3068: 3044:First Klan: 1865–1871 2953:civil rights movement 2875: 2830:The Mind of the South 2793:The Birth of a Nation 2773: 2728: 2643: 2596:civil rights movement 2556:The Birth of a Nation 2500:civil rights movement 2201:Religious intolerance 2161:Political correctness 1983:Intersex human rights 1931:Cultural assimilation 1599:Religious persecution 1363:Disability hate crime 1130:Jewish / Antisemitism 172:3 million – 6 million 19481:Anti-Irish sentiment 18983:Costigan-Wagner Bill 18920:Ella Barksdale Brown 18718:Perry, FL, race riot 18630:Slocum, TX, massacre 18530:Mart and Tom Horrell 18488:Colfax, LA, massacre 18471:Bear River City riot 18321:James Craig Anderson 18121:Robert "Bobbie" Hall 17726:Hazel "Hayes" Turner 16790:Herrenvolk democracy 15994:Battle of Hayes Pond 15541:"Inside Today's KKK" 15300:10.1353/jsh/24.2.341 15128:. New York: Putnam. 14538:Simon & Schuster 13390:. February 2, 2001. 13329:. January 16, 2019. 13133:. November 4, 2018. 13082:Ramdin, Ron (2017). 12819:Burke, Kyle (2018). 12553:on February 12, 2011 12190:on September 1, 2010 12129:. February 6, 2007. 11233:. February 11, 1961. 11177:. January 13, 1950. 11160:October 1940, p. 324 11020:Kenneth T. Jackson, 9728:White, Alma (1928). 9392:Woodmen of the World 8920:Bryant, Jonathan M. 8453:) and Kennedy added 8318:, FBI, Dallas office 8195:on December 26, 2009 7660:. October 23, 2018. 7634:on February 12, 2011 7056:. January 17, 1927. 6982:Laats, Adam (2012). 6928:. October 16, 2018. 6904:. October 10, 2017. 6880:. October 18, 2017. 5789:Klan was present in 5525:Current developments 5470:Stormfront (website) 5400:Chattanooga shooting 5321:, and the more open 5240:Battle of Hayes Pond 5085:Byron De La Beckwith 4776:, September 13, 1926 4711:veterinary physician 4554:in which he adopted 4218:William Gibbs McAdoo 3861:in the Midwest, and 3610:Fourteenth Amendment 3573:Amos Tappan Ackerman 3562:William Woods Holden 3392:Missouri Republican, 3196:Confederate general 3165:Nashville, Tennessee 3096:, September 1, 1868. 2695:Nashville, Tennessee 2553:'s 1915 silent film 1584:Political repression 549:Anti-left handedness 539:Anti-intellectualism 256:Political ideologies 177:Political ideologies 102:Political ideologies 27:KKK (disambiguation) 19225:The Ox-Bow Incident 19205:Mississippi Burning 19056:John Trotwood Moore 18712:Tulsa race massacre 18706:Ocoee, FL, massacre 18201:Mack Charles Parker 18129:Willie James Howard 16810:Perpetual foreigner 16024:Fort Chaffee crisis 16019:Greensboro massacre 15958:Tulsa race massacre 15880:Silver Dollar Group 15734:(1946/1950–present) 15628:The Literary Digest 15522:Video clip of 2014 15516:, digitized by the 15125:My Life in the Klan 14932:Winner of the 1918 14578:. Chapel Hill, NC: 14264:Fox, Craig (2011). 14223:. Neale Publishing. 13557:Ali, Ahmed (2008). 13105:Intelligence Report 13101:"The Klan Overseas" 12825:. UNC Press Books. 12735:The Daily Telegraph 12609:on February 8, 2011 12464:on October 6, 2010. 12237:Intelligence Report 12097:www.facingsouth.org 12052:, January 13, 2002. 11997:, December 5, 2005. 11858:. Chattanooga, TN. 11560:on August 27, 2005. 11529:on October 24, 2007 11486:, pp. 208–211. 11459:Intelligence Report 11365:The Palm Beach Post 11343:, pp. 562–563. 11231:Dallas Morning News 10952:The History Teacher 10928:, pp. 221–228. 10457:"Editorial Writing" 10412:, pp. 432–433. 10379:on February 8, 2010 9971:, pp. 119–156. 9287:, pp. 109–110. 9275:, pp. 458–459. 8979:, pp. 157–158. 8910:, pp. 680–681. 8898:, pp. 674–675. 8874:, pp. 677–678. 8777:Simkins, Francis B. 8725:, pp. 425–426. 8555:, pp. 671–675. 8543:, pp. 679–680. 8494:. October 3, 2002. 7981:, pp. 241–242. 7337:. November 17, 2023 7289:The Washington Post 6857:The Times of Israel 6671:. October 5, 2010. 6647:. August 31, 2017. 6323:, as well as being 6310:Peaked in 1924–1925 6059:Sierpiński triangle 5991: – ritual book 5617:, weekly newspaper 5573:illegal immigration 5367:Greensboro massacre 5359:American Nazi Party 5343:University of Akron 5185:was found murdered. 5179:Bogalusa, Louisiana 5138:Charles Eddie Moore 5068:The 1957 murder of 4982:Birmingham, Alabama 4827:Disciples of Christ 4568: 4556:Russel Kelso Carter 4522:Greensboro massacre 4499:Birmingham, Alabama 4432:Pennsylvania Avenue 4405:Sr., editor of the 4249:Anaheim, California 4243:, on July 24, 1948. 3968:Edward Young Clarke 3910:Alma Bridwell White 3830:Imperial Night-Hawk 3731:The Leopard's Spots 3578:Foner argues that: 3494:In 1871, President 3461:Republican senator 3094:Independent Monitor 3090:Tuscaloosa, Alabama 3061:Creation and naming 2961:Birmingham, Alabama 2914:Evansville, Indiana 2827:, in his 1941 book 2571:, often took a pro- 2504:far-right extremist 2471:right-wing populism 2109:Historical eugenics 1624:Segregation academy 1604:Religious terrorism 1393:Enemy of the people 1301:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 789:Jehovah's Witnesses 669:Perpetual foreigner 273:Anti-trade unionism 199:Social conservatism 194:Right-wing populism 134:Christian terrorism 36: 19616:Reconstruction Era 19571:Christian Identity 19521:COINTELPRO targets 19239:Reconstruction era 19051:John Temple Graves 18895:Jessie Daniel Ames 18842:Indiana White Caps 18512:Ellenton, SC, riot 18435:Reno Brothers Gang 18185:Judge Edward Aaron 17382:Ballie Crutchfield 16840:Racial integration 16820:Race and sexuality 16625:Japanese Americans 16345:Racial segregation 16335:Racial nationalism 15072:. New Star Books. 14992:. Tuscaloosa, AL: 14924:Rhodes, James Ford 14707:. McFarland, Inc. 14326:10.1093/qje/qjs028 14210:. Tuscaloosa, AL: 14005:Brooks, Michael E. 13937:(fifth ed.). 13712:"Blood Drop Cross" 13648:on August 15, 2012 13107:. March 15, 1998. 12458:The New York Times 12401:on October 1, 2020 12215:The New York Times 11919:The New York Times 11856:The New York Times 11827:. April 22, 1980. 11606:The New York Times 11367:, August 16, 1999. 11318:. March 20, 2003. 11316:The New York Times 11175:The New York Times 11156:"Sixth Lynching", 10842:The New York Times 10701:on August 25, 2012 10695:www.aaregistry.org 10445:Rogers et al. 1994 10410:Rogers et al. 1994 10040:The New York Times 9983:, pp. 25–52 . 9842:. March 10, 2010. 9561:Imperial Nighthawk 9185:The New York Times 9154:Wormser, Richard. 9139:The New York Times 8752:The News-Chronicle 8252:The New York Times 8220:The New York Times 7866:Wormser, Richard. 6842:on June 21, 2023. 6509:Barkun, pp. 60–85. 6457:The New York Times 5953: – treasurers 5447:, Donald's mother 5445:Michael A. Figures 5319:affirmative action 5311: 5134:Henry Hezekiah Dee 5108:Bobby Frank Cherry 5057:(NAACP) activists 5036: 4933:James A. Colescott 4867:Kenneth T. Jackson 4839:Congregationalists 4778: 4707:James A. Colescott 4703:Hiram Wesley Evans 4566: 4538:Christian Identity 4394: 4341: 4273:disenfranchisement 4245: 4187: 4131: 4127:William J. Simmons 4125:was introduced by 4065: 3898: 3810:William J. Simmons 3794:James A. Colescott 3780: 3768: 3712: 3698: 3686: 3633:In 1915, the film 3629:Refounding in 1915 3555: 3455: 3396: 3348:In the April 1868 3334: 3304: 3289:their ears cropped 3179: 3161: 3158:Confederate cause. 3138:William L. Sharkey 3106:Pulaski, Tennessee 3098: 2899:Hiram Wesley Evans 2884: 2780: 2650:Pulaski, Tennessee 2646: 2563:. Rooted in local 2527:voter intimidation 2515:Reconstruction era 2449:positions such as 2013:Social integration 2008:Self-determination 1998:Racial integration 1946:Diversity training 1936:Cultural pluralism 1911:Affirmative action 1803:Racial segregation 1713:Crime of apartheid 1609:Religious violence 1094:Indigenous people 465:Sexual orientation 288:Anti-globalization 263:Anti-miscegenation 189:Christian Identity 87:Pulaski, Tennessee 65:Political position 34: 19341: 19340: 19337: 19336: 19282:They Won't Forget 19199:Lynching postcard 19112:The Legacy Museum 19081:James K. Vardaman 19021:Theodore G. Bilbo 19009: 19008: 18900:Martin C. Ansorge 18821: 18820: 18806:Michael Schwerner 18613:Kemper County, MS 18453:Pulaski, TN, riot 18343: 18342: 18339: 18338: 18046:Shedrick Thompson 17926:Bernice Raspberry 17646:Name unknown (MS) 17550:Name unknown (TX) 17171:Joseph Vermillion 17139:John Wesley Heath 16913: 16912: 16661:African Americans 16608:Chinese Americans 16305:Ethnic stereotype 16104: 16103: 16037: 16036: 15898: 15897: 15772:Southern Illinois 15369:Official websites 15261:Lay, Shawn, ed., 14897:(2007 ed.). 14401:The Klan Unmasked 14013:. History Press. 13974:Women of the Klan 13969:Blee, Kathleen M. 13358:Los Angeles Times 12663:The Knights Party 12639:on April 12, 2010 12383:Akins, J. Keith. 12247:on April 6, 2005. 12163:on July 25, 2010. 11674:The Post-Crescent 11548:Simon, Dennis M. 11434:on March 28, 2008 11205:, pp. 80–83. 10601:Diane McWhorter, 10183:on April 11, 2008 10113:The Straight Dope 9816:. March 3, 2010. 9791:Handbook of Texas 9698:978-0-520-07876-5 9688:Women of the Klan 9525:on August 6, 2009 9444:Brian R. Farmer, 9379:on August 6, 2009 8965:The KKK testimony 8681:, August 28, 1868 8143:, pp. 52–53. 7369:978-0-7881-7031-7 7247:. March 2, 2015. 7200:on July 28, 2022. 7179:on July 28, 2022. 6968:on July 28, 2022. 6952:on June 12, 2021. 6807:. July 13, 1992. 6735:. June 13, 2017. 6579:on July 1, 2021. 6524:, pp. 47–88. 6267:Rosewood massacre 6153:Cross burning in 6137:Cross burning in 5983: – gathering 5977: – secretary 5965: – recruiter 5747:Rhodes University 5637:Auburn University 5581:same-sex marriage 5492:white nationalism 5449:Beulah Mae Donald 5327:Pontiac, Michigan 5177:In July 1966, in 5070:Willie Edwards Jr 4863:Madge Oberholtzer 4692: 4691: 4544:British Israelism 4487:LaGrange, Georgia 4374:Madge Oberholtzer 4337:Madge Oberholtzer 4292:David Bibb Graves 4267:moved to Kansas. 4235:, a Ku Klux Klan 4081:Swedish Americans 3832:(1923–1924), and 3808:New Klan founder 3704:Movie poster for 3553:of North Carolina 3479:riot and massacre 3457:In January 1871, 3342:St. Landry Parish 3330:George W. Ashburn 3316:Freedmen's Bureau 3280:Rockingham County 2929:Madge Oberholtzer 2903:a breakaway group 2882:, August 16, 1924 2451:white nationalism 2432:African Americans 2413:white supremacist 2328: 2327: 2191:Racism by country 2119:Intersectionality 2104:Heteronormativity 1887:Voter suppression 1629:Sexual harassment 1428:Forced conversion 1348:Cultural genocide 993:African Americans 799:post–Cold War era 784:Eastern Orthodoxy 534:Anti-drug addicts 529:Anti-homelessness 448:Scientific racism 301: 300: 139:Neo-Confederatism 119:White nationalism 109:Anti-black racism 19648: 19418: 19417: 19416: 19406: 19405: 19404: 19394: 19393: 19392: 19382: 19381: 19380: 19370: 19369: 19358: 19357: 19356: 19349: 19136:Related articles 19086:Thomas E. Watson 19076:Benjamin Tillman 19041:Thomas Dixon Jr. 18965: 18964: 18827: 18826: 18730:Jim and Mark Fox 18418:Memphis massacre 18353:Multiple victims 18349: 18348: 18332: 18324: 18316: 18308: 18300: 18292: 18284: 18276: 18268: 18260: 18252: 18249:Wharlest Jackson 18244: 18236: 18228: 18220: 18212: 18204: 18196: 18188: 18180: 18172: 18164: 18156: 18148: 18145:John Cecil Jones 18140: 18132: 18124: 18116: 18108: 18089: 18081: 18073: 18065: 18057: 18049: 18041: 18038:Matthew Williams 18033: 18025: 18017: 18009: 18001: 17993: 17985: 17977: 17969: 17961: 17953: 17945: 17937: 17929: 17921: 17913: 17905: 17897: 17889: 17881: 17873: 17865: 17857: 17849: 17841: 17833: 17825: 17817: 17809: 17801: 17798:Berry Washington 17793: 17785: 17777: 17769: 17761: 17753: 17745: 17737: 17729: 17721: 17713: 17705: 17697: 17689: 17681: 17673: 17665: 17662:Anthony Crawford 17657: 17654:Jesse Washington 17649: 17641: 17633: 17625: 17617: 17609: 17601: 17593: 17585: 17577: 17574:Zachariah Walker 17569: 17561: 17553: 17545: 17537: 17534:Grant Richardson 17529: 17521: 17513: 17505: 17497: 17489: 17481: 17478:Earnest Williams 17473: 17465: 17457: 17449: 17441: 17433: 17425: 17417: 17409: 17401: 17393: 17385: 17377: 17358: 17350: 17342: 17334: 17331:John Henry James 17326: 17318: 17310: 17302: 17294: 17286: 17283:Stephen Williams 17278: 17270: 17262: 17254: 17246: 17238: 17235:Ephraim Grizzard 17230: 17222: 17214: 17206: 17198: 17195:Brown Washington 17190: 17182: 17174: 17166: 17158: 17150: 17142: 17134: 17126: 17118: 17110: 17102: 17099:Arthur St. Clair 17094: 17086: 17078: 17070: 17062: 17059:John W. Stephens 17054: 17046: 17038: 17030: 17022: 17014: 17006: 16998: 16990: 16982: 16979:Francis McIntosh 16968: 16967: 16955: 16954: 16940: 16933: 16926: 16917: 16916: 16903: 16902: 16893: 16892: 16883: 16882: 16737:Racial supremacy 16695:Jewish Americans 16673:Native Americans 16642:Zainichi Koreans 16630:Japanese Koreans 16613:Zainichi Chinese 16586:Racism by target 16363:Global apartheid 16355:Racism by region 16340:Racial profiling 16330:Racial hierarchy 16131: 16124: 16117: 16108: 16107: 16094: 16093: 16084: 16083: 15907: 15906: 15804: 15803: 15674: 15667: 15660: 15651: 15650: 15550:, April 13, 2009 15359: 15338: 15336: 15334: 15311: 15225: 15223: 15221: 15197: 15195: 15193: 15164: 15151: 15149: 15147: 15142:on March 4, 2016 15138:. 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Archived from 13634: 13628: 13627: 13607: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13596: 13587:. June 7, 2020. 13581: 13575: 13574: 13554: 13548: 13547: 13539: 13533: 13532: 13530: 13528: 13513: 13507: 13506: 13504: 13502: 13480: 13467: 13466: 13464: 13462: 13440: 13434: 13433: 13431: 13429: 13420:. June 2, 1999. 13410: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13399: 13380: 13374: 13373: 13371: 13369: 13349: 13343: 13342: 13340: 13338: 13319: 13313: 13312: 13310: 13308: 13289: 13283: 13282: 13280: 13278: 13263: 13257: 13256: 13254: 13252: 13243:. July 2, 2014. 13231: 13225: 13224: 13222: 13220: 13198: 13192: 13191: 13171: 13165: 13164: 13153: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13142: 13127: 13121: 13120: 13118: 13116: 13097: 13088: 13087: 13079: 13073: 13072: 13063: 13057: 13056: 13036: 13030: 13029: 13009: 13003: 13002: 12988:Cuban Studies 40 12982: 12976: 12975: 12973: 12971: 12956: 12950: 12949: 12947: 12945: 12930: 12924: 12923: 12897: 12891: 12890: 12870: 12864: 12863: 12843: 12837: 12836: 12816: 12810: 12804: 12785: 12784: 12782: 12780: 12758: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12747: 12725: 12719: 12718: 12716: 12714: 12695: 12689: 12688: 12682: 12674: 12672: 12670: 12655: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12644: 12625: 12619: 12618: 12616: 12614: 12595: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12584: 12569: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12558: 12535: 12529: 12510: 12504: 12485: 12479: 12465: 12450: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12417: 12411: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12400: 12389: 12380: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12347: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12336: 12321: 12312: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12285: 12279: 12278: 12276: 12274: 12269:on July 25, 2010 12265:. Archived from 12255: 12249: 12248: 12243:. Archived from 12229: 12223: 12222: 12217:. Archived from 12206: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12195: 12176: 12165: 12164: 12159:. Archived from 12149: 12143: 12142: 12140: 12138: 12119: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12108: 12089: 12083: 12082: 12080: 12078: 12073:on July 29, 2010 12069:. Archived from 12059: 12053: 12034: 12028: 12004: 11998: 11977: 11971: 11970: 11968: 11966: 11944: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11921:. June 6, 1997. 11911: 11902: 11901: 11899: 11897: 11888:. June 6, 1997. 11878: 11872: 11871: 11869: 11867: 11847: 11841: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11817: 11811: 11810: 11808: 11806: 11800: 11793: 11785: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11751: 11745: 11739: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11728: 11707: 11701: 11700: 11699: 11693: 11687: 11685: 11666: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11636: 11630: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11597: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11586: 11571: 11562: 11561: 11556:. Archived from 11545: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11534: 11525:. 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Press Action. 10615: 10606: 10599: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10585: 10566: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10535: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10503:"Sixth Lynching" 10499: 10490: 10473: 10467: 10454: 10448: 10442: 10436: 10419: 10413: 10407: 10401: 10395: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10384: 10369: 10363: 10357: 10351: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10311: 10304: 10295: 10294: 10276: 10270: 10269: 10241: 10235: 10228: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10202: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10173: 10167: 10161: 10155: 10148: 10142: 10135: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10074: 10068: 10062: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10051: 10031: 10025: 10019: 10013: 10007: 10002: 9996: 9990: 9984: 9981:Prendergast 1987 9978: 9972: 9966: 9960: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9915: 9909: 9903: 9892: 9886: 9880: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9810: 9804: 9787: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9742: 9736:The Good Citizen 9725: 9719: 9718: 9712: 9710: 9683:Blee, Kathleen M 9679: 9673: 9672: 9654: 9648: 9647: 9635:The Good Citizen 9625: 9619: 9613: 9607: 9601: 9595: 9589: 9580: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9530: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9486: 9485: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9449: 9442: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9403: 9397: 9396: 9386: 9384: 9363: 9357: 9343: 9337: 9331: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9315:on March 4, 2016 9314: 9308:. 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Thomas Heflin 4261:Catholic Germans 3736:Thomas Dixon Jr. 3683:Arthur I. Keller 3606:unconstitutional 3513:Hugh Lennox Bond 3496:Ulysses S. Grant 3366:Ulysses S. Grant 3024: 2935:, especially in 2910:D. C. Stephenson 2844:anti-Catholicism 2724:Democratic Party 2708:Enforcement Acts 2654:Confederate army 2467:anti-Catholicism 2455:anti-immigration 2428:Fergus Bordewich 2402: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2320: 2313: 2306: 2243:Social privilege 2228:Social exclusion 2156:Police brutality 2077:Multiculturalism 2047:Amatonormativity 1862:Social exclusion 1698:Age of candidacy 1492:Homeless dumping 1398:Ethnic cleansing 328: 305: 304: 224:Anti-Catholicism 209:Anti-immigration 171: 56:Blood Drop Cross 44: 37: 33: 19656: 19655: 19651: 19650: 19649: 19647: 19646: 19645: 19591:Political masks 19426: 19425: 19424: 19414: 19412: 19402: 19400: 19390: 19388: 19378: 19376: 19364: 19354: 19352: 19344: 19342: 19333: 19312: 19249:Scottsboro Boys 19131: 19090: 19005: 18963: 18871: 18817: 18782:Harriette Moore 18742:Tate County, MS 18354: 18335: 18327: 18319: 18311: 18303: 18295: 18289:Arthur McDuffie 18287: 18279: 18271: 18263: 18255: 18247: 18239: 18231: 18223: 18215: 18207: 18199: 18191: 18183: 18175: 18167: 18159: 18151: 18143: 18135: 18127: 18119: 18111: 18103: 18092: 18086:Elbert Williams 18084: 18078:Austin Callaway 18076: 18068: 18060: 18052: 18044: 18036: 18028: 18020: 18012: 18004: 17996: 17988: 17982:Thomas Williams 17980: 17972: 17966:Thomas Bradshaw 17964: 17958:Albert Williams 17956: 17948: 17942:Joseph Upchurch 17940: 17932: 17924: 17916: 17908: 17900: 17892: 17884: 17876: 17868: 17860: 17852: 17844: 17836: 17828: 17820: 17812: 17804: 17796: 17788: 17780: 17772: 17764: 17756: 17748: 17740: 17732: 17724: 17716: 17708: 17700: 17692: 17684: 17676: 17668: 17660: 17652: 17644: 17636: 17628: 17620: 17612: 17604: 17598:George Saunders 17596: 17588: 17580: 17572: 17564: 17556: 17548: 17540: 17532: 17524: 17516: 17508: 17500: 17492: 17484: 17476: 17468: 17460: 17452: 17446:Bunk Richardson 17444: 17436: 17428: 17420: 17412: 17404: 17396: 17388: 17380: 17372: 17361: 17355:Benjamin Thomas 17353: 17345: 17337: 17329: 17321: 17315:Joseph H. 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Dee. 14772: 14759: 14745:10.2307/3659969 14719: 14717: 14715: 14691: 14689: 14682: 14657:Newton, Michael 14655: 14649: 14622: 14620: 14559:10.2307/2954550 14522: 14520: 14513: 14485: 14439: 14430: 14428: 14426: 14373: 14371: 14364: 14296: 14287: 14285: 14278: 14254: 14252: 14245: 14196: 14194: 14187: 14163: 14161: 14159: 14143:Du Bois, W.E.B. 14132: 14130: 14123: 14108: 14099: 14097: 14095: 14076: 14070: 14062:. p. 512. 14030: 14028: 14021: 14003: 13994: 13992: 13985: 13958: 13956: 13949: 13912: 13910: 13903: 13875: 13873: 13866: 13850:Baker, Kelly J. 13835: 13830: 13829: 13819: 13817: 13802: 13798: 13788: 13786: 13775:"Burning Cross" 13773: 13772: 13765: 13755: 13753: 13740: 13739: 13735: 13725: 13723: 13710: 13709: 13705: 13697: 13693: 13686: 13682: 13681:, p. 142: 13677: 13673: 13665: 13661: 13651: 13649: 13636: 13635: 13631: 13624: 13608: 13604: 13594: 13592: 13583: 13582: 13578: 13571: 13555: 13551: 13540: 13536: 13526: 13524: 13515: 13514: 13510: 13500: 13498: 13481: 13470: 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Rable 2714:that historian 2683:white supremacy 2638: 2632: 2627: 2585:Catholic Church 2569:white supremacy 2385: 2367: 2350: 2339: 2335: 2324: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2166:Polyculturalism 2062:Civil liberties 2034: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2003:Reappropriation 1903: 1902:Countermeasures 1895: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1820:Racial steering 1786:Numerus clausus 1690: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1403:Ethnic conflict 1338:Corrective rape 1293: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1281: 918: 907: 906: 905: 904: 903: 858:minority Muslim 746: 736: 735: 734: 733: 732: 624:HIV/AIDS stigma 496: 488: 487: 486: 485: 484: 433:Mental disorder 375: 367: 366: 365: 364: 363: 336: 297: 235: 228: 150: 143: 114:White supremacy 78: 59: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 19654: 19644: 19643: 19638: 19633: 19631:Stone Mountain 19628: 19623: 19618: 19613: 19608: 19603: 19598: 19593: 19588: 19583: 19578: 19573: 19568: 19563: 19558: 19553: 19548: 19543: 19538: 19533: 19528: 19523: 19518: 19513: 19508: 19503: 19498: 19493: 19488: 19483: 19478: 19473: 19468: 19463: 19458: 19453: 19448: 19443: 19438: 19423: 19422: 19410: 19408:Modern history 19398: 19386: 19374: 19362: 19339: 19338: 19335: 19334: 19332: 19331: 19326: 19320: 19318: 19314: 19313: 19311: 19310: 19305: 19297: 19290: 19285: 19278: 19268: 19261: 19259:Stone Mountain 19256: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19236: 19228: 19221: 19215: 19208: 19201: 19196: 19189: 19181: 19176: 19169: 19162: 19157: 19152: 19145: 19139: 19137: 19133: 19132: 19130: 19129: 19124: 19119: 19114: 19109: 19104: 19098: 19096: 19092: 19091: 19089: 19088: 19083: 19078: 19073: 19071:Goodloe Sutton 19068: 19063: 19061:John T. Morgan 19058: 19053: 19048: 19043: 19038: 19033: 19031:Julian S. Carr 19028: 19026:Cole L. Blease 19023: 19017: 19015: 19011: 19010: 19007: 19006: 19004: 19003: 18998: 18993: 18986: 18979: 18971: 18969: 18962: 18961: 18956: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18927: 18922: 18917: 18912: 18910:Flossie Bailey 18907: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18887: 18881: 18879: 18873: 18872: 18870: 18869: 18864: 18859: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18839: 18833: 18831: 18823: 18822: 18819: 18818: 18816: 18815: 18809: 18802:Andrew Goodman 18791: 18785: 18775: 18769: 18763: 18757: 18751: 18745: 18739: 18733: 18727: 18721: 18715: 18709: 18703: 18697: 18691: 18686: 18681: 18675: 18669: 18663: 18657: 18651: 18645: 18639: 18633: 18627: 18622: 18616: 18610: 18605: 18599: 18596:Pana, IL, riot 18593: 18587: 18581: 18575: 18569: 18563: 18557: 18551: 18545: 18539: 18533: 18527: 18521: 18515: 18509: 18503: 18497: 18491: 18485: 18479: 18474: 18468: 18462: 18456: 18450: 18444: 18438: 18432: 18427: 18421: 18415: 18409: 18403: 18397: 18392: 18386: 18380: 18374: 18359: 18356: 18355: 18345: 18344: 18341: 18340: 18337: 18336: 18334: 18333: 18325: 18317: 18313:James Byrd Jr. 18309: 18301: 18297:Michael Donald 18293: 18285: 18277: 18269: 18261: 18253: 18245: 18237: 18229: 18221: 18213: 18205: 18197: 18193:Willie Edwards 18189: 18181: 18173: 18165: 18157: 18149: 18141: 18133: 18125: 18117: 18113:Johannes Kunze 18109: 18100: 18098: 18094: 18093: 18091: 18090: 18082: 18074: 18066: 18058: 18054:George Armwood 18050: 18042: 18034: 18026: 18018: 18010: 18002: 17994: 17986: 17978: 17974:Winston Pounds 17970: 17962: 17954: 17946: 17938: 17930: 17922: 17914: 17906: 17898: 17890: 17882: 17874: 17866: 17858: 17850: 17842: 17834: 17826: 17818: 17810: 17802: 17794: 17786: 17782:John Hartfield 17778: 17774:Wesley Everest 17770: 17762: 17758:Wallace Baynes 17754: 17750:Olli Kinkkonen 17746: 17742:Jim McIlherron 17738: 17730: 17722: 17714: 17706: 17698: 17690: 17682: 17674: 17666: 17658: 17650: 17642: 17634: 17626: 17622:Charles Fisher 17618: 17610: 17602: 17594: 17586: 17578: 17570: 17562: 17554: 17546: 17538: 17530: 17522: 17514: 17506: 17498: 17490: 17482: 17474: 17466: 17458: 17450: 17442: 17434: 17430:Marie Thompson 17426: 17418: 17410: 17406:J. D. Mayfield 17402: 17394: 17386: 17378: 17369: 17367: 17363: 17362: 17360: 17359: 17351: 17343: 17335: 17327: 17319: 17311: 17303: 17295: 17287: 17279: 17271: 17263: 17255: 17247: 17243:Samuel J. Bush 17239: 17231: 17223: 17215: 17207: 17199: 17191: 17183: 17179:George Meadows 17175: 17167: 17159: 17151: 17143: 17135: 17127: 17119: 17111: 17103: 17095: 17087: 17079: 17071: 17067:Alexander Boyd 17063: 17055: 17047: 17039: 17031: 17023: 17015: 17007: 16999: 16995:Josefa Segovia 16991: 16983: 16974: 16972: 16964: 16963: 16951: 16950: 16943: 16942: 16935: 16928: 16920: 16911: 16910: 16908: 16907: 16897: 16887: 16876: 16873: 16872: 16870: 16869: 16864: 16862:Reverse racism 16859: 16858: 16857: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16835:Racial figleaf 16832: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16797: 16792: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16756: 16754: 16753:Related topics 16750: 16749: 16747: 16746: 16745: 16744: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16712:Middle Eastern 16709: 16704: 16703: 16702: 16697: 16687: 16686: 16685: 16675: 16670: 16669: 16668: 16663: 16653: 16652: 16651: 16646: 16645: 16644: 16634: 16633: 16632: 16627: 16617: 16616: 16615: 16610: 16595: 16589: 16587: 16583: 16582: 16580: 16579: 16578: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16557: 16556: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16535: 16534: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16508: 16507: 16506: 16504:United Kingdom 16501: 16496: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16446: 16441: 16440: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16419: 16418: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16382: 16381: 16380: 16375: 16365: 16359: 16357: 16351: 16350: 16348: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16261: 16259: 16256:Manifestations 16253: 16252: 16250: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16148: 16146: 16142: 16141: 16134: 16133: 16126: 16119: 16111: 16102: 16101: 16099: 16098: 16088: 16077: 16074: 16073: 16071: 16070: 16063: 16056: 16054:Stone Mountain 16051: 16045: 16043: 16039: 16038: 16035: 16034: 16032: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15990: 15988: 15984: 15983: 15981: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15963:Inglewood raid 15960: 15955: 15949: 15947: 15943: 15942: 15940: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15913: 15911: 15904: 15900: 15899: 15896: 15895: 15893: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15851: 15849: 15845: 15844: 15842: 15841: 15836: 15830: 15828: 15824: 15823: 15821: 15820: 15819: 15818: 15807: 15801: 15795: 15794: 15792: 15791: 15786: 15785: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15767:South Carolina 15764: 15759: 15754: 15748:United States 15745: 15743: 15739: 15738: 15736: 15735: 15729: 15723: 15716: 15713: 15712: 15710: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15688: 15685: 15684: 15677: 15676: 15669: 15662: 15654: 15648: 15647: 15631: 15614: 15608: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15561: 15551: 15543:, multimedia, 15538: 15520: 15504: 15487: 15473: 15463: 15448: 15431: 15428: 15427: 15426: 15425: 15424: 15416: 15394: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15364:External links 15362: 15361: 15360: 15350:(4): 435–448. 15339: 15312: 15294:(2): 341–357. 15283: 15266: 15259: 15248: 15241: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15226: 15214:978-0195123579 15213: 15198: 15181:978-0195123579 15180: 15165: 15152: 15135:978-0399126956 15134: 15119: 15096: 15079:978-0919573123 15078: 15060: 15031: 15014:978-1476664859 15013: 14998: 14985: 14968:978-1625341884 14967: 14948: 14934:Pulitzer Prize 14930:. Vol. 7. 14920: 14908:978-0820330112 14907: 14888: 14871:978-0786406470 14870: 14855: 14846: 14829:978-0774824927 14828: 14809: 14792:978-1566639224 14791: 14776: 14771:978-1469625423 14770: 14757: 14739:(3): 811–836. 14726: 14714:978-0786457045 14713: 14698: 14681:978-0813021201 14680: 14665: 14653: 14648:978-0671692230 14647: 14629: 14584: 14571: 14553:(3): 355–368. 14542: 14529: 14512:978-0816656196 14511: 14489: 14483: 14466: 14437: 14425:978-0756540920 14424: 14409: 14393: 14380: 14363:978-0817318604 14362: 14347: 14338: 14307: 14294: 14277:978-0870139956 14276: 14261: 14244:978-0060914530 14243: 14225: 14216: 14203: 14186:978-0679408086 14185: 14170: 14158:978-0684856575 14157: 14139: 14122:978-0199911080 14121: 14106: 14094:978-0742523104 14093: 14074: 14069:978-0822307303 14068: 14058:. Durham, NC: 14051: 14037: 14020:978-1626193345 14019: 14001: 13984:978-0520942929 13983: 13965: 13948:978-0788170317 13947: 13928: 13919: 13902:978-0195078145 13901: 13882: 13865:978-0700617920 13864: 13846: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13828: 13827: 13796: 13763: 13733: 13703: 13691: 13671: 13669:, p. 160. 13659: 13629: 13623:978-9048516193 13622: 13602: 13576: 13570:978-1440102158 13569: 13549: 13534: 13508: 13468: 13435: 13405: 13375: 13344: 13314: 13297:Deutsche Welle 13284: 13258: 13226: 13193: 13187:978-3412062903 13186: 13166: 13148: 13122: 13089: 13086:. p. 216. 13074: 13058: 13052:978-1480972001 13051: 13031: 13025:978-0742569515 13024: 13004: 12998:978-0822978480 12997: 12977: 12951: 12925: 12911:978-0757003158 12910: 12892: 12886:978-0713913576 12885: 12865: 12859:978-0883444351 12858: 12838: 12832:978-1469640747 12831: 12811: 12809:, p. 319. 12786: 12753: 12720: 12690: 12650: 12620: 12590: 12564: 12530: 12505: 12480: 12445: 12412: 12375: 12342: 12313: 12295:Slate Magazine 12280: 12250: 12224: 12201: 12166: 12144: 12114: 12084: 12054: 12029: 12027:, May 8, 2003. 11999: 11972: 11936: 11903: 11873: 11842: 11812: 11780: 11767:978-0801865374 11766: 11746: 11734: 11716:Democracy Now! 11702: 11690:Newspapers.com 11661: 11631: 11592: 11563: 11540: 11509: 11497:Public Service 11488: 11476: 11445: 11419: 11394: 11369: 11345: 11333: 11303: 11287: 11269: 11258: 11247: 11236: 11221: 11207: 11195: 11162: 11149: 11143:978-0829417715 11142: 11119: 11096: 11084: 11071:978-0195098365 11070: 11050: 11038: 11026: 11013: 11001: 10999:, p. 225. 10989: 10987:, p. 222. 10977: 10964:10.2307/493879 10942: 10940:, p. 322. 10930: 10918: 10906: 10894: 10863: 10829: 10825:Klobuchar 2009 10817: 10780: 10776:Klobuchar 2009 10763: 10733: 10712: 10679: 10664: 10630: 10607: 10591: 10561: 10530: 10491: 10468: 10449: 10447:, p. 433. 10437: 10414: 10402: 10400:, p. 186. 10390: 10364: 10352: 10350:. pp. 87, 104 10339: 10327: 10312: 10296: 10290:978-0807820582 10289: 10271: 10252:(2): 211–228. 10236: 10223: 10194: 10168: 10156: 10143: 10130: 10099: 10069: 10057: 10026: 10014: 9997: 9995:, p. 370. 9985: 9973: 9961: 9959:, p. 184. 9949: 9931:978-0875866277 9930: 9910: 9893: 9881: 9857: 9831: 9805: 9782: 9756: 9744: 9720: 9697: 9674: 9649: 9620: 9608: 9606:, p. 241. 9596: 9581: 9566: 9548: 9546:, p. 296. 9536: 9506: 9487: 9481:978-0805089066 9480: 9462: 9450: 9437: 9419:978-0307277909 9418: 9398: 9358: 9338: 9336:, p. 109. 9326: 9289: 9277: 9265: 9253: 9241: 9239:, p. 362. 9229: 9227:, p. 360. 9217: 9204: 9189: 9177: 9143: 9131: 9118: 9084: 9072: 9070:, p. 373. 9060: 9054:978-0275989729 9053: 9035: 9023: 9021:, p. 435. 9011: 9009:, p. 102. 8996: 8994:, p. 375. 8981: 8969: 8949: 8912: 8900: 8888: 8886:, p. 432. 8876: 8864: 8838: 8791:(4): 606–647. 8765: 8739: 8737:, p. 342. 8727: 8712: 8710:, p. 816. 8700: 8688: 8669: 8653: 8647:978-0060924454 8646: 8622: 8592: 8573: 8565:Lindemann 1991 8557: 8545: 8533: 8521: 8509: 8479: 8427: 8407: 8377: 8346: 8320: 8300: 8269: 8238: 8206: 8180: 8176:McWhorter 2001 8157: 8145: 8133: 8096: 8077: 8057: 8027: 8012: 8006:978-0195098365 8005: 7983: 7971: 7969:, p. 248. 7959: 7957:, p. 337. 7947: 7921: 7909: 7897: 7895:, p. 458. 7885: 7858: 7852:978-0742572614 7851: 7845:. p. 24. 7827: 7819:Newspapers.com 7803:The Tennessean 7790: 7778: 7747: 7725: 7720:Newspapers.com 7706:. p. 22. 7704:The Tennessean 7690: 7675: 7645: 7616: 7597: 7584:978-0765604064 7583: 7559: 7547: 7521: 7477: 7447: 7417: 7385: 7368: 7348: 7322: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7281: 7261: 7240: 7233: 7212:"Ku Klux Klan" 7203: 7182: 7147: 7128: 7102: 7041: 6994:(3): 323–350. 6974: 6971: 6970: 6954: 6942: 6918: 6894: 6874: 6848: 6827: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6797: 6773: 6749: 6729: 6709: 6685: 6661: 6637: 6617: 6601: 6585: 6568: 6561: 6526: 6511: 6502: 6489: 6476: 6461: 6437: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6384: 6349: 6337: 6312: 6303: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6245:Ocoee massacre 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6170:Anti-mask laws 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6155:Oak Hill, Ohio 6152: 6145: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6105: 6074:Main article: 6071: 6068: 6054: 6051: 6034: 6031: 6026: 6023: 6005: 6004: 6001:Imperial Kludd 5998: 5992: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5922: 5919: 5868: 5865: 5861:Czechoslovakia 5834:Northern Irish 5825: 5822: 5806: 5803: 5765: 5762: 5752:In the 1970s, 5728: 5725: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5704: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5672: 5644: 5641: 5625:Goodloe Sutton 5526: 5523: 5468:Main article: 5465: 5462: 5430:electric chair 5417: 5414: 5410:all-white jury 5401: 5398: 5387:FBI informants 5378: 5375: 5354: 5351: 5298: 5295: 5228:North Carolina 5206: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5186: 5175: 5164: 5149: 5130: 5115: 5088: 5087:was convicted. 5077: 5066: 4997:Freedom Riders 4976: 4973: 4968:Robert Shelton 4928: 4925: 4901: 4898: 4850: 4847: 4814:Kelly J. Baker 4804:social history 4799: 4796: 4765: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4563: 4560: 4529: 4526: 4494: 4491: 4475:Jesse Thornton 4413:Pulitzer Prize 4403:Grover C. Hall 4321: 4318: 4207:Edward Jackson 4178: 4177:Political role 4175: 4166:Main article: 4163: 4160: 4115: 4112: 4050: 4047: 4034: 4031: 4018:Kelly J. Baker 3988:anti-Communist 3984:anti-immigrant 3959: 3956: 3914:cross burnings 3841: 3838: 3805: 3802: 3759: 3756: 3748:Woodrow Wilson 3716:D. W. Griffith 3670: 3665: 3653:Prohibitionist 3645:Stone Mountain 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3551:William Holden 3525: 3522: 3481:occurred in a 3424: 3421: 3394:in August 1875 3275: 3272: 3268:James M. Hinds 3185:developed the 3114:Reconstruction 3104:veterans from 3088:takes office. 3062: 3059: 3048:Main article: 3045: 3042: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 2965:George Wallace 2948: 2945: 2941:Eastern Europe 2786:, Georgia, by 2784:Stone Mountain 2757: 2754: 2697:. As a secret 2691:John W. Morton 2671:celebrations. 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2551:D. W. Griffith 2495:cross burnings 2475:anti-communism 2326: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2315: 2308: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2211:Reverse racism 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2181:Prisoner abuse 2178: 2173: 2171:Power distance 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2089:Ethnic penalty 2086: 2085: 2084: 2082:Neurodiversity 2079: 2069: 2067:Dehumanization 2064: 2059: 2057:Cisnormativity 2054: 2049: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2033:Related topics 2032: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1877:State religion 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1813:Nuremberg Laws 1810: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1755:Ghetto benches 1752: 1750:Gerrymandering 1747: 1742: 1737: 1735:Gender pay gap 1732: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1512:Lavender scare 1509: 1507:Kill Haole Day 1504: 1502:Indian rolling 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1388:Eliminationism 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1323:Cancel culture 1320: 1315: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1292:Manifestations 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1172:Middle Eastern 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1000: 995: 985: 980: 975: 974: 973: 968: 963: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 922: 921: 920: 919: 913: 912: 909: 908: 902: 901: 899:Zoroastrianism 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 875: 874: 864: 863: 862: 861: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 825: 824: 823: 821:Untouchability 818: 808: 803: 802: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 771: 766: 761: 756: 750: 749: 748: 747: 742: 741: 738: 737: 731: 730: 725: 720: 719: 718: 713: 708: 698: 697: 696: 691: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 634:Leprosy stigma 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 500: 499: 498: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 483: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 451: 450: 445: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 379: 378: 377: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 362: 361: 356: 351: 346: 340: 339: 338: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 321: 320: 318:Discrimination 314: 313: 299: 298: 296: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 268:Segregationism 265: 259: 257: 253: 252: 251:c. 5,000–8,000 249: 245: 244: 241: 237: 236: 233: 230: 229: 227: 226: 221: 216: 214:Anti-communism 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 180: 178: 174: 173: 167: 163: 162: 156: 152: 151: 148: 145: 144: 142: 141: 136: 131: 129:Segregationism 126: 121: 116: 111: 105: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 84: 80: 79: 76: 73: 72: 67: 61: 60: 45: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19653: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19607: 19604: 19602: 19599: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19587: 19584: 19582: 19579: 19577: 19574: 19572: 19569: 19567: 19564: 19562: 19559: 19557: 19554: 19552: 19549: 19547: 19544: 19542: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19522: 19519: 19517: 19514: 19512: 19509: 19507: 19504: 19502: 19499: 19497: 19494: 19492: 19489: 19487: 19484: 19482: 19479: 19477: 19474: 19472: 19469: 19467: 19464: 19462: 19459: 19457: 19454: 19452: 19449: 19447: 19444: 19442: 19439: 19437: 19434: 19433: 19431: 19421: 19420:United States 19411: 19409: 19399: 19397: 19387: 19385: 19375: 19373: 19368: 19363: 19361: 19351: 19350: 19347: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19321: 19319: 19315: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19302: 19298: 19296: 19295: 19291: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19283: 19279: 19276: 19272: 19269: 19267: 19266: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19254:Silent Parade 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19233: 19229: 19227: 19226: 19222: 19219: 19216: 19214: 19213: 19209: 19207: 19206: 19202: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19194: 19193:Hang 'Em High 19190: 19188: 19186: 19182: 19180: 19177: 19175: 19174: 19170: 19168: 19167: 19163: 19161: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19150: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19140: 19138: 19134: 19128: 19125: 19123: 19120: 19118: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19099: 19097: 19093: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19032: 19029: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19018: 19016: 19012: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18991: 18987: 18985: 18984: 18980: 18978: 18977: 18973: 18972: 18970: 18966: 18960: 18957: 18954: 18953:Strange Fruit 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18932: 18928: 18926: 18925:Father Divine 18923: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18882: 18880: 18878: 18874: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18847:Jim Crow laws 18845: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18834: 18832: 18828: 18824: 18813: 18810: 18807: 18803: 18799: 18795: 18792: 18789: 18786: 18783: 18779: 18776: 18773: 18770: 18767: 18764: 18761: 18758: 18755: 18752: 18749: 18746: 18743: 18740: 18737: 18734: 18731: 18728: 18725: 18722: 18719: 18716: 18713: 18710: 18707: 18704: 18701: 18698: 18695: 18692: 18690: 18687: 18685: 18682: 18679: 18676: 18673: 18670: 18667: 18664: 18661: 18658: 18655: 18652: 18649: 18646: 18643: 18640: 18637: 18634: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18623: 18620: 18619:Walker family 18617: 18614: 18611: 18609: 18606: 18603: 18600: 18597: 18594: 18591: 18588: 18585: 18582: 18579: 18576: 18573: 18570: 18567: 18564: 18561: 18558: 18555: 18552: 18549: 18546: 18543: 18540: 18537: 18534: 18531: 18528: 18525: 18522: 18519: 18516: 18513: 18510: 18507: 18504: 18501: 18498: 18495: 18492: 18489: 18486: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18472: 18469: 18466: 18463: 18460: 18457: 18454: 18451: 18448: 18445: 18442: 18439: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18425: 18422: 18419: 18416: 18413: 18410: 18407: 18404: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18390: 18387: 18384: 18381: 18378: 18375: 18372: 18368: 18364: 18361: 18360: 18357: 18350: 18346: 18330: 18329:Ahmaud Arbery 18326: 18322: 18318: 18314: 18310: 18306: 18305:Yusef Hawkins 18302: 18298: 18294: 18290: 18286: 18282: 18281:Betty Gardner 18278: 18274: 18273:Marian Pyszko 18270: 18266: 18262: 18258: 18257:Carol Jenkins 18254: 18250: 18246: 18242: 18241:Vernon Dahmer 18238: 18234: 18230: 18226: 18222: 18218: 18214: 18210: 18206: 18202: 18198: 18194: 18190: 18186: 18182: 18178: 18174: 18170: 18169:George W. Lee 18166: 18162: 18158: 18154: 18150: 18146: 18142: 18138: 18134: 18130: 18126: 18122: 18118: 18114: 18110: 18106: 18102: 18101: 18099: 18095: 18087: 18083: 18079: 18075: 18071: 18067: 18063: 18059: 18055: 18051: 18047: 18043: 18039: 18035: 18031: 18027: 18023: 18022:James Cameron 18019: 18015: 18014:George Hughes 18011: 18007: 18006:J. C. Collins 18003: 17999: 17998:Leonard Woods 17995: 17991: 17987: 17983: 17979: 17975: 17971: 17967: 17963: 17959: 17955: 17951: 17947: 17943: 17939: 17935: 17934:Owen Flemming 17931: 17927: 17923: 17919: 17915: 17911: 17907: 17903: 17899: 17895: 17891: 17887: 17886:Fred N. Selak 17883: 17879: 17875: 17871: 17867: 17863: 17859: 17855: 17851: 17847: 17843: 17839: 17835: 17831: 17827: 17823: 17819: 17815: 17811: 17807: 17803: 17799: 17795: 17791: 17787: 17783: 17779: 17775: 17771: 17767: 17763: 17759: 17755: 17751: 17747: 17743: 17739: 17735: 17734:George Taylor 17731: 17727: 17723: 17719: 17715: 17711: 17710:Robert Prager 17707: 17703: 17699: 17695: 17694:Charles Jones 17691: 17687: 17683: 17679: 17675: 17671: 17667: 17663: 17659: 17655: 17651: 17647: 17643: 17639: 17635: 17631: 17627: 17623: 17619: 17615: 17611: 17607: 17603: 17599: 17595: 17591: 17587: 17583: 17579: 17575: 17571: 17567: 17563: 17559: 17555: 17551: 17547: 17543: 17539: 17535: 17531: 17527: 17523: 17519: 17515: 17511: 17510:"Mose" Creole 17507: 17503: 17502:Matthew Chase 17499: 17495: 17491: 17487: 17483: 17479: 17475: 17471: 17470:William Burns 17467: 17463: 17459: 17455: 17451: 17447: 17443: 17439: 17435: 17431: 17427: 17423: 17419: 17415: 17411: 17407: 17403: 17399: 17395: 17391: 17387: 17383: 17379: 17375: 17374:Fred Rochelle 17371: 17370: 17368: 17364: 17356: 17352: 17348: 17344: 17340: 17339:F. W. Stewart 17336: 17332: 17328: 17324: 17323:John Anderson 17320: 17316: 17312: 17308: 17304: 17300: 17296: 17292: 17288: 17284: 17280: 17276: 17272: 17268: 17264: 17260: 17259:Alfred Blount 17256: 17252: 17251:John Peterson 17248: 17244: 17240: 17236: 17232: 17228: 17224: 17220: 17216: 17212: 17208: 17204: 17200: 17196: 17192: 17188: 17184: 17180: 17176: 17172: 17168: 17164: 17160: 17156: 17152: 17148: 17144: 17140: 17136: 17132: 17128: 17124: 17120: 17116: 17112: 17108: 17107:Michael Green 17104: 17100: 17096: 17092: 17088: 17084: 17080: 17076: 17072: 17068: 17064: 17060: 17056: 17052: 17048: 17044: 17040: 17036: 17032: 17028: 17024: 17020: 17019:Henry Plummer 17016: 17012: 17008: 17004: 17003:Pancho Daniel 17000: 16996: 16992: 16988: 16984: 16980: 16976: 16975: 16973: 16969: 16965: 16961: 16956: 16952: 16948: 16941: 16936: 16934: 16929: 16927: 16922: 16921: 16918: 16906: 16898: 16896: 16888: 16886: 16878: 16877: 16874: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16856: 16853: 16852: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16757: 16755: 16751: 16743: 16740: 16739: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16732:Wine industry 16730: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16692: 16691: 16688: 16684: 16681: 16680: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16658: 16657: 16654: 16650: 16647: 16643: 16640: 16639: 16638: 16635: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16622: 16621: 16618: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16605: 16604: 16601: 16600: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16590: 16588: 16584: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16562: 16561: 16560:South America 16558: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16548:United States 16546: 16544: 16541: 16540: 16539: 16538:North America 16536: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16513: 16512: 16509: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16452: 16451: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16424: 16423: 16420: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16387: 16386: 16383: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16370: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16360: 16358: 16356: 16352: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16325:Racialization 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16290:Ethnic hatred 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16262: 16260: 16254: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16207:Laissez-faire 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16192:Institutional 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16177:Environmental 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16149: 16147: 16143: 16139: 16132: 16127: 16125: 16120: 16118: 16113: 16112: 16109: 16097: 16089: 16087: 16079: 16078: 16075: 16069: 16068: 16064: 16062: 16061: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16049:Cross burning 16047: 16046: 16044: 16040: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15991: 15989: 15985: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15953:Tulsa Outrage 15951: 15950: 15948: 15944: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15914: 15912: 15908: 15905: 15901: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15852: 15850: 15846: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15831: 15829: 15825: 15817: 15814: 15813: 15812: 15809: 15808: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15799:Organizations 15796: 15790: 15787: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15749: 15747: 15746: 15744: 15740: 15733: 15730: 15727: 15724: 15721: 15718: 15717: 15714: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15689: 15686: 15682: 15675: 15670: 15668: 15663: 15661: 15656: 15655: 15652: 15646: 15642: 15638: 15635: 15632: 15630:, August 1922 15629: 15625: 15621: 15618: 15615: 15612: 15609: 15606: 15602: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15583: 15579: 15576: 15572: 15568: 15565: 15564:Icons of Hate 15562: 15559: 15555: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15542: 15539: 15536: 15532: 15528: 15525: 15521: 15519: 15515: 15511: 15508: 15505: 15502: 15498: 15494: 15491: 15488: 15485: 15481: 15477: 15474: 15471: 15467: 15464: 15461: 15460: 15456: 15453: 15449: 15446: 15445: 15441: 15438: 15434: 15433: 15422: 15421: 15417: 15414: 15413: 15409: 15406: 15402: 15401: 15399: 15395: 15393: 15392: 15388: 15385: 15380: 15376: 15375: 15374: 15357: 15353: 15349: 15345: 15340: 15328: 15324: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15309: 15305: 15301: 15297: 15293: 15289: 15284: 15282: 15278: 15275: 15271: 15267: 15264: 15260: 15257: 15253: 15249: 15246: 15242: 15239: 15235: 15234: 15216: 15210: 15206: 15205: 15199: 15187: 15183: 15177: 15173: 15172: 15166: 15162: 15158: 15153: 15141: 15137: 15131: 15127: 15126: 15120: 15108: 15104: 15103: 15097: 15085: 15081: 15075: 15071: 15070: 15065: 15061: 15046: 15039: 15038: 15032: 15020: 15016: 15010: 15006: 15005: 14999: 14995: 14991: 14986: 14974: 14970: 14964: 14960: 14956: 14955: 14949: 14946: 14942: 14939: 14935: 14929: 14925: 14921: 14910: 14904: 14900: 14896: 14895: 14889: 14877: 14873: 14867: 14863: 14862: 14856: 14852: 14847: 14835: 14831: 14825: 14821: 14817: 14816: 14810: 14798: 14794: 14788: 14784: 14783: 14777: 14773: 14767: 14763: 14758: 14754: 14750: 14746: 14742: 14738: 14734: 14733: 14727: 14716: 14710: 14706: 14705: 14699: 14687: 14683: 14677: 14673: 14672: 14666: 14662: 14658: 14654: 14650: 14644: 14640: 14639: 14634: 14630: 14618: 14614: 14610: 14606: 14602: 14598: 14594: 14590: 14585: 14581: 14577: 14572: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14556: 14552: 14548: 14543: 14539: 14535: 14530: 14518: 14514: 14508: 14504: 14500: 14499: 14494: 14493:McVeigh, Rory 14490: 14486: 14480: 14476: 14472: 14467: 14463: 14459: 14455: 14451: 14447: 14443: 14438: 14427: 14421: 14417: 14416: 14410: 14406: 14402: 14398: 14394: 14389: 14388: 14381: 14369: 14365: 14359: 14355: 14354: 14348: 14344: 14339: 14335: 14331: 14327: 14323: 14319: 14315: 14314: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14295: 14283: 14279: 14273: 14269: 14268: 14262: 14250: 14246: 14240: 14236: 14235: 14230: 14226: 14222: 14217: 14213: 14209: 14204: 14192: 14188: 14182: 14178: 14177: 14171: 14160: 14154: 14150: 14149: 14144: 14140: 14128: 14124: 14118: 14114: 14113: 14107: 14096: 14090: 14086: 14082: 14081: 14075: 14071: 14065: 14061: 14057: 14052: 14048: 14047: 14042: 14038: 14026: 14022: 14016: 14012: 14011: 14006: 14002: 13990: 13986: 13980: 13976: 13975: 13970: 13966: 13954: 13950: 13944: 13940: 13936: 13935: 13929: 13925: 13920: 13908: 13904: 13898: 13894: 13890: 13889: 13883: 13871: 13867: 13861: 13857: 13856: 13851: 13847: 13843: 13838: 13837: 13815: 13811: 13807: 13800: 13784: 13780: 13776: 13770: 13768: 13751: 13747: 13743: 13737: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13707: 13700: 13695: 13680: 13675: 13668: 13663: 13647: 13643: 13639: 13633: 13625: 13619: 13615: 13614: 13606: 13590: 13586: 13580: 13572: 13566: 13562: 13561: 13553: 13545: 13538: 13522: 13518: 13512: 13496: 13492: 13491: 13486: 13479: 13477: 13475: 13473: 13456: 13452: 13451: 13446: 13439: 13423: 13419: 13415: 13409: 13393: 13389: 13385: 13379: 13363: 13359: 13355: 13348: 13332: 13328: 13324: 13318: 13302: 13298: 13294: 13288: 13272: 13268: 13262: 13246: 13242: 13241: 13236: 13230: 13214: 13210: 13209: 13204: 13197: 13189: 13183: 13179: 13178: 13170: 13162: 13158: 13152: 13136: 13132: 13126: 13110: 13106: 13102: 13096: 13094: 13085: 13078: 13070: 13069: 13062: 13054: 13048: 13044: 13043: 13035: 13027: 13021: 13017: 13016: 13008: 13000: 12994: 12990: 12989: 12981: 12965: 12961: 12955: 12939: 12935: 12929: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12907: 12903: 12896: 12888: 12882: 12878: 12877: 12869: 12861: 12855: 12851: 12850: 12842: 12834: 12828: 12824: 12823: 12815: 12808: 12807:Chalmers 1987 12803: 12801: 12799: 12797: 12795: 12793: 12791: 12774: 12770: 12769: 12764: 12757: 12741: 12737: 12736: 12731: 12724: 12713:September 30, 12708: 12704: 12700: 12694: 12686: 12680: 12664: 12660: 12654: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12624: 12608: 12604: 12600: 12594: 12578: 12574: 12568: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12540: 12534: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12509: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12490: 12484: 12477: 12473: 12469: 12463: 12459: 12455: 12449: 12433: 12429: 12428: 12423: 12416: 12397: 12393: 12386: 12379: 12363: 12359: 12358: 12353: 12346: 12330: 12326: 12320: 12318: 12301: 12297: 12296: 12291: 12284: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12254: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12228: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12205: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12148: 12132: 12128: 12124: 12118: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12088: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12058: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12039: 12033: 12026: 12025: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12007:Bill O'Reilly 12003: 11996: 11995: 11990: 11986: 11982: 11976: 11960: 11956: 11955: 11950: 11943: 11941: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11910: 11908: 11891: 11887: 11883: 11877: 11861: 11857: 11853: 11846: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11816: 11797: 11790: 11784: 11769: 11763: 11760:. JHU Press. 11759: 11758: 11750: 11743: 11742:Thompson 1982 11738: 11722: 11718: 11717: 11712: 11706: 11698: 11691: 11679: 11675: 11671: 11665: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11635: 11619: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11596: 11580: 11576: 11570: 11568: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11544: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11513: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11492: 11485: 11480: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11449: 11433: 11429: 11423: 11415: 11411: 11410: 11405: 11398: 11390: 11386: 11385: 11380: 11373: 11366: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11349: 11342: 11337: 11326:September 18, 11321: 11317: 11313: 11307: 11296: 11294: 11292: 11283: 11276: 11274: 11262: 11251: 11240: 11232: 11225: 11219: 11218: 11211: 11204: 11199: 11192: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11159: 11153: 11145: 11139: 11135: 11131: 11123: 11117: 11113: 11110: 11107:(1999) ch 26 11106: 11103:Arthur Hope. 11100: 11093: 11088: 11073: 11067: 11063: 11062: 11054: 11048:, p. 11. 11047: 11042: 11035: 11030: 11023: 11017: 11010: 11005: 10998: 10993: 10986: 10981: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10946: 10939: 10938:Chalmers 1987 10934: 10927: 10922: 10915: 10910: 10903: 10898: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10867: 10860: 10859:Klan ... 10847: 10843: 10839: 10833: 10827:, p. 84. 10826: 10821: 10805: 10801: 10800:Coker College 10797: 10796: 10791: 10784: 10778:, p. 74. 10777: 10772: 10770: 10768: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10737: 10730: 10729:Baudouin 1997 10725: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10686: 10684: 10677:, p. 11. 10676: 10671: 10669: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10634: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10614: 10612: 10604: 10598: 10596: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10565: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10534: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10498: 10496: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10477: 10472: 10465: 10461: 10458: 10453: 10446: 10441: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10418: 10411: 10406: 10399: 10394: 10378: 10374: 10368: 10362:, p. 96. 10361: 10356: 10349: 10343: 10337:, p. 16. 10336: 10331: 10324: 10319: 10317: 10310:, pp. 97–120. 10309: 10303: 10301: 10292: 10286: 10282: 10275: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10240: 10234:. pp. 211–213 10233: 10227: 10216:September 27, 10211: 10207: 10201: 10199: 10182: 10178: 10172: 10165: 10160: 10153: 10147: 10140: 10134: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10103: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10073: 10066: 10061: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10030: 10023: 10018: 10011: 10001: 9994: 9989: 9982: 9977: 9970: 9965: 9958: 9953: 9937: 9933: 9927: 9923: 9922: 9914: 9907: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9891:, p. 70. 9890: 9885: 9878: 9874: 9871: 9867: 9861: 9845: 9841: 9835: 9819: 9815: 9809: 9803: 9799: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9770: 9766: 9760: 9753: 9748: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9732: 9724: 9717: 9704: 9700: 9694: 9690: 9689: 9684: 9678: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9653: 9646: 9645:America pure. 9641: 9637: 9636: 9631: 9624: 9618:, p. 18. 9617: 9612: 9605: 9600: 9593: 9588: 9586: 9579: 9575: 9570: 9562: 9558: 9552: 9545: 9540: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9510: 9503: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9483: 9477: 9473: 9466: 9460:, p. 47. 9459: 9454: 9447: 9441: 9425: 9421: 9415: 9411: 9410: 9402: 9395: 9393: 9378: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9362: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9342: 9335: 9330: 9311: 9307: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9281: 9274: 9269: 9262: 9257: 9251:, p. 85. 9250: 9245: 9238: 9233: 9226: 9221: 9214: 9208: 9201: 9200:Trelease 1995 9196: 9194: 9186: 9181: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9150: 9148: 9140: 9135: 9128: 9122: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9091: 9089: 9082:, p. 88. 9081: 9076: 9069: 9064: 9056: 9050: 9046: 9039: 9032: 9027: 9020: 9015: 9008: 9003: 9001: 8993: 8988: 8986: 8978: 8973: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8953: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8923: 8916: 8909: 8904: 8897: 8892: 8885: 8880: 8873: 8868: 8857:September 15, 8852: 8848: 8842: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8772: 8770: 8753: 8749: 8743: 8736: 8731: 8724: 8719: 8717: 8709: 8704: 8698:, p. 27. 8697: 8692: 8686: 8682: 8680: 8673: 8666: 8662: 8657: 8649: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8634: 8626: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8596: 8589: 8585: 8582: 8577: 8570: 8566: 8561: 8554: 8549: 8542: 8537: 8531:, p. 27. 8530: 8525: 8518: 8513: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8483: 8476: 8474: 8468: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8450: 8444: 8436: 8431: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8411: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8350: 8334: 8330: 8324: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8304: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8273: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8226: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8210: 8194: 8190: 8184: 8177: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8154: 8149: 8142: 8137: 8121: 8117: 8116:Coker College 8113: 8112: 8107: 8100: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8070: 8069: 8061: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8031: 8024: 8019: 8017: 8008: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7975: 7968: 7963: 7956: 7951: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7918: 7913: 7906: 7901: 7894: 7889: 7873: 7869: 7862: 7854: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7839: 7831: 7824: 7820: 7813:September 25, 7808: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7788:, p. 18. 7787: 7786:Trelease 1995 7782: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7729: 7721: 7714:September 28, 7709: 7705: 7701: 7694: 7687: 7682: 7680: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7633: 7629: 7623: 7621: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7594: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7563: 7556: 7551: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7481: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7451: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7413: 7407: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7382: 7371: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7352: 7336: 7332: 7326: 7319: 7313: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7275:September 12, 7270: 7266: 7262: 7255:September 12, 7250: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7237: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7186: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7132: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6936:September 12, 6931: 6927: 6926:Jewish Ledger 6923: 6919: 6912:September 12, 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6888:September 12, 6883: 6879: 6875: 6868:September 12, 6863: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6743:September 12, 6738: 6734: 6730: 6723:September 12, 6718: 6714: 6710: 6703:September 12, 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6679:September 12, 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6655:September 12, 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6631:September 12, 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6516: 6506: 6499: 6498:Social Forces 6493: 6486: 6480: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6441: 6425: 6421: 6420:www.loeser.us 6417: 6411: 6407: 6394: 6388: 6379: 6359: 6358:mispronounced 6353: 6344: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6329:anti-abortion 6326: 6325:anti-feminist 6322: 6316: 6307: 6298: 6294: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6180:Camp Nordland 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6128: 6121: 6116: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6077: 6076:Cross burning 6070:Burning cross 6067: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6030: 6022: 6020: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5814: 5812: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5785: 5780: 5778: 5773: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5724: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5563: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5486:(BBS) called 5485: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5303: 5297:1970s–present 5294: 5292: 5289:In 1965, the 5287: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5241: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5221:) shared the 5220: 5216: 5212: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5172:Samuel Bowers 5169: 5168:Vernon Dahmer 5165: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5074:Alabama River 5071: 5067: 5064: 5063:Mims, Florida 5060: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4972: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4951: 4946: 4945:Eldon Edwards 4942: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4910:Jim Crow laws 4907: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4835:Episcopalians 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4805: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4775: 4770: 4761: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4717:, an Atlanta 4716: 4712: 4709:, an Indiana 4708: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4666:6,000–10,000 4665: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4454: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4317: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4197: 4191: 4183: 4174: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4152:fiery crosses 4149: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4128: 4124: 4123:Cross burning 4120: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4062: 4061: 4055: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4027: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3980:anti-Catholic 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3846:American Jews 3837: 3835: 3831: 3828:(1919–1924), 3827: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3784: 3777: 3772: 3764: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3740:burning cross 3737: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3708: 3702: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3649:anti-Catholic 3646: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3621: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3505:habeas corpus 3501: 3497: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488:habeas corpus 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3420: 3418: 3411: 3409: 3408:Monroe County 3403: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358:Rufus Bullock 3355: 3351: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3312:Loyal Leagues 3308: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3259:voting rights 3256: 3255:planter class 3252: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3218:carpetbaggers 3216:, and other " 3215: 3211: 3207: 3206:Loyal Leagues 3203: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3191:Ironclad Oath 3188: 3184: 3183:George Gordon 3176: 3172: 3168: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3148: 3147:Southern Jews 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3112:, during the 3111: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3082:carpetbaggers 3079: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3057: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2957:desegregation 2954: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2880: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2674:According to 2672: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2658:Sons of Malta 2655: 2651: 2642: 2637: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2333: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2265:Social stigma 2263: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2030: 2029: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1899: 1898: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1872:State atheism 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1808:Jim Crow laws 1806: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1793:One-drop rule 1791: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1708:Blood quantum 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1686: 1685: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1649:Victimisation 1647: 1645: 1644:Trans bashing 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1614:Religious war 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1594:Racialization 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1465:Glass ceiling 1463: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1408:Ethnic hatred 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1343:Counter-jihad 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1289: 1288: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1108:United States 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 990: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 972: 971:United States 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 958: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 923: 917: 911: 910: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 884:Protestantism 882: 880: 877: 873: 870: 869: 868: 865: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 835: 834: 831: 830: 829: 826: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 812: 809: 807: 804: 800: 797: 795: 794:LDS or Mormon 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 776: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 751: 745: 740: 739: 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J. 13959:October 23, 13337:December 8, 13307:December 8, 13277:December 8, 13208:Der Spiegel 12478:, or right. 11484:Nelson 1993 11158:The Crisis, 11077:December 7, 11034:Pegram 2011 10997:Pegram 2011 10985:Pegram 2011 10926:Pegram 2011 10877:MetroActive 10852:January 12, 10584:February 3, 10554:February 3, 10523:February 3, 9969:Pegram 2011 9889:Newton 2009 9752:Miller 1956 8977:Rhodes 1920 8957:Newton 2001 8677:Cincinnati 8040:www.pbs.org 7555:Newton 2001 7440:January 26, 7226:February 7, 6902:The Forward 6609:Independent 6522:Pegram 2011 6430:December 2, 5915:New Zealand 5811:Vietnam War 5809:During the 5689:Thomas Robb 5551:hate groups 5500:hate speech 5437:Morris Dees 5424:in 1981 in 5361:members in 5323:immigration 5112:Herman Cash 5002:Mississippi 4993:Bull Connor 4736:and author 4578:References 4575:Membership 4304:Bibb Graves 4280:Prohibition 4139:Latin cross 4099:Protestants 4039:Prohibition 4033:Prohibition 3997:Republicans 3976:anti-Jewish 3972:Prohibition 3904:, based in 3834:The Kourier 3826:Searchlight 3776:St. Patrick 3752:White House 3400:Mississippi 3118:New Orleans 3102:Confederate 3080:(left) and 2867:Red Knights 2860:Lithuanians 2836:Prohibition 2817:flourishing 2756:Second Klan 2611:Anglo-Saxon 2573:Prohibition 2447:reactionary 2424:hate groups 1993:Nonviolence 1988:LGBT rights 1953:Empowerment 1921:Anti-racism 1835:Segregation 1780:No kid zone 1574:Persecution 1487:Hate speech 1438:Gay bashing 1413:Ethnic joke 1368:Dog whistle 1313:Blood libel 983:Azerbaijani 879:Neopaganism 872:Persecution 833:Persecution 816:Persecution 779:Catholicism 759:Exclusivism 701:Transphobia 684:Supremacism 639:Lesbophobia 559:Aporophobia 524:Anti-autism 359:Taste-based 354:Statistical 278:Neo-Fascism 124:Vigilantism 19536:Hate crime 19430:Categories 19317:Categories 19244:Red Summer 18937:N.A.A.C.P. 18862:Red Shirts 18694:Red Summer 18233:James Reeb 18105:Felix Hall 18097:After 1940 17846:Joe Pullen 17814:Roy Belton 17766:Will Brown 17670:Jeff Brown 17630:John Evans 17614:? Anderson 17518:"Pie" Hill 17486:Jim Miller 17462:Slab Pitts 17454:Ed Johnson 17291:Amos Hicks 17211:Dick Lundy 17203:Jim Taylor 16649:Vietnamese 16422:Arab world 16320:Hate group 16310:Hate crime 16247:Xenophobia 16227:Scientific 16212:Linguistic 15860:U.S. Klans 15757:New Jersey 15732:Third Klan 15720:First Klan 15535:Mo Asumang 14484:0521403022 13398:October 5, 13368:October 5, 13251:August 24, 13219:August 24, 12643:August 15, 12603:wckkkk.org 11727:August 15, 11585:August 14, 11579:CQ Almanac 11469:August 13, 11092:Moore 1991 11046:Baker 2011 11009:Moore 1996 10958:(4): 562. 10810:August 26, 10508:The Crisis 10398:Moore 1991 10187:October 7, 10092:October 4, 10022:Moore 1991 9668:(2): 350. 9592:Baker 2011 9273:Foner 1988 9019:Foner 1988 8942:August 26, 8884:Foner 1988 8831:August 10, 8758:August 10, 8735:Foner 1988 8723:Foner 1988 8679:Commercial 8567:, p. 8339:January 2, 8293:January 2, 8262:January 2, 8231:January 2, 8199:January 2, 8126:August 26, 8078:1557530467 7967:Baker 2011 7917:Rable 1984 7905:Rable 1984 7893:Foner 1988 6767:October 5, 6540:The Nation 6393:Hubbs 2015 6284:References 5969:Klecktoken 5889:Queensland 5873:One Nation 5795:Afro-Cuban 5784:Canal Zone 5585:homophobic 5496:Neo-Nazism 5488:Stormfront 5480:David Duke 5458:Tuscaloosa 5383:COINTELPRO 5345:, and the 5255:COINTELPRO 5245:While the 5205:Resistance 4986:Bombingham 4906:Hugo Black 4831:Unitarians 4823:Methodists 4751:the Klan. 4734:folklorist 4532:See also: 4440:Birmingham 4398:vigilantes 4296:Hugo Black 3986:and later 3952:Hugo Black 3908:. Founder 3734:, both by 3593:Red Shirts 3463:John Scott 3449:wrote the 3423:Resistance 3417:B. H. Hill 3274:Activities 3251:Eric Foner 3249:Historian 3243:Democratic 3210:Republican 3124:(1867) in 3054:See also: 3050:First Klan 2947:Third Klan 2918:midwestern 2825:W. J. Cash 2760:See also: 2745:Red Shirts 2716:Eric Foner 2669:Mardi Gras 2634:See also: 2630:First Klan 2565:Protestant 2523:Republican 2479:homophobia 2275:Stereotype 2270:Speciesism 2151:Oppression 2146:Oikophobia 2042:Allophilia 2018:Toleration 1867:Sodomy law 1760:Internment 1674:Witch-hunt 1552:Blackhawks 1482:Hate group 1470:Hate crime 1443:Gendercide 1433:Freak show 1423:Excellence 1383:Employment 1353:Defamation 1272:Vietnamese 1267:Venezuelan 1152:Lithuanian 806:Falun Gong 728:Xenophobia 723:Vegaphobia 706:Non-binary 664:Pedophobia 629:Homophobia 443:Skin color 403:Disability 374:Attributes 349:Structural 283:Neo-Nazism 240:Founded in 155:Founded in 83:Founded in 52:David Duke 19234:(musical) 17950:Joe Smith 17894:Tom Payne 17862:L. Q. Ivy 17790:Jay Lynch 17638:Leo Frank 17366:1900–1940 16830:Race card 16765:Alt-right 16565:Argentina 16526:Palestine 16444:Australia 16270:Apartheid 16258:of racism 15396:From the 15377:From the 15238:Historian 14613:143600463 14462:143647351 14431:April 14, 14334:155051122 14179:. Knopf. 13679:Wade 1987 12970:March 11, 12920:298184204 12779:March 15, 12746:March 15, 12669:March 16, 12613:March 15, 12557:March 15, 12438:March 10, 12335:April 29, 12306:March 25, 11994:Daily Kos 11929:August 9, 11614:0362-4331 11438:March 23, 10657:March 26, 10360:Ball 1996 10335:Ball 1996 10164:Sher 1983 10065:Wade 1998 9993:Barr 1999 9850:March 26, 9824:March 26, 9775:March 17, 9458:Blee 1991 9383:August 1, 9334:Wade 1987 9285:Wade 1987 9261:Wade 1987 9249:Wade 1987 9237:Horn 1939 9225:Horn 1939 9213:Wade 1987 9080:Wade 1987 9068:Horn 1939 9031:Wade 1987 9007:Wade 1987 8992:Horn 1939 8821:149858835 8805:0022-2992 8696:Horn 1939 8685:Wade 1987 8517:Horn 1939 8459:Wade 1987 8435:Horn 1939 8141:Sher 1983 8089:March 25, 8023:Blee 1991 7955:Cash 1941 7484:Both the 7470:March 31, 7406:cite book 7375:August 1, 7062:0040-781X 7050:"Kingdom" 7024:142780437 7008:0018-2680 6402:Citations 6356:Commonly 6333:anti-LGBT 6139:Lumberton 5857:Lithuania 5777:São Paulo 5758:Ian Smith 5743:Cape Town 5733:apartheid 5669:Louisiana 5564:groups". 5515:neo-Nazis 5476:Don Black 5474:In 1995, 5194:synagogue 5190:Methodist 5117:The 1964 5032:Schwerner 5014:all-white 4950:Roy Davis 4843:Lutherans 4786:system." 4357:Leo Frank 3798:Communism 3714:Director 3534:terrorist 3360:. By the 3338:Louisiana 3238:guerrilla 3229:Prescript 3222:scalawags 3187:Prescript 3133:insurgent 3126:Louisiana 3110:Civil War 3078:scalawags 3012:Etymology 2975:in 1963. 2912:based in 2699:vigilante 2687:insurgent 2511:Civil War 2459:Nordicism 2440:Catholics 2417:far-right 2248:Christian 2176:Prejudice 2124:Masculism 2072:Diversity 1850:religious 1825:Redlining 1418:Ethnocide 1378:Education 1257:Ukrainian 1187:Pakistani 1177:Mongolian 1098:Australia 1080:Hungarian 1035:Colombian 1015:Bulgarian 889:Rastafari 838:Ahmadiyya 744:Religious 716:Trans men 674:Pregnancy 609:Gayphobia 604:Fatphobia 509:Acephobia 504:Arophobia 480:Viewpoint 184:Nordicism 70:Far-right 48:Duke Flag 19301:Vendetta 18837:Lynching 18808:) (1964) 18373:) (1844) 17347:Sam Hose 16885:Category 16800:Lynching 16775:Casteism 16620:Japanese 16479:Portugal 16410:Thailand 16378:Zimbabwe 16242:Symbolic 16232:Societal 16222:Romantic 16187:Gendered 16167:Cultural 16157:Colorism 16152:Aversive 16086:Category 15987:3rd Klan 15946:2nd Klan 15910:1st Klan 15848:3rd Klan 15827:2nd Klan 15637:Archived 15620:Archived 15601:Archived 15578:Archived 15567:Archived 15548:magazine 15527:Archived 15510:Archived 15493:Archived 15480:Archived 15455:Archived 15440:Archived 15408:Archived 15387:Archived 15356:30236539 15327:Archived 15277:Archived 15186:Archived 15107:Archived 15084:Archived 15066:(1983). 15045:Archived 15019:Archived 14973:Archived 14941:Archived 14926:(1920). 14876:Archived 14834:Archived 14797:Archived 14686:Archived 14635:(1993). 14617:Archived 14517:Archived 14495:(2009). 14399:(1990). 14368:Archived 14282:Archived 14249:Archived 14231:(1988). 14191:Archived 14145:(1935). 14127:Archived 14043:(1941). 14025:Archived 14007:(2014). 13989:Archived 13971:(1991). 13953:Archived 13907:Archived 13870:Archived 13852:(2011). 13814:Archived 13783:Archived 13750:Archived 13720:Archived 13652:July 19, 13595:June 25, 13589:Archived 13521:Archived 13501:July 19, 13495:Archived 13461:July 19, 13455:Archived 13428:July 19, 13422:Archived 13418:BBC News 13392:Archived 13362:Archived 13331:Archived 13301:Archived 13271:Archived 13245:Archived 13213:Archived 13141:June 18, 13135:Archived 13115:June 18, 13109:Archived 12964:Archived 12944:June 18, 12938:Archived 12773:Archived 12740:Archived 12707:Archived 12679:cite web 12577:Archived 12518:Archived 12493:Archived 12432:Archived 12368:April 5, 12362:Archived 12329:Archived 12300:Archived 12273:July 28, 12194:July 28, 12131:Archived 12127:NBC News 12101:Archived 12077:July 28, 12042:Archived 12024:Fox News 12015:Archived 11985:Archived 11965:June 15, 11959:Archived 11923:Archived 11896:June 15, 11890:Archived 11860:Archived 11829:Archived 11796:Archived 11721:Archived 11684:July 15, 11678:Archived 11648:Archived 11618:Archived 11533:June 26, 11501:Archived 11463:Archived 11414:Archived 11358:Archived 11320:Archived 11179:Archived 11112:Archived 10914:Fox 2011 10881:Archived 10846:Archived 10804:Archived 10705:July 19, 10651:Archived 10623:Archived 10578:Archived 10574:NBC News 10548:Archived 10517:Archived 10479:Archived 10460:Archived 10430:Archived 10210:Archived 10154:. p. 20. 10117:Archived 10086:Archived 10044:Archived 9936:Archived 9873:Archived 9844:Archived 9818:Archived 9798:Archived 9769:Archived 9703:Archived 9685:(1991). 9430:June 27, 9424:Archived 9350:Archived 9164:Archived 9111:March 5, 8936:Archived 8825:Archived 8779:(1927). 8584:Archived 8496:Archived 8419:Archived 8399:Archived 8364:Archived 8333:Archived 8312:Archived 8287:Archived 8283:CBS News 8256:Archived 8225:Archived 8120:Archived 8083:Archived 8050:April 5, 8044:Archived 7934:Archived 7872:Archived 7807:Archived 7765:Archived 7745:, p. 217 7739:Archived 7708:Archived 7668:July 19, 7662:Archived 7534:Archived 7513:Archived 7500:Archived 7495:and the 7489:Archived 7464:Archived 7434:Archived 7269:Archived 7249:Archived 7173:40579872 7115:Archived 7113:. 1920. 7089:Archived 7066:Archived 7028:Archived 7016:23251451 6930:Archived 6906:Archived 6882:Archived 6862:Archived 6809:Archived 6791:June 22, 6781:CBS News 6737:Archived 6717:Archived 6697:Archived 6673:Archived 6649:Archived 6645:NBC News 6625:Archived 6544:Archived 6449:Archived 6424:Archived 6321:nativist 6163:See also 6047:yin-yang 5995:Kloreroe 5975:Kligrapp 5885:Victoria 5830:Midlands 5818:Shanghai 5764:Americas 5754:Rhodesia 5701:Arkansas 5693:Harrison 5665:Arkansas 5661:Oklahoma 5593:lesbians 5547:Internet 5270:Klan Act 5268:and the 5129:charges. 4882:gambling 4819:Baptists 4748:Superman 4743:Superman 4425:Al Smith 4300:planters 4222:Al Smith 3818:Kleagles 2856:Russians 2852:Italians 2848:nativism 2842:, using 2800:'s book 2703:freedmen 2665:capirote 2625:Overview 2615:nativism 2602:and the 2583:and the 2287:The talk 2223:Snobbery 2141:Net bias 1963:Feminism 1882:Ugly law 1723:Catholic 1689:Policies 1532:Mortgage 1527:Lynching 1458:examples 1453:Genocide 1373:Economic 1358:Democide 1318:Bullying 1222:Scottish 1217:Romanian 1182:Nigerian 1125:Japanese 1060:Georgian 1045:Filipino 978:Assyrian 951:Armenian 941:American 936:Albanian 916:national 894:Yazidism 811:Hinduism 769:Buddhism 659:Nepotism 654:Misogyny 649:Misandry 574:Clannism 569:Biphobia 514:Adultism 423:Language 310:a series 308:Part of 19396:History 19346:Portals 18830:General 17219:Joe Coe 17091:Jo Reed 16895:Commons 16805:Passing 16760:Ableism 16683:Mexican 16603:Chinese 16499:Ukraine 16464:Germany 16454:Denmark 16415:Vietnam 16096:Commons 16042:Related 15762:Georgia 15702:Leaders 15308:3787502 15245:Society 14938:history 14753:3659969 14567:2954550 13789:May 30, 13756:May 30, 13726:May 30, 12543:adl.org 12137:July 4, 12107:July 4, 11654:July 6, 11624:July 6, 10643:NCpedia 10266:2205041 10084:. BBC. 9793:(2022) 9709:May 24, 9578:1755269 8813:2714040 8661:The Sun 8370:May 16, 7940:June 3, 7878:May 12, 7658:AP News 7540:July 2, 7335:YouTube 7299:June 5, 6550:June 9, 6025:Symbols 5957:Klavern 5900:British 5867:Oceania 5651:(ADL): 5540:Midwest 5439:of the 5426:Alabama 5157:Detroit 5044:Atlanta 5024:Goodman 4900:Alabama 4849:Indiana 4783:fascism 4656:10,000 4616:14,000 4606:40,000 4596:30,000 4447:Atlanta 4265:Klavern 4070:Detroit 3875:Houston 3871:Memphis 3863:Atlanta 3855:Detroit 3851:Indiana 3618:regalia 3390:of the 3350:Georgia 3220:" and " 3071:cartoon 3007:History 2969:Alabama 2905:led by 2823:Writer 2809:Atlanta 2776:Chicago 2662:Spanish 2589:K-words 2543:Midwest 2539:Georgia 2407:or the 2094:Figleaf 1497:Housing 1252:Turkish 1197:Pashtun 1167:Mexican 1147:Kurdish 1120:Italian 1070:Haitian 1055:Finnish 1030:Chinese 1025:Chechen 1020:Catalan 1010:Bengali 931:African 914:Ethnic/ 867:Judaism 853:Sunnism 843:Shi'ism 754:Atheism 579:Elitism 470:Species 408:Genetic 398:Dialect 248:Members 166:Members 97:Unknown 94:Members 19232:Parade 19220:(1965) 19095:Memory 18814:(1964) 18790:(1961) 18784:(1952) 18774:(1946) 18768:(1945) 18762:(1943) 18756:(1937) 18750:(1933) 18744:(1932) 18738:(1930) 18732:(1927) 18726:(1923) 18720:(1922) 18714:(1921) 18708:(1920) 18702:(1920) 18696:(1919) 18680:(1919) 18674:(1919) 18668:(1919) 18662:(1918) 18656:(1917) 18650:(1916) 18644:(1912) 18638:(1911) 18632:(1910) 18621:(1908) 18615:(1906) 18604:(1905) 18598:(1899) 18592:(1898) 18586:(1898) 18580:(1898) 18574:(1897) 18568:(1892) 18562:(1892) 18556:(1891) 18550:(1880) 18544:(1879) 18538:(1879) 18532:(1878) 18526:(1878) 18520:(1876) 18514:(1876) 18508:(1876) 18502:(1874) 18490:(1873) 18484:(1871) 18473:(1868) 18467:(1868) 18461:(1868) 18455:(1868) 18449:(1868) 18443:(1868) 18437:(1868) 18426:(1866) 18420:(1866) 18414:(1864) 18408:(1864) 18402:(1863) 18391:(1863) 18385:(1862) 18379:(1858) 18331:(2020) 18323:(2011) 18315:(1998) 18307:(1989) 18299:(1981) 18291:(1979) 18283:(1978) 18275:(1975) 18267:(1970) 18259:(1968) 18251:(1967) 18243:(1966) 18235:(1965) 18227:(1964) 18219:(1964) 18211:(1964) 18203:(1959) 18195:(1957) 18187:(1957) 18179:(1955) 18171:(1955) 18163:(1955) 18155:(1947) 18147:(1946) 18139:(1944) 18131:(1944) 18123:(1943) 18115:(1943) 18107:(1941) 18088:(1940) 18080:(1940) 18072:(1934) 18064:(1933) 18056:(1933) 18048:(1932) 18040:(1931) 18032:(1931) 18024:(1930) 18016:(1930) 18008:(1928) 18000:(1927) 17992:(1927) 17984:(1927) 17976:(1927) 17968:(1927) 17960:(1927) 17952:(1927) 17944:(1927) 17936:(1927) 17928:(1927) 17920:(1927) 17912:(1927) 17904:(1927) 17896:(1927) 17888:(1926) 17880:(1926) 17872:(1926) 17864:(1925) 17856:(1924) 17848:(1923) 17840:(1922) 17832:(1921) 17824:(1921) 17816:(1920) 17808:(1920) 17800:(1919) 17792:(1919) 17784:(1919) 17776:(1919) 17768:(1919) 17760:(1919) 17752:(1918) 17744:(1918) 17736:(1918) 17728:(1918) 17720:(1918) 17712:(1918) 17704:(1917) 17696:(1917) 17688:(1917) 17680:(1916) 17672:(1916) 17664:(1916) 17656:(1916) 17648:(1915) 17640:(1915) 17632:(1914) 17624:(1914) 17616:(1913) 17608:(1913) 17600:(1912) 17592:(1912) 17584:(1912) 17576:(1911) 17568:(1911) 17560:(1911) 17552:(1911) 17544:(1911) 17536:(1910) 17528:(1909) 17520:(1909) 17512:(1909) 17504:(1909) 17496:(1909) 17488:(1909) 17480:(1907) 17472:(1907) 17464:(1906) 17456:(1906) 17448:(1906) 17440:(1904) 17432:(1904) 17424:(1903) 17416:(1903) 17408:(1903) 17400:(1903) 17392:(1901) 17384:(1901) 17376:(1901) 17357:(1899) 17349:(1899) 17341:(1898) 17333:(1898) 17325:(1898) 17317:(1897) 17309:(1897) 17301:(1896) 17293:(1894) 17285:(1894) 17277:(1894) 17269:(1893) 17261:(1893) 17253:(1893) 17245:(1893) 17237:(1892) 17229:(1892) 17221:(1891) 17213:(1891) 17205:(1891) 17197:(1890) 17189:(1889) 17181:(1889) 17173:(1889) 17165:(1888) 17157:(1886) 17149:(1886) 17141:(1884) 17133:(1882) 17125:(1881) 17117:(1879) 17109:(1878) 17101:(1877) 17093:(1875) 17085:(1872) 17077:(1871) 17069:(1870) 17061:(1870) 17053:(1870) 17045:(1868) 17037:(1864) 17029:(1864) 17021:(1864) 17013:(1863) 17005:(1858) 16997:(1851) 16989:(1837) 16981:(1836) 16727:Slavic 16722:Romani 16717:Muslim 16690:Jewish 16637:Korean 16598:Asians 16570:Brazil 16553:Mexico 16543:Canada 16531:Turkey 16521:Israel 16484:Russia 16474:Poland 16459:France 16449:Europe 16368:Africa 16202:Patent 16182:Formal 16162:Covert 16138:Racism 15903:Crimes 15789:Canada 15777:Oregon 15354: 15306: 15274:Online 15256:online 15211: 15178: 15132: 15076: 15011: 14965: 14905: 14868: 14826: 14789: 14768: 14751: 14711: 14678: 14645: 14611: 14565: 14509: 14481: 14460: 14422: 14360: 14332: 14274: 14241: 14183: 14155: 14119: 14091: 14066: 14017: 13981: 13945: 13899: 13862: 13620: 13567: 13184: 13049: 13022: 12995: 12918: 12908: 12883: 12856: 12829: 12526:AL.com 12476:center 11764: 11612: 11140: 11109:online 11068: 11024:(1967) 10972:493879 10970: 10287: 10264: 9928: 9870:online 9795:online 9695: 9642:: 10. 9576: 9478: 9416: 9051: 8819: 8811: 8803: 8644: 8473:kuklux 8465:κύκλος 8449:kyklos 8441:κύκλος 8075: 8003: 7849: 7581: 7366: 7171: 7060: 7022: 7014: 7006: 6331:, and 6157:(1987) 6009:Wizard 5988:Kloran 5951:Klabee 5927:Kloran 5837:mosque 5824:Europe 5727:Africa 5579:, and 5555:racist 5506:, and 5504:racism 5420:After 5369:. The 5341:, the 5337:, the 5333:, the 5309:, 1977 5232:Lumbee 5030:, and 5028:Chaney 4841:, and 4732:, the 4728:After 4713:, and 4698:, the 4686:3,000 4646:6,500 4636:1,500 4459:Crisis 4294:, and 4085:ethnic 3928:, and 3873:, and 3867:Dallas 3859:Dayton 3261:, and 3028:κύκλος 3021:kyklos 2933:Canada 2858:, and 2485:, and 2438:, and 2280:threat 2134:autism 1855:sexual 1845:racial 1728:Jewish 1579:Pogrom 1557:Chiefs 1547:Braves 1262:Uyghur 1237:Somali 1232:Slavic 1212:Romani 1207:Quebec 1202:Polish 1142:Korean 1103:Canada 1090:Indian 1075:Hazara 1050:Fulani 961:France 926:Afghan 848:Sufism 564:Audism 495:Social 418:Height 161:, U.S. 89:, U.S. 54:. The 19384:Crime 19360:1920s 18778:Harry 16905:Index 16666:Women 16656:Black 16575:Chile 16494:Spain 16469:Italy 16437:Sudan 16427:Libya 16395:Japan 16390:China 16172:Cyber 15752:Maine 15626:from 15352:JSTOR 15304:JSTOR 15048:(PDF) 15041:(PDF) 14749:JSTOR 14609:S2CID 14563:JSTOR 14458:S2CID 14330:S2CID 13810:Slate 12399:(PDF) 12388:(PDF) 11799:(PDF) 11792:(PDF) 10968:JSTOR 10262:JSTOR 9313:(PDF) 9302:(PDF) 8817:S2CID 8809:JSTOR 8469:into 7169:JSTOR 7020:S2CID 7012:JSTOR 6289:Notes 5657:Texas 5629:NAACP 5198:Rabbi 4802:The " 4683:2016 4673:2009 4663:1991 4653:1979 4643:1975 4633:1974 4623:1970 4613:1968 4603:1965 4593:1930 4583:1925 4572:Year 4239:, at 4162:Women 4144:hymns 3758:Goals 3681:, by 3583:Klan. 3549:Gov. 3075:lynch 2879:Judge 2491:South 2258:white 1589:Purge 1277:Welsh 1242:Tatar 1162:Māori 1157:Malay 1115:Irish 1065:Greek 1040:Croat 998:China 956:Asian 828:Islam 689:White 428:Looks 393:Class 388:Caste 335:Forms 19275:list 19185:Fury 18867:Jews 18780:and 18496:(AL) 16707:LGBT 16593:Arab 16516:Iran 16385:Asia 15546:Life 15335:2018 15222:2021 15209:ISBN 15194:2021 15176:ISBN 15148:2016 15130:ISBN 15115:2021 15092:2021 15074:ISBN 15056:2021 15027:2021 15009:ISBN 14981:2021 14963:ISBN 14936:for 14916:2021 14903:ISBN 14884:2021 14866:ISBN 14842:2021 14824:ISBN 14805:2021 14787:ISBN 14766:ISBN 14722:2021 14709:ISBN 14694:2021 14676:ISBN 14643:ISBN 14625:2021 14525:2021 14507:ISBN 14479:ISBN 14433:2019 14420:ISBN 14376:2017 14358:ISBN 14290:2021 14272:ISBN 14257:2021 14239:ISBN 14199:2021 14181:ISBN 14166:2021 14153:ISBN 14135:2021 14117:ISBN 14102:2016 14089:ISBN 14064:ISBN 14033:2021 14015:ISBN 13997:2021 13979:ISBN 13961:2017 13943:ISBN 13915:2021 13897:ISBN 13878:2021 13860:ISBN 13822:2021 13791:2021 13758:2021 13728:2021 13654:2012 13618:ISBN 13597:2022 13565:ISBN 13529:2023 13503:2012 13463:2012 13430:2012 13400:2023 13370:2023 13339:2021 13309:2021 13279:2021 13253:2012 13221:2012 13182:ISBN 13143:2022 13117:2022 13047:ISBN 13020:ISBN 12993:ISBN 12972:2014 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