4777:
municipalities. According to a study by Neill Nugent and David Lowe, there appeared to be "a much greater variation in specific priorities between PS-led councils than between PCF-led councils", with the range of issues identified by PS councillors and mayors as constituting their accomplishments and objectives being "enormously varied". As noted by the study, while traditional and expected concerns with issues such as urban renewal, educational facilities, transport, and housing remained, these had been supplanted by "a wide range of community, cultural and environmental interests". Amongst such accomplishments being cited by
Socialist mayors in early 1980 included waste disposal schemes, the creation of pedestrian-only areas in town centres, the provision of municipal taxi and bicycle services, and making facilities available for young people (which included, in the one municipality, helping to set up cafes managed by young people themselves). One innovative authority, La Rochelle, had been led by Michel Crepeau (a proponent of environmentalism) of the MRG since 1971, and amongst his priorities had been a major waste recycling scheme which had come to make a profit for the town.
4773:
innovative, being honest, and being generally well run. In comparison with non-Communist authorities, Communist authorities tended to levy higher local taxes, charge lower rates for use of services, and use less of their revenue for self-financing investment. In addition, Communist authorities devoted a considerably greater proportion of resources than non-Communist authorities to educational and social programmes. According to a study by Andrew Knapp and
Vincent Wright, at a time of more or less full employment "Communist mayors were purposeful and competent at building housing, schools, clinics, sports halls and cultural centres", but were however "far less successful at delivering the economic development that became the key voter priority as joblessness rose in the 1980s".
2239:
2689:
44:
2079:
3004:
4808:
2934:
633:
562:
2091:
2062:
3139:, and the emergent Socialist parties who won several municipal elections in the 1880s, establishing what has been dubbed "municipal socialism." At the turn of the 20th century, the Radicals replaced the Opportunists as the main center-left forces, although the latter, who slowly became social conservatives, continued to claim their place as members of the Left – a political phenomenon known as "
4456:. From 1945 to 1947, a socialist agricultural minister under Charles De Gaulle developed provision for marketing agencies and the protection of tenant rights. A Socialist law of 1946 replaced the metayage system with a tenancy statute (statut de fermage) that provided greater security from eviction "and put a normal annual rent in place of the tithe".
3062:. Thousands of others fled to Belgium, England, Italy, Spain and the United States. In 1872, stringent laws were passed that ruled out all possibilities of organizing on the left. Not till 1880 was there a general amnesty for exiled and imprisoned Communards. Meantime, the Third Republic found itself strong enough to renew and reinforce
4776:
Socialist-led authorities were also innovative like PCF-led authorities, with a greater priority given by such councils to educational and social policies and public services than by councils headed by parties of the Centre and Right, although spending was not as proportionately high as in PCF-led
3645:
By 1896, French socialists had acquired control of 157 town councils. They provided public baths, washing troughs, parks, strike funds, legal aid, meals at school, and crĂšches. Socialist municipalities also provided homes for victims of industrial accidents and improved conditions for council
3498:
in the 16th century. Several hate campaigns were issued in the
British press in the 1890s against these French exilees, relayed by riots and a "restrictionist" party which advocated the end of liberality concerning freedom of movement, and hostility towards French and international activists
3902:
were deeply renewed, with an increasing urban population, including many workers, and more immigrants to replace the deceased manpower. These demographic changes were important for the left, providing it important electoral supports. Furthermore, the slaughter during the war lead to renewed
4772:
In the years after the end of the Second World War, parties of the Left were able to implement innovative reforms in various local authorities that came under their control. Communist-headed municipalities, for instance, acquired a reputation (like their
Italian equivalents) of often being
4288:
without participating to it, the PCF supported the
Popular Front without entering government. At the beginning of June 1936, massive strikes acclaimed the victory of the union of the Lefts, with more than 1.5 million workers on strike. On 8 June 1936, the
3502:
In the meanwhile, important figures in the anarchist movement began to distance themselves with this understanding of "propaganda of the deed", in part because of the state repression against the whole labor movement provoked by such individual acts. In 1887,
3466:, in particular anarchists, who were all conflated with the few who had engaged in bombings. Henceforth, the UK became a nest for anarchist colonies expelled from the continent, in particular between 1892 and 1895, which marked the height of the repression.
4100:
then incarnated the
Radicals' opening to both Marxist parties, the SFIO and the SFIC. However, despite their alliance, the SFIO and the Radicals diverge on their views on the role of the state or on their attitude towards Capitalism and the middle classes.
3560:, a moderate Republican, had legalized workers' and employers' trade-unions (Waldeck-Rousseau Act), thus allowing such a legal form of association. The CGT's most important sections were then workers in railway companies and in the printing industry (
4255:
This new alliance between the two rival
Marxist parties (the reformist SFIO and the revolutionary PCF) was an important experience mainly at the level of the party leaders. The base was already used to work together, from Social-Democrats to
3438:
of the press. The second one allowed to condemn any person directly or indirectly involved in a propaganda of the deed act, even if no killing was effectively carried on. The last one condemned any person or newspaper using anarchist
3078:
were active propagandists) or were sympathetic to it. The ferocious repression of 1871 and after was probably the key factor in alienating these milieux from the Third
Republic and stirring their sympathy for its victims at home and
2984:
during which the bourgeoisie took the upper hand. Napoleon III followed at first authoritarian policies, before attempting a liberal shift in the end of his reign. Many left-wing activists exiled themselves to London, where the
4006:(or, as they put it, between "the plague and cholera"). After Lenin's death in 1924, the SFIC radicalized itself, following the Komintern's directions. Founders of the party were expelled, such as Boris Souvarine, the
2479:
than the aristocratic supporters of the
Bourbon, the Orleanists aimed at achieving a form of national reconciliation, symbolized by Louis-Philippe's famous statement in January 1831: "We will attempt to remain in a
3875:
from the political sphere, preventing any direct link between a trade-union and a political party. It also proclaimed a revolutionary syndicalist perspective of transformation of society, through the means of the
2573:
under eight years of age, and night labor for those of less than 13 years. The law, however, was almost never implemented. Christians imagined a "charitable economy", while the ideas of
Socialism, in particular
3822:, best known for having directed the bloody repression during the Paris Commune, alongside Radicals. Furthermore, the participation in a "bourgeois government" sparked a controversy opposing Jules Guesde to
3517:
will be enough to win against the coalition of exploiters". A variety of anarchists advocated the abandonment of these sorts of tactics in favor of collective revolutionary action, for example through the
3871:
in 1906, a year after the unification of the other socialist tendencies in the SFIO party. The Charte d'Amiens, a cornerstone of the history of the French labor movement, asserted the autonomy of the
3196:, who considered that the Republican regime could only be consolidated by successive phases. Those dominated French politics from 1876 to the 1890s. The "Opportunists" included figures such as
6176:
3536:
from 1895 until his death in 1901, argued in 1895 for renewed anarchist involvement in the labor movement on the basis that anarchism could do very well without "the individual dynamiter."
2376:
had become disillusioned. Socialism fused with the Jacobin ideals of Radical Republicanism leading to a unique political posture embracing nationalism, socialist measures, democracy and
842:
4980:
3393:
of 1872. The Socialist tradition had split between the anarchists, or "anti-authoritarian Socialists", and the Communists. A year after their exclusion, the Bakuninists created the
2749:". For the first time, Marx related history of ideas with economic history, linking the "ideological superstructure" with the "economical infrastructure", and thus tying together
5153:, who had declared that it submitted itself to the King's government "in order to assure the development of the conquests of July" . Louis-Philippe thus responded (in French):
4557:(1947â1951), a coalition gathering the SFIO, the United States center-right party, the Radicals, the MRP and other centrist politicians, opposed both to the Communist and the
3937:" â "great light coming from the East"). On the opposite side of the political board, the conservatives played on the "red scare" and won a massive victory during the
3123:, and the Third Republic became firmly established with the 1875 Constitutional Laws. However, anti-Republican agitation continued, with various crisis, including the
3867:), the unions and the industries' federations, claimed its independence and the non-distinction between political and workplace activism. This was formalized by the
3490:
in February 1895. A few hundreds persons related to the anarchist movement would however remain in the UK between 1880 and 1914. In reaction, the British restricted
5481:
Municipal socialism in France from the interwar period to the 1970s An innovative local experiment Aude Chamouard & translated by Oliver Waine - 30 April 2014
5808:
5813:
5279:, continuing work on "French Anarchists in England, 1880â1905", including a large French & English bibliography, with archives and contemporary newspapers.
4670:
in 1960. Although the use of torture quickly became well-known and was opposed by the left-wing opposition, the French state repeatedly denied its employment,
4184:
2174:
were seated on the left of the assembly. During the 1800s, left largely meant support for the Republic, whereas right largely meant support for the monarchy.
3417:, French and Swiss sections, who opposed Marx's control of the Central Council and favoured the autonomy of national sections free from centralized control.
179:
4166:
won the election, but this time the SFIO did not associate themselves in the government. The leader of the Cartel, Daladier, was forced to resign following
4232:
2356:, the Left was excluded from the political arena and focused on organising the workers. The growing French workers movement consisted of diverse strands;
71:
2685:'s utopian socialism. Their aim was to establish a "Social Republic" in the German states which would respect "freedom", "equality" and "civic virtue".
2380:(opposition to the role of the church in controlling French social and cultural life) all of which remain distinctive features of the French Left. Most
3786:
2704:
uprising of May 1839 in Paris. Hereafter expelled from France, the League of the Just moved to London, where they would transform themselves into the
5344:
3170:
and other, local workers' associations. Dominated by anarcho-syndicalists, the unification of the CGT culminated in 1902, attracting figures such as
6166:
511:
4252:
to become prime minister. Opposed to the alliance with bourgeois parties, the Trotskyists divided themselves, about 600 of them leaving the SFIO.
6359:
6274:
4885:
4653:
3839:
3761:
3667:
2190:
5276:
3066:'s imperialist expansionâin Indochina, Africa, and Oceania. Many of France's leading intellectuals and artists had participated in the Commune (
6002:
2415:
was throughout the 19th century the permanent theater of insurrectionary movements and headquarters of European revolutionaries. Following the
1890:
4941:
4421:
3282:
2625:
4240:
after the Tours Congress, was reintegrated to the CGT. This alliance between Socialists and Communists paved the way for the victory of the
6051:
5615:
4562:
2723:
599:
4516:
6264:
5944:
5090:
2121:
4748:, denounced without exception the use of torture, the French government was itself headed in 1957 by the general secretary of the SFIO,
5047:
359:
195:
6196:
5931:
3451:
was severely restricted. Some people were condemned to prison for rejoicing themselves of the 1894 assassination of French president
3386:
2986:
5435:
Autour d'Irving Brown: l'A.F.L., le Free Trade Union Committee le Departement d'Etat et la scission syndicale francaise (1944â1947)
2911:
as far-left, Socialist, candidate. Both Raspail and Lamartine obtained less than 1%, Cavaignac reached almost 20%, while the prince
6334:
6299:
6248:
6033:
4715:
4398:
4348:
4309:
4237:
3854:
3552:
3157:
2619:
5681:
5025:
4880:
4407:
3550:
was created in 1892, on a decentralized basis, federating each city workers' organization. Three years later, they merged in the
3443:(and, by extension, socialist libertarians present or former members of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA)). Thus,
788:
6322:
5956:
5849:
5686:
4875:
3568:). For decades, the CGT would dominate the labor movement, keeping away from the political field and the parliamentary system (
3482:
or simple criminals who had fled France and other European countries. These exiles would only return to France after President
3270:
which aimed at deep transformations of society, leading to strong disagreements in the Chamber of Deputies, in particular with
2915:
surprisingly won the election with almost 75% of the votes, marking an important defeat of the Republican and Socialist camps.
999:
4623:, etc. MendĂšs-France and Savary, opposed to their respective parties' support to de Gaulle, would form together, in 1960, the
572:
6432:
6294:
5326:
5253:
5102:
4603:. On the left, however, various personalities opposed de Gaulle's come-back, seen as an authoritarian threat. Those included
4129:
tendency and were expelled from the SFIO in November 1933. Others, responding to the debates lifted in the right-wing by the
4082:
language, and prepared itself to seize power through the elections. It allied itself with the Radical-Socialist Party in the
3424:
threw a bomb in the National Assembly, injuring one. The Opportunist Republicans swiftly reacted, voting two days later the "
3348:
2769:" did he conclude in his essay, setting up the program for the years to come, a program which would be further explicated in
2290:
2282:
2167:
838:
4432:). Although the GPRF was active only from 1944 to 1946, it had a lasting influence, in particular regarding the enacting of
3797:". Additionally, some deputies took the name Socialist without adhering to any party. These mostly advocated moderation and
3214:
2779:. Arrested and expelled to Belgium, Marx was then invited by the new regime back to Paris, where he was able to witness the
6437:
6171:
6146:
5693:
5067:
2281:
The distinction between left and right wings in politics derives from the seating arrangements which began during the 1789
2178:
3274:. At the end of the 19th century, the Opportunists were replaced by the Radicals as the primary force in French politics.
3030:
of 1871, the French Left was decimated for ten years. Until the 1880s general amnesty, this harsh repression, directed by
5042:
4639:
4625:
4174:, which were immediately interpreted by the French Left as a Fascist coup d'Ă©tat attempt. This led to the creation of an
3659:
3655:
2182:
465:
5951:
5409:
3323:
248:
6339:
6028:
5966:
4599:(1954â62), the Radicals and the SFIO supported his return and the establishment of the semi-presidential regime of the
4441:
4437:
263:
6314:
6141:
6121:
6046:
5961:
5926:
5884:
5515:
5382:
4528:
by anarchists and Trotskyists. This repression split the CGT, leading to the formation in April 1948 of the spin-off
3398:
3050:"roughly 20,000 Communards or suspected sympathizers , a number higher than those killed in the recent war or during
2965:
2888:
2775:, published on 21 February 1848, as the manifesto of the Communist League, three days before the proclamation of the
2384:
continue to vote conservative while areas which were receptive to the revolution in 1789 continue to vote socialist.
932:
548:
340:
206:
124:
6442:
6201:
6012:
5608:
4790:
4724:
newspaper confirmed the allegations of torture made by the opposition to the war, represented in particular by the
4631:
4397:" ("party of the 85,000 executed people"). On the other hand, the labor movement, which had been re-unified in the
4279:
4245:
4089:
3999:
3938:
3827:
3745:
3096:
3084:
2341:, that foundered on its own divided radicalism which too few of the (still predominantly rural) population shared.
2026:
1883:
592:
442:
330:
300:
4067:
also joined it. The poet Aragon traveled to the United States, and maintained indirect relations through his wife
3953:
The new context issued of the Russian Revolution brought a new split in the French Left, realized during the 1920
350:
6206:
4902:
4865:
4305:, the leader of the PCF, pushed workers to stop the strikes, preventing an over-radicalization of the situation.
3302:
2114:
2070:
447:
226:
2550:" in Europe, which were trying, all over of Europe, to shake the grip of the various Empires in order to create
2467:, marking the new influence of the second, important right-wing tradition of France (according to the historian
6228:
6126:
6078:
5911:
5839:
4855:
3414:
3332:
2904:
2718:
2484:' (the middle ground), in an equal distance from the excesses of popular power and the abuses of royal power."
520:
5921:
2840:(1852â1870) the next year. The Second Republic, however, is best remembered for having first established male
6427:
6238:
6136:
5916:
5233:
5205:
4936:
4413:
3831:
3120:
2754:
2428:
2403:
2036:
959:
905:
880:
748:
723:
500:
490:
457:
174:
4870:
2973:
2833:
2349:
2255:
of 1830. The child with the gun, at the right of the woman personifiying Liberty, who holds the Republican,
2238:
231:
6447:
6422:
6417:
6282:
5981:
5971:
5740:
5072:
5015:
4985:
4958:
4539:
4336:(AF) movement, threatened Blum with death, alluding to his Jewish origins. On the other hand, the Minister
4130:
3819:
3556:(CGT) trade-union, dominated by anarcho-syndicalists until the First World War. In 1894, the government of
3104:
2876:, with the object of preparing a scheme for the organization of labour. These tensions between right-wing,
2530:(Party of the Movement). Republicans and Socialists, who requested social and political reforms, including
1993:
1963:
1938:
1019:
823:
680:
99:
5570:
5341:
4282:, leading to a government composed of Radical and Socialist ministers. Just as the SFIO had supported the
1840:
6327:
6233:
6007:
5601:
5582:
Part 1: vol. 19, no. 1 (Jan. 1911), pp. 36â46; Part 2: vol. 19, No. 2 (Feb. 1911), pp. 98â110.
4794:
4487:
4445:
3913:
3682:
2599:
1242:
922:
852:
768:
738:
585:
505:
485:
478:
236:
25:
6379:
4506:
4389:, in turn opposed by the PCF. The Communist Party enjoyed high popularity due to its active role in the
2908:
885:
134:
109:
6093:
5976:
5775:
4975:
4946:
4926:
4290:
4114:
3850:
2243:
2107:
1895:
1780:
1322:
397:
170:
4301:, and dismantled all laws preventing organization of trade-unions. After having won these new rights,
4192:(PCF) signed a pact of unity of action with the SFIO in July 1935. The Comintern had then adopted the
3192:
Thus, until the turn of the 20th century, the dominant forces of the French Left were composed of the
2560:. The center-right was conservative and supported peace with European monarchs, and had as mouthpiece
295:
6344:
6216:
5057:
5020:
5010:
4588:
4347:
In 1938, Marceau Pivert's Revolutionary Left tendency was expelled from the SFIO, and he created the
4110:
4044:
3201:
2792:
2765:, which appeared to him self-evident in the Parisian context of insurrection and permanent turmoil. "
2713:
2640:
2497:
2381:
2338:
1988:
1660:
803:
783:
495:
5480:
4569:, named president of the Council in 1952, a year after the dissolving of the Third Force coalition.
3218:
2980:. This was a blow to the Left's hopes during the Republic, which had already been crushed after the
2900:
6287:
6211:
5844:
5745:
5080:
5062:
5037:
4995:
4990:
4931:
4142:
4078:
On the other hand, the SFIO opposed the revolutionary strategy of the SFIC, although maintaining a
3893:
3741:
3434:. The first one condemned apology of any felony or crime as a felony itself, permitting widespread
3336:
3209:
3124:
1870:
927:
818:
241:
119:
4819:
4317:
2945:
6151:
5656:
5085:
4850:
4448:(FTP) Resistance movement. Beside de Gaulle's ordinances granting, for the first time in France,
3966:
3918:
3809:
3781:
In the 1880s, the Socialists knew their first electoral success, conquering some municipalities.
3626:
3557:
3452:
3193:
3187:
3149:
3132:
2884:
2856:
on 27 April 1848. The February Revolution also established the principle of the "right to work" (
2771:
2503:
2318:
2310:
2095:
2046:
1928:
1154:
1144:
984:
939:
452:
57:
4612:
4178:
movement in France, unifying Socialists and Communists together against the fascist threat in a
290:
6369:
6364:
6304:
5755:
5698:
5644:
5639:
4914:
4753:
4725:
4620:
4269:
4241:
4189:
4167:
4003:
3982:
3970:
3942:
3899:
3846:
3769:
3735:
3720:
3663:
3456:
3374:
3364:
3290:
3267:
3244:
3136:
3051:
2802:
2796:
2776:
2595:
2334:
2186:
1933:
1277:
1039:
875:
773:
763:
543:
5505:
5372:
5316:
4604:
4440:, the umbrella organisation which united all Resistant movements, in particular the Communist
3621:, a characteristic of the Republican Left, became a right-wing trait, mutating into a form of
3617:
engaging himself in politics, while nationalism, which had been previously, under the form of
2518:
and Socialists). The loyalists were divided into two parties, the conservative, center-right,
1800:
5879:
5750:
5464:
4710:
4600:
4453:
4294:
3390:
3298:
3108:
3039:
2896:
2895:
was implemented also for the first time. The left was divided however into four candidacies,
2587:
2436:
2432:
2302:
1790:
1552:
1327:
1307:
1272:
1184:
1114:
1089:
437:
416:
64:
2562:
6398:
6131:
6041:
5864:
5792:
5760:
5710:
5705:
5125:
4671:
4661:
4554:
4525:
4372:
4138:
3872:
3835:
3435:
3426:
3410:
3309:
or CRC), which represented the French revolutionary tradition. However, three years later,
3228:
2977:
2924:
2837:
2692:
The massacre of the rue Transnonain, Paris, on 14 April 1834, depicted by the caricaturist
2579:
2353:
2326:
1860:
1760:
1695:
1232:
1159:
1014:
758:
708:
665:
648:
643:
144:
86:
6374:
8:
6161:
5869:
5720:
5673:
5661:
5439:
5228:
5115:
4963:
4952:
4745:
4675:
4402:
4325:
4257:
4072:
4007:
3805:
3785:
and some FTSF members criticized the focus on electoral goals. In 1890, they created the
3700:
3523:
3370:
3360:
3260:
2733:
2668:
2591:
2556:
2452:
2440:
2420:
2205:
2041:
2008:
1968:
1953:
1237:
1149:
1139:
1109:
1004:
890:
857:
703:
685:
675:
632:
430:
305:
281:
219:
94:
5353:
4333:
4097:
3294:
3018:
2845:
2747:
with German reality, the relation of their criticism to their own material surroundings.
2460:
2248:
1815:
183:
6156:
5735:
5725:
5210:
5159:, également éloigné des excÚs du pouvoir populaire et des abus du pouvoir royal. »
5130:
5120:
4449:
4352:
4284:
4162:
4084:
3994:
3922:
3864:
3696:
3622:
3606:
3527:
3406:
3402:
3271:
3171:
3161:
2981:
2892:
2861:
2841:
2806:
2780:
2750:
2743:
It has not occurred to any one of these philosophers to inquire into the connection of
2648:
2636:
2531:
2330:
2294:
2233:
2201:
2031:
1973:
1805:
1730:
1502:
1482:
1467:
1317:
1222:
1079:
1059:
1044:
994:
974:
952:
793:
728:
616:
538:
335:
34:
4452:, the GPRF passed various labour laws, including the 11 October 1946 act establishing
4093:
1592:
6063:
5829:
5730:
5511:
5430:
5378:
5322:
5296:
5249:
5000:
4920:
4908:
4757:
4648:
4592:
4530:
4491:
4463:
4390:
4313:
4171:
3868:
3859:
3618:
3574:
3546:
3532:
3444:
3431:
3166:
3043:
2869:
2744:
2575:
2502:
The July Monarchy was thus divided into the supporters of the "Citizen King", of the
2416:
2361:
2171:
1923:
1835:
1740:
1602:
1532:
1437:
1422:
1189:
1129:
1084:
1069:
1029:
964:
743:
733:
670:
271:
163:
6309:
4969:
3977:
and others remained in the reformist camp, in order to "keep the old house" (Blum).
2693:
2688:
2297:
was between supporters of the Republic and those of the Monarchy. On the right, the
2269:
199:
5854:
5444:
5052:
4860:
4737:
4705:
4479:
4382:
4220:
4032:
3814:
3421:
3397:, which called for the creation of a new, anti-authoritarian International, dubbed
3224:
3075:
2705:
2660:
2656:
2607:
2507:
2468:
2464:
2412:
2377:
2313:, under their preferred branch of the royal family, a brief reality after the 1830
2159:
2083:
2066:
1785:
1765:
1685:
1680:
1622:
1582:
1572:
1537:
1457:
1432:
1402:
1387:
1382:
1357:
1302:
1287:
1194:
1169:
1099:
1054:
1024:
912:
900:
828:
813:
753:
718:
406:
345:
150:
5414:
5206:
Marx and the Permanent Revolution in France: Background to the Communist Manifesto
4356:
3774:
3197:
2891:
were held, for the first time in France. Democracy seemed at first to triumph, as
2849:
1865:
1527:
1257:
325:
5896:
5459:
5348:
5258:
4890:
4700:
4695:
4584:
4475:
4329:
4134:
4028:. The SFIC thus lost members, decreasing from 110,000 in 1920 to 30,000 in 1933.
3958:
3926:
3598:
3509:
3504:
3491:
3463:
3394:
3378:
3067:
3055:
3035:
2738:
2682:
2644:
2583:
2456:
2407:
2369:
2314:
2252:
2139:
2003:
1998:
1943:
1750:
1710:
1542:
1512:
1497:
1447:
1417:
1352:
1292:
1252:
1174:
1164:
1064:
808:
798:
320:
190:
105:
4535:
4052:
3471:
3462:
Following these events, the United Kingdom once again became the last haven for
3175:
2623:, while Engels had come especially to meet Marx. There, he showed him his work,
6269:
5834:
5031:
4733:
4729:
4657:
4501:
4471:
4337:
4302:
4224:
4197:
4150:
4122:
4025:
4010:
3962:
3954:
3908:
3877:
3794:
3716:
3686:
3594:
3588:
3475:
3448:
3128:
3071:
3031:
3007:
2762:
2672:
2639:, founded by German workers in Paris in 1836 and inspired by the revolutionary
2444:
2435:
who refused all inheritance of the Revolution and aimed at re-establishing the
2256:
2221:
1958:
1850:
1820:
1810:
1735:
1705:
1700:
1690:
1577:
1557:
1517:
1487:
1427:
1367:
1342:
1282:
969:
778:
5559:, 2 vol., Presses de la fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1980â1982
4466:
of 1947, killing up to 40,000 people. Ramadier also accepted the terms of the
4425:
4157:(Revolutionary Left) engaged themselves in favor of a Proletarian Revolution.
4118:
4060:
3823:
3753:
3678:
3483:
3236:
3152:, a moderate Republican, legalized trade-unions, enabling the creation of the
1855:
43:
6411:
6349:
6103:
5859:
5770:
5649:
5460:
COLONIALISM THROUGH THE SCHOOL BOOKS â The hidden history of the Algerian war
5005:
4761:
4714:(1966) were famous examples of such censorship. A confidential report of the
4638:
Although Guy Mollet's government had enacted repressive policies against the
4566:
4547:
4467:
4459:
4298:
4193:
4137:
to answer the ideological and political crisis lifted by the inefficiency of
4021:
3978:
3930:
3881:
3782:
3765:
3712:
3467:
3314:
3256:
3107:. Henceforth, the first task for the center-left was to firmly establish the
3100:
3059:
3027:
2998:
2817:
2535:
2515:
2493:
2365:
2217:
1983:
1978:
1845:
1795:
1775:
1770:
1745:
1720:
1617:
1522:
1442:
1362:
1337:
1262:
1199:
1034:
833:
566:
368:
130:
4411:(CNT) trade-union, while other anarchists had already created, in 1945, the
4340:
was pushed to suicide after attacks by a right-wing newspaper. Finally, the
3602:
3003:
2887:
Republicans and Socialists caused the second, June Revolution. In December,
1267:
6354:
6243:
6223:
5765:
5292:
4741:
4666:
4616:
4596:
4578:
4543:
4511:
4386:
4321:
4208:
4179:
4175:
4126:
4068:
4056:
4017:
3691:
3614:
3610:
3335:) left the federation, which they considered too moderate, and founded the
3310:
3278:
3063:
2969:
2912:
2868:. At the same time, a sort of industrial parliament was established at the
2865:
2829:
2711:
In his spare time, Marx studied Proudhon, whom he would later criticize in
2570:
2569:
The only social law of the bourgeois July Monarchy was to outlaw, in 1841,
2551:
2481:
2345:
1725:
1675:
1670:
1655:
1612:
1597:
1567:
1492:
1477:
1452:
1412:
1372:
1347:
1312:
1227:
4429:
4275:
4249:
3974:
3804:
In 1899, a debate raged among Socialist groups about the participation of
3116:
3088:
2964:
After having been elected by universal suffrage President of the Republic
2880:
2635:
revolutionary newspaper, established and run by the secret society called
2472:
2306:
1715:
6083:
6068:
5398:
4798:
4679:
4643:
4483:
4368:
4212:
4117:
in 1931, debates arose inside the SFIO concerning the role of the state.
4036:
3989:
3726:
The early French Left was often alienated into the Republican movements.
3634:
3519:
3495:
3240:
3232:
3205:
3141:
3112:
3092:
2873:
2614:
2547:
2511:
2448:
2298:
2260:
1830:
1665:
1627:
1607:
1547:
1507:
1472:
1407:
1397:
1377:
1332:
1247:
1217:
1179:
1074:
917:
847:
713:
4807:
4470:
and excluded the five Communist ministers (among whom the vice-Premier,
2933:
2801:
The February 1848 Revolution toppled the July Monarchy, replaced by the
2631:
5593:
5587:
5583:
5434:
5371:
Grant, Arthur James; Temperley, H. W. V.; Ramm, Agatha (15 July 2014).
4749:
4687:
4608:
4497:
4433:
4378:
4201:
4064:
4048:
4014:
3440:
3252:
3012:
2877:
2758:
2664:
2476:
1918:
1825:
1562:
1392:
1094:
1049:
378:
373:
4308:
The Popular Front saw harsh opposition from the conservatives and the
388:
5624:
5397:
The New France: A Society in Transition 1945â1977 (Third Edition) by
5223:
4896:
4767:
3798:
3708:
3479:
3382:
3328:
3318:
3058:â of 1793â94. More than 7,500 were jailed or deported to places like
2814:
2810:
2701:
2677:
2603:
2523:
2373:
2274:
2213:
2155:
2151:
2147:
1913:
1755:
1587:
1297:
1134:
1119:
1009:
989:
979:
624:
315:
5448:
4520:(CRS), in order to crush the insurrectionary strikes started at the
4047:. The Communist Party was then admired by intellectuals such as the
3768:, who would lead the split in 1920 which led to the creation of the
3354:
2761:, he imagined an original theory based on the key Marxist notion of
2447:
tried to bypass their king on his right. This intransigeance of the
2289:
deputies sat on the benches to the left of the hall. Throughout the
5785:
5288:
4720:
4558:
4424:(GPRF) twice had as President of the Councils figures of the SFIO (
4216:
4145:
in the economy. In the left-wing of the SFIO, the tendencies named
3904:
3514:
2728:
2424:
2305:
views and rejected any compromise with modern ideologies while the
2264:
4293:
granted the 40 hours workweek to the workers, as well as right of
3629:
and the new, emerging forces advocating Socialism, whether in its
3613:
and Justice. The Dreyfus Affair witnessed the birth of the modern
3401:(1872â1877). The latter was made up of several groups, mainly the
6098:
5150:
5096:
4561:
movement. The Third Force was also supported by the conservative
4521:
4341:
4079:
4040:
3704:
3671:
3630:
3487:
3344:
2853:
2357:
2209:
2194:
1645:
1124:
1104:
383:
310:
5149:
Louis-Philippe was responding to an address sent by the city of
3834:. In 1905, during the Globe Congress, under the pressure of the
2809:(or June 1848 Revolution) gave a lethal blow to the hopes of a "
5874:
5666:
5374:
Grant and Temperley's Europe in the Twentieth Century 1905-1970
5295:, who gave his name to the eponymous prize and ... to the
4786:
3948:
3248:
2903:, the repressor of the June Days Uprising, on the center-left,
2163:
1650:
5572:
Jurassic Left: the strange death of France's "deuxiĂšme gauche"
4752:. In general, the SFIO supported the colonial wars during the
4542:(AFL), and assisted by the AFL sole representative in Europe,
4486:
alliance between the PCF, the SFIO and the Christian-Democrat
3259:, Ferry was part of the "colonial lobby" who took part in the
3131:. The main political forces in the Left at this time were the
2671:. The latter league had a pyramidal structure inspired by the
2397:
2090:
2061:
6088:
6058:
4732:
circles. Although many left-wing activists, including famous
1462:
4478: – an event which simultaneously occurred in
3677:
In 1914, after the assassination of the leader of the SFIO,
2767:
The dominant ideology is the ideology of the dominant class,
2329:, and the lowest common denominator of the French Left. The
6073:
5997:
5939:
4565:(CNIP), which succeeded in having its most popular figure,
3654:
The left in France was represented at the beginning of the
3247:
as he considered it a diversion from the "blue line of the
2177:
The left in France was represented at the beginning of the
895:
4678:
alone) which dealt with the subject (and 586 in Algeria).
4385:, reformist stance, and most of its members supported the
2786:
4981:
MarxistâLeninist Communist Organization â Proletarian Way
3830:, while JaurĂšs, Allemane and the possibilists formed the
3293:" because it promoted gradual reforms. In the same time,
2542:), were then at the far-left of the political board. The
4377:
After the Liberation, the SFIO, under the leadership of
4043:
or organizing an alternative exhibition during the 1931
3719:
which saw the majority of the SFIO spin-out to form the
3478:
were the most famous of the many, anonymous anarchists,
2992:
2860:â or "right to have a work"), and decided to establish "
3744:(POF) merged with others socialist parties to form the
3513:
that "it is an illusion to believe that a few kilos of
2647:. The League of the Just was a splinter group from the
2463:, cadet branch of the Bourbon, then came to power with
2337:
was the attempt by the left to assert itself after the
3601:) supporting the Army and the Nation, while the Left (
3597:
divided again France into two rival camps, the Right (
5504:
Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent (27 September 2006).
4401:
during the Popular Front, split again. In 1946, the
3281:
founded the first Socialist party of France, dubbed
3111:, proclaimed in September 1870. Rivalry between the
2590:
theorized Socialist coup d'Ă©tats, the socialist and
4629:(PSA, Socialist Autonomous Party), ancestor of the
4185:
Comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes
4002:, refusing to choose between Socialists (SFIO) and
3231:, who directed several governments in this period,
3160:, CGT) the following year, issued from a merger of
2976:, and proclaimed himself Emperor, establishing the
2727:, published posthumously, as well as his theory of
2427:, the former royal family returned to power in the
72:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
5370:
5234:Ideology in General, German Ideology in Particular
5183:, Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright, Routledge, 2006
4768:French Left in local government in the postwar era
5550:Le Mouvement socialiste sous la IIIĂšme RĂ©publique
5494:The Left in France by Neill Nugent and David Lowe
4196:strategy against fascism. The leader of the PCF,
3857:, created in 1895 from the fusion of the various
3355:Propaganda of the deed and exile to Great Britain
3287:Fédération des travailleurs socialistes de France
6409:
5410:Force OuvriĂšre : il y a 50 ans, la scission
5196:, Paris, Librairie ArthĂšme Fayard, 2002 (p. 713)
4553:The Three-Parties alliance was succeeded by the
4886:Decolonization and Social Emancipation Movement
3778:newspaper, became a member of the POF in 1891.
3670:(SFIO), created in 1905 as a merger of various
3664:Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party
3640:
3539:
3268:Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party
3137:Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party
2510:, the right-wing opposition to the regime (the
2455:'s downfall during the Three Glorious Days, or
2317:. The Republic itself, or, as it was called by
2193:(SFIO), created in 1905 as a merger of various
2187:Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party
4838:
4674:more than 250 books, newspapers and films (in
4504:'s cabinet, re-organized in December 1947 the
3921:, then became famous communists. Finally, the
2907:as representative of the Republican Left, and
2360:began to rival Radical Republicanism and the "
5609:
5490:
5488:
5155:« Nous chercherons à nous tenir dans un
4942:Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front
4756:(1947â54), starting with the crushing of the
4422:Provisional Government of the French Republic
4236:(CGTU) trade-union, which had split from the
3880:. This was also one of the founding piece of
3793:or POSR), which advocated the revolutionary "
3721:French Section of the Communist International
3283:Federation of the Socialist Workers of France
2626:The Condition of the Working Class in England
2617:, another revolutionary from Germany, on the
2115:
593:
5443:, No. 151 (April â June 1990), pp. 79â118 â
5314:
4654:systematic use of torture by the French Army
4563:National Centre of Independents and Peasants
3949:Split between reformists and revolutionaries
3840:French Section of the Workers' International
3762:French Section of the Workers' International
3668:French Section of the Workers' International
3227:on public, mandatory and secular education,
2724:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
2191:French Section of the Workers' International
5503:
5254:"In the World-Shadow of Bismarck and Nobel"
5091:United Guadeloupe, Solidary and Responsible
4344:terrorist group attempted several attacks.
4204:turn opposed to previous internationalism.
3826:. In 1902, Guesde and Vaillant founded the
3381:and other federalists had been excluded by
3373:, based in Switzerland, started theorizing
2700:The League of the Just participated in the
2398:Bourbon Restoration and the July Revolution
2227:
5616:
5602:
5578:D.A. MacGibbon, "French Socialism Today,"
5485:
5308:
5048:Progressive Democratic Party of Guadeloupe
4615:(a Young Turk and former prime minister),
4233:Confédération générale du travail unitaire
3447:and encouraging propaganda of the deed or
3181:
2122:
2108:
600:
586:
4462:'s Socialist government then crushed the
4188:(CVIA) was henceforth created, while the
4031:In the same time, the SFIC organized the
3957:when the majority of the SFIO (including
3845:The party remained hemmed in between the
3695:national front. In the aftermaths of the
3570:
2667:. Schusterr was inspired by the works of
5623:
5321:. Oxford University Press. p. 300.
5318:France, 1815-1914: The Bourgeois Century
5248:
4716:International Committee of the Red Cross
4362:
4263:
3791:Parti ouvrier socialiste révolutionnaire
3752:, PSF), and finally merged in 1905 with
3389:, founded in London in 1864) during the
3002:
2687:
2681:, and shared ideas with Saint-Simon and
2606:arrived in Paris in 1843, and met there
2352:and the subsequent establishment of the
2237:
5538:, 2 vol., Ă©ditions La DĂ©couverte, 2004.
5534:Becker, J.-J. & Candar, G. (dir.),
4881:Communist Revolutionary Party of France
4760:in 1947 by the socialist government of
4642:(FLN), most of the left, including the
4619:(also a member of the SFIO party), the
4510:(GMR) anti-riot police (created during
3992:parties, the SFIC criticized the first
3985:travelled to Moscow, invited by Lenin.
3818:, Left-Wing Block), which included the
3729:
3148:Furthermore, in 1894 the government of
3034:, would heavily disorganize the French
2787:1848 Revolution and the Second Republic
2655:) created in Paris two years before by
2431:. The Restoration was dominated by the
6410:
5403:
4490:(MRP), which had been initiated after
4324:league into a new, mass party, dubbed
4314:extra-parliamentary right-wing leagues
3787:Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party
3387:International Workingmen's Association
2321:, the Democratic and Social Republic (
512:Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs
5597:
5507:The Government and Politics of France
5453:
5181:The government and politics of France
4349:Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party
3998:(Left-Wing Cartel) which had won the
3884:'s revolutionary syndicalist theory.
3266:The Opportunists broke away with the
3204:who had participated to the Commune,
3178:, and then boasting 100,000 members.
2993:From the Paris Commune to World War I
2822:la République sociale et démocratique
2323:la République démocratique et sociale
1891:International socialist organizations
839:To each according to his contribution
5026:People's Union for Wallis and Futuna
4802:
4517:Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité
4381:(1946â1969), definitively adopted a
4316:, Blum had prohibited them, leading
3887:
3853:who dominated the trade unions. The
3707:, the French Left divided itself in
3689:line, the SFIO accepted to join the
3625:. The Left itself was divided among
3343:, POF) in 1880, which was the first
3042:(1871â1940). According to historian
2928:
2663:and others German emigrants, mostly
2613:Marx had come to Paris to work with
2514:) and the left-wing opposition (the
2212:, the French Left divided itself in
5043:Pole of Communist Revival in France
4646:movement which expressed itself in
4482:. This exclusion put an end to the
3251:", that is of the possibility of a
3085:February 1871 legislative elections
3070:was its quasi-minister of culture,
2737:(1845), in which he criticized the
2522:(Party of the Resistance), and the
2325:), was the objective of the French
13:
5563:
5335:
5103:Workers' Communist Party of France
4438:National Council of the Resistance
4408:Confédération nationale du travail
3988:Opposed to collaboration with the
3772:(first SFIC, then PCF) and edited
3289:, FTSF). It was characterised as "
14:
6459:
4780:
4063:...). Young philosophers such as
3969:, thus creating the SFIC (future
3582:
3553:Confédération générale du travail
3547:Fédération des Bourses du Travail
3494:, a national tradition since the
3399:Anarchist St. Imier International
3385:from the First International (or
3154:Confédération générale du travail
2170:of 1789, where supporters of the
207:Congress of the French Parliament
4806:
4791:Unified Socialist Party (France)
4635:(PSU, Unified Socialist Party).
4583:When French Generals threatened
4207:On the other hand, in June 1934
3420:In December 1893, the anarchist
3369:A few years later, parts of the
3087:had been won by the monarchists
2932:
2918:
2487:
2089:
2077:
2060:
631:
560:
249:Cour de Justice de la RĂ©publique
42:
5543:La gauche en France depuis 1900
5528:
5497:
5474:
5424:
5391:
5364:
4866:Citizen and Republican Movement
4595:to power in the turmoil of the
4572:
4436:, which were envisioned by the
4332:, the leader of the monarchist
4260:, against the rise of fascism.
3917:(1916). Many veterans, such as
3855:General Confederation of Labour
3838:, the two groups merged in the
3571:See below: Creation of the SFIO
3303:Central Revolutionary Committee
3158:General Confederation of Labour
2620:DeutschâFranzösische JahrbĂŒcher
2471:'s famous classification), the
2392:
2166:. The term originates from the
6122:Azerbaijan People's Government
5536:Histoire des gauches en France
5302:
5282:
5270:
5242:
5217:
5199:
5186:
5174:
5143:
4856:Brittany Movement and Progress
4474:, head of the PCF) during the
4104:
3307:Comité révolutionnaire central
3038:during the early years of the
2905:Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin
521:Politics of the European Union
1:
5580:Journal of Political Economy,
5291:had been invented in 1862 by
5167:
5068:Republican and Socialist Left
4876:Communist Revolutionary Party
4500:(SFIO), Interior Minister of
2755:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2586:, etc.) diffused themselves.
2404:Bourbon Restoration in France
724:Critique of political economy
501:France and the United Nations
6433:Left-wing politics in France
5277:Project of a doctoral thesis
5073:Republican Left of Catalonia
5016:Party of the Corsican Nation
4986:Melanesian Progressive Union
4959:Labour Party (New Caledonia)
4540:American Federation of Labor
4312:. Fearing the action of the
4278:, the Popular Front won the
3965:, etc.) decided to join the
3649:
3641:Growth of socialist councils
3540:Anarcho-syndicalist movement
3321:, famous for having written
2285:, in which the more radical
1994:Socialist calculation debate
1964:List of socialist economists
1939:Economic calculation problem
824:Socialist mode of production
681:Socialist calculation debate
16:Left-wing politics in France
7:
6438:Political history of France
6162:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
5208:by Bernard Moss, p. 10, in
5109:
4903:Europe Ecology â The Greens
4839:Left-wing political parties
4795:110 Propositions for France
4591:, leading to the recall of
4488:Popular Republican Movement
4446:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
3935:grande lueur venue de l'Est
3898:Following World War I, the
3095:, and it was not until the
2443:struck the Left, while the
10:
6464:
4976:Martinican Communist Party
4947:Kanak Socialist Liberation
4937:Independent Workers' Party
4927:Guadeloupe Communist Party
4871:Communist Party of RĂ©union
4843:
4784:
4576:
4366:
4267:
4219:in the SFIO, supported by
4115:Great Depression in France
3925:lifted great hopes in the
3891:
3851:revolutionary syndicalists
3750:Parti socialiste de France
3733:
3586:
3453:Marie François Sadi Carnot
3358:
3255:against the newly founded
3185:
2996:
2922:
2872:, under the presidency of
2790:
2491:
2451:, however, finally led to
2401:
2387:
2244:Liberty Leading the People
2231:
351:Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte d'Azur
6396:
6257:
6189:
6114:
6021:
5990:
5904:
5893:
5822:
5801:
5632:
5557:Histoire du parti radical
5192:Quoted by Guy Antonetti,
5058:Radical Party of the Left
5021:Party of Kanak Liberation
5011:Oceanian Democratic Rally
4640:National Liberation Front
4626:Parti socialiste autonome
4611:'s Socialist government,
4444:, political front of the
4395:parti des 85 000 fusillés
4149:(Socialist Struggle) and
4113:and the beginning of the
4111:Wall Street Crash of 1929
4088:, enabling it to win the
4045:Paris Colonial Exposition
4039:'s insurgents during the
4008:revolutionary syndicalist
3828:Socialist Party of France
3758:Parti socialiste français
3746:Socialist Party of France
3635:revolutionary syndicalism
3455:by the Italian anarchist
3243:. While Gambetta opposed
3019:Le PĂšre DuchĂȘnes illustrĂ©
2793:French Revolution of 1848
2717:(1847). He developed his
2714:The Poverty of Philosophy
2498:French Revolution of 1848
2293:, the main line dividing
2200:In the aftermaths of the
1989:Socialism and LGBT rights
933:Socialist-oriented market
881:Socialist planned economy
784:Material balance planning
5136:
5063:Renewed Caledonian Union
5038:Plural Left (Guadeloupe)
4996:New Anticapitalist Party
4991:Movement of Progressives
4932:Guianese Socialist Party
4656:. Anti-colonialists and
4507:Groupe mobile de réserve
4494:'s resignation in 1946.
3907:feelings, incarnated by
3894:Aftermath of World War I
3740:In 1902, Jules Guesde's
3470:, aka "the Red Virgin",
3430:", severely restricting
2970:Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
2913:Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
2832:ended the Republic by a
2828:"). On 2 December 1851,
2751:philosophy and economics
2295:Left and Right in France
2228:Left and Right in France
928:Socialist market economy
853:Workers' self-management
819:Socialism in one country
666:Age of the Enlightenment
264:Administrative divisions
24:This article is part of
6443:Republicanism in France
6172:North Korea (1947â1948)
6167:North Korea (1946â1947)
5470:(in English and French)
5086:Territories of Progress
4851:Breton Democratic Union
4704:(released in 1963) and
4632:Parti socialiste unifié
4393:, and was then dubbed "
4131:Non-Conformist Movement
3919:Paul Vaillant-Couturier
3810:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
3558:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
3194:Opportunist Republicans
3188:Opportunist Republicans
3182:Opportunist Republicans
3150:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
3133:Opportunist Republicans
2805:(1848â1852), while the
2772:The Communist Manifesto
2504:constitutional monarchy
2433:Counter-revolutionaries
2311:constitutional monarchy
2273:, who would die on the
1929:Criticism of capitalism
940:Participatory economics
774:Labour-time calculation
296:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
5894:Current and historical
5347:9 October 2007 at the
5266:(28). New Left Review.
4915:French Communist Party
4726:French Communist Party
4607:, who was minister of
4538:and subsidised by the
4450:right of vote to women
4270:Popular Front (France)
4190:French Communist Party
4168:6 February 1934 crisis
4155:Gauche révolutionnaire
4071:with the Russian poet
4035:struggle, encouraging
3983:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard
3971:French Communist Party
3900:demographics of France
3832:French Socialist Party
3770:French Communist Party
3736:Possibilism (politics)
3457:Sante Geronimo Caserio
3375:propaganda of the deed
3365:Propaganda of the deed
3341:Parti ouvrier français
3103:won a majority in the
3081:
3023:
2972:took power during the
2889:presidential elections
2797:French Second Republic
2697:
2596:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
2520:Parti de la résistance
2278:
2143:
1934:Criticism of socialism
886:Decentralized planning
789:Peerâtoâpeer economics
227:Constitutional Council
5465:Le Monde diplomatique
5315:Roger Magraw (1983).
4785:Further information:
4711:The Battle of Algiers
4587:'s government with a
4577:Further information:
4454:occupational medicine
4414:Fédération Anarchiste
4367:Further information:
4363:Post-war developments
4318:François de La Rocque
4295:collective bargaining
4264:Popular Front of 1936
4143:state interventionism
3892:Further information:
3742:French Workers' Party
3734:Further information:
3432:freedom of expression
3359:Further information:
3337:French Workers' Party
3299:Louis Auguste Blanqui
3186:Further information:
3048:
3040:French Third Republic
3006:
2997:Further information:
2989:was founded in 1864.
2923:Further information:
2791:Further information:
2691:
2629:. Marx wrote for the
2588:Louis Auguste Blanqui
2563:Le Journal des débats
2554:. Its mouthpiece was
2492:Further information:
2437:divine right of kings
2402:Further information:
2303:counter-revolutionary
2241:
2232:Further information:
6428:History of socialism
6399:History of socialism
5252:(JulyâAugust 2004).
5126:History of socialism
4662:Manifesto of the 121
4613:Pierre MendĂšs France
4526:Boulogne-Billancourt
4403:anarcho-syndicalists
4373:Third Force (France)
4139:classical liberalism
3836:Second International
3730:Creation of the SFIO
3681:, who had upheld an
3324:The Right to Be Lazy
3229:Charles de Freycinet
2925:Second French Empire
2719:theory of alienation
2653:Bund der Geaechteten
2382:practicing Catholics
2162:political forces in
2084:Communism portal
2067:Socialism portal
759:Industrial democracy
709:Collective ownership
291:Auvergne-RhĂŽne-Alpes
282:Metropolitan regions
6448:Socialism in France
6423:Communism in France
6418:Anarchism in France
6335:Estonia (1918â1919)
6229:Hungary (1949â1989)
5440:Le Mouvement social
5418:, 19 December 1997
5342:Biographical notice
5229:The German Ideology
5116:Anarchism in France
4953:La France Insoumise
4746:Pierre Vidal-Naquet
4676:metropolitan France
4605:François Mitterrand
4326:French Social Party
4280:3 May 1936 election
4230:The same year, the
4200:, then initiated a
4147:Bataille socialiste
4073:Vladimir Mayakovsky
3967:Third International
3820:Marquis de Gallifet
3806:Alexandre Millerand
3701:Spartacist uprising
3627:Radical Republicans
3619:liberal nationalism
3524:anarcho-syndicalist
3361:Anarchism in France
3327:, which criticized
3317:(the son-in-law of
3261:Scramble for Africa
3121:Bourbon Restoration
3105:Chamber of Deputies
2987:First International
2753:. Inspired both by
2734:The German Ideology
2669:Philippe Buonarroti
2429:Bourbon Restoration
2421:First French Empire
2319:Radical Republicans
2263:'s inspiration for
2206:Spartacist uprising
1969:Market abolitionism
1954:Left-libertarianism
891:Inclusive Democracy
858:Workplace democracy
704:Calculation in kind
686:Socialist economics
676:Revolutions of 1848
306:Centre-Val de Loire
6300:Byelorussia (1919)
5351:on Maurras on the
5250:Anderson, Benedict
5211:Socialist Register
5131:Politics of France
5121:Feminism in France
5077:Revolutionary Left
4818:. You can help by
4546:, who worked with
4351:(PSOP) along with
4285:Cartel des Gauches
4163:Cartel des Gauches
4085:Cartel des Gauches
3995:Cartel des Gauches
3923:Russian Revolution
3865:Fernand Pelloutier
3697:Russian Revolution
3633:interpretation or
3623:ethnic nationalism
3607:Georges Clemenceau
3528:Fernand Pelloutier
3464:political refugees
3371:anarchist movement
3272:Georges Clemenceau
3172:Victor Griffuelhes
3162:Fernand Pelloutier
3024:
2982:June Days uprising
2944:. You can help by
2893:universal suffrage
2862:National Workshops
2842:universal suffrage
2807:June Days uprising
2781:June Days uprising
2698:
2675:of the Republican
2649:League of the Just
2637:League of the Just
2544:Parti du mouvement
2532:universal suffrage
2528:Parti du mouvement
2331:June Days uprising
2309:hoped to create a
2279:
2234:Politics of France
2202:Russian Revolution
1974:Marxist philosophy
794:Production for use
764:Inputâoutput model
729:Economic democracy
549:Political scandals
336:Nouvelle-Aquitaine
237:Court of Cassation
35:Politics of France
6405:
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6388:
6387:
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5927:Congo-Brazzaville
5823:Regional variants
5431:Annie Lacroix-Riz
5328:978-0-19-520503-9
5297:Nobel Peace Prize
5232:, 1845 (Part I, "
4909:Eusko Alkartasuna
4836:
4835:
4758:Malagasy Uprising
4593:Charles de Gaulle
4492:Charles de Gaulle
4464:Malagasy Uprising
4320:to transform the
4172:far-right leagues
4160:In 1932 a second
3927:workers' movement
3888:After World War I
3873:workers' movement
3869:Charter of Amiens
3860:Bourse du Travail
3660:political parties
3593:Furthermore, the
3575:Charter of Amiens
3566:ouvriers du livre
3533:Bourse du Travail
3297:and the heirs of
3167:Bourse du Travail
3044:Benedict Anderson
2962:
2961:
2883:, and left-wing,
2870:Luxembourg Palace
2745:German philosophy
2643:and his ideal of
2576:utopian socialism
2571:labor to children
2417:French Revolution
2362:utopian socialism
2327:workers' movement
2283:National Assembly
2251:commemorates the
2183:political parties
2168:National Assembly
2160:social-democratic
2132:
2131:
1924:Communist society
1896:Socialist parties
1155:Saint-Simonianism
744:Equal opportunity
734:Economic planning
671:French Revolution
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567:France portal
506:Foreign alliances
479:Foreign relations
466:Political parties
171:National Assembly
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4738:Jean-Paul Sartre
4728:(PCF) and other
4706:Gillo Pontecorvo
4658:anti-militarists
4589:coup in May 1958
4534:(FO), headed by
4334:Action Française
4310:French far-right
4291:Matignon Accords
4221:Raymond Molinier
4215:, a strategy of
4098:Ădouard Daladier
4033:anti-colonialist
3815:Bloc des gauches
3715:during the 1920
3683:internationalist
3530:, leader of the
3422:Auguste Vaillant
3295:Ădouard Vaillant
3225:Jules Ferry laws
3222:
3208:, leader of the
3202:Republican Union
3200:, leader of the
3119:prevented a new
3010:charging on the
2966:in December 1848
2957:
2954:
2936:
2929:
2858:droit au travail
2846:Victor SchĆlcher
2836:proclaiming the
2706:Communist League
2661:Wilhelm Weitling
2657:Theodor Schuster
2608:Friedrich Engels
2540:droit du travail
2461:House of Orléans
2419:of 1789 and the
2378:anti-clericalism
2249:EugĂšne Delacroix
2220:during the 1920
2144:Gauche française
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2096:Organized Labour
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2009:Workers' council
1646:Gracchi Brothers
1170:Social democracy
913:Market socialism
901:Project Cybersyn
829:Soviet democracy
814:Social ownership
769:Internationalism
749:Free association
719:Common ownership
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4754:Fourth Republic
4734:existentialists
4730:anti-militarist
4701:Le petit soldat
4696:Jean-Luc Godard
4664:, published in
4621:Communist Party
4585:Pierre Pflimlin
4581:
4575:
4476:May 1947 crises
4383:social-democrat
4375:
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4330:Charles Maurras
4272:
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4223:but opposed by
4141:and refusal of
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4094:Ădouard Herriot
4092:. The Radicals
3959:Boris Souvarine
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3713:revolutionaries
3687:anti-militarist
3652:
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3599:Charles Maurras
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3505:Peter Kropotkin
3492:right of asylum
3427:lois scélérates
3395:Jura Federation
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3223:who passed the
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2942:needs expansion
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2777:Second Republic
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2683:Charles Fourier
2645:social equality
2641:Gracchus Babeuf
2584:Charles Fourier
2546:supported the "
2508:census suffrage
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4502:Robert Schuman
4472:Maurice Thorez
4442:Front National
4364:
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4338:Roger Salengro
4303:Maurice Thorez
4268:Main article:
4265:
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4225:Pierre Naville
4211:initiated the
4198:Maurice Thorez
4151:Marceau Pivert
4123:Adrien Marquet
4109:Following the
4106:
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4026:Pierre Naville
4011:Pierre Monatte
4000:1924 elections
3973:, PCF), while
3963:Fernand Loriot
3955:Tours Congress
3950:
3947:
3941:, forming the
3909:Henri Barbusse
3889:
3886:
3878:general strike
3795:general strike
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3595:Dreyfus affair
3589:Dreyfus affair
3587:Main article:
3584:
3583:Dreyfus Affair
3581:
3541:
3538:
3522:movement. The
3507:thus wrote in
3476:Charles Malato
3449:antimilitarism
3391:Hague Congress
3356:
3353:
3183:
3180:
3129:Dreyfus affair
3127:crisis or the
3109:Third Republic
3097:1876 elections
3064:Louis Napoleon
3032:Adolphe Thiers
3008:Adolphe Thiers
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2127:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:Libertarianism
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:Related topics
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
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1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
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1778:
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1748:
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1723:
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1713:
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1698:
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1197:
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1187:
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1177:
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1157:
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1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
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1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
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1052:
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1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
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1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
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962:
956:
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950:
947:
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930:
925:
920:
910:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
878:
872:
869:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
855:
850:
845:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
779:Labour voucher
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
700:
697:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
683:
678:
673:
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662:
659:
658:
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646:
640:
637:
636:
628:
627:
621:
620:
608:
607:
605:
604:
597:
590:
582:
579:
578:
576:
575:
569:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
541:
535:
533:Related topics
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
516:
515:
510:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
482:
477:
476:
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469:
468:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
434:
429:
428:
425:
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421:
420:
410:
409:
403:
402:
401:
392:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
364:
363:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
287:
286:
285:
276:
275:
267:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
246:
244:
242:Court of Audit
239:
234:
229:
223:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
203:
202:
200:GĂ©rard Larcher
188:
187:
186:
167:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
139:
138:
128:
120:Prime Minister
114:
113:
103:
90:
85:
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:
69:
67:
65:Fifth Republic
61:
56:
55:
52:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
33:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6460:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6400:
6395:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6315:Crimea (1919)
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6178:
6177:South Vietnam
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6105:
6104:North Vietnam
6102:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5892:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5814:United States
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5771:United States
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5650:New Australia
5648:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5619:
5614:
5612:
5607:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5575:25 March 2007
5574:
5573:
5569:Henri Astier
5568:
5567:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5548:Lefranc, G.,
5547:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5519:
5517:9781134247912
5513:
5510:. Routledge.
5509:
5508:
5500:
5491:
5489:
5482:
5477:
5468:, April 2001
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5386:
5384:9781317872429
5380:
5377:. Routledge.
5376:
5375:
5367:
5357:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5338:
5330:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5311:
5305:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5278:
5273:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5195:
5189:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5142:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:Occitan Party
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4830:
4821:
4817:
4814:This section
4812:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4774:
4765:
4763:
4762:Paul Ramadier
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4698:'s 1960 film
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4570:
4568:
4567:Antoine Pinay
4564:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4548:Jay Lovestone
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4484:Three-parties
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4468:Marshall Plan
4465:
4461:
4460:Paul Ramadier
4457:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4387:colonial wars
4384:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4357:René Lefeuvre
4354:
4353:Luxemburgists
4350:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4299:strike action
4296:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:1936 election
4243:
4242:Popular Front
4239:
4235:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4194:popular front
4191:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4170:organized by
4169:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4127:Neo-Socialist
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4090:1924 election
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4022:Alfred Rosmer
4019:
4018:intellectuals
4016:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:Marcel Cachin
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3943:National Bloc
3940:
3939:1919 election
3936:
3933:hailed this "
3932:
3931:Jules Romains
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3882:Georges Sorel
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3847:Radical Party
3843:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3783:Jean Allemane
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3766:Marcel Cachin
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3662:, namely the
3661:
3657:
3647:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3548:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3468:Louise Michel
3465:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3315:Paul Lafargue
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3257:German Empire
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3198:LĂ©on Gambetta
3195:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3060:New Caledonia
3057:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:Paris Commune
3021:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2999:Paris Commune
2990:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2978:Second Empire
2975:
2971:
2967:
2956:
2947:
2943:
2940:This section
2938:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2919:Second Empire
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2838:Second Empire
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2552:nation states
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2027:Related lists
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1080:Laissez-faire
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834:Strike action
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739:Equal liberty
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369:French Guiana
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131:Gabriel Attal
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59:
58:Constitutions
54:
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50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
6275:BaranyaâBaja
6244:Soviet Union
6224:East Germany
5922:Burkina Faso
5715:
5579:
5571:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5529:Bibliography
5506:
5499:
5476:
5463:
5455:
5438:
5426:
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5405:
5393:
5373:
5366:
5352:
5337:
5317:
5310:
5304:
5284:
5272:
5263:
5257:
5244:
5238:(in English)
5227:
5219:
5209:
5201:
5193:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5158:
5157:juste milieu
5154:
5145:
5095:
5030:
4968:
4951:
4921:Génération.s
4919:
4907:
4895:
4824:
4820:adding to it
4815:
4775:
4771:
4742:Albert Camus
4719:
4709:
4699:
4692:The Deserter
4691:
4683:
4665:
4647:
4637:
4630:
4624:
4617:Alain Savary
4597:Algerian War
4582:
4579:Algerian War
4573:Algerian War
4552:
4544:Irving Brown
4536:LĂ©on Jouhaux
4529:
4515:
4505:
4496:
4458:
4419:
4412:
4406:
4405:created the
4394:
4376:
4346:
4322:Croix-de-Feu
4307:
4283:
4273:
4254:
4231:
4229:
4209:Leon Trotsky
4206:
4183:
4180:united front
4176:anti-fascist
4161:
4159:
4154:
4146:
4133:, theorized
4108:
4083:
4077:
4069:Elsa Triolet
4057:Louis Aragon
4053:André Breton
4030:
3993:
3987:
3952:
3934:
3912:
3897:
3858:
3844:
3813:
3812:'s cabinet (
3803:
3790:
3780:
3773:
3760:to form the
3757:
3749:
3739:
3725:
3692:Union sacrée
3690:
3676:
3658:by two main
3656:20th century
3653:
3644:
3615:intellectual
3611:human rights
3609:) supported
3592:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3531:
3508:
3501:
3472:Ămile Pouget
3461:
3425:
3419:
3368:
3340:
3322:
3311:Jules Guesde
3306:
3301:founded the
3286:
3279:Paul Brousse
3276:
3265:
3191:
3176:Ămile Pouget
3165:
3153:
3147:
3140:
3082:
3049:
3025:
3017:
3011:
2963:
2950:
2946:adding to it
2941:
2857:
2825:
2821:
2800:
2783:first hand.
2770:
2766:
2742:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2699:
2676:
2652:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2568:
2561:
2555:
2543:
2539:
2527:
2526:center-left
2519:
2501:
2482:juste milieu
2441:White Terror
2411:
2393:19th century
2346:Napoleon III
2343:
2322:
2291:19th century
2286:
2280:
2268:
2242:
2199:
2181:by two main
2179:20th century
2176:
2146:) refers to
2135:
2133:
1948:
1040:Evolutionary
960:21st-century
754:Freed market
544:Human rights
443:Presidential
415:
396:
358:
280:
270:
247:
143:
118:
93:
70:
18:
6258:Short-lived
6115:Short-lived
6084:South Yemen
6069:North Korea
6029:Afghanistan
5746:New Zealand
5741:Netherlands
5420:(in French)
5399:John Ardagh
5360:(in French)
4799:Plural Left
4684:La Question
4680:Henri Alleg
4660:signed the
4644:personalist
4555:Third Force
4524:factory in
4514:), renamed
4434:labour laws
4426:FĂ©lix Gouin
4369:Tripartisme
4297:, right of
4244:during the
4213:French Turn
4119:Marcel DĂ©at
4105:Early 1930s
4061:Paul Ăluard
4049:surrealists
4037:Abd el-Krim
3824:Jean JaurĂšs
3754:Jean JaurĂšs
3679:Jean JaurĂšs
3637:tradition.
3520:trade union
3496:Reformation
3484:FĂ©lix Faure
3445:free speech
3291:possibilist
3245:colonialism
3241:Jules Simon
3237:Jules Grévy
3233:Jules Favre
3213: [
3206:Jules Ferry
3142:sinistrisme
3125:Boulangisme
3113:Legitimists
3101:Republicans
3093:Legitimists
3052:Robespierre
2874:Louis Blanc
2834:coup d'Ă©tat
2615:Arnold Ruge
2580:Saint-Simon
2557:Le National
2516:Republicans
2512:Legitimists
2469:René Rémond
2449:Legitimists
2333:during the
2299:Legitimists
2261:Victor Hugo
2259:, would be
2136:French Left
2071:WikiProject
1949:French Left
1741:Spiridonova
1640:Politicians
1553:Castoriadis
1233:Saint-Simon
1185:Third World
1180:Syndicalism
1115:Nationalist
1090:Libertarian
1055:Free-market
918:Lange model
906:Soviet-type
876:Communalism
848:Vanguardism
804:Spontaneism
714:Cooperative
660:Development
448:Legislative
438:Referendums
417:Departments
164:Legislature
6412:Categories
6370:Tarnobrzeg
6295:Bessarabia
6249:Yugoslavia
5972:Seychelles
5967:Mozambique
5962:Madagascar
5885:Vietnamese
5880:Venezuelan
5870:Nicaraguan
5865:Melanesian
5782:Venezuela
5694:Kuomintang
5687:since 1978
5657:Bangladesh
5633:By country
5627:by country
5415:L'Humanité
5168:References
4964:Left Party
4750:Guy Mollet
4718:leaked to
4688:Boris Vian
4609:Guy Mollet
4498:Jules Moch
4391:Resistance
4379:Guy Mollet
4274:Headed by
4258:anarchists
4248:, leading
4125:created a
4065:Paul Nizan
4015:Trotskyist
3914:Under Fire
3775:L'Humanité
3709:reformists
3603:Ămile Zola
3510:Le Révolté
3441:propaganda
3436:censorship
3333:alienation
3117:Orléanists
3089:Orléanists
3026:After the
3013:Communards
2881:Orléanists
2866:unemployed
2864:" for the
2826:La Sociale
2815:Democratic
2759:Adam Smith
2665:journeymen
2598:theorized
2473:Orléanists
2425:Napoleon I
2372:with whom
2344:Following
2307:Orléanists
2275:barricades
2247:(1830) by
2214:reformists
2172:revolution
2042:Socialists
2037:By country
1919:Capitalism
1801:Mitterrand
1766:Gerhardsen
1711:Liebknecht
1696:Markievicz
1623:Varoufakis
1573:Fotopoulos
1243:Saint-Just
1238:Buonarroti
1223:Campanella
1160:Scientific
1095:Marhaenism
1050:Fourierism
1035:Ecological
1015:Democratic
379:Martinique
374:Guadeloupe
175:Membership
145:Government
6328:1939â1940
6283:1918â1919
6052:1982â1992
6047:1979â1992
6042:1975â1979
6038:Cambodia
6013:Nicaragua
5945:1987â1991
5940:1974â1987
5936:Ethiopia
5875:Tanzanian
5756:Sri Lanka
5699:Hong Kong
5682:Communist
5645:Australia
5640:Argentina
5625:Socialism
5590:in JSTOR.
5224:Karl Marx
4897:Ensemble!
4827:June 2008
4672:censoring
4667:L'Express
4430:LĂ©on Blum
4276:LĂ©on Blum
4250:LĂ©on Blum
4202:patriotic
3990:bourgeois
3975:LĂ©on Blum
3674:parties.
3650:1900-1920
3646:workers.
3562:cheminots
3480:deserters
3383:Karl Marx
3347:party in
3319:Karl Marx
3277:In 1879,
3099:that the
3022:magazine.
2974:1851 coup
2953:June 2008
2901:Cavaignac
2897:Lamartine
2850:abolition
2702:Blanquist
2678:Carbonari
2604:Karl Marx
2600:mutualism
2592:anarchist
2534:and the "
2524:reformist
2453:Charles X
2374:Karl Marx
2350:1851 coup
2197:parties.
2156:anarchist
2152:socialist
2148:communist
1914:Anarchism
1836:Gorbachev
1686:Malatesta
1681:Bernstein
1458:Pankhurst
1438:Pannekoek
1428:Luxemburg
1383:Plekhanov
1358:Carpenter
1353:Kropotkin
1150:Ricardian
1140:Religious
1135:Reformism
1120:Nkrumaism
1110:Municipal
1010:Communism
1005:Christian
990:Blanquism
980:Anarchism
923:Mutualism
625:Socialism
458:Municipal
431:Elections
341:Occitania
316:Grand Est
220:Judiciary
196:President
180:President
95:President
87:Executive
6380:WĂŒrzburg
6355:Naissaar
6319:Finland
6279:Bavaria
6217:Slovakia
6202:Bulgaria
6132:Far East
6079:Mongolia
5991:Americas
5855:European
5786:Chavismo
5751:Pakistan
5358:website
5345:Archived
5289:Dynamite
5110:See also
5001:New Deal
4736:writers
4721:Le Monde
4559:Gaullist
4355:such as
4217:entryism
4020:such as
4004:Radicals
3905:pacifism
3849:and the
3842:(SFIO).
3764:(SFIO).
3723:(SFIC).
3699:and the
3666:and the
3515:dynamite
3415:American
3115:and the
3079:abroad."
3076:Pissarro
2844:and for
2818:Republic
2729:ideology
2632:VorwÀrts
2602:, while
2594:thinker
2265:Gavroche
2204:and the
2189:and the
2032:Category
1771:Erlander
1731:Kerensky
1701:Connolly
1558:Thompson
1543:Bookchin
1533:Montseny
1483:Vanzetti
1448:Einstein
1418:Landauer
1323:Saltykov
1318:Lassalle
1278:Proudhon
1060:Gandhian
1045:Feminist
995:Buddhist
975:Agrarian
953:Variants
617:a series
615:Part of
539:Centrism
491:Americas
331:Normandy
301:Brittany
26:a series
6350:Ireland
6340:Galicia
6239:Romania
6197:Albania
6152:Jiangxi
6099:Vietnam
6003:Grenada
5977:Somalia
5860:Israeli
5850:Chinese
5845:Burmese
5840:British
5830:African
5802:History
5793:Vietnam
5761:Tunisia
5711:Finland
5706:Estonia
5151:Gaillac
5097:Walwari
4844:Current
4522:Renault
4342:Cagoule
4328:(PSF).
4135:planism
4080:Marxist
4041:Rif War
3705:Germany
3672:Marxist
3631:Marxist
3488:amnesty
3411:Belgian
3407:Spanish
3403:Italian
3379:Bakunin
3345:Marxist
3253:revenge
3072:Rimbaud
3068:Courbet
2909:Raspail
2885:Radical
2878:liberal
2854:slavery
2824:", or "
2721:in the
2506:and of
2477:liberal
2475:. More
2388:History
2358:Marxism
2287:Jacobin
2210:Germany
2195:Marxist
1866:SĂĄnchez
1851:Sankara
1811:Mandela
1796:Kreisky
1786:Allende
1781:Senghor
1776:Douglas
1761:Durruti
1726:Trotsky
1618:Graeber
1598:Hampton
1568:Chomsky
1513:Marcuse
1498:Gramsci
1488:Bordiga
1478:Polanyi
1433:Russell
1423:Berkman
1413:Goldman
1403:Du Bois
1373:Kautsky
1368:Bellamy
1333:Tolstoy
1308:Wallace
1293:Bakunin
1283:Greeley
1273:Blanqui
1253:Fourier
1200:Zionist
1190:Utopian
1130:Popular
1125:Owenism
1105:Marxism
1085:Liberal
1070:Islamic
1030:Ethical
1025:Digital
1000:Chinese
965:African
649:Outline
644:History
389:RĂ©union
384:Mayotte
311:Corsica
272:Regions
6360:Saxony
6305:Bremen
6234:Poland
6190:Europe
6157:Kuwait
6137:Fujian
5952:Guinea
5912:Angola
5905:Africa
5721:Greece
5716:France
5678:China
5674:Canada
5667:Lulism
5662:Brazil
5588:Part 2
5584:Part 1
5514:
5381:
5325:
5214:, 1998
4797:, and
4787:May 68
4649:Esprit
4417:(FA).
4182:. The
3799:reform
3349:France
3329:labour
3249:Vosges
3135:, the
3056:Terror
2811:Social
2439:. The
2164:France
2140:French
1861:Marcos
1856:ChĂĄvez
1846:Corbyn
1821:Manley
1816:DubÄek
1806:Nasser
1746:Makhno
1736:Attlee
1721:Martov
1706:Gandhi
1661:Babeuf
1651:Mazdak
1613:Hedges
1593:Ăcalan
1578:Newton
1538:Sartre
1528:Guérin
1523:Orwell
1473:Korsch
1468:LukĂĄcs
1453:Keller
1443:Rocker
1388:Ferrer
1343:Morris
1338:Michel
1313:Lavrov
1303:Engels
1288:Herzen
1263:Leroux
1195:Yellow
1100:Market
1075:Jewish
870:Models
486:Africa
453:Senate
191:Senate
6375:UĆŸice
6310:BihaÄ
6270:Banat
6142:Gilan
6089:Syria
6059:China
6034:Burma
6008:Chile
5982:Sudan
5957:Libya
5932:Egypt
5917:Benin
5736:Italy
5726:India
5293:Nobel
5137:Notes
4512:Vichy
4480:Italy
4013:, or
3221:]
3016:, in
2413:Paris
2364:" of
2301:held
2047:Songs
2021:Lists
1826:Palme
1676:Bebel
1666:Blanc
1628:Saito
1603:ĆœiĆŸek
1583:Wolff
1518:James
1503:Sacco
1493:Serge
1463:Volin
1408:Gorky
1398:Wells
1393:Dewey
1378:Wilde
1363:Sorel
1348:Jones
1258:Cabet
1228:Paine
1175:State
1165:Sewer
1065:Guild
843:needs
698:Ideas
151:Attal
6323:1918
6288:1919
6094:Tuva
6074:Laos
6064:Iraq
6022:Asia
5998:Cuba
5835:Arab
5731:Iran
5586:and
5512:ISBN
5379:ISBN
5323:ISBN
4740:and
4428:and
4420:The
4371:and
4121:and
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2134:The
1841:Lula
1756:Nagy
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1716:Blum
1691:Debs
1671:Hong
1656:Roux
1608:West
1563:Ward
1548:Zinn
1298:Marx
1248:Owen
1218:More
970:Arab
896:OGAS
496:Asia
135:LREM
125:list
110:LREM
100:list
5445:doi
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