4788:
municipalities. According to a study by Neill Nugent and David Lowe, there appeared to be "a much greater variation in specific priorities between PS-led councils than between PCF-led councils", with the range of issues identified by PS councillors and mayors as constituting their accomplishments and objectives being "enormously varied". As noted by the study, while traditional and expected concerns with issues such as urban renewal, educational facilities, transport, and housing remained, these had been supplanted by "a wide range of community, cultural and environmental interests". Amongst such accomplishments being cited by
Socialist mayors in early 1980 included waste disposal schemes, the creation of pedestrian-only areas in town centres, the provision of municipal taxi and bicycle services, and making facilities available for young people (which included, in the one municipality, helping to set up cafes managed by young people themselves). One innovative authority, La Rochelle, had been led by Michel Crepeau (a proponent of environmentalism) of the MRG since 1971, and amongst his priorities had been a major waste recycling scheme which had come to make a profit for the town.
4784:
innovative, being honest, and being generally well run. In comparison with non-Communist authorities, Communist authorities tended to levy higher local taxes, charge lower rates for use of services, and use less of their revenue for self-financing investment. In addition, Communist authorities devoted a considerably greater proportion of resources than non-Communist authorities to educational and social programmes. According to a study by Andrew Knapp and
Vincent Wright, at a time of more or less full employment "Communist mayors were purposeful and competent at building housing, schools, clinics, sports halls and cultural centres", but were however "far less successful at delivering the economic development that became the key voter priority as joblessness rose in the 1980s".
2250:
2700:
55:
2090:
3015:
4819:
2945:
644:
573:
2102:
2073:
3150:, and the emergent Socialist parties who won several municipal elections in the 1880s, establishing what has been dubbed "municipal socialism." At the turn of the 20th century, the Radicals replaced the Opportunists as the main center-left forces, although the latter, who slowly became social conservatives, continued to claim their place as members of the Left – a political phenomenon known as "
4467:. From 1945 to 1947, a socialist agricultural minister under Charles De Gaulle developed provision for marketing agencies and the protection of tenant rights. A Socialist law of 1946 replaced the metayage system with a tenancy statute (statut de fermage) that provided greater security from eviction "and put a normal annual rent in place of the tithe".
3073:. Thousands of others fled to Belgium, England, Italy, Spain and the United States. In 1872, stringent laws were passed that ruled out all possibilities of organizing on the left. Not till 1880 was there a general amnesty for exiled and imprisoned Communards. Meantime, the Third Republic found itself strong enough to renew and reinforce
4787:
Socialist-led authorities were also innovative like PCF-led authorities, with a greater priority given by such councils to educational and social policies and public services than by councils headed by parties of the Centre and Right, although spending was not as proportionately high as in PCF-led
3656:
By 1896, French socialists had acquired control of 157 town councils. They provided public baths, washing troughs, parks, strike funds, legal aid, meals at school, and crĂšches. Socialist municipalities also provided homes for victims of industrial accidents and improved conditions for council
3509:
in the 16th century. Several hate campaigns were issued in the
British press in the 1890s against these French exilees, relayed by riots and a "restrictionist" party which advocated the end of liberality concerning freedom of movement, and hostility towards French and international activists
3913:
were deeply renewed, with an increasing urban population, including many workers, and more immigrants to replace the deceased manpower. These demographic changes were important for the left, providing it important electoral supports. Furthermore, the slaughter during the war lead to renewed
4783:
In the years after the end of the Second World War, parties of the Left were able to implement innovative reforms in various local authorities that came under their control. Communist-headed municipalities, for instance, acquired a reputation (like their
Italian equivalents) of often being
4299:
without participating to it, the PCF supported the
Popular Front without entering government. At the beginning of June 1936, massive strikes acclaimed the victory of the union of the Lefts, with more than 1.5 million workers on strike. On 8 June 1936, the
3513:
In the meanwhile, important figures in the anarchist movement began to distance themselves with this understanding of "propaganda of the deed", in part because of the state repression against the whole labor movement provoked by such individual acts. In 1887,
3477:, in particular anarchists, who were all conflated with the few who had engaged in bombings. Henceforth, the UK became a nest for anarchist colonies expelled from the continent, in particular between 1892 and 1895, which marked the height of the repression.
4111:
then incarnated the
Radicals' opening to both Marxist parties, the SFIO and the SFIC. However, despite their alliance, the SFIO and the Radicals diverge on their views on the role of the state or on their attitude towards Capitalism and the middle classes.
3571:, a moderate Republican, had legalized workers' and employers' trade-unions (Waldeck-Rousseau Act), thus allowing such a legal form of association. The CGT's most important sections were then workers in railway companies and in the printing industry (
4266:
This new alliance between the two rival
Marxist parties (the reformist SFIO and the revolutionary PCF) was an important experience mainly at the level of the party leaders. The base was already used to work together, from Social-Democrats to
3449:
of the press. The second one allowed to condemn any person directly or indirectly involved in a propaganda of the deed act, even if no killing was effectively carried on. The last one condemned any person or newspaper using anarchist
3089:
were active propagandists) or were sympathetic to it. The ferocious repression of 1871 and after was probably the key factor in alienating these milieux from the Third
Republic and stirring their sympathy for its victims at home and
2995:
during which the bourgeoisie took the upper hand. Napoleon III followed at first authoritarian policies, before attempting a liberal shift in the end of his reign. Many left-wing activists exiled themselves to London, where the
4017:(or, as they put it, between "the plague and cholera"). After Lenin's death in 1924, the SFIC radicalized itself, following the Komintern's directions. Founders of the party were expelled, such as Boris Souvarine, the
2490:
than the aristocratic supporters of the
Bourbon, the Orleanists aimed at achieving a form of national reconciliation, symbolized by Louis-Philippe's famous statement in January 1831: "We will attempt to remain in a
3886:
from the political sphere, preventing any direct link between a trade-union and a political party. It also proclaimed a revolutionary syndicalist perspective of transformation of society, through the means of the
2584:
under eight years of age, and night labor for those of less than 13 years. The law, however, was almost never implemented. Christians imagined a "charitable economy", while the ideas of
Socialism, in particular
3833:, best known for having directed the bloody repression during the Paris Commune, alongside Radicals. Furthermore, the participation in a "bourgeois government" sparked a controversy opposing Jules Guesde to
3528:
will be enough to win against the coalition of exploiters". A variety of anarchists advocated the abandonment of these sorts of tactics in favor of collective revolutionary action, for example through the
3882:
in 1906, a year after the unification of the other socialist tendencies in the SFIO party. The Charte d'Amiens, a cornerstone of the history of the French labor movement, asserted the autonomy of the
3207:, who considered that the Republican regime could only be consolidated by successive phases. Those dominated French politics from 1876 to the 1890s. The "Opportunists" included figures such as
6187:
3547:
from 1895 until his death in 1901, argued in 1895 for renewed anarchist involvement in the labor movement on the basis that anarchism could do very well without "the individual dynamiter."
2387:
had become disillusioned. Socialism fused with the Jacobin ideals of Radical Republicanism leading to a unique political posture embracing nationalism, socialist measures, democracy and
853:
4991:
3404:
of 1872. The Socialist tradition had split between the anarchists, or "anti-authoritarian Socialists", and the Communists. A year after their exclusion, the Bakuninists created the
2760:". For the first time, Marx related history of ideas with economic history, linking the "ideological superstructure" with the "economical infrastructure", and thus tying together
5164:, who had declared that it submitted itself to the King's government "in order to assure the development of the conquests of July" . Louis-Philippe thus responded (in French):
4568:(1947â1951), a coalition gathering the SFIO, the United States center-right party, the Radicals, the MRP and other centrist politicians, opposed both to the Communist and the
3948:" â "great light coming from the East"). On the opposite side of the political board, the conservatives played on the "red scare" and won a massive victory during the
3134:, and the Third Republic became firmly established with the 1875 Constitutional Laws. However, anti-Republican agitation continued, with various crisis, including the
3878:), the unions and the industries' federations, claimed its independence and the non-distinction between political and workplace activism. This was formalized by the
3501:
in February 1895. A few hundreds persons related to the anarchist movement would however remain in the UK between 1880 and 1914. In reaction, the British restricted
5492:
Municipal socialism in France from the interwar period to the 1970s An innovative local experiment Aude Chamouard & translated by Oliver Waine - 30 April 2014
5819:
5824:
5290:, continuing work on "French Anarchists in England, 1880â1905", including a large French & English bibliography, with archives and contemporary newspapers.
4681:
in 1960. Although the use of torture quickly became well-known and was opposed by the left-wing opposition, the French state repeatedly denied its employment,
4195:
2185:
were seated on the left of the assembly. During the 1800s, left largely meant support for the Republic, whereas right largely meant support for the monarchy.
3428:, French and Swiss sections, who opposed Marx's control of the Central Council and favoured the autonomy of national sections free from centralized control.
190:
4177:
won the election, but this time the SFIO did not associate themselves in the government. The leader of the Cartel, Daladier, was forced to resign following
4243:
2367:, the Left was excluded from the political arena and focused on organising the workers. The growing French workers movement consisted of diverse strands;
82:
2696:'s utopian socialism. Their aim was to establish a "Social Republic" in the German states which would respect "freedom", "equality" and "civic virtue".
2391:(opposition to the role of the church in controlling French social and cultural life) all of which remain distinctive features of the French Left. Most
3797:
2715:
uprising of May 1839 in Paris. Hereafter expelled from France, the League of the Just moved to London, where they would transform themselves into the
5355:
3181:
and other, local workers' associations. Dominated by anarcho-syndicalists, the unification of the CGT culminated in 1902, attracting figures such as
6177:
522:
4263:
to become prime minister. Opposed to the alliance with bourgeois parties, the Trotskyists divided themselves, about 600 of them leaving the SFIO.
6370:
6285:
4896:
4664:
3850:
3772:
3678:
2201:
5287:
3077:'s imperialist expansionâin Indochina, Africa, and Oceania. Many of France's leading intellectuals and artists had participated in the Commune (
6013:
2426:
was throughout the 19th century the permanent theater of insurrectionary movements and headquarters of European revolutionaries. Following the
1901:
4952:
4432:
3293:
2636:
4251:
after the Tours Congress, was reintegrated to the CGT. This alliance between Socialists and Communists paved the way for the victory of the
6062:
5626:
4573:
2734:
610:
4527:
6275:
5955:
5101:
2132:
4759:, denounced without exception the use of torture, the French government was itself headed in 1957 by the general secretary of the SFIO,
5058:
370:
206:
6207:
5942:
3462:
was severely restricted. Some people were condemned to prison for rejoicing themselves of the 1894 assassination of French president
3397:
2997:
5446:
Autour d'Irving Brown: l'A.F.L., le Free Trade Union Committee le Departement d'Etat et la scission syndicale francaise (1944â1947)
2922:
as far-left, Socialist, candidate. Both Raspail and Lamartine obtained less than 1%, Cavaignac reached almost 20%, while the prince
6345:
6310:
6259:
6044:
4726:
4409:
4359:
4320:
4248:
3865:
3563:
3168:
2630:
5692:
5036:
4891:
4418:
3561:
was created in 1892, on a decentralized basis, federating each city workers' organization. Three years later, they merged in the
3454:(and, by extension, socialist libertarians present or former members of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA)). Thus,
799:
6333:
5967:
5860:
5697:
4886:
3579:). For decades, the CGT would dominate the labor movement, keeping away from the political field and the parliamentary system (
3493:
or simple criminals who had fled France and other European countries. These exiles would only return to France after President
3281:
which aimed at deep transformations of society, leading to strong disagreements in the Chamber of Deputies, in particular with
2926:
surprisingly won the election with almost 75% of the votes, marking an important defeat of the Republican and Socialist camps.
1010:
4634:, etc. MendĂšs-France and Savary, opposed to their respective parties' support to de Gaulle, would form together, in 1960, the
583:
6443:
6305:
5337:
5264:
5113:
4614:. On the left, however, various personalities opposed de Gaulle's come-back, seen as an authoritarian threat. Those included
4140:
tendency and were expelled from the SFIO in November 1933. Others, responding to the debates lifted in the right-wing by the
4093:
language, and prepared itself to seize power through the elections. It allied itself with the Radical-Socialist Party in the
3435:
threw a bomb in the National Assembly, injuring one. The Opportunist Republicans swiftly reacted, voting two days later the "
3359:
2780:" did he conclude in his essay, setting up the program for the years to come, a program which would be further explicated in
2301:
2293:
2178:
849:
4443:). Although the GPRF was active only from 1944 to 1946, it had a lasting influence, in particular regarding the enacting of
3808:". Additionally, some deputies took the name Socialist without adhering to any party. These mostly advocated moderation and
3225:
2790:. Arrested and expelled to Belgium, Marx was then invited by the new regime back to Paris, where he was able to witness the
6448:
6182:
6157:
5704:
5078:
2292:
The distinction between left and right wings in politics derives from the seating arrangements which began during the 1789
2189:
3285:. At the end of the 19th century, the Opportunists were replaced by the Radicals as the primary force in French politics.
3041:
of 1871, the French Left was decimated for ten years. Until the 1880s general amnesty, this harsh repression, directed by
5053:
4650:
4636:
4185:, which were immediately interpreted by the French Left as a Fascist coup d'Ă©tat attempt. This led to the creation of an
3670:
3666:
2193:
476:
5962:
5420:
3334:
259:
6350:
6039:
5977:
4610:(1954â62), the Radicals and the SFIO supported his return and the establishment of the semi-presidential regime of the
4452:
4448:
274:
6325:
6152:
6132:
6057:
5972:
5937:
5895:
5526:
5393:
4539:
by anarchists and Trotskyists. This repression split the CGT, leading to the formation in April 1948 of the spin-off
3409:
3061:"roughly 20,000 Communards or suspected sympathizers , a number higher than those killed in the recent war or during
2976:
2899:
2786:, published on 21 February 1848, as the manifesto of the Communist League, three days before the proclamation of the
2395:
continue to vote conservative while areas which were receptive to the revolution in 1789 continue to vote socialist.
943:
559:
351:
217:
135:
6453:
6212:
6023:
5619:
4801:
4735:
newspaper confirmed the allegations of torture made by the opposition to the war, represented in particular by the
4642:
4408:" ("party of the 85,000 executed people"). On the other hand, the labor movement, which had been re-unified in the
4290:
4256:
4100:
4010:
3949:
3838:
3756:
3107:
3095:
2352:, that foundered on its own divided radicalism which too few of the (still predominantly rural) population shared.
2037:
1894:
603:
453:
341:
311:
4078:
also joined it. The poet Aragon traveled to the United States, and maintained indirect relations through his wife
3964:
The new context issued of the Russian Revolution brought a new split in the French Left, realized during the 1920
361:
6217:
4913:
4876:
4316:, the leader of the PCF, pushed workers to stop the strikes, preventing an over-radicalization of the situation.
3313:
2125:
2081:
458:
237:
2561:" in Europe, which were trying, all over of Europe, to shake the grip of the various Empires in order to create
2478:, marking the new influence of the second, important right-wing tradition of France (according to the historian
6239:
6137:
6089:
5922:
5850:
4866:
3425:
3343:
2915:
2729:
2495:' (the middle ground), in an equal distance from the excesses of popular power and the abuses of royal power."
531:
5932:
2851:(1852â1870) the next year. The Second Republic, however, is best remembered for having first established male
6438:
6249:
6147:
5927:
5244:
5216:
4947:
4424:
3842:
3131:
2765:
2439:
2414:
2047:
970:
916:
891:
759:
734:
511:
501:
468:
185:
4881:
2984:
2844:
2360:
2266:
of 1830. The child with the gun, at the right of the woman personifiying Liberty, who holds the Republican,
2249:
242:
6458:
6433:
6428:
6293:
5992:
5982:
5751:
5083:
5026:
4996:
4969:
4550:
4347:(AF) movement, threatened Blum with death, alluding to his Jewish origins. On the other hand, the Minister
4141:
3830:
3567:(CGT) trade-union, dominated by anarcho-syndicalists until the First World War. In 1894, the government of
3115:
2887:, with the object of preparing a scheme for the organization of labour. These tensions between right-wing,
2541:(Party of the Movement). Republicans and Socialists, who requested social and political reforms, including
2004:
1974:
1949:
1030:
834:
691:
110:
5581:
5352:
4293:, leading to a government composed of Radical and Socialist ministers. Just as the SFIO had supported the
1851:
6338:
6244:
6018:
5612:
5593:
Part 1: vol. 19, no. 1 (Jan. 1911), pp. 36â46; Part 2: vol. 19, No. 2 (Feb. 1911), pp. 98â110.
4805:
4498:
4456:
3924:
3693:
2610:
1253:
933:
863:
779:
749:
596:
516:
496:
489:
247:
36:
17:
6390:
4517:
4400:, in turn opposed by the PCF. The Communist Party enjoyed high popularity due to its active role in the
2919:
896:
145:
120:
6104:
5987:
5786:
4986:
4957:
4937:
4301:
4125:
3861:
2254:
2118:
1906:
1791:
1333:
408:
181:
4312:, and dismantled all laws preventing organization of trade-unions. After having won these new rights,
4203:(PCF) signed a pact of unity of action with the SFIO in July 1935. The Comintern had then adopted the
3203:
Thus, until the turn of the 20th century, the dominant forces of the French Left were composed of the
2571:. The center-right was conservative and supported peace with European monarchs, and had as mouthpiece
306:
6355:
6227:
5068:
5031:
5021:
4599:
4358:
In 1938, Marceau Pivert's Revolutionary Left tendency was expelled from the SFIO, and he created the
4121:
4055:
3212:
2803:
2776:, which appeared to him self-evident in the Parisian context of insurrection and permanent turmoil. "
2724:
2651:
2508:
2392:
2349:
1999:
1671:
814:
794:
506:
5491:
4580:, named president of the Council in 1952, a year after the dissolving of the Third Force coalition.
3229:
2991:. This was a blow to the Left's hopes during the Republic, which had already been crushed after the
2911:
6298:
6222:
5855:
5756:
5091:
5073:
5048:
5006:
5001:
4942:
4153:
4089:
On the other hand, the SFIO opposed the revolutionary strategy of the SFIC, although maintaining a
3904:
3752:
3445:. The first one condemned apology of any felony or crime as a felony itself, permitting widespread
3347:
3220:
3135:
1881:
938:
829:
252:
130:
4830:
4328:
2956:
6162:
5667:
5096:
4861:
4459:(FTP) Resistance movement. Beside de Gaulle's ordinances granting, for the first time in France,
3977:
3929:
3820:
3792:
In the 1880s, the Socialists knew their first electoral success, conquering some municipalities.
3637:
3568:
3463:
3204:
3198:
3160:
3143:
2895:
2867:
on 27 April 1848. The February Revolution also established the principle of the "right to work" (
2782:
2514:
2329:
2321:
2106:
2057:
1939:
1165:
1155:
995:
950:
463:
68:
4623:
4189:
movement in France, unifying Socialists and Communists together against the fascist threat in a
301:
6380:
6375:
6315:
5766:
5709:
5655:
5650:
4925:
4764:
4736:
4631:
4280:
4252:
4200:
4178:
4014:
3993:
3981:
3953:
3910:
3857:
3780:
3746:
3731:
3674:
3467:
3385:
3375:
3301:
3278:
3255:
3147:
3062:
2813:
2807:
2787:
2606:
2345:
2197:
1944:
1288:
1050:
886:
784:
774:
554:
5516:
5383:
5327:
4615:
4451:, the umbrella organisation which united all Resistant movements, in particular the Communist
3632:, a characteristic of the Republican Left, became a right-wing trait, mutating into a form of
3628:
engaging himself in politics, while nationalism, which had been previously, under the form of
2529:
and Socialists). The loyalists were divided into two parties, the conservative, center-right,
1811:
5890:
5761:
5475:
4721:
4611:
4464:
4305:
3401:
3309:
3119:
3050:
2907:
2906:
was implemented also for the first time. The left was divided however into four candidacies,
2598:
2447:
2443:
2313:
1801:
1563:
1338:
1318:
1283:
1195:
1125:
1100:
448:
427:
75:
2573:
6409:
6142:
6052:
5875:
5803:
5771:
5721:
5716:
5136:
4682:
4672:
4565:
4536:
4383:
4149:
3883:
3846:
3446:
3437:
3421:
3320:
or CRC), which represented the French revolutionary tradition. However, three years later,
3239:
2988:
2935:
2848:
2703:
The massacre of the rue Transnonain, Paris, on 14 April 1834, depicted by the caricaturist
2590:
2364:
2337:
1871:
1771:
1706:
1243:
1170:
1025:
769:
719:
676:
659:
654:
155:
97:
6385:
8:
6172:
5880:
5731:
5684:
5672:
5450:
5239:
5126:
4974:
4963:
4756:
4686:
4413:
4336:
4268:
4083:
4018:
3816:
3796:
and some FTSF members criticized the focus on electoral goals. In 1890, they created the
3711:
3534:
3381:
3371:
3271:
2744:
2679:
2602:
2567:
2463:
2451:
2431:
2216:
2052:
2019:
1979:
1964:
1248:
1160:
1150:
1120:
1015:
901:
868:
714:
696:
686:
643:
441:
316:
292:
230:
105:
5364:
4344:
4108:
3305:
3029:
2856:
2758:
with German reality, the relation of their criticism to their own material surroundings.
2471:
2259:
1826:
194:
6167:
5746:
5736:
5221:
5170:, également éloigné des excÚs du pouvoir populaire et des abus du pouvoir royal. »
5141:
5131:
4460:
4363:
4295:
4173:
4095:
4005:
3933:
3875:
3707:
3633:
3617:
3538:
3417:
3413:
3282:
3182:
3172:
2992:
2903:
2872:
2852:
2817:
2791:
2761:
2754:
It has not occurred to any one of these philosophers to inquire into the connection of
2659:
2647:
2542:
2341:
2305:
2244:
2212:
2042:
1984:
1816:
1741:
1513:
1493:
1478:
1328:
1233:
1090:
1070:
1055:
1005:
985:
963:
804:
739:
627:
549:
346:
45:
4463:, the GPRF passed various labour laws, including the 11 October 1946 act establishing
4104:
1603:
6074:
5840:
5741:
5522:
5441:
5389:
5333:
5307:
5260:
5011:
4931:
4919:
4768:
4659:
4603:
4541:
4502:
4474:
4401:
4324:
4182:
3879:
3870:
3629:
3585:
3557:
3543:
3455:
3442:
3177:
3054:
2880:
2755:
2586:
2513:
The July Monarchy was thus divided into the supporters of the "Citizen King", of the
2427:
2372:
2182:
1934:
1846:
1751:
1613:
1543:
1448:
1433:
1200:
1140:
1095:
1080:
1040:
975:
754:
744:
681:
282:
174:
6320:
4980:
3988:
and others remained in the reformist camp, in order to "keep the old house" (Blum).
2704:
2699:
2308:
was between supporters of the Republic and those of the Monarchy. On the right, the
2280:
210:
5865:
5455:
5063:
4871:
4748:
4716:
4490:
4393:
4231:
4043:
3825:
3432:
3408:, which called for the creation of a new, anti-authoritarian International, dubbed
3235:
3086:
2716:
2671:
2667:
2618:
2518:
2479:
2475:
2423:
2388:
2324:, under their preferred branch of the royal family, a brief reality after the 1830
2170:
2094:
2077:
1796:
1776:
1696:
1691:
1633:
1593:
1583:
1548:
1468:
1443:
1413:
1398:
1393:
1368:
1313:
1298:
1205:
1180:
1110:
1065:
1035:
923:
911:
839:
824:
764:
729:
417:
356:
161:
5425:
5217:
Marx and the Permanent Revolution in France: Background to the Communist Manifesto
4367:
3785:
3208:
2902:
were held, for the first time in France. Democracy seemed at first to triumph, as
2860:
1876:
1538:
1268:
336:
5907:
5470:
5359:
5269:
4901:
4711:
4706:
4595:
4486:
4340:
4145:
4039:. The SFIC thus lost members, decreasing from 110,000 in 1920 to 30,000 in 1933.
3969:
3937:
3609:
3520:
3515:
3502:
3474:
3405:
3389:
3078:
3066:
3046:
2749:
2693:
2655:
2594:
2467:
2418:
2380:
2325:
2263:
2150:
2014:
2009:
1954:
1761:
1721:
1553:
1523:
1508:
1458:
1428:
1363:
1303:
1263:
1185:
1175:
1075:
819:
809:
331:
201:
116:
4546:
4063:
3482:
3473:
Following these events, the United Kingdom once again became the last haven for
3186:
2634:, while Engels had come especially to meet Marx. There, he showed him his work,
6280:
5845:
5042:
4744:
4740:
4668:
4512:
4482:
4348:
4313:
4235:
4208:
4161:
4133:
4036:
4021:
3973:
3965:
3919:
3888:
3805:
3727:
3697:
3605:
3599:
3486:
3459:
3139:
3082:
3042:
3018:
2773:
2683:
2650:, founded by German workers in Paris in 1836 and inspired by the revolutionary
2455:
2446:
who refused all inheritance of the Revolution and aimed at re-establishing the
2267:
2232:
1969:
1861:
1831:
1821:
1746:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1588:
1568:
1528:
1498:
1438:
1378:
1353:
1293:
980:
789:
5570:, 2 vol., Presses de la fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1980â1982
4477:
of 1947, killing up to 40,000 people. Ramadier also accepted the terms of the
4436:
4168:(Revolutionary Left) engaged themselves in favor of a Proletarian Revolution.
4129:
4071:
3834:
3764:
3689:
3494:
3247:
3163:, a moderate Republican, legalized trade-unions, enabling the creation of the
1866:
54:
6422:
6360:
6114:
5870:
5781:
5660:
5471:
COLONIALISM THROUGH THE SCHOOL BOOKS â The hidden history of the Algerian war
5016:
4772:
4725:(1966) were famous examples of such censorship. A confidential report of the
4649:
Although Guy Mollet's government had enacted repressive policies against the
4577:
4558:
4478:
4470:
4309:
4204:
4148:
to answer the ideological and political crisis lifted by the inefficiency of
4032:
3989:
3941:
3892:
3793:
3776:
3723:
3478:
3325:
3267:
3118:. Henceforth, the first task for the center-left was to firmly establish the
3111:
3070:
3038:
3009:
2828:
2546:
2526:
2504:
2376:
2228:
1994:
1989:
1856:
1806:
1786:
1781:
1756:
1731:
1628:
1533:
1453:
1373:
1348:
1273:
1210:
1045:
844:
577:
379:
141:
4422:(CNT) trade-union, while other anarchists had already created, in 1945, the
4351:
was pushed to suicide after attacks by a right-wing newspaper. Finally, the
3613:
3014:
2898:
Republicans and Socialists caused the second, June Revolution. In December,
1278:
6365:
6254:
6234:
5776:
5303:
4752:
4677:
4627:
4607:
4589:
4554:
4522:
4397:
4332:
4219:
4190:
4186:
4137:
4079:
4067:
4028:
3702:
3625:
3621:
3346:) left the federation, which they considered too moderate, and founded the
3321:
3289:
3074:
2980:
2923:
2879:. At the same time, a sort of industrial parliament was established at the
2876:
2840:
2722:
In his spare time, Marx studied Proudhon, whom he would later criticize in
2581:
2580:
The only social law of the bourgeois July Monarchy was to outlaw, in 1841,
2562:
2492:
2356:
1736:
1686:
1681:
1666:
1623:
1608:
1578:
1503:
1488:
1463:
1423:
1383:
1358:
1323:
1238:
4440:
4286:
4260:
3985:
3815:
In 1899, a debate raged among Socialist groups about the participation of
3127:
3099:
2975:
After having been elected by universal suffrage President of the Republic
2891:
2646:
revolutionary newspaper, established and run by the secret society called
2483:
2317:
1726:
6094:
6079:
5409:
4809:
4690:
4654:
4494:
4379:
4223:
4128:
in 1931, debates arose inside the SFIO concerning the role of the state.
4047:
4000:
3737:
The early French Left was often alienated into the Republican movements.
3645:
3530:
3506:
3251:
3243:
3216:
3152:
3123:
3103:
2884:
2625:
2558:
2522:
2459:
2309:
2271:
1841:
1676:
1638:
1618:
1558:
1518:
1483:
1418:
1408:
1388:
1343:
1258:
1228:
1190:
1085:
928:
858:
724:
4818:
4481:
and excluded the five Communist ministers (among whom the vice-Premier,
2944:
2812:
The February 1848 Revolution toppled the July Monarchy, replaced by the
2642:
5604:
5598:
5594:
5445:
5382:
Grant, Arthur James; Temperley, H. W. V.; Ramm, Agatha (15 July 2014).
4760:
4698:
4619:
4508:
4444:
4389:
4212:
4075:
4059:
4025:
3451:
3263:
3023:
2888:
2769:
2675:
2487:
1929:
1836:
1573:
1403:
1105:
1060:
389:
384:
4319:
The Popular Front saw harsh opposition from the conservatives and the
399:
5635:
5408:
The New France: A Society in Transition 1945â1977 (Third Edition) by
5234:
4907:
4778:
3809:
3719:
3490:
3393:
3339:
3329:
3069:â of 1793â94. More than 7,500 were jailed or deported to places like
2825:
2821:
2712:
2688:
2614:
2534:
2384:
2285:
2224:
2166:
2162:
2158:
1924:
1766:
1598:
1308:
1145:
1130:
1020:
1000:
990:
635:
326:
5459:
4531:(CRS), in order to crush the insurrectionary strikes started at the
4058:. The Communist Party was then admired by intellectuals such as the
3779:, who would lead the split in 1920 which led to the creation of the
3365:
2772:, he imagined an original theory based on the key Marxist notion of
2458:
tried to bypass their king on his right. This intransigeance of the
2300:
deputies sat on the benches to the left of the hall. Throughout the
5796:
5299:
4731:
4569:
4435:(GPRF) twice had as President of the Councils figures of the SFIO (
4227:
4156:
in the economy. In the left-wing of the SFIO, the tendencies named
3915:
3525:
2739:
2435:
2316:
views and rejected any compromise with modern ideologies while the
2275:
4304:
granted the 40 hours workweek to the workers, as well as right of
3640:
and the new, emerging forces advocating Socialism, whether in its
3624:
and Justice. The Dreyfus Affair witnessed the birth of the modern
3412:(1872â1877). The latter was made up of several groups, mainly the
6109:
5161:
5107:
4572:
movement. The Third Force was also supported by the conservative
4532:
4352:
4090:
4051:
3715:
3682:
3641:
3498:
3355:
2864:
2368:
2220:
2205:
1656:
1135:
1115:
394:
321:
5160:
Louis-Philippe was responding to an address sent by the city of
3845:. In 1905, during the Globe Congress, under the pressure of the
2820:(or June 1848 Revolution) gave a lethal blow to the hopes of a "
5885:
5677:
5385:
Grant and Temperley's Europe in the Twentieth Century 1905-1970
5306:, who gave his name to the eponymous prize and ... to the
4797:
3959:
3259:
2914:, the repressor of the June Days Uprising, on the center-left,
2174:
1661:
5583:
Jurassic Left: the strange death of France's "deuxiĂšme gauche"
4763:. In general, the SFIO supported the colonial wars during the
4553:(AFL), and assisted by the AFL sole representative in Europe,
4497:
alliance between the PCF, the SFIO and the Christian-Democrat
3270:, Ferry was part of the "colonial lobby" who took part in the
3142:. The main political forces in the Left at this time were the
2682:. The latter league had a pyramidal structure inspired by the
2408:
2101:
2072:
6099:
6069:
4743:
circles. Although many left-wing activists, including famous
1473:
4489: – an event which simultaneously occurred in
3688:
In 1914, after the assassination of the leader of the SFIO,
2778:
The dominant ideology is the ideology of the dominant class,
2340:, and the lowest common denominator of the French Left. The
6084:
6008:
5950:
4576:(CNIP), which succeeded in having its most popular figure,
3665:
The left in France was represented at the beginning of the
3258:
as he considered it a diversion from the "blue line of the
2188:
The left in France was represented at the beginning of the
906:
4689:
alone) which dealt with the subject (and 586 in Algeria).
4396:, reformist stance, and most of its members supported the
2797:
4992:
MarxistâLeninist Communist Organization â Proletarian Way
3841:, while JaurĂšs, Allemane and the possibilists formed the
3304:" because it promoted gradual reforms. In the same time,
2553:), were then at the far-left of the political board. The
4388:
After the Liberation, the SFIO, under the leadership of
4054:
or organizing an alternative exhibition during the 1931
3730:
which saw the majority of the SFIO spin-out to form the
3489:
were the most famous of the many, anonymous anarchists,
3003:
2871:â or "right to have a work"), and decided to establish "
3755:(POF) merged with others socialist parties to form the
3524:
that "it is an illusion to believe that a few kilos of
2658:. The League of the Just was a splinter group from the
2474:, cadet branch of the Bourbon, then came to power with
2348:
was the attempt by the left to assert itself after the
3612:) supporting the Army and the Nation, while the Left (
3608:
divided again France into two rival camps, the Right (
5515:
Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent (27 September 2006).
4412:
during the Popular Front, split again. In 1946, the
3292:
founded the first Socialist party of France, dubbed
3122:, proclaimed in September 1870. Rivalry between the
2601:
theorized Socialist coup d'Ă©tats, the socialist and
4640:(PSA, Socialist Autonomous Party), ancestor of the
4196:
Comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes
4013:, refusing to choose between Socialists (SFIO) and
3242:, who directed several governments in this period,
3171:, CGT) the following year, issued from a merger of
2987:, and proclaimed himself Emperor, establishing the
2738:, published posthumously, as well as his theory of
2438:, the former royal family returned to power in the
83:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
5381:
5245:Ideology in General, German Ideology in Particular
5194:, Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright, Routledge, 2006
4779:French Left in local government in the postwar era
5561:Le Mouvement socialiste sous la IIIĂšme RĂ©publique
5505:The Left in France by Neill Nugent and David Lowe
4207:strategy against fascism. The leader of the PCF,
3868:, created in 1895 from the fusion of the various
3366:Propaganda of the deed and exile to Great Britain
3298:Fédération des travailleurs socialistes de France
6420:
5421:Force OuvriĂšre : il y a 50 ans, la scission
5207:, Paris, Librairie ArthĂšme Fayard, 2002 (p. 713)
4564:The Three-Parties alliance was succeeded by the
4897:Decolonization and Social Emancipation Movement
3789:newspaper, became a member of the POF in 1891.
3681:(SFIO), created in 1905 as a merger of various
3675:Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party
3651:
3550:
3279:Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party
3148:Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party
2521:, the right-wing opposition to the regime (the
2466:'s downfall during the Three Glorious Days, or
2328:. The Republic itself, or, as it was called by
2204:(SFIO), created in 1905 as a merger of various
2198:Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party
4849:
4685:more than 250 books, newspapers and films (in
4515:'s cabinet, re-organized in December 1947 the
3932:, then became famous communists. Finally, the
2918:as representative of the Republican Left, and
2371:began to rival Radical Republicanism and the "
5620:
5501:
5499:
5166:« Nous chercherons à nous tenir dans un
4953:Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front
4767:(1947â54), starting with the crushing of the
4433:Provisional Government of the French Republic
4247:(CGTU) trade-union, which had split from the
3891:. This was also one of the founding piece of
3804:or POSR), which advocated the revolutionary "
3732:French Section of the Communist International
3294:Federation of the Socialist Workers of France
2637:The Condition of the Working Class in England
2628:, another revolutionary from Germany, on the
2126:
604:
5454:, No. 151 (April â June 1990), pp. 79â118 â
5325:
4665:systematic use of torture by the French Army
4574:National Centre of Independents and Peasants
3960:Split between reformists and revolutionaries
3851:French Section of the Workers' International
3773:French Section of the Workers' International
3679:French Section of the Workers' International
3238:on public, mandatory and secular education,
2735:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
2202:French Section of the Workers' International
5514:
5265:"In the World-Shadow of Bismarck and Nobel"
5102:United Guadeloupe, Solidary and Responsible
4355:terrorist group attempted several attacks.
4215:turn opposed to previous internationalism.
3837:. In 1902, Guesde and Vaillant founded the
3392:and other federalists had been excluded by
3384:, based in Switzerland, started theorizing
2711:The League of the Just participated in the
2409:Bourbon Restoration and the July Revolution
2238:
5627:
5613:
5589:D.A. MacGibbon, "French Socialism Today,"
5496:
5319:
5059:Progressive Democratic Party of Guadeloupe
4626:(a Young Turk and former prime minister),
4244:Confédération générale du travail unitaire
3458:and encouraging propaganda of the deed or
3192:
2133:
2119:
611:
597:
4473:'s Socialist government then crushed the
4199:(CVIA) was henceforth created, while the
4042:In the same time, the SFIC organized the
3968:when the majority of the SFIO (including
3856:The party remained hemmed in between the
3706:national front. In the aftermaths of the
3581:
2678:. Schusterr was inspired by the works of
5634:
5332:. Oxford University Press. p. 300.
5329:France, 1815-1914: The Bourgeois Century
5259:
4727:International Committee of the Red Cross
4373:
4274:
3802:Parti ouvrier socialiste révolutionnaire
3763:, PSF), and finally merged in 1905 with
3400:, founded in London in 1864) during the
3013:
2698:
2692:, and shared ideas with Saint-Simon and
2617:arrived in Paris in 1843, and met there
2363:and the subsequent establishment of the
2248:
5549:, 2 vol., Ă©ditions La DĂ©couverte, 2004.
5545:Becker, J.-J. & Candar, G. (dir.),
4892:Communist Revolutionary Party of France
4771:in 1947 by the socialist government of
4653:(FLN), most of the left, including the
4630:(also a member of the SFIO party), the
4521:(GMR) anti-riot police (created during
4003:parties, the SFIC criticized the first
3996:travelled to Moscow, invited by Lenin.
3829:, Left-Wing Block), which included the
3740:
3159:Furthermore, in 1894 the government of
3045:, would heavily disorganize the French
2798:1848 Revolution and the Second Republic
2666:) created in Paris two years before by
2442:. The Restoration was dominated by the
14:
6421:
5414:
4501:(MRP), which had been initiated after
4335:league into a new, mass party, dubbed
4325:extra-parliamentary right-wing leagues
3798:Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party
3398:International Workingmen's Association
2332:, the Democratic and Social Republic (
523:Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs
5608:
5518:The Government and Politics of France
5464:
5192:The government and politics of France
4360:Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party
4009:(Left-Wing Cartel) which had won the
3895:'s revolutionary syndicalist theory.
3277:The Opportunists broke away with the
3215:who had participated to the Commune,
3189:, and then boasting 100,000 members.
3004:From the Paris Commune to World War I
2833:la République sociale et démocratique
2334:la République démocratique et sociale
1902:International socialist organizations
850:To each according to his contribution
5037:People's Union for Wallis and Futuna
4813:
4528:Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité
4392:(1946â1969), definitively adopted a
4327:, Blum had prohibited them, leading
3898:
3864:who dominated the trade unions. The
3718:, the French Left divided itself in
3700:line, the SFIO accepted to join the
3636:. The Left itself was divided among
3354:, POF) in 1880, which was the first
3053:(1871â1940). According to historian
2939:
2674:and others German emigrants, mostly
2624:Marx had come to Paris to work with
2525:) and the left-wing opposition (the
2223:, the French Left divided itself in
5054:Pole of Communist Revival in France
4657:movement which expressed itself in
4493:. This exclusion put an end to the
3262:", that is of the possibility of a
3096:February 1871 legislative elections
3081:was its quasi-minister of culture,
2748:(1845), in which he criticized the
2533:(Party of the Resistance), and the
2336:), was the objective of the French
24:
5574:
5346:
5114:Workers' Communist Party of France
4449:National Council of the Resistance
4419:Confédération nationale du travail
3999:Opposed to collaboration with the
3783:(first SFIC, then PCF) and edited
3300:, FTSF). It was characterised as "
25:
6470:
4791:
4074:...). Young philosophers such as
3980:, thus creating the SFIC (future
3593:
3564:Confédération générale du travail
3558:Fédération des Bourses du Travail
3505:, a national tradition since the
3410:Anarchist St. Imier International
3396:from the First International (or
3165:Confédération générale du travail
2181:of 1789, where supporters of the
218:Congress of the French Parliament
4817:
4802:Unified Socialist Party (France)
4646:(PSU, Unified Socialist Party).
4594:When French Generals threatened
4218:On the other hand, in June 1934
3431:In December 1893, the anarchist
3380:A few years later, parts of the
3098:had been won by the monarchists
2943:
2929:
2498:
2100:
2088:
2071:
642:
571:
260:Cour de Justice de la RĂ©publique
53:
5554:La gauche en France depuis 1900
5539:
5508:
5485:
5435:
5402:
5375:
4877:Citizen and Republican Movement
4606:to power in the turmoil of the
4583:
4447:, which were envisioned by the
4343:, the leader of the monarchist
4271:, against the rise of fascism.
3928:(1916). Many veterans, such as
3866:General Confederation of Labour
3849:, the two groups merged in the
3582:See below: Creation of the SFIO
3314:Central Revolutionary Committee
3169:General Confederation of Labour
2631:DeutschâFranzösische JahrbĂŒcher
2482:'s famous classification), the
2403:
2177:. The term originates from the
6133:Azerbaijan People's Government
5547:Histoire des gauches en France
5313:
5293:
5281:
5253:
5228:
5210:
5197:
5185:
5154:
4867:Brittany Movement and Progress
4485:, head of the PCF) during the
4115:
3318:Comité révolutionnaire central
3049:during the early years of the
2916:Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin
532:Politics of the European Union
13:
1:
5591:Journal of Political Economy,
5302:had been invented in 1862 by
5178:
5079:Republican and Socialist Left
4887:Communist Revolutionary Party
4511:(SFIO), Interior Minister of
2766:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2597:, etc.) diffused themselves.
2415:Bourbon Restoration in France
735:Critique of political economy
512:France and the United Nations
6444:Left-wing politics in France
5288:Project of a doctoral thesis
5084:Republican Left of Catalonia
5027:Party of the Corsican Nation
4997:Melanesian Progressive Union
4970:Labour Party (New Caledonia)
4551:American Federation of Labor
4323:. Fearing the action of the
4289:, the Popular Front won the
3976:, etc.) decided to join the
3660:
3652:Growth of socialist councils
3551:Anarcho-syndicalist movement
3332:, famous for having written
2296:, in which the more radical
2005:Socialist calculation debate
1975:List of socialist economists
1950:Economic calculation problem
835:Socialist mode of production
692:Socialist calculation debate
27:Left-wing politics in France
7:
6449:Political history of France
6173:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
5219:by Bernard Moss, p. 10, in
5120:
4914:Europe Ecology â The Greens
4850:Left-wing political parties
4806:110 Propositions for France
4602:, leading to the recall of
4499:Popular Republican Movement
4457:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
3946:grande lueur venue de l'Est
3909:Following World War I, the
3106:, and it was not until the
2454:struck the Left, while the
10:
6475:
4987:Martinican Communist Party
4958:Kanak Socialist Liberation
4948:Independent Workers' Party
4938:Guadeloupe Communist Party
4882:Communist Party of RĂ©union
4854:
4795:
4587:
4377:
4278:
4230:in the SFIO, supported by
4126:Great Depression in France
3936:lifted great hopes in the
3902:
3862:revolutionary syndicalists
3761:Parti socialiste de France
3744:
3597:
3464:Marie François Sadi Carnot
3369:
3266:against the newly founded
3196:
3007:
2933:
2883:, under the presidency of
2801:
2502:
2462:, however, finally led to
2412:
2398:
2255:Liberty Leading the People
2242:
362:Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte d'Azur
6407:
6268:
6200:
6125:
6032:
6001:
5915:
5904:
5833:
5812:
5643:
5568:Histoire du parti radical
5203:Quoted by Guy Antonetti,
5069:Radical Party of the Left
5032:Party of Kanak Liberation
5022:Oceanian Democratic Rally
4651:National Liberation Front
4637:Parti socialiste autonome
4622:'s Socialist government,
4455:, political front of the
4406:parti des 85 000 fusillés
4160:(Socialist Struggle) and
4124:and the beginning of the
4122:Wall Street Crash of 1929
4099:, enabling it to win the
4056:Paris Colonial Exposition
4050:'s insurgents during the
4019:revolutionary syndicalist
3839:Socialist Party of France
3769:Parti socialiste français
3757:Socialist Party of France
3646:revolutionary syndicalism
3466:by the Italian anarchist
3254:. While Gambetta opposed
3030:Le PĂšre DuchĂȘnes illustrĂ©
2804:French Revolution of 1848
2728:(1847). He developed his
2725:The Poverty of Philosophy
2509:French Revolution of 1848
2304:, the main line dividing
2211:In the aftermaths of the
2000:Socialism and LGBT rights
944:Socialist-oriented market
892:Socialist planned economy
795:Material balance planning
5147:
5074:Renewed Caledonian Union
5049:Plural Left (Guadeloupe)
5007:New Anticapitalist Party
5002:Movement of Progressives
4943:Guianese Socialist Party
4667:. Anti-colonialists and
4518:Groupe mobile de réserve
4505:'s resignation in 1946.
3918:feelings, incarnated by
3905:Aftermath of World War I
3751:In 1902, Jules Guesde's
3481:, aka "the Red Virgin",
3441:", severely restricting
2981:Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
2924:Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
2843:ended the Republic by a
2839:"). On 2 December 1851,
2762:philosophy and economics
2306:Left and Right in France
2239:Left and Right in France
939:Socialist market economy
864:Workers' self-management
830:Socialism in one country
677:Age of the Enlightenment
275:Administrative divisions
35:This article is part of
6454:Republicanism in France
6183:North Korea (1947â1948)
6178:North Korea (1946â1947)
5481:(in English and French)
5097:Territories of Progress
4862:Breton Democratic Union
4715:(released in 1963) and
4643:Parti socialiste unifié
4404:, and was then dubbed "
4142:Non-Conformist Movement
3930:Paul Vaillant-Couturier
3821:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
3569:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
3205:Opportunist Republicans
3199:Opportunist Republicans
3193:Opportunist Republicans
3161:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
3144:Opportunist Republicans
2816:(1848â1852), while the
2783:The Communist Manifesto
2515:constitutional monarchy
2444:Counter-revolutionaries
2322:constitutional monarchy
2284:, who would die on the
1940:Criticism of capitalism
951:Participatory economics
785:Labour-time calculation
307:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
5905:Current and historical
5358:9 October 2007 at the
5277:(28). New Left Review.
4926:French Communist Party
4737:French Communist Party
4618:, who was minister of
4549:and subsidised by the
4461:right of vote to women
4281:Popular Front (France)
4201:French Communist Party
4179:6 February 1934 crisis
4166:Gauche révolutionnaire
4082:with the Russian poet
4046:struggle, encouraging
3994:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard
3982:French Communist Party
3911:demographics of France
3843:French Socialist Party
3781:French Communist Party
3747:Possibilism (politics)
3468:Sante Geronimo Caserio
3386:propaganda of the deed
3376:Propaganda of the deed
3352:Parti ouvrier français
3114:won a majority in the
3092:
3034:
2983:took power during the
2900:presidential elections
2808:French Second Republic
2708:
2607:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
2531:Parti de la résistance
2289:
2154:
1945:Criticism of socialism
897:Decentralized planning
800:Peerâtoâpeer economics
238:Constitutional Council
5476:Le Monde diplomatique
5326:Roger Magraw (1983).
4796:Further information:
4722:The Battle of Algiers
4598:'s government with a
4588:Further information:
4465:occupational medicine
4425:Fédération Anarchiste
4378:Further information:
4374:Post-war developments
4329:François de La Rocque
4306:collective bargaining
4275:Popular Front of 1936
4154:state interventionism
3903:Further information:
3753:French Workers' Party
3745:Further information:
3443:freedom of expression
3370:Further information:
3348:French Workers' Party
3310:Louis Auguste Blanqui
3197:Further information:
3059:
3051:French Third Republic
3017:
3008:Further information:
3000:was founded in 1864.
2934:Further information:
2802:Further information:
2702:
2640:. Marx wrote for the
2599:Louis Auguste Blanqui
2574:Le Journal des débats
2565:. Its mouthpiece was
2503:Further information:
2448:divine right of kings
2413:Further information:
2314:counter-revolutionary
2252:
2243:Further information:
6439:History of socialism
6410:History of socialism
5263:(JulyâAugust 2004).
5137:History of socialism
4673:Manifesto of the 121
4624:Pierre MendĂšs France
4537:Boulogne-Billancourt
4414:anarcho-syndicalists
4384:Third Force (France)
4150:classical liberalism
3847:Second International
3741:Creation of the SFIO
3692:, who had upheld an
3335:The Right to Be Lazy
3240:Charles de Freycinet
2936:Second French Empire
2730:theory of alienation
2664:Bund der Geaechteten
2393:practicing Catholics
2173:political forces in
2095:Communism portal
2078:Socialism portal
770:Industrial democracy
720:Collective ownership
302:Auvergne-RhĂŽne-Alpes
293:Metropolitan regions
6459:Socialism in France
6434:Communism in France
6429:Anarchism in France
6346:Estonia (1918â1919)
6240:Hungary (1949â1989)
5451:Le Mouvement social
5429:, 19 December 1997
5353:Biographical notice
5240:The German Ideology
5127:Anarchism in France
4964:La France Insoumise
4757:Pierre Vidal-Naquet
4687:metropolitan France
4616:François Mitterrand
4337:French Social Party
4291:3 May 1936 election
4241:The same year, the
4211:, then initiated a
4158:Bataille socialiste
4084:Vladimir Mayakovsky
3978:Third International
3831:Marquis de Gallifet
3817:Alexandre Millerand
3712:Spartacist uprising
3638:Radical Republicans
3630:liberal nationalism
3535:anarcho-syndicalist
3372:Anarchism in France
3338:, which criticized
3328:(the son-in-law of
3272:Scramble for Africa
3132:Bourbon Restoration
3116:Chamber of Deputies
2998:First International
2764:. Inspired both by
2745:The German Ideology
2680:Philippe Buonarroti
2440:Bourbon Restoration
2432:First French Empire
2330:Radical Republicans
2274:'s inspiration for
2217:Spartacist uprising
1980:Market abolitionism
1965:Left-libertarianism
902:Inclusive Democracy
869:Workplace democracy
715:Calculation in kind
697:Socialist economics
687:Revolutions of 1848
317:Centre-Val de Loire
6311:Byelorussia (1919)
5362:on Maurras on the
5261:Anderson, Benedict
5222:Socialist Register
5142:Politics of France
5132:Feminism in France
5088:Revolutionary Left
4829:. You can help by
4557:, who worked with
4362:(PSOP) along with
4296:Cartel des Gauches
4174:Cartel des Gauches
4096:Cartel des Gauches
4006:Cartel des Gauches
3934:Russian Revolution
3876:Fernand Pelloutier
3708:Russian Revolution
3644:interpretation or
3634:ethnic nationalism
3618:Georges Clemenceau
3539:Fernand Pelloutier
3475:political refugees
3382:anarchist movement
3283:Georges Clemenceau
3183:Victor Griffuelhes
3173:Fernand Pelloutier
3035:
2993:June Days uprising
2955:. You can help by
2904:universal suffrage
2873:National Workshops
2853:universal suffrage
2818:June Days uprising
2792:June Days uprising
2709:
2686:of the Republican
2660:League of the Just
2648:League of the Just
2555:Parti du mouvement
2543:universal suffrage
2539:Parti du mouvement
2342:June Days uprising
2320:hoped to create a
2290:
2245:Politics of France
2213:Russian Revolution
1985:Marxist philosophy
805:Production for use
775:Inputâoutput model
740:Economic democracy
560:Political scandals
347:Nouvelle-Aquitaine
248:Court of Cassation
46:Politics of France
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5938:Congo-Brazzaville
5834:Regional variants
5442:Annie Lacroix-Riz
5339:978-0-19-520503-9
5308:Nobel Peace Prize
5243:, 1845 (Part I, "
4920:Eusko Alkartasuna
4847:
4846:
4769:Malagasy Uprising
4604:Charles de Gaulle
4503:Charles de Gaulle
4475:Malagasy Uprising
4331:to transform the
4183:far-right leagues
4171:In 1932 a second
3938:workers' movement
3899:After World War I
3884:workers' movement
3880:Charter of Amiens
3871:Bourse du Travail
3671:political parties
3604:Furthermore, the
3586:Charter of Amiens
3577:ouvriers du livre
3544:Bourse du Travail
3308:and the heirs of
3178:Bourse du Travail
3055:Benedict Anderson
2973:
2972:
2894:, and left-wing,
2881:Luxembourg Palace
2756:German philosophy
2654:and his ideal of
2587:utopian socialism
2582:labor to children
2428:French Revolution
2373:utopian socialism
2338:workers' movement
2294:National Assembly
2262:commemorates the
2194:political parties
2179:National Assembly
2171:social-democratic
2143:
2142:
1935:Communist society
1907:Socialist parties
1166:Saint-Simonianism
755:Equal opportunity
745:Economic planning
682:French Revolution
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578:France portal
517:Foreign alliances
490:Foreign relations
477:Political parties
182:National Assembly
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4739:(PCF) and other
4717:Gillo Pontecorvo
4669:anti-militarists
4600:coup in May 1958
4545:(FO), headed by
4345:Action Française
4321:French far-right
4302:Matignon Accords
4232:Raymond Molinier
4226:, a strategy of
4109:Ădouard Daladier
4044:anti-colonialist
3826:Bloc des gauches
3726:during the 1920
3694:internationalist
3541:, leader of the
3433:Auguste Vaillant
3306:Ădouard Vaillant
3236:Jules Ferry laws
3233:
3219:, leader of the
3213:Republican Union
3211:, leader of the
3130:prevented a new
3021:charging on the
2977:in December 1848
2968:
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2940:
2869:droit au travail
2857:Victor SchĆlcher
2847:proclaiming the
2717:Communist League
2672:Wilhelm Weitling
2668:Theodor Schuster
2619:Friedrich Engels
2551:droit du travail
2472:House of Orléans
2430:of 1789 and the
2389:anti-clericalism
2260:EugĂšne Delacroix
2231:during the 1920
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2020:Workers' council
1657:Gracchi Brothers
1181:Social democracy
924:Market socialism
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840:Soviet democracy
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780:Internationalism
760:Free association
730:Common ownership
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4765:Fourth Republic
4745:existentialists
4741:anti-militarist
4712:Le petit soldat
4707:Jean-Luc Godard
4675:, published in
4632:Communist Party
4596:Pierre Pflimlin
4592:
4586:
4487:May 1947 crises
4394:social-democrat
4386:
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4341:Charles Maurras
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4234:but opposed by
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4105:Ădouard Herriot
4103:. The Radicals
3970:Boris Souvarine
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3698:anti-militarist
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3516:Peter Kropotkin
3503:right of asylum
3438:lois scélérates
3406:Jura Federation
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3234:who passed the
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2953:needs expansion
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2750:Young Hegelians
2694:Charles Fourier
2656:social equality
2652:Gracchus Babeuf
2595:Charles Fourier
2557:supported the "
2519:census suffrage
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4483:Maurice Thorez
4453:Front National
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4314:Maurice Thorez
4279:Main article:
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4236:Pierre Naville
4222:initiated the
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4162:Marceau Pivert
4134:Adrien Marquet
4120:Following the
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4037:Pierre Naville
4022:Pierre Monatte
4011:1924 elections
3984:, PCF), while
3974:Fernand Loriot
3966:Tours Congress
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3952:, forming the
3920:Henri Barbusse
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3600:Dreyfus affair
3598:Main article:
3595:
3594:Dreyfus Affair
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3533:movement. The
3518:thus wrote in
3487:Charles Malato
3460:antimilitarism
3402:Hague Congress
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3194:
3191:
3140:Dreyfus affair
3138:crisis or the
3120:Third Republic
3108:1876 elections
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3043:Adolphe Thiers
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2400:
2397:
2281:Les Misérables
2240:
2237:
2233:Tours Congress
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:Libertarianism
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1919:Related topics
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
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1819:
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861:
856:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
790:Labour voucher
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
711:
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673:
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601:
593:
590:
589:
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586:
580:
567:
566:
563:
562:
557:
552:
546:
544:Related topics
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
527:
526:
521:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
493:
488:
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402:
397:
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365:
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359:
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314:
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304:
298:
297:
296:
287:
286:
278:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
257:
255:
253:Court of Audit
250:
245:
240:
234:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
215:
214:
213:
211:GĂ©rard Larcher
199:
198:
197:
178:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
159:
150:
149:
139:
131:Prime Minister
125:
124:
114:
101:
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
80:
78:
76:Fifth Republic
72:
67:
66:
63:
62:
59:
58:
50:
49:
44:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6471:
6460:
6457:
6455:
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6447:
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6426:
6424:
6411:
6406:
6392:
6389:
6387:
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6377:
6374:
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6364:
6362:
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6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6326:Crimea (1919)
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
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6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
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6267:
6261:
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6238:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6189:
6188:South Vietnam
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6116:
6115:North Vietnam
6113:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
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5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5825:United States
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5782:United States
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5661:New Australia
5659:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5630:
5625:
5623:
5618:
5616:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5586:25 March 2007
5585:
5584:
5580:Henri Astier
5579:
5578:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5559:Lefranc, G.,
5558:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5530:
5528:9781134247912
5524:
5521:. Routledge.
5520:
5519:
5511:
5502:
5500:
5493:
5488:
5479:, April 2001
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5397:
5395:9781317872429
5391:
5388:. Routledge.
5387:
5386:
5378:
5368:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5349:
5341:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5322:
5316:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5289:
5284:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5206:
5200:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5157:
5153:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5017:Occitan Party
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4841:
4832:
4828:
4825:This section
4823:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4789:
4785:
4776:
4774:
4773:Paul Ramadier
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4709:'s 1960 film
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4581:
4579:
4578:Antoine Pinay
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4559:Jay Lovestone
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4495:Three-parties
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4479:Marshall Plan
4476:
4472:
4471:Paul Ramadier
4468:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4398:colonial wars
4395:
4391:
4385:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4368:René Lefeuvre
4365:
4364:Luxemburgists
4361:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4310:strike action
4307:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4257:1936 election
4254:
4253:Popular Front
4250:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4205:popular front
4202:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4181:organized by
4180:
4176:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4138:Neo-Socialist
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4101:1924 election
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4033:Alfred Rosmer
4030:
4029:intellectuals
4027:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3990:Marcel Cachin
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3955:
3954:National Bloc
3951:
3950:1919 election
3947:
3944:hailed this "
3943:
3942:Jules Romains
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3893:Georges Sorel
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3858:Radical Party
3854:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3794:Jean Allemane
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3777:Marcel Cachin
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3673:, namely the
3672:
3668:
3658:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3479:Louise Michel
3476:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3326:Paul Lafargue
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3268:German Empire
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3209:LĂ©on Gambetta
3206:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3071:New Caledonia
3068:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:Paris Commune
3032:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3010:Paris Commune
3001:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2989:Second Empire
2986:
2982:
2978:
2967:
2958:
2954:
2951:This section
2949:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2930:Second Empire
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:Second Empire
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
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2499:July Monarchy
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2288:in June 1832.
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2268:tricolor flag
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2038:Related lists
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1223:Intellectuals
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1091:Laissez-faire
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845:Strike action
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750:Equal liberty
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380:French Guiana
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337:Ăle-de-France
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142:Gabriel Attal
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69:Constitutions
65:
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56:
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51:
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43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6286:BaranyaâBaja
6255:Soviet Union
6235:East Germany
5933:Burkina Faso
5726:
5590:
5582:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5540:Bibliography
5517:
5510:
5487:
5474:
5466:
5449:
5437:
5424:
5416:
5404:
5384:
5377:
5363:
5348:
5328:
5321:
5315:
5295:
5283:
5274:
5268:
5255:
5249:(in English)
5238:
5230:
5220:
5212:
5204:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5169:
5168:juste milieu
5165:
5156:
5106:
5041:
4979:
4962:
4932:Génération.s
4930:
4918:
4906:
4835:
4831:adding to it
4826:
4786:
4782:
4753:Albert Camus
4730:
4720:
4710:
4703:The Deserter
4702:
4694:
4676:
4658:
4648:
4641:
4635:
4628:Alain Savary
4608:Algerian War
4593:
4590:Algerian War
4584:Algerian War
4563:
4555:Irving Brown
4547:LĂ©on Jouhaux
4540:
4526:
4516:
4507:
4469:
4430:
4423:
4417:
4416:created the
4405:
4387:
4357:
4333:Croix-de-Feu
4318:
4294:
4284:
4265:
4242:
4240:
4220:Leon Trotsky
4217:
4194:
4191:united front
4187:anti-fascist
4172:
4170:
4165:
4157:
4144:, theorized
4119:
4094:
4088:
4080:Elsa Triolet
4068:Louis Aragon
4064:André Breton
4041:
4004:
3998:
3963:
3945:
3923:
3908:
3869:
3855:
3824:
3823:'s cabinet (
3814:
3801:
3791:
3784:
3771:to form the
3768:
3760:
3750:
3736:
3703:Union sacrée
3701:
3687:
3669:by two main
3667:20th century
3664:
3655:
3626:intellectual
3622:human rights
3620:) supported
3603:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3542:
3519:
3512:
3483:Ămile Pouget
3472:
3436:
3430:
3379:
3351:
3333:
3322:Jules Guesde
3317:
3312:founded the
3297:
3290:Paul Brousse
3287:
3276:
3202:
3187:Ămile Pouget
3176:
3164:
3158:
3151:
3093:
3060:
3036:
3028:
3022:
2974:
2961:
2957:adding to it
2952:
2868:
2836:
2832:
2811:
2794:first hand.
2781:
2777:
2753:
2743:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2710:
2687:
2663:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2579:
2572:
2566:
2554:
2550:
2538:
2537:center-left
2530:
2512:
2493:juste milieu
2452:White Terror
2422:
2404:19th century
2357:Napoleon III
2354:
2333:
2302:19th century
2297:
2291:
2279:
2253:
2210:
2192:by two main
2190:20th century
2187:
2157:) refers to
2146:
2144:
1959:
1051:Evolutionary
971:21st-century
765:Freed market
555:Human rights
454:Presidential
426:
407:
369:
291:
281:
258:
154:
129:
104:
81:
29:
6269:Short-lived
6126:Short-lived
6095:South Yemen
6080:North Korea
6040:Afghanistan
5757:New Zealand
5752:Netherlands
5431:(in French)
5410:John Ardagh
5371:(in French)
4810:Plural Left
4695:La Question
4691:Henri Alleg
4671:signed the
4655:personalist
4566:Third Force
4535:factory in
4525:), renamed
4445:labour laws
4437:FĂ©lix Gouin
4380:Tripartisme
4308:, right of
4255:during the
4224:French Turn
4130:Marcel DĂ©at
4116:Early 1930s
4072:Paul Ăluard
4060:surrealists
4048:Abd el-Krim
3835:Jean JaurĂšs
3765:Jean JaurĂšs
3690:Jean JaurĂšs
3648:tradition.
3531:trade union
3507:Reformation
3495:FĂ©lix Faure
3456:free speech
3302:possibilist
3256:colonialism
3252:Jules Simon
3248:Jules Grévy
3244:Jules Favre
3224: [
3217:Jules Ferry
3153:sinistrisme
3136:Boulangisme
3124:Legitimists
3112:Republicans
3104:Legitimists
3063:Robespierre
2885:Louis Blanc
2845:coup d'Ă©tat
2626:Arnold Ruge
2591:Saint-Simon
2568:Le National
2527:Republicans
2523:Legitimists
2480:René Rémond
2460:Legitimists
2344:during the
2310:Legitimists
2272:Victor Hugo
2270:, would be
2147:French Left
2082:WikiProject
1960:French Left
1752:Spiridonova
1651:Politicians
1564:Castoriadis
1244:Saint-Simon
1196:Third World
1191:Syndicalism
1126:Nationalist
1101:Libertarian
1066:Free-market
929:Lange model
917:Soviet-type
887:Communalism
859:Vanguardism
815:Spontaneism
725:Cooperative
671:Development
459:Legislative
449:Referendums
428:Departments
175:Legislature
18:French left
6423:Categories
6381:Tarnobrzeg
6306:Bessarabia
6260:Yugoslavia
5983:Seychelles
5978:Mozambique
5973:Madagascar
5896:Vietnamese
5891:Venezuelan
5881:Nicaraguan
5876:Melanesian
5793:Venezuela
5705:Kuomintang
5698:since 1978
5668:Bangladesh
5644:By country
5638:by country
5426:L'Humanité
5179:References
4975:Left Party
4761:Guy Mollet
4729:leaked to
4699:Boris Vian
4620:Guy Mollet
4509:Jules Moch
4402:Resistance
4390:Guy Mollet
4285:Headed by
4269:anarchists
4259:, leading
4136:created a
4076:Paul Nizan
4026:Trotskyist
3925:Under Fire
3786:L'Humanité
3720:reformists
3614:Ămile Zola
3521:Le Révolté
3452:propaganda
3447:censorship
3344:alienation
3128:Orléanists
3100:Orléanists
3037:After the
3024:Communards
2892:Orléanists
2877:unemployed
2875:" for the
2837:La Sociale
2826:Democratic
2770:Adam Smith
2676:journeymen
2609:theorized
2484:Orléanists
2436:Napoleon I
2383:with whom
2355:Following
2318:Orléanists
2286:barricades
2258:(1830) by
2225:reformists
2183:revolution
2053:Socialists
2048:By country
1930:Capitalism
1812:Mitterrand
1777:Gerhardsen
1722:Liebknecht
1707:Markievicz
1634:Varoufakis
1584:Fotopoulos
1254:Saint-Just
1249:Buonarroti
1234:Campanella
1171:Scientific
1106:Marhaenism
1061:Fourierism
1046:Ecological
1026:Democratic
390:Martinique
385:Guadeloupe
186:Membership
156:Government
6339:1939â1940
6294:1918â1919
6063:1982â1992
6058:1979â1992
6053:1975â1979
6049:Cambodia
6024:Nicaragua
5956:1987â1991
5951:1974â1987
5947:Ethiopia
5886:Tanzanian
5767:Sri Lanka
5710:Hong Kong
5693:Communist
5656:Australia
5651:Argentina
5636:Socialism
5601:in JSTOR.
5235:Karl Marx
4908:Ensemble!
4838:June 2008
4683:censoring
4678:L'Express
4441:LĂ©on Blum
4287:LĂ©on Blum
4261:LĂ©on Blum
4213:patriotic
4001:bourgeois
3986:LĂ©on Blum
3685:parties.
3661:1900-1920
3657:workers.
3573:cheminots
3491:deserters
3394:Karl Marx
3358:party in
3330:Karl Marx
3288:In 1879,
3110:that the
3033:magazine.
2985:1851 coup
2964:June 2008
2912:Cavaignac
2908:Lamartine
2861:abolition
2713:Blanquist
2689:Carbonari
2615:Karl Marx
2611:mutualism
2603:anarchist
2545:and the "
2535:reformist
2464:Charles X
2385:Karl Marx
2361:1851 coup
2208:parties.
2167:anarchist
2163:socialist
2159:communist
1925:Anarchism
1847:Gorbachev
1697:Malatesta
1692:Bernstein
1469:Pankhurst
1449:Pannekoek
1439:Luxemburg
1394:Plekhanov
1369:Carpenter
1364:Kropotkin
1161:Ricardian
1151:Religious
1146:Reformism
1131:Nkrumaism
1121:Municipal
1021:Communism
1016:Christian
1001:Blanquism
991:Anarchism
934:Mutualism
636:Socialism
469:Municipal
442:Elections
352:Occitania
327:Grand Est
231:Judiciary
207:President
191:President
106:President
98:Executive
6391:WĂŒrzburg
6366:Naissaar
6330:Finland
6290:Bavaria
6228:Slovakia
6213:Bulgaria
6143:Far East
6090:Mongolia
6002:Americas
5866:European
5797:Chavismo
5762:Pakistan
5369:website
5356:Archived
5300:Dynamite
5121:See also
5012:New Deal
4747:writers
4732:Le Monde
4570:Gaullist
4366:such as
4228:entryism
4031:such as
4015:Radicals
3916:pacifism
3860:and the
3853:(SFIO).
3775:(SFIO).
3734:(SFIC).
3710:and the
3677:and the
3526:dynamite
3426:American
3126:and the
3090:abroad."
3087:Pissarro
2855:and for
2829:Republic
2740:ideology
2643:VorwÀrts
2613:, while
2605:thinker
2276:Gavroche
2215:and the
2200:and the
2043:Category
1782:Erlander
1742:Kerensky
1712:Connolly
1569:Thompson
1554:Bookchin
1544:Montseny
1494:Vanzetti
1459:Einstein
1429:Landauer
1334:Saltykov
1329:Lassalle
1289:Proudhon
1071:Gandhian
1056:Feminist
1006:Buddhist
986:Agrarian
964:Variants
628:a series
626:Part of
550:Centrism
502:Americas
342:Normandy
312:Brittany
37:a series
6361:Ireland
6351:Galicia
6250:Romania
6208:Albania
6163:Jiangxi
6110:Vietnam
6014:Grenada
5988:Somalia
5871:Israeli
5861:Chinese
5856:Burmese
5851:British
5841:African
5813:History
5804:Vietnam
5772:Tunisia
5722:Finland
5717:Estonia
5162:Gaillac
5108:Walwari
4855:Current
4533:Renault
4353:Cagoule
4339:(PSF).
4146:planism
4091:Marxist
4052:Rif War
3716:Germany
3683:Marxist
3642:Marxist
3499:amnesty
3422:Belgian
3418:Spanish
3414:Italian
3390:Bakunin
3356:Marxist
3264:revenge
3083:Rimbaud
3079:Courbet
2920:Raspail
2896:Radical
2889:liberal
2865:slavery
2835:", or "
2732:in the
2517:and of
2488:liberal
2486:. More
2399:History
2369:Marxism
2298:Jacobin
2221:Germany
2206:Marxist
1877:SĂĄnchez
1862:Sankara
1822:Mandela
1807:Kreisky
1797:Allende
1792:Senghor
1787:Douglas
1772:Durruti
1737:Trotsky
1629:Graeber
1609:Hampton
1579:Chomsky
1524:Marcuse
1509:Gramsci
1499:Bordiga
1489:Polanyi
1444:Russell
1434:Berkman
1424:Goldman
1414:Du Bois
1384:Kautsky
1379:Bellamy
1344:Tolstoy
1319:Wallace
1304:Bakunin
1294:Greeley
1284:Blanqui
1264:Fourier
1211:Zionist
1201:Utopian
1141:Popular
1136:Owenism
1116:Marxism
1096:Liberal
1081:Islamic
1041:Ethical
1036:Digital
1011:Chinese
976:African
660:Outline
655:History
400:RĂ©union
395:Mayotte
322:Corsica
283:Regions
6371:Saxony
6316:Bremen
6245:Poland
6201:Europe
6168:Kuwait
6148:Fujian
5963:Guinea
5923:Angola
5916:Africa
5732:Greece
5727:France
5689:China
5685:Canada
5678:Lulism
5673:Brazil
5599:Part 2
5595:Part 1
5525:
5392:
5336:
5225:, 1998
4808:, and
4798:May 68
4660:Esprit
4428:(FA).
4193:. The
3810:reform
3360:France
3340:labour
3260:Vosges
3146:, the
3067:Terror
2822:Social
2450:. The
2175:France
2151:French
1872:Marcos
1867:ChĂĄvez
1857:Corbyn
1832:Manley
1827:DubÄek
1817:Nasser
1757:Makhno
1747:Attlee
1732:Martov
1717:Gandhi
1672:Babeuf
1662:Mazdak
1624:Hedges
1604:Ăcalan
1589:Newton
1549:Sartre
1539:Guérin
1534:Orwell
1484:Korsch
1479:LukĂĄcs
1464:Keller
1454:Rocker
1399:Ferrer
1354:Morris
1349:Michel
1324:Lavrov
1314:Engels
1299:Herzen
1274:Leroux
1206:Yellow
1111:Market
1086:Jewish
881:Models
497:Africa
464:Senate
202:Senate
6386:UĆŸice
6321:BihaÄ
6281:Banat
6153:Gilan
6100:Syria
6070:China
6045:Burma
6019:Chile
5993:Sudan
5968:Libya
5943:Egypt
5928:Benin
5747:Italy
5737:India
5304:Nobel
5148:Notes
4523:Vichy
4491:Italy
4024:, or
3232:]
3027:, in
2424:Paris
2375:" of
2312:held
2058:Songs
2032:Lists
1837:Palme
1687:Bebel
1677:Blanc
1639:Saito
1614:ĆœiĆŸek
1594:Wolff
1529:James
1514:Sacco
1504:Serge
1474:Volin
1419:Gorky
1409:Wells
1404:Dewey
1389:Wilde
1374:Sorel
1359:Jones
1269:Cabet
1239:Paine
1186:State
1176:Sewer
1076:Guild
854:needs
709:Ideas
162:Attal
6334:1918
6299:1919
6105:Tuva
6085:Laos
6075:Iraq
6033:Asia
6009:Cuba
5846:Arab
5742:Iran
5597:and
5523:ISBN
5390:ISBN
5334:ISBN
4751:and
4439:and
4431:The
4382:and
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3992:and
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1767:Nagy
1762:Tito
1727:Blum
1702:Debs
1682:Hong
1667:Roux
1619:West
1574:Ward
1559:Zinn
1309:Marx
1259:Owen
1229:More
981:Arab
907:OGAS
507:Asia
146:LREM
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