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traditional holz hausen has a 10-foot diameter, stands 10 feet high, and holds about 6 cords of wood. The walls are made of pieces arranged radially, and tilted slightly inward for stability. The inside pieces are stacked on end to form a chimney for air flow. The top pieces are tilted slightly outward to shed rain and are placed bark side up.
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Usually firewood is sold by volume. While a specific volume term may be used, there can be a wide variation in what this means and what the measure can produce as a fuel. A measure of green unseasoned wood with 65% moisture contains less usable energy than when it has been dried to 20%. Regardless of
501:
Round stacks can be made many ways. Some are piles of wood with a stacked circular wall around them. Others like the
American Holz Hausen are more complicated. A Holz hausen, or "wood house", is a circular method of stacking wood; proponents say it speeds up drying on a relatively small footprint. A
177:
Harvesting or collecting firewood varies by the region and culture. Some places have specific areas for firewood collection. Other places may integrate the collection of firewood in the cycle of preparing a plot of land to grow food as part of a field rotation process. Collection can be a group, or
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or oven can be used. The process of kiln or oven drying firewood was invented by
Anthony Cutara, for which a successful US patent was filed in 1983. In 1987 the US Department of Agriculture replicated the method and published a detailed procedure for the production of kiln dried firewood, citing the
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There are many ways to create the ends of a stack. In some areas, a crib end is created by alternating pairs of logs to help stabilize the end. A stake or pole placed in the ground is another way to end the pile. A series of stacked logs at the end, each with a cord tied to it and the free end of
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drive, a dedicated internal combustion engine, or a rugged electric pipe-threading machine, which is safer than the other power sources because the power can be shut off more easily if necessary. Another method is to use a kinetic log splitter, which uses a rack and pinion system powered by a small
263:
is used for various purposes due to its availability and affordability. The excessive demand for fuel wood places immense pressure on forest resources, leading to the depletion of woodlands and the disruption of delicate ecosystems. Furthermore, deforestation exacerbates climate change by releasing
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has a volume of 128 cubic feet (3.6 m), including wood, bark, and air space in a neatly stacked pile. The actual wood volume of a cord may be in the range of 80 to 100 cubic feet (2.3 to 2.8 m) as stacked wood takes up more space than a piece of solid wood. The most common firewood piece
595:
The energy content of a measure of wood depends on the tree species. For example, it can range from 15.5 to 32 million
British thermal units per cord (4.5 to 9.3 GJ/m). The higher the moisture content, the more energy that must be used to evaporate (boil) the water in the wood before it
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The simplest stack is where logs are placed next to and on top of each other, forming a line the width of the logs. The height of the stack can vary, generally depending upon how the ends are constructed. Without constructing ends, the length of the log and length of the pile help determine the
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Under a roof, there are no concerns about the wood being subjected to rain, snow or run-off, but ventilation needs to be provided if the wood is stored green so that moisture released from the wood does not recondense inside. The methods for stacking depend on the structure and layout desired.
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There is debate about whether wood will dry more quickly when covered. There is a trade-off between the surface of the wood getting wet vs. allowing as much wind and sun as possible to access the stack. A cover can be almost any material that sheds water – a large piece of plywood, sheet metal,
295:
Fuel wood is often utilized by small-scale industries for various production processes. Examples include baking and food processing, pottery making, brick-making, and blacksmithing. In rural areas, fuel wood is used for artisanal activities such as carving, woodworking, and crafting traditional
587:
The moisture content of firewood determines how it burns and how much heat is released. Unseasoned (green) wood moisture content varies by the species; green wood may weigh 70 to 100 percent more than seasoned wood due to water content. Typically, seasoned (dry) wood has 20% or less moisture
312:
Fuel wood plays a role in cultural and religious practices in
Nigeria. It is used for traditional ceremonies, rituals, and religious ceremonies involving fire. Students also use it to do bonfire, night parties and so on. The traditionalists that do masquerade at night uses fire wood to warm
494:
Storing outdoors: Firewood should be stacked with the bark facing upwards. This allows the water to drain off, and standing frost, ice, or snow to be kept from the wood. Storing wood near a dwelling increases the likelihood that insects such as termites can become established indoors.
745:
and bavins. A billet, like a bavin, was a piece of kindling wood. The 16th C standardised a billet as three foot four inches in length, and ten inches around (for open fires); and a bavin as three foot long and two feet round (a chunkier log, often used for ovens).
101:
491:
Whether split, or in 'rounds' (flush-cut and unsplit segments of logs), the wood should be stacked lengthwise, which is the most stable and practical method. Again though, if the wood needs further seasoning there should be adequate air flow through the stack.
230:. Standing dead timber is considered better still, for it has less humid organic material on the trunk, allowing tools to stay sharper longer, as well as being both seasoned and less rotten. Harvesting this form of timber reduces the speed and intensity of
282:
Fuel wood serves as a primary source of energy for cooking in many households and commercial outlets across
Nigeria. It is used in traditional stoves or open fires to prepare meals and heat food. Many living below one dollar per day use firewood for
168:
considered that it was “remarkable what a value is still put upon wood even in this age and this country...the prince and the peasant, the scholar and the savage, equally require still a few sticks from the forest to warm them and cook their food”.
322:
In most parts of the world, firewood is only prepared for transport at the time it is harvested. Then it is moved closer to the place where it will be used as fuel and prepared (split, seasoned, etc...) there. The process of making
883:
sent a 12-hour live program on the topic of firewood, where a large part of the program consisted of showing firewood burning in a fireplace. More than one million people, 20% of Norway's population, saw part of the
241:. Thus, longer pieces, requiring less manual labour, and less chainsaw fuel – are less expensive and only limited by the size of the firebox. In most of the United States, the standard measure of firewood is a
1250:
Sola, Phosiso; Cerutti, Paolo Omar; Zhou, Wen; Gautier, Denis; Iiyama, Miyuki; Schure, Jolien; Chenevoy, Audrey; Yila, Jummai; Dufe, Vanessa; Nasi, Robert; Petrokofsky, Gillian; Shepherd, Gill (2017-02-13).
330:
Most firewood also requires splitting, which also allows for faster seasoning by exposing more surface area. Today, most splitting is done with a hydraulic splitting machine, but it can also be split with a
861:
in 1814 complained to her sister that “My Mother’s Wood is brought in-but by some mistake, no Bavins. She must therefore buy some”. (Contemporary charges were between 6 and 15 shillings per hundred bavins).
118:. However, demand for this fuel can outpace its ability to regenerate on a local or regional level. Good forestry practices and improvements in devices that use firewood can improve local wood supplies.
599:
The
Sustainable Energy Development Office (SEDO), part of the Government of Western Australia states that the energy content of wood is 4.5 kWh/kg or 16.2 gigajoules/tonne (GJ/t).
794:
which is made from 4-foot (1.22 m) logs will not be a cord when it has been cut into 1 foot logs and then split so each piece will fit through a 3-inch (7.6 cm) circle.
508:
289:
In colder regions or during colder seasons, fuel wood is used for heating purposes. It provides warmth in homes and can be used in fireplaces or traditional heating devices.
252:
Buying and burning firewood that was cut only a short distance from its final destination prevents the accidental spread of invasive tree-killing insects and diseases.
1714:
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Storing firewood indoors for any extended period of time is not recommended, for it increases the risk of introducing insects such as termites into the home.
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depends on the length of the logs that are stacked in a 4 by 8 ft (1.22 by 2.44 m) pile. When 16 in (41 cm) logs are used, the volume is
347:
increases with depth. More unusual, and dangerous, is a tapered screw-style design, that augers into the wood, splitting it, and can be powered by either a
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121:
Smoke from firewood causes respiratory and other diseases. Moving firewood long distances can potentially transport diseases and invasive species.
199:
414:
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78:. Generally, firewood is not heavily processed and is in some sort of recognizable log or branch form, compared to other forms of
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2150:
465:, to specialized structures. Usually the goal of storing wood is to keep water away from it and to continue the drying process.
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Burning firewood causes respiratory and other illnesses. Along with clearance for agriculture collecting firewood is a cause of
770:). The most common firewood piece length are 33 cm (13 in) and 50 cm (20 in). Wood can also be sold by the
480:
enclosed. Ideally pallets or scrap wood should be used to raise the wood from the ground, reducing rot and increasing air flow.
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872:) by Lars Mytting became a bestseller in 2011–2012, selling 150,000 copies. A version of the book has also been published in
184:
1151:
Matemilola, Saheed; Elegbede, Isa O.; Kies, Fatima; Yusuf, Gbolahan A.; Yangni, Ganbobga N.; Garba, Ibrahim (2019-01-01).
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1253:"The environmental, socioeconomic, and health impacts of woodfuel value chains in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic map"
699:
To reduce the drying time to a number of days from the normal one to three years, an external heating source such as a
164:
or the right to gather firewood, being a significant aspect of many medieval leases. As late as 19th century
America,
448:
260:
1701:
1406:"Culture, tradition, and taboo: Understanding the social shaping of fuel choices and cooking practices in Nigeria"
370:
86:. Firewood can be seasoned and heat treated (dry) or unseasoned (fresh/wet). It is generally classified as either
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2087:
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terracotta tiles, or an oiled canvas cloth, even cheap plastic sheeting may also be used. Wood will not dry when
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249:
can affect the price. Prices also vary considerably with the distance from wood lots, and quality of the wood.
1099:. Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Plant Health and Biosecurity Directorate. 2015-04-14.
222:" managed for that purpose, but in heavily wooded areas it is more often harvested as a byproduct of natural
1652:"The Effects of Access to Clean Fuels and Technologies for Cooking on Deforestation in Developing Countries"
1060:
129:
1153:"An Analysis of the Impacts of Bioenergy Development on Food Security in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects"
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2143:
1555:. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Archived from
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1075:"Don't Move Firewood - Trees and forests are threatened by invasive foreign insects and diseases"
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In the United States and Canada, firewood is usually sold by the full cord, face cord or bag. A
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2343:
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2136:
2490:
2392:
1759:
1212:, in Buschow, K. H. JĂĽrgen; Cahn, Robert W.; Flemings, Merton C.; Ilschner, Bernhard (eds.),
900:
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234:, but it also reduces habitat for snag-nesting animals such as owls, bats, and some rodents.
157:
56:
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will burn. Dry wood delivers more energy for heating than green wood of the same species.
8:
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Fuel wood is also a key raw material for charcoal production. Charcoal, derived from the
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1190:
870:
Solid Wood: All About
Chopping, Drying and Stacking Wood – and the Soul of Wood-Burning
246:
137:
115:
35:
1492:"A non-commercial service in support of responsible home heating with wood - Firewood"
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There are many ways to store firewood. These range from simple piles to free-standing
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Bucking, splitting and stacking logs for firewood in Kõrvemaa, Estonia (October 2022)
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an individual activity. The tools and methods for harvesting firewood are diverse.
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31:
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1112:"Ecological Survey of Avifaunal Resources in University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria"
422:
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or 128 cubic feet (3.6 m), however, firewood can also be sold by weight. The
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2328:
2117:
2102:
2092:
1746:
1548:
Simpson, William T.; Boone, R. Sidney; Chern, Joseph; Mace, Terry (August 1987).
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cubic feet (1.21 m) which is one third of a full or bush cord stack of wood.
226:. Deadfall that has not started to rot is preferred, since it is already partly
2901:
2748:
2727:
2722:
2707:
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2402:
1998:
1735:
Website which compares qualities of
American wood species in cord measurements.
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1993:
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858:
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83:
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For most of human history, firewood was the main fuel, until the use of
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2618:
2500:
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2370:
2293:
2253:
2188:
2016:
1930:
1925:
1872:
1740:
A Graph showing
Fuelwood & Firewood Production in Canada since 1940
1626:"Rick Of Firewood [Definition, Value, Weight, Tips For Buying]"
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191:
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2531:
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2041:
2021:
1973:
1920:
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920:
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779:
674:
602:
Here are some examples of energy content of several species of wood:
565:
327:
from firewood can take place at the place the firewood is harvested.
79:
42:
993:
724:
571:
237:
Harvesting timber for firewood is normally carried out by hand with
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2768:
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2626:
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2510:
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2031:
1947:
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771:
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635:
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the cord wrapped to log in the middle of the pile, is another way.
324:
238:
231:
161:
91:
87:
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759:
733:
the term, firewood measurement is best thought of as an estimate.
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2641:
2452:
2445:
2407:
2365:
1983:
1798:
895:
661:
519:
219:
165:
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592:
is advised as a reasonable standard way of reporting this data.
306:
of wood, is used for cooking, heating, and industrial processes.
2702:
2603:
2563:
2268:
2263:
2178:
2167:
1839:
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873:
535:
223:
71:
41:"Fuel wood" redirects here. For wood as a fuel in general, see
313:
themselves and roast meats like goat or chicken for enjoyment.
48:
2783:
2515:
2495:
2313:
2213:
2198:
2082:
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1988:
1957:
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775:
648:
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576:
336:
141:
2218:
2159:
1150:
880:
700:
153:
75:
1613:"What is a Cord? And How to Avoid Paying Too Much for One"
1404:
Akintan, Oluwakemi; Jewitt, Sarah; Clifford, Mike (2018).
160:. As such, access to firewood was a valued resource, with
2573:
1116:
Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management
612:
1650:
Bakehe, Novice Patrick; Hassan, Roukiya (2023-09-01).
1249:
1109:
1403:
1110:
Ijeomah, HM; Ijeomah, UD; Okagbare, OH (2013-11-08).
352:
motor and a large flywheel used for energy storage.
1512:. Sedo.energy.wa.gov.au. 2010-01-01. Archived from
1365:"Fuelwood and Charcoal Use in Developing Countries"
1294:"Development and the fuelwood situation in Nigeria"
994:"Protect the Trees You Love From Tree-killing Bugs"
941:"Women using firewood face increasing health risks"
840:
741:Early modern England measured firewood in terms of
275:Here are some common uses of fuel wood in Nigeria:
1214:Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology
2888:
879:In February 2013, the Norwegian state broadcast
343:. Some steel wedges have an angled blade so the
293:Small-scale industries and Artisanal activities:
60:Stack of split firewood and a splitting maul,
2144:
1767:
688:
411:The examples and perspective in this article
205:Firewood transportation from farm to home in
1649:
728:Firewood for sale at a local market in Mali.
1715:Bark Up or Down? Firewood Splits Norwegians
1608:
1606:
1600:. Measurement Canada. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
1362:
2151:
2137:
1774:
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2098:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
1380:
1268:
1176:
1127:
449:Learn how and when to remove this message
1603:
1550:"Kiln-Drying Time of Split Oak Firewood"
1489:
1216:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 9637–9641,
723:
715:
570:
559:
128:
96:
55:
47:
74:material that is gathered and used for
14:
2889:
1291:
1207:
1157:Environmental and Climate Technologies
967:
736:
720:Firewood on its way to market in Mali.
2132:
1755:
1615:. Woodheat.org. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
852:
2859:
1598:"Buying Firewood? Don't Get Burned!"
1410:Energy Research & Social Science
963:
961:
397:
52:Stack of firewood next to a building
2871:
1382:10.1146/annurev.eg.10.110185.002203
24:
1103:
785:
758:, firewood is usually sold by the
534:Stacked with crib end, in eastern
388:Steel wedge for splitting firewood
134:A Woman of ĹŚhara Carrying Firewood
34:. For the military operation, see
25:
2913:
2158:
1728:
1702:Norsk ved-TV vekker oppsikt i USA
1510:"Office of Energy - Clean Energy"
1444:"Seasoning Firewood How and When"
958:
809:length is 16 inches (41 cm).
708:as a key benefit of the process.
704:higher heat output and increased
472:height of a free-standing stack.
310:Cultural and religious practices:
30:For the album by Witchcraft, see
2870:
2858:
2849:
2848:
1781:
1656:Journal of the Knowledge Economy
1053:"Where does firewood come from?"
945:WHO | Regional Office for Africa
864:In Norway, the non-fiction book
841:Damage to health and environment
555:
543:
527:
507:
402:
381:
376:Hydraulic wood splitting machine
369:
357:
213:
198:
183:
2398:Oriented structural straw board
2088:Control of fire by early humans
1707:
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1502:
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1332:
1285:
1243:
1201:
1144:
218:Some firewood is harvested in "
1704:Aftenposten, February 20, 2013
1535:"Packaged kiln dried firewood"
1363:Wood, T S; Baldwin, S (1985).
1222:10.1016/b0-08-043152-6/01746-0
1085:
1067:
1045:
1032:
1019:
1006:
986:
933:
762:, equivalent to a volume of 1
711:
538:, covered by terracotta tiles.
522:are about 6 meters (20') high.
13:
1:
927:
172:
1692:(OUP 1995) p. 264 and p. 432
1208:Bowyer, J. L. (2001-01-01),
970:"Wood Smoke and Your Health"
317:
261:Firewood/fuelwood in Nigeria
7:
1210:"Wood: Future Availability"
888:
550:Stacking firewood in a shed
425:, discuss the issue on the
364:Italian-style splitting axe
10:
2918:
2789:Non-timber forest products
2413:Structural insulated panel
1668:10.1007/s13132-022-00913-2
1422:10.1016/j.erss.2017.11.019
968:US EPA, OAR (2013-05-28).
692:
689:Kiln (oven) dried firewood
393:
255:
124:
40:
29:
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2009:
1966:
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1270:10.1186/s13750-017-0082-2
749:
2754:Destructive distillation
1868:Autoignition temperature
1588:(2016) p. 154 and p. 207
1473:"Northidahofirewood.com"
1169:10.2478/rtuect-2019-0005
1029:(2016) p. 127 and p. 207
876:, selling 50,000 copies.
144:), Japanese painting by
2774:Green building and wood
1883:Minimum ignition energy
1586:The Wood for the Trees
1369:Annual Review of Energy
611:Heating value (million
272:, into the atmosphere.
2418:Wood–plastic composite
2344:Glued laminated timber
2339:Cross-laminated timber
1257:Environmental Evidence
1027:The Wood for the Trees
729:
721:
584:
568:
190:Firewood collector in
149:
140:, the peddler lady of
111:
64:
53:
2491:Corrugated fiberboard
2393:Oriented strand board
1690:Jane Austen’s Letters
1292:Morgan, W.B. (1978).
901:Cordwood construction
727:
719:
706:combustion efficiency
574:
563:
158:Industrial Revolution
132:
109:
59:
51:
2876:WikiProject Forestry
1129:10.4314/ejesm.v6i6.8
1097:www.inspection.gc.ca
1079:dontmovefirewood.org
588:content. Use of the
431:create a new article
423:improve this article
413:may not represent a
345:mechanical advantage
300:Charcoal production:
2637:Ramial chipped wood
1909:Solar Spark Lighter
1722:, February 19, 2013
1516:on October 13, 2009
737:Traditional English
590:lower heating value
514:Firewood stacks at
27:Wood used for fires
2554:Cellulosic ethanol
1745:2016-03-13 at the
1719:The New York Times
1448:thechimneysweep.ca
1310:10.1007/bf00156221
853:In popular culture
730:
722:
585:
569:
156:spread during the
150:
116:renewable resource
112:
65:
54:
36:Operation Firewood
2884:
2883:
2819:Wood preservation
2764:Engineered bamboo
2584:Pyroligneous acid
2126:
2125:
1231:978-0-08-043152-9
1057:extension.unh.edu
1042:(OUP 2008) p. 225
1014:Enlightenment Now
911:Multipurpose tree
686:
685:
459:
458:
451:
433:, as appropriate.
107:
16:(Redirected from
2909:
2874:
2873:
2862:
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2851:
2809:Timber recycling
2804:Reclaimed lumber
2794:Natural building
2759:Dry distillation
2713:Split-rail fence
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2076:Related articles
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1662:(3): 2561–2577.
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1561:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1475:. Archived from
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1450:. Archived from
1440:
1434:
1433:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1180:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1131:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1059:. Archived from
1049:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
990:
984:
983:
981:
980:
965:
956:
955:
953:
952:
937:
835:
834:
830:
827:
812:The volume of a
605:
604:
547:
531:
516:PĂĽhtitsa Convent
511:
454:
447:
443:
440:
434:
406:
405:
398:
385:
373:
361:
207:Maroua, Cameroon
202:
187:
146:Nagasawa Rosetsu
108:
32:Firewood (album)
21:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2840:
2824:Wood processing
2732:
2666:
2613:
2520:
2472:
2429:
2359:parallel strand
2330:
2323:
2171:
2162:
2157:
2127:
2122:
2118:Survival skills
2103:Outdoor cooking
2071:
2010:Other equipment
2005:
1967:Modern starters
1962:
1892:
1854:
1808:
1785:
1780:
1747:Wayback Machine
1731:
1726:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1688:D Le Faye ed.,
1687:
1683:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1630:WoodsMan Report
1624:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1488:
1484:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1402:
1398:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1290:
1286:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1206:
1202:
1149:
1145:
1108:
1104:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1007:
998:
996:
992:
991:
987:
978:
976:
966:
959:
950:
948:
939:
938:
934:
930:
925:
891:
855:
843:
832:
828:
825:
823:
788:
752:
739:
714:
697:
691:
622:Heating value (
558:
551:
548:
539:
532:
523:
512:
455:
444:
438:
435:
420:
407:
403:
396:
389:
386:
377:
374:
365:
362:
320:
258:
216:
209:
203:
194:
188:
175:
127:
97:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2856:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2749:Certified wood
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2723:Timber framing
2720:
2715:
2710:
2708:Sawdust brandy
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:Sandalwood oil
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2403:Particle board
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1898:
1897:Early starters
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1737:
1730:
1729:External links
1727:
1725:
1724:
1706:
1694:
1681:
1642:
1617:
1602:
1590:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1562:on 2006-02-24.
1540:
1526:
1501:
1490:John Gulland.
1482:
1479:on 2009-02-06.
1464:
1435:
1396:
1375:(1): 407–429.
1355:
1331:
1284:
1242:
1230:
1200:
1143:
1102:
1084:
1066:
1063:on 2007-11-27.
1044:
1031:
1018:
1005:
985:
957:
931:
929:
926:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
877:
862:
854:
851:
842:
839:
838:
837:
810:
787:
784:
751:
748:
738:
735:
713:
710:
693:Main article:
690:
687:
684:
683:
680:
677:
671:
670:
667:
664:
658:
657:
654:
651:
645:
644:
641:
638:
632:
631:
620:
609:
557:
554:
553:
552:
549:
542:
540:
533:
526:
524:
513:
506:
457:
456:
417:of the subject
415:worldwide view
410:
408:
401:
395:
392:
391:
390:
387:
380:
378:
375:
368:
366:
363:
356:
349:power take-off
333:splitting maul
319:
316:
315:
314:
307:
297:
290:
284:
270:greenhouse gas
266:carbon dioxide
257:
254:
215:
212:
211:
210:
204:
197:
195:
189:
182:
174:
171:
126:
123:
114:Firewood is a
62:Czech Republic
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2914:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2877:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2857:
2855:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:List of woods
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Billet (wood)
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Hemicellulose
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Railroad ties
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:Wood products
2154:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Feather stick
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:Burning glass
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Friction fire
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:Fire triangle
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1713:Sarah Lyall:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1454:on 2008-11-05
1453:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1345:
1341:
1340:"Wood energy"
1335:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1041:
1038:H D Thoreau,
1035:
1028:
1022:
1016:(2019) p. 143
1015:
1009:
995:
989:
975:
971:
964:
962:
946:
942:
936:
932:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
882:
878:
875:
871:
868:(In English:
867:
863:
860:
857:
856:
850:
848:
847:deforestation
821:
817:
816:
811:
807:
803:
802:
797:
796:
795:
793:
786:North America
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:metric system
747:
744:
734:
726:
718:
709:
707:
702:
696:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
629:
625:
621:
618:
614:
610:
608:Wood Species
607:
606:
603:
600:
597:
593:
591:
582:
578:
573:
567:
562:
556:Heating value
546:
541:
537:
530:
525:
521:
517:
510:
505:
504:
503:
499:
496:
492:
489:
488:Under a roof:
485:
481:
479:
473:
470:
466:
464:
453:
450:
442:
439:December 2023
432:
428:
424:
418:
416:
409:
400:
399:
384:
379:
372:
367:
360:
355:
354:
353:
350:
346:
342:
341:sledge hammer
338:
334:
328:
326:
311:
308:
305:
304:carbonization
301:
298:
294:
291:
288:
285:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
271:
267:
262:
253:
250:
248:
247:heating value
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
214:North America
208:
201:
196:
193:
186:
181:
180:
179:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
122:
119:
117:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
63:
58:
50:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2863:
2833:
2728:Wooden masts
2698:Dugout canoe
2683:Bavin (wood)
2632:Black liquor
2569:Liquid smoke
2457:
2319:Utility pole
2304:Timber truss
2224:Log building
2093:Firem'n Chit
1953:Fire striker
1829:
1783:Firelighting
1717:
1709:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1634:. Retrieved
1632:. 2019-01-25
1629:
1620:
1593:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1557:the original
1543:
1529:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:the original
1504:
1496:woodheat.org
1495:
1485:
1477:the original
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:the original
1447:
1438:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
1334:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1260:
1256:
1245:
1235:, retrieved
1213:
1203:
1178:10281/236662
1163:(1): 64–83.
1160:
1156:
1146:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1061:the original
1056:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1008:
997:. Retrieved
988:
977:. Retrieved
973:
949:. Retrieved
947:. 2022-04-07
944:
935:
869:
865:
844:
819:
813:
805:
799:
789:
766:(0.276
753:
740:
731:
698:
601:
598:
594:
586:
564:Firewood in
500:
497:
493:
487:
486:
482:
477:
474:
468:
467:
460:
445:
436:
412:
329:
321:
309:
299:
292:
286:
279:
274:
259:
251:
236:
217:
176:
151:
148:(1754–1799).
133:
120:
113:
67:
66:
2829:Woodworking
2814:Wood drying
2799:Papermaking
2619:By-products
2525:Derivatives
2463:Pellet fuel
2204:Flitch beam
1979:Ferrocerium
1943:Fire plough
1938:Fire piston
1888:Smouldering
1344:www.fao.org
974:www.epa.gov
859:Jane Austen
764:cubic meter
712:Measurement
695:Wood drying
2891:Categories
2671:Historical
2652:Wood flour
2501:Paperboard
2371:Fiberboard
2329:Engineered
2189:Bressummer
2017:Char cloth
1931:Pump drill
1926:Hand drill
1916:Fire drill
1873:Combustion
1813:Components
1636:2019-02-15
1584:R Fortey,
1520:2010-07-29
1458:2008-09-22
1349:2023-05-21
1298:GeoJournal
1237:2023-05-21
1093:"Firewood"
1025:R Fortey,
1012:S Pinker,
999:2020-11-18
979:2024-01-29
951:2024-01-29
928:References
774:or by the
478:completely
192:Mozambique
173:Harvesting
162:wood botes
2693:Clapboard
2662:Woodchips
2657:Wood wool
2537:Cellulose
2532:Birch-tar
2486:Cardboard
2468:Wood fuel
2376:hardboard
2279:Reclaimed
2244:Panelling
2234:Log house
2229:Log cabin
2113:Pyromania
2108:Pyrolysis
2062:Tinderbox
2047:Matchbook
2042:Fire ring
2022:Chuckmuck
1974:Blowtorch
1921:Bow drill
1850:Wood fuel
1676:1868-7873
1430:115739869
1416:: 14–22.
1391:0362-1626
1326:154561400
1318:0343-2521
1279:2047-2382
1195:198964019
1187:2255-8837
1138:1998-0507
921:Wood fuel
815:face cord
806:bush cord
801:full cord
780:Australia
675:White Fir
566:fireplace
427:talk page
318:Preparing
239:chainsaws
232:bushfires
80:wood fuel
43:wood fuel
18:Fuel wood
2897:Firewood
2854:Category
2835:Yakisugi
2769:Forestry
2737:See also
2678:Axe ties
2647:Tall oil
2627:Barkdust
2609:Wood gas
2589:Pine tar
2579:Methanol
2511:Pulpwood
2458:Firewood
2441:Charcoal
2434:Fuelwood
2381:Masonite
2309:Treenail
2209:Flooring
2052:Matchbox
2037:Fire pit
2032:Fire pan
1999:Electric
1948:Fire-saw
1845:Wood ash
1830:Firewood
1804:Glossary
1794:Campfire
1743:Archived
1263:(1): 4.
916:Wood ash
906:Estovers
889:See also
884:program.
778:, as in
772:kilogram
636:Tamarack
421:You may
325:charcoal
287:Heating:
283:cooking.
280:Cooking:
228:seasoned
220:woodlots
92:softwood
88:hardwood
68:Firewood
2865:Commons
2744:Biomass
2718:Tanbark
2642:Sawdust
2453:Firelog
2446:biochar
2408:Plywood
2366:I-joist
2284:Shingle
2239:Molding
1984:Lighter
1799:Bonfire
1040:Walden
896:Biomass
866:Hel Ved
831:⁄
754:In the
743:billets
662:Red Fir
520:Estonia
469:Stacks:
394:Storing
256:Nigeria
224:forests
166:Thoreau
125:History
84:pellets
70:is any
2703:Potash
2604:Tannin
2564:Lignin
2478:Fibers
2423:lumber
2349:veneer
2289:Siding
2269:Rafter
2264:Purlin
2179:Batten
2172:timber
2168:Lumber
1860:Topics
1840:Tinder
1674:
1428:
1389:
1324:
1316:
1277:
1228:
1193:
1185:
1136:
874:Sweden
750:Metric
577:embers
575:Birch
536:France
463:stacks
296:items.
138:ja:大原女
72:wooden
2902:Fuels
2784:Mulch
2594:Pitch
2516:Rayon
2496:Paper
2314:Truss
2254:Plate
2249:Plank
2214:Joist
2199:Cruck
2083:Arson
2067:Torch
1994:Black
1989:Match
1958:Flint
1835:Spark
1820:Ember
1560:(PDF)
1553:(PDF)
1426:S2CID
1322:S2CID
1304:(5).
1191:S2CID
1122:(6).
818:or a
776:tonne
760:stère
679:16.7
666:20.6
653:21.3
649:Birch
640:22.3
583:stove
581:sauna
429:, or
337:wedge
335:or a
142:Kyoto
82:like
2559:Dyes
2542:nano
2506:Pulp
2331:wood
2299:Stud
2294:Sill
2259:Post
2219:Lath
2184:Beam
2057:Punk
1672:ISSN
1387:ISSN
1314:ISSN
1275:ISSN
1226:ISBN
1183:ISSN
1134:ISSN
820:rick
792:cord
768:cord
701:kiln
682:4.9
669:6.0
656:6.2
643:6.5
626:per
617:cord
615:per
339:and
268:, a
243:cord
154:coal
76:fuel
2574:Lye
2386:MDF
2354:LVL
2194:CLS
1664:doi
1418:doi
1377:doi
1306:doi
1265:doi
1218:doi
1173:hdl
1165:doi
1124:doi
881:NRK
804:or
613:BTU
579:on
518:in
90:or
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