1133:
risks. Hence, there are important questions about what obligations, if any, are owed to the family members of the individuals who are undergoing genetic testing. In
Western/European society, tested individuals are usually encouraged to share important information on any genetic diagnoses with their close relatives, since the importance of the genetic diagnosis for offspring and other close relatives is usually one of the reasons for seeking a genetic testing in the first place. Nevertheless, a major ethical dilemma can develop when the patients refuse to share information on a diagnosis that is made for serious genetic disorder that is highly preventable and where there is a high risk to relatives carrying the same disease mutation. Under such circumstances, the clinician may suspect that the relatives would rather know of the diagnosis and hence the clinician can face a conflict of interest with respect to patient-doctor confidentiality.
996:
hospital from July 2016-March 2017, forty-two families received rWGS for etiologic diagnosis of genetic disorders. The diagnostic sensitivity of rWGS was 43% (eighteen of 42 infants) and 10% (four of 42 infants) for standard genetic tests (P = .0005). The rate of clinical utility of rWGS (31%, thirteen of 42 infants) was significantly greater than for standard genetic tests (2%, one of 42; P = .0015). Eleven (26%) infants with diagnostic rWGS avoided morbidity, one had a 43% reduction in likelihood of mortality, and one started palliative care. In six of the eleven infants, the changes in management reduced inpatient cost by $ 800,000-$ 2,000,000. The findings replicated a prior study of the clinical utility of rWGS in acutely ill inpatient infants, and demonstrated improved outcomes, net healthcare savings and consideration as a first tier test in this setting.
658:
865:. This frequency can further depend on patient age, exposure to DNA damaging agents (such as UV-irradiation or components of tobacco smoke) and the activity/inactivity of DNA repair mechanisms. Furthermore, mutation frequency can vary between cancer types: in germline cells, mutation rates occur at approximately 0.023 mutations per megabase, but this number is much higher in breast cancer (1.18-1.66 somatic mutations per Mb), in lung cancer (17.7) or in melanomas (≈33). Since the haploid human genome consists of approximately 3,200 megabases, this translates into about 74 mutations (mostly in
49:
548:. As sequencing projects began to take on longer and more complicated genomes, multiple groups began to realize that useful information could be obtained by sequencing both ends of a fragment of DNA. Although sequencing both ends of the same fragment and keeping track of the paired data was more cumbersome than sequencing a single end of two distinct fragments, the knowledge that the two sequences were oriented in opposite directions and were about the length of a fragment apart from each other was valuable in reconstructing the sequence of the original target fragment.
1137:
to locus specific databases, patients might still be identifiable by their relatives in the case of finding a rare disease or a rare missense mutation. Public discussion around the introduction of advanced forensic techniques (such as advanced familial searching using public DNA ancestry websites and DNA phenotyping approaches) has been limited, disjointed, and unfocused. As forensic genetics and medical genetics converge toward genome sequencing, issues surrounding genetic data become increasingly connected, and additional legal protections may need to be established.
194:
529:
178:
221:
150:
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7914:
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497:. This has important advantages in environmental microbiology in cases where a single cell of a particular microorganism species can be isolated from a mixed population by microscopy on the basis of its morphological or other distinguishing characteristics. In such cases the normally necessary steps of isolation and growth of the organism in culture may be omitted, thus allowing the sequencing of a much greater spectrum of organism genomes.
7954:
8758:
7934:
7924:
38:
164:
133:, which only determines the likelihood that genetic material came from a particular individual or group, and does not contain additional information on genetic relationships, origin or susceptibility to specific diseases. In addition, whole genome sequencing should not be confused with methods that sequence specific subsets of the genome – such methods include
4814:; Dewey, FE; Dudley, JT; Ormond, KE; Pavlovic, A; Morgan, AA; Pushkarev, D; Neff, NF; Hudgins, L; Gong, L; Hodges, LM; Berlin, DS; Thorn, CF; Sangkuhl, K; Hebert, JM; Woon, M; Sagreiya, H; Whaley, R; Knowles, JW; Chou, MF; Thakuria, JV; Rosenbaum, AM; Zaranek, AW; Church, GM; Greely, HT; Quake, SR; Altman, RB (1 May 2010).
4892:
Joan M.; Capriotti, Emidio; David, Sean P.; Pavlovic, Aleksandra; West, Anne; Thakuria, Joseph V.; Ball, Madeleine P.; Zaranek, Alexander W.; Rehm, Heidi L.; Church, George M.; West, John S.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Snyder, Michael; Altman, Russ B.; Klein, Teri E.; Butte, Atul J.; Ashley, Euan A. (15 September 2011).
207:
6689:
Ley TJ; Mardis ER; Ding L; Fulton B; McLellan MD; Chen K; Dooling D; Dunford-Shore BH; McGrath S; Hickenbotham M; Cook L; Abbott R; Larson DE; Koboldt DC; Pohl C; Smith S; Hawkins A; Abbott S; Locke D; Hillier LW; Miner T; Fulton L; Magrini V; Wylie T; Glasscock J; Conyers J; Sander N; Shi X; Osborne
1254:
Made available through a Web platform in
November 2021, it is the largest public dataset of whole genomes. The genomes are linked to anonymized medical information and are made more accessible for biomedical research than prior, less comprehensive datasets. 300,000 more genomes were released in early
1027:
help to prioritize rare functional variants, and incorporating these annotations can effectively boost the power of genetic association of rare variants analysis of whole genome sequencing studies. Some tools have been specifically developed to provide all-in-one rare variant association analysis for
930:
performed clinical interpretation of a full human genome, that of bioengineer
Stephen Quake. In 2010, Ashley's team reported whole genome molecular autopsy and in 2011, extended the interpretation framework to a fully sequenced family, the West family, who were the first family to be sequenced on the
4356:
Ye K; Beekman M; Lameijer EW; Zhang Y; Moed MH; van den Akker EB; Deelen J; Houwing-Duistermaat JJ; Kremer D; Anvar SY; Laros JF; Jones D; Raine K; Blackburne B; Potluri S; Long Q; Guryev V; van der
Breggen R; Westendorp RG; 't Hoen PA; den Dunnen J; van Ommen GJ; Willemsen G; Pitts SJ; Cox DR; Ning
632:
sequence of an individual organism's DNA at a single point in time. However, further analysis must be performed to provide the biological or medical meaning of this sequence, such as how this knowledge can be used to help prevent disease. Methods for analyzing sequencing data are being developed and
5628:
Holm, Ingrid A.; Agrawal, Pankaj B.; Ceyhan-Birsoy, Ozge; Christensen, Kurt D.; Fayer, Shawn; Frankel, Leslie A.; Genetti, Casie A.; Krier, Joel B.; Lamay, Rebecca C.; Levy, Harvey L.; McGuire, Amy L.; Parad, Richard B.; Park, Peter J.; Pereira, Stacey; Rehm, Heidi L.; Schwartz, Talia S.; Waisbren,
1136:
Privacy concerns can also arise when whole genome sequencing is used in scientific research studies. Researchers often need to put information on patient's genotypes and phenotypes into public scientific databases, such as locus specific databases. Although only anonymous patient data are submitted
781:
In May 2011, Illumina lowered its Full Genome
Sequencing service to $ 5,000 per human genome, or $ 4,000 if ordering 50 or more. Helicos Biosciences, Pacific Biosciences, Complete Genomics, Illumina, Sequenom, ION Torrent Systems, Halcyon Molecular, NABsys, IBM, and GE Global appear to all be going
746:
for
Genomics, intending to award $ 10 million to "the first team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 1,000,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and
6574:
Wang J; Wang, Wei; Li, Ruiqiang; Li, Yingrui; Tian, Geng; Goodman, Laurie; Fan, Wei; Zhang, Junqing; Li, Jun; Zhang, Juanbin, Juanbin; Guo, Yiran, Yiran; Feng, Binxiao, Binxiao; Li, Heng, Heng; Lu, Yao, Yao; Fang, Xiaodong, Xiaodong; Liang, Huiqing, Huiqing; Du, Zhenglin, Zhenglin; Li, Dong, Dong;
4891:
Dewey, Frederick E.; Chen, Rong; Cordero, Sergio P.; Ormond, Kelly E.; Caleshu, Colleen; Karczewski, Konrad J.; Whirl-Carrillo, Michelle; Wheeler, Matthew T.; Dudley, Joel T.; Byrnes, Jake K.; Cornejo, Omar E.; Knowles, Joshua W.; Woon, Mark; Sangkuhl, Katrin; Gong, Li; Thorn, Caroline F.; Hebert,
1881:
Fiers, W.; Contreras, R.; Duerinck, F.; Haegeman, G.; Iserentant, D.; Merregaert, J.; Min Jou, W.; Molemans, F.; Raeymaekers, A.; Van den Berghe, A.; Volckaert, G.; Ysebaert, M. (8 April 1976). "Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase
1132:
When an individual undergoes whole genome sequencing, they reveal information about not only their own DNA sequences, but also about probable DNA sequences of their close genetic relatives. This information can further reveal useful predictive information about relatives' present and future health
1641:
Nones, K; Waddell, N; Wayte, N; Patch, AM; Bailey, P; Newell, F; Holmes, O; Fink, JL; Quinn, MC; Tang, YH; Lampe, G; Quek, K; Loffler, KA; Manning, S; Idrisoglu, S; Miller, D; Xu, Q; Waddell, N; Wilson, PJ; Bruxner, TJ; Christ, AN; Harliwong, I; Nourse, C; Nourbakhsh, E; Anderson, M; Kazakoff, S;
853:
frequency for whole human genomes. The mutation frequency in the whole genome between generations for humans (parent to child) is about 70 new mutations per generation. An even lower level of variation was found comparing whole genome sequencing in blood cells for a pair of monozygotic (identical
555:
locus, although the use of paired ends was limited to closing gaps after the application of a traditional shotgun sequencing approach. The first theoretical description of a pure pairwise end sequencing strategy, assuming fragments of constant length, was in 1991. In 1995, the innovation of using
1056:
patterns in the evolution of cancer. It can also help in the selection of individualized treatments for patients suffering from this pathology and observe how existing drugs are working during the progression of treatment. Deep whole genome sequencing involves a subclonal reconstruction based on
1031:
Meta-analysis of whole genome sequencing studies provides an attractive solution to the problem of collecting large sample sizes for discovering rare variants associated with complex phenotypes. Some methods have been developed to enable functionally informed rare variant association analysis in
935:
USD, which was billed to the patient but usually paid for out of a research grant; one person at that time had applied for reimbursement from their insurance company. For example, one child had needed around 100 surgeries by the time he was three years old, and his doctor turned to whole genome
6412:
Levy S, Sutton G, Ng PC, Feuk L, Halpern AL, Walenz BP, Axelrod N, Huang J, Kirkness EF, Denisov G, Lin Y, MacDonald JR, Pang AW, Shago M, Stockwell TB, Tsiamouri A, Bafna V, Bansal V, Kravitz SA, Busam DA, Beeson KY, McIntosh TC, Remington KA, Abril JF, Gill J, Borman J, Rogers YH, Frazier ME,
2842:
Fleischmann RD; Adams MD; White O; Clayton RA; Kirkness EF; Kerlavage AR; Bult CJ; Tomb JF; Dougherty BA; Merrick JM; McKenney; Sutton; Fitzhugh; Fields; Gocyne; Scott; Shirley; Liu; Glodek; Kelley; Weidman; Phillips; Spriggs; Hedblom; Cotton; Utterback; Hanna; Nguyen; Saudek; et al. (July
995:
determined that rapid whole-genome sequencing (rWGS) could diagnose genetic disorders in time to change acute medical or surgical management (clinical utility) and improve outcomes in acutely ill infants. In a retrospective cohort study of acutely ill inpatient infants in a regional children's
5208:
Farnaes, Lauge; Hildreth, Amber; Sweeney, Nathaly M.; Clark, Michelle M.; Chowdhury, Shimul; Nahas, Shareef; Cakici, Julie A.; Benson, Wendy; Kaplan, Robert H.; Kronick, Richard; Bainbridge, Matthew N.; Friedman, Jennifer; Gold, Jeffrey J.; Ding, Yan; Veeraraghavan, Narayanan; Dimmock, David;
1093:
The introduction of whole genome sequencing may have ethical implications. On one hand, genetic testing can potentially diagnose preventable diseases, both in the individual undergoing genetic testing and in their relatives. On the other hand, genetic testing has potential downsides such as
830:
For humans, DNA arrays currently provide genotypic information on up to one million genetic variants, while full genome sequencing will provide information on all six billion bases in the human genome, or 3,000 times more data. Because of this, full genome sequencing is considered a
1190:
was among the first 20 people to have their whole genome sequenced, reportedly for the cost of $ 100,000. As of June 2012, there were 69 nearly complete human genomes publicly available. In
November 2013, a Spanish family made their personal genomics data publicly available under a
6524:
Wheeler DA; Srinivasan M; Egholm M; Shen Y; Chen L; McGuire A; He W; Chen YJ; Makhijani V; Roth GT; Gomes X; Tartaro K; Niazi F; Turcotte CL; Irzyk GP; Lupski JR; Chinault C; Song XZ; Liu Y; Yuan Y; Nazareth L; Qin X; Muzny DM; Margulies M; Weinstock GM; Gibbs RA; Rothberg JM (2008).
6770:
1109:
undergo genetic testing. Illumina's CEO, Jay
Flatley, wrongly claimed in February 2009 that "by 2019 it will have become routine to map infants' genes when they are born". This potential use of genome sequencing is highly controversial, as it runs counter to established
947:
Due to recent cost reductions (see above) whole genome sequencing has become a realistic application in DNA diagnostics. In 2013, the 3Gb-TEST consortium obtained funding from the
European Union to prepare the health care system for these innovations in DNA diagnostics.
872:
The distribution of somatic mutations across the human genome is very uneven, such that the gene-rich, early-replicating regions receive fewer mutations than gene-poor, late-replicating heterochromatin, likely due to differential DNA repair activity. In particular, the
2977:
Sevim, Volkan; Lee, Juna; Egan, Robert; Clum, Alicia; Hundley, Hope; Lee, Janey; Everroad, R. Craig; Detweiler, Angela M.; Bebout, Brad M.; Pett-Ridge, Jennifer; Göker, Markus; Murray, Alison E.; Lindemann, Stephen R.; Klenk, Hans-Peter; O'Malley, Ronan (2019-11-26).
5546:
Herberts, Cameron; Annala, Matti; Sipola, Joonatan; Ng, Sarah W. S.; Chen, Xinyi E.; Nurminen, Anssi; Korhonen, Olga V.; Munzur, Aslı D.; Beja, Kevin; Schönlau, Elena; Bernales, Cecily Q.; Ritch, Elie; Bacon, Jack V. W.; Lack, Nathan A.; Nykter, Matti (August 2022).
4738:
Yano, K; Yamamoto, E; Aya, K; Takeuchi, H; Lo, PC; Hu, L; Yamasaki, M; Yoshida, S; Kitano, H; Hirano, K; Matsuoka, M (August 2016). "Genome-wide association study using whole-genome sequencing rapidly identifies new genes influencing agronomic traits in rice".
1129:. The traditional guidelines for genetic testing have been developed over the course of several decades since it first became possible to test for genetic markers associated with disease, prior to the advent of cost-effective, comprehensive genetic screening.
835:
to the DNA array markets as the accuracy of both range from 99.98% to 99.999% (in non-repetitive DNA regions) and their consumables cost of $ 5000 per 6 billion base pairs is competitive (for some applications) with DNA arrays ($ 500 per 1 million basepairs).
4863:
Dewey, Frederick E.; Wheeler, Matthew T.; Cordero, Sergio; Perez, Marco V.; Pavlovic, Aleks; Pushkarev, Dmitry; Freeman, James V.; Quake, Steve R.; Ashley, Euan A. (April 2011). "Molecular
Autopsy for Sudden Cardiac Death Using Whole Genome Sequencing".
960:
have to be in place. The 3Gb-TEST consortium has identified the analysis and interpretation of sequence data as the most complicated step in the diagnostic process. At the Consortium meeting in Athens in September 2014, the Consortium coined the word
6575:
Zhao, Yiqing, Yiqing; Hu, Yujie, Yujie; Yang, Zhenzhen, Zhenzhen; Zheng, Hancheng, Hancheng; Hellmann, Ines, Ines; Inouye, Michael, Michael; Pool, John, John; Yi, Xin, Xin; Zhao, Jing, Jing; Duan, Jinjie, Jinjie; Zhou, Yan, Yan; et al. (2008).
1084:
In 2023, the Lancet opined that in the UK "focusing on improving screening by upgrading targeted gene panels might be more sensible in the short term. Whole genome sequencing in the long term deserves thorough examination and universal caution."
592:
While capillary sequencing was the first approach to successfully sequence a nearly full human genome, it is still too expensive and takes too long for commercial purposes. Since 2005, capillary sequencing has been progressively displaced by
1642:
Leonard, C; Wood, S; Simpson, PT; Reid, LE; Krause, L; Hussey, DJ; Watson, DI; Lord, RV; Nancarrow, D; Phillips, WA; Gotley, D; Smithers, BM; Whiteman, DC; Hayward, NK; Campbell, PJ; Pearson, JV; Grimmond, SM; Barbour, AP (29 October 2014).
2158:
Goffeau, A.; Barrell, B. G.; Bussey, H.; Davis, R. W.; Dujon, B.; Feldmann, H.; Galibert, F.; Hoheisel, J. D.; Jacq, C.; Johnston, M.; Louis, E. J.; Mewes, H. W.; Murakami, Y.; Philippsen, P.; Tettelin, H.; Oliver, S. G. (25 October 1996).
1023:(MAF) < 1%) across the genome. Single-variant analyses typically have low power to identify associations with rare variants, and variant set tests have been proposed to jointly test the effects of given sets of multiple rare variants.
250:. Several whole bacteriophage and animal viral genomes were sequenced by these techniques, but the shift to more rapid, automated sequencing methods in the 1990s facilitated the sequencing of the larger bacterial and eukaryotic genomes.
857:
In the specifically protein coding regions of the human genome, it is estimated that there are about 0.35 mutations that would change the protein sequence between parent/child generations (less than one mutated protein per generation).
6774:
1989:
Fleischmann, R.; Adams, M.; White, O; Clayton, R.; Kirkness, E.; Kerlavage, A.; Bult, C.; Tomb, J.; Dougherty, B.; Merrick, J.; al., e. (28 July 1995). "Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd".
5039:
Boccia S, Mc Kee M, Adany R, Boffetta P, Burton H, Cambon-Thomsen A, Cornel MC, Gray M, Jani A, Knoppers BM, Khoury MJ, Meslin EM, Van Duijn CM, Villari P, Zimmern R, Cesario A, Puggina A, Colotto M, Ricciardi W (August 2014).
805:
began selling whole genome sequencing, including a report as to some of the information in the sequencing for $ 999. In summer 2019, Veritas Genetics cut the cost for WGS to $ 599. In 2017, BGI began offering WGS for $ 600.
3876:
809:
However, in 2015, some noted that effective use of whole gene sequencing can cost considerably more than $ 1000. Also, reportedly there remain parts of the human genome that have not been fully sequenced by 2017.
1080:
In 2021, the NIH funded BabySeq2, an implementation study that expanded the BabySeq project, enrolling 500 infants from diverse families and track the effects of their genomic sequencing on their pediatric care.
3101:
984:, had previously led the REVEAL study — Risk EValuation and Education for Alzheimer's Disease – a series of clinical trials exploring patient reactions to the knowledge of their genetic risk for Alzheimer's.
1699:
van El, CG; Cornel, MC; Borry, P; Hastings, RJ; Fellmann, F; Hodgson, SV; Howard, HC; Cambon-Thomsen, A; Knoppers, BM; Meijers-Heijboer, H; Scheffer, H; Tranebjaerg, L; Dondorp, W; de Wert, GM (June 2013).
895:
In research, whole-genome sequencing can be used in a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) – a project aiming to determine the genetic variant or variants associated with a disease or some other phenotype.
2204:
1073:
In 2013, Green and a team of researchers launched the BabySeq Project to study the ethical and medical consequences of sequencing a newborn's DNA. As of 2015, whole genome and exome sequencing as a
1040:
In this field, whole genome sequencing represents a great set of improvements and challenges to be faced by the scientific community, as it makes it possible to analyze, quantify and characterize
5097:
3316:
4229:
3862:
6756:
668:
A number of public and private companies are competing to develop a full genome sequencing platform that is commercially robust for both research and clinical use, including Illumina,
5156:
774:, stated that using the company's Single Molecule Sequencer he sequenced his own full genome for less than $ 50,000. In November, Complete Genomics published a peer-reviewed paper in
3266:
616:. Though the sequencing accuracy of Nanopore technology is lower than those above, its read length is on average much longer. This generation of long reads is valuable especially in
556:
fragments of varying sizes was introduced, and demonstrated that a pure pairwise end-sequencing strategy would be possible on large targets. The strategy was subsequently adopted by
3880:
2772:
Edwards A; Voss H; Rice P; Civitello A; Stegemann J; Schwager C; Zimmermann J; Erfle H; Caskey CT; Ansorge W (April 1990). "Automated DNA sequencing of the human HPRT locus".
3911:
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3534:
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3457:
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3187:
5489:
Li, Xihao; Quick, Corbin; Zhou, Hufeng; Gaynor, Sheila M.; Liu, Yaowu; Chen, Han; Selvaraj, Margaret Sunitha; Sun, Ryan; Dey, Rounak; Arnett, Donna K. (January 2023).
5126:
3111:
257:
by 1976. In 1992, yeast chromosome III was the first chromosome of any organism to be fully sequenced. The first organism whose entire genome was fully sequenced was
3576:
3291:
5342:"Dynamic incorporation of multiple in silico functional annotations empowers rare variant association analysis of large whole-genome sequencing studies at scale"
854:
twins) 100-year-old centenarians. Only 8 somatic differences were found, though somatic variation occurring in less than 20% of blood cells would be undetected.
3161:
869:
regions) in germline DNA per generation, but 3,776-5,312 somatic mutations per haploid genome in breast cancer, 56,640 in lung cancer and 105,600 in melanomas.
1028:
whole-genome sequencing data, including integration of genotype data and their functional annotations, association analysis, result summary and visualization.
3684:
438:
published an incomplete version of the human genome. In 2008, a group from Leiden, the Netherlands, reported the sequencing of the first female human genome (
8176:
3554:
4002:
3765:
3403:
785:
With sequencing costs declining, a number of companies began claiming that their equipment would soon achieve the $ 1,000 genome: these companies included
378:
in 1998. Eukaryotic genomes are sequenced by several methods including Shotgun sequencing of short DNA fragments and sequencing of larger DNA clones from
926:
began quietly using them to try to diagnose what was wrong with people whom standard approaches had failed to help. In 2009, a team from Stanford led by
8796:
4636:
Schuster-Böckler, Benjamin; Lehner, Ben (August 2012). "Chromatin organization is a major influence on regional mutation rates in human cancer cells".
3341:
2221:
The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium (11 December 1998). "Genome Sequence of the Nematode C. elegans: A Platform for Investigating Biology".
5089:
4446:
Mustjoki S, Young NS. Somatic Mutations in "Benign" Disease. N Engl J Med. 2021 May 27;384(21):2039-2052. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2101920. PMID: 34042390.
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1212:
609:. All of these technologies continue to employ the basic shotgun strategy, namely, parallelization and template generation via genome fragmentation.
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3638:
8492:
8374:
6027:
3209:
6788:
Corpas M, Cariaso M, Coletta A, Weiss D, Harrison AP, Moran F, Yang H (November 12, 2013). "A Complete Public Domain Family Genomics Dataset".
4514:
3854:
3718:
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3132:
552:
5682:"Whole-genome sequencing in newborn screening? A statement on the continued importance of targeted approaches in newborn screening programmes"
4017:
3133:"Article : Race to Cut Whole Genome Sequencing Costs Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News — Biotechnology from Bench to Business"
6934:
1933:
Oliver, S. G.; van der Aart, Q. J. M.; Agostoni-Carbone, M. L.; et al. (May 1992). "The complete DNA sequence of yeast chromosome III".
6929:
6812:
5148:
3430:
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2661:
Yurkiewicz, I. R.; Korf, B. R.; Lehmann, L. S. (2014). "Prenatal whole-genome sequencing--is the quest to know a fetus's future ethical?".
786:
575:
425:– was also fully sequenced by 2000. By 2001, a draft of the entire human genome sequence was published. The genome of the laboratory mouse
6961:
3238:"Article : Whole Genome Sequencing in 24 Hours Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News — Biotechnology from Bench to Business"
640:
in each human diploid genome), its output is stored electronically and requires a large amount of computing power and storage capacity.
8201:
7443:
6502:
4536:
Hodgkinson, Alan; Chen, Ying; Eyre-Walker, Adam (January 2012). "The large-scale distribution of somatic mutations in cancer genomes".
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5680:
Howard, Heidi Carmen; Knoppers, Bartha Maria; Cornel, Martina C.; Wright Clayton, Ellen; Sénécal, Karine; Borry, Pascal (2015-01-28).
4359:"Aging as accelerated accumulation of somatic variants: whole-genome sequencing of centenarian and middle-aged monozygotic twin pairs"
1105:
Some ethicists insist that the privacy of individuals undergoing genetic testing must be protected, and is of particular concern when
7784:
1433:
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experts, three sequencing technicians, five physicians, two genetic counsellors and two ethicists to identify a rare mutation in the
6465:
4951:
3903:
9007:
6911:
6341:
4226:"Illumina, DeCode Build 1M SNP Chip; Q2 Launch to Coincide with Release of Affy's 6.0 SNP Array | BioArray News | Arrays"
1555:
662:
6748:
3530:
2807:
Roach JC; Boysen C; Wang K; Hood L (March 1995). "Pairwise end sequencing: a unified approach to genomic mapping and sequencing".
8323:
7383:
3840:
3453:
5025:
980:
was created in 2011 to examine the integration of genomic sequencing into clinical care of adults and children. G2P's director,
106:
Whole genome sequencing has largely been used as a research tool, but was being introduced to clinics in 2014. In the future of
8847:
8789:
8612:
5491:"Powerful, scalable and resource-efficient meta-analysis of rare variant associations in large whole genome sequencing studies"
3591:
5186:
3479:
3183:
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started selling a new type of sequencer called SOLiD System. The technology allowed users to sequence 60 gigabases per run.
8418:
8181:
7683:
5118:
3877:"Life Technologies Introduces the Benchtop Ion Proton™ Sequencer; Designed to Decode a Human Genome in One Day for $ 1,000"
3338:"Whole genome sequencing costs continue to fall: $ 300 million in 2003, $ 1 million 2007, $ 60,000 now, $ 5000 by year end"
1489:
1015:
Whole genome sequencing studies enable the assessment of associations between complex traits and both coding and noncoding
913:
606:
17:
922:
released its first whole genome sequencers that were approved for clinical as opposed to research-only use and doctors at
8701:
8367:
8025:
3568:
1484:
5739:"The Use of Whole Genome and Exome Sequencing for Newborn Screening: Challenges and Opportunities for Population Health"
544:) genomes was already in use in 1979, broader application benefited from pairwise end sequencing, known colloquially as
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7990:
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7161:
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1479:
557:
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Pellicer, Jaume; FAY, Michael F.; Leitch, Ilia J. (15 September 2010). "The largest eukaryotic genome of them all?".
1509:
501:
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The genome sequence of a single cell selected from a mixed population of cells can be determined using techniques of
1530:
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2008). "Chapter 8".
1200:
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383:
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In June 2009, Illumina announced that they were launching their own Personal Full Genome Sequencing Service at a
578:, manufactured the automated capillary sequencers utilized by both Celera Genomics and The Human Genome Project.
6173:"Presymptomatic and predictive genetic testing in minors: a systematic review of guidelines and position papers"
6087:
Nelson RM; Botkjin JR; Kodish ED; et al. (June 2001). "Ethical issues with genetic testing in pediatrics".
6052:
McCabe LL; McCabe ER (June 2001). "Postgenomic medicine. Presymptomatic testing for prediction and prevention".
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An ABI PRISM 3100 genetic analyzer. Such capillary sequencers automated the early efforts of sequencing genomes.
8360:
7937:
7809:
7243:
7128:
115:
5391:"A framework for detecting noncoding rare-variant associations of large-scale whole-genome sequencing studies"
5260:"Are whole Exome and whole Genome Sequencing Approaches Cost-Effective? A Systematic Review of the Literature"
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8762:
8728:
7087:
2980:"Shotgun metagenome data of a defined mock community using Oxford Nanopore, PacBio and Illumina technologies"
1266:
890:
551:
The first published description of the use of paired ends was in 1990 as part of the sequencing of the human
3739:
3613:
3337:
2338:
Adams MD; Celniker SE; Holt RA; et al. (2000-03-24). "The Genome Sequence of Drosophila melanogaster".
9064:
8282:
7789:
7118:
5956:
Ayday E; De Cristofaro E; Hubaux JP; Tsudik G (2015). "The Chills and Thrills of Whole Genome Sequencing".
5797:
953:
790:
387:
243:
69:
643:
While analysis of WGS data can be slow, it is possible to speed up this step by using dedicated hardware.
9144:
8875:
7433:
5179:"Risk Evaluation and Education for Alzheimer's Disease (REVEAL) II – Full Text View – ClinicalTrials.gov"
5149:"The Risk Evaluation and Education for Alzheimer's Disease (REVEAL) Study – HBHE Genetics Research Group"
4152:
3980:
3659:
1504:
1317:
988:
6281:
Curtis, Caitlin; Hereward, James; Mangelsdorf, Marie; Hussey, Karen; Devereux, John (18 December 2018).
4130:
9104:
9073:
8733:
8669:
8030:
7413:
6947:
4069:"Is the "$ 1000 Genome" Really $ 1000? Understanding the Full Benefits and Costs of Genomic Sequencing"
3934:
3634:
1208:
1044:(ctDNA) in the bloodstream. This serves as a basis for early cancer diagnosis, treatment selection and
705:
594:
446:
6031:
5905:
Sijmons, R.H.; Van Langen, I.M (2011). "A clinical perspective on ethical issues in genetic testing".
3213:
1354:
sequence by this definition is very expensive. Thus, most human "whole genome sequencing" results are
9134:
8716:
8676:
8186:
8171:
7842:
1580:
Gilissen (July 2014). "Genome sequencing identifies major causes of severe intellectual disability".
1196:
536:
Sequencing of nearly an entire human genome was first accomplished in 2000 partly through the use of
110:, whole genome sequence data may be an important tool to guide therapeutic intervention. The tool of
4689:"Clustered Mutation Signatures Reveal that Error-Prone DNA Repair Targets Mutations to Active Genes"
4506:
4003:"With $ 999 Whole-Genome Sequencing Service, Veritas Embarks on Goal to Democratize DNA Information"
3241:
3136:
2908:
2360:
8805:
8411:
8191:
8010:
7634:
7556:
7551:
7471:
7231:
1702:"Whole-genome sequencing in health care. Recommendations of the European Society of Human Genetics"
823:
Full genome sequencing provides information on a genome that is orders of magnitude larger than by
336:
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462:
Almost any biological sample containing a full copy of the DNA—even a very small amount of DNA or
9124:
9109:
8928:
8681:
8654:
7614:
7588:
7015:
5446:"STAARpipeline: an all-in-one rare-variant tool for biobank-scale whole-genome sequencing data".
1449:
1423:
1289:
1016:
999:
A 2018 review of 36 publications found the cost for whole genome sequencing to range from $ 1,906
923:
598:
466:—can provide the genetic material necessary for full genome sequencing. Such samples may include
411:
235:
182:
9114:
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9032:
8691:
8686:
8659:
8543:
7983:
7206:
7154:
5979:"Genetic testing in asymptomatic minors Background considerations towards ESHG Recommendations"
5977:
Borry, Pascal; Evers-Kiebooms, Gerry; Cornel, Martha C.; Clarke, Angus; Dierickx, Kris (2009).
4175:"Evaluating the performance of Affymetrix SNP Array 6.0 platform with 400 Japanese individuals"
2903:
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1403:
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1302:
1095:
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977:
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259:
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134:
8919:
4894:"Phased Whole-Genome Genetic Risk in a Family Quartet Using a Major Allele Reference Sequence"
4173:
Nishida N; Koike A; Tajima A; Ogasawara Y; Ishibashi Y; Uehara Y; Inoue I; Tokunaga K (2008).
1331:
and accuracy, whole genome sequencing can broadly be classified into either of the following:
1007:
USD and have a wide variance in diagnostic yield from 17% to 73% depending on patient groups.
8617:
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5737:
Woerner, Audrey C.; Gallagher, Renata C.; Vockley, Jerry; Adhikari, Aashish N. (2021-07-19).
2440:
Venter JC; Adams MD; Myers EW; et al. (2001-02-16). "The Sequence of the Human Genome".
1444:
1413:
1041:
832:
657:
636:
Because sequencing generates a lot of data (for example, there are approximately six billion
107:
61:
4787:
Borrell, Brendan (14 September 2010). "US clinics quietly embrace whole-genome sequencing".
4581:"Differential DNA mismatch repair underlies mutation rate variation across the human genome"
1644:"Genomic catastrophes frequently arise in esophageal adenocarcinoma and drive tumorigenesis"
126:, and hence may lay the foundation for predicting disease susceptibility and drug response.
27:
Determining nearly the entirety of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time
8988:
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8607:
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6376:
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5560:
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4263:
4116:
4018:"23andMe competitor Veritas Genetics slashes price of whole genome sequencing 40% to $ 600"
3792:
3210:"Sequenom to Develop Third-Generation Nanopore-Based Single Molecule Sequencing Technology"
2991:
2895:
2852:
2643:"Single-cell Sequencing Makes Strides in the Clinic with Cancer and PGD First Applications"
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1999:
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to sequence the entire fruit fly genome in 2000, and subsequently the entire human genome.
435:
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123:
48:
5610:
3102:"New Genetic Technologies Diagnose Critically Ill Infants Within 26 Hours – IEEE Spectrum"
8:
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3710:
3685:"Illumina launches personal genome sequencing service for $ 48,000 : Genetic Future"
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1328:
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sequencing to determine the problem; it took a team of around 30 people that included 12
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2003:
1946:
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742:, working in collaboration with the J. Craig Venter Science Foundation, established the
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331:
193:
6065:
5860:
5211:"Rapid whole-genome sequencing decreases infant morbidity and cost of hospitalization"
4877:
4831:
3781:"Human genome sequencing using unchained base reads on self-assembling DNA nanoarrays"
3366:
2758:
2722:
2697:
2617:
2582:
1150:
The first nearly complete human genomes sequenced were two Americans of predominantly
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2140:
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2015:
1958:
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1627:
1615:
1535:
1388:
1225:
1074:
957:
905:
730:
USD, however, the private companies are working to reach a new target of only $ 100.
723:
A commonly-referenced commercial target for sequencing cost until the late 2010s was
681:
677:
379:
254:
247:
226:
96:
8774:
5942:
5007:
4768:
4565:
3822:
2200:
2160:
801:
estimated the cost of obtaining a whole-genome sequence at around $ 1,500. In 2016,
704:, Intelligent Bio-Systems, Life Technologies, Oxford Nanopore Technologies, and the
528:
9051:
8883:
8706:
8622:
8450:
8428:
8302:
8277:
7927:
7619:
7604:
7481:
7356:
7312:
7066:
7035:
6876:
6719:
6711:
6661:
6653:
6604:
6596:
6546:
6436:
6426:
6384:
6302:
6294:
6239:
6231:
6220:"Science and Society: Research ethics and the challenge of whole-genome sequencing"
6204:
6184:
6143:
6116:
6096:
6061:
5998:
5990:
5922:
5856:
5809:
5768:
5750:
5709:
5693:
5652:
5642:
5568:
5510:
5502:
5455:
5410:
5402:
5361:
5353:
5312:
5304:
5271:
5230:
5222:
5061:
5053:
4985:
4915:
4905:
4873:
4835:
4827:
4792:
4748:
4710:
4700:
4653:
4608:
4600:
4545:
4477:
4469:
4419:
4411:
4370:
4328:
4320:
4279:
4271:
4196:
4186:
4088:
4080:
4046:
3954:
3800:
3072:
3056:
3015:
2999:
2951:
2913:
2860:
2843:
1995). "Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd".
2816:
2781:
2754:
2717:
2709:
2670:
2612:
2602:
2553:
2504:
2457:
2412:
2365:
2310:
2238:
2180:
2130:
2091:
2054:
2007:
1970:
1950:
1919:
1899:
1828:
1770:
1762:
1721:
1713:
1671:
1663:
1605:
1597:
1428:
1408:
1393:
1285:
1122:
802:
767:
717:
693:
471:
41:
6132:"Carrier testing in minors: a systematic review of guidelines and position papers"
5291:
Lee, Seunggeung; Abecasis, Gonçalo R.; Boehnke, Michael; Lin, Xihong (July 2014).
5178:
3043:
Wang, Yunhao; Zhao, Yue; Bollas, Audrey; Wang, Yuru; Au, Kin Fai (November 2021).
2917:
2369:
2242:
1186:
patient in her mid-50s (at 33 and 14-fold coverage for tumor and normal tissues).
8954:
8575:
8477:
8438:
8162:
7947:
7892:
7753:
7738:
7721:
7661:
7656:
7600:
7578:
7275:
7221:
7201:
7097:
7020:
6431:
5926:
4990:
4973:
4910:
4473:
3508:
3404:"BGI Launches New Desktop Sequencer in China, Registers Larger Version With CFDA"
2886:
Adams, MD; et al. (2000). "The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster".
2184:
1179:
1163:
1155:
1118:
981:
567:
509:
439:
323:
however, their genome size far outweighs the genome size of individual bacteria.
296:
242:
The DNA sequencing methods used in the 1970s and 1980s were manual; for example,
5844:
4415:
4252:"Analysis of genetic inheritance in a family quartet by whole-genome sequencing"
2531:
1032:
biobank-scale cohorts using efficient approaches for summary statistic storage.
224:
It took 10 years and 50 scientists spanning the globe to sequence the genome of
8899:
8711:
8487:
8482:
8445:
8433:
8406:
8292:
8232:
8132:
7779:
7733:
7546:
7476:
7295:
6880:
6838:"Whole Genome Sequencing data on 200,000 UK Biobank participants available now"
5572:
5506:
5459:
5406:
5308:
5276:
5259:
4705:
4688:
4309:"Estimating the human mutation rate using autozygosity in a founder population"
3382:"BGI Launches Desktop Sequencer in China; Plans to Register Platform With CFDA"
3060:
1454:
1383:
1373:
1024:
937:
770:
of 30× for $ 48,000 per genome. In August, the founder of Helicos Biosciences,
748:
743:
724:
652:
602:
587:
345:
138:
111:
65:
31:
6634:"Accurate whole human genome sequencing using reversible terminator chemistry"
6298:
5798:"The Effect of BabySeq on Pediatric and Genomic Research—More Than Baby Steps"
5647:
5357:
5226:
5042:"Beyond public health genomics: proposals from an international working group"
3958:
3932:"Illumina Sequencer Enables $ 1,000 Genome". News: Genomics & Proteomics.
3431:"BGI Launches New Sequencer as Customers Report Data From Earlier Instruments"
3003:
2745:
Edwards, A; Caskey, T (1991). "Closure strategies for random DNA sequencing".
2059:
2034:
1766:
1192:
9098:
8871:
8839:
8743:
8509:
8455:
7862:
7651:
7646:
7508:
7448:
7351:
5868:
5764:
5755:
5705:
5580:
3068:
3011:
2393:"Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana"
1378:
1171:
1114:
866:
771:
483:
394:
280:
130:
83:) is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the
6813:"200,000 whole genomes made available for biomedical studies by U.K. effort"
6771:"Complete Human Genome Sequencing Datasets to its Public Genomic Repository"
6148:
6131:
6100:
5057:
4275:
4191:
3805:
3780:
3531:"A Few Thoughts on Rapid Genome Sequencing and The Archon Prize — synthesis"
2864:
2607:
2461:
2011:
969:. Guidelines are needed to determine the required content of these reports.
220:
149:
9129:
8647:
8499:
8470:
8242:
8122:
7867:
7852:
7678:
7403:
7253:
7238:
7184:
6888:
6733:
6692:"DNA sequencing of a cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukaemia genome"
6675:
6618:
6560:
6527:"The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing"
6450:
6398:
6316:
6253:
6196:
6157:
6108:
6073:
6012:
5934:
5876:
5821:
5782:
5723:
5666:
5588:
5549:"Deep whole-genome ctDNA chronology of treatment-resistant prostate cancer"
5524:
5467:
5424:
5375:
5326:
5244:
5075:
4999:
4929:
4849:
4760:
4724:
4665:
4622:
4557:
4491:
4433:
4384:
4342:
4293:
4210:
4102:
3855:"NHGRI Awards More than $ 50M for Low-Cost DNA Sequencing Tech Development"
3814:
3313:"With New Machine, Helicos Brings Personal Genome Sequencing A Step Closer"
3086:
3029:
2963:
2925:
2713:
2682:
2626:
2567:
2518:
2469:
2426:
2377:
2324:
2144:
2068:
1842:
1784:
1735:
1685:
1619:
1053:
931:
Illumina platform. The price to sequence a genome at that time was $ 19,500
778:
demonstrating its ability to sequence a complete human genome for $ 1,700.
517:
427:
402:
291:
285:
212:
57:
5697:
4796:
3949:
Check Hayden, Erika (15 January 2014). "Is the $ 1,000 genome for real?".
2872:
2828:
2793:
2250:
2192:
2019:
1962:
1911:
1339:, covering approximately 90% of the genome at approximately 99.9% accuracy
234:). This genome was particularly difficult to sequence because it had many
8971:
8891:
8642:
8637:
8570:
8222:
7726:
7671:
7568:
7423:
7398:
7216:
5994:
5629:
Susan E.; Yu, Timothy W.; Green, Robert C.; Beggs, Alan H. (2018-07-09).
3904:"Oxford Nanopore Unveils Tiny DNA Sequencing Device – The New York Times"
2731:
2674:
1717:
1167:
1106:
1065:
profiling, showing the expression of circulating tumor DNA in each case.
927:
713:
475:
463:
415:– a popular choice of model organism in experimental research. The first
308:
276:
100:
92:
8352:
6715:
6657:
6600:
6551:
6526:
5293:"Rare-Variant Association Analysis: Study Designs and Statistical Tests"
5022:"Introducing diagnostic applications of '3Gb-testing' in human genetics"
4657:
4604:
4375:
4358:
3363:"Han Cao's nanofluidic chip could cut DNA sequencing costs dramatically"
2558:
2533:
2509:
2484:
2135:
2110:
1601:
1556:"Definition of whole-genome sequencing – NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"
1121:
of asymptomatic minors that have been well established in the fields of
30:"Genome sequencing" redirects here. For the sequencing only of DNA, see
9043:
9040:
8602:
8504:
8227:
8096:
8076:
8051:
7814:
7699:
7666:
7438:
7388:
7373:
7368:
7361:
7346:
7336:
5955:
4811:
4715:
4549:
4084:
3263:"Pacific Bio lifts the veil on its high-speed genome-sequencing effort"
2942:
Mukhopadhyay R (February 2009). "DNA sequencers: the next generation".
2841:
1932:
1667:
1610:
1346:, covering more than 95% of the genome at approximately 99.99% accuracy
1246:
1187:
1058:
1049:
697:
629:
353:
319:– note the exact size of the human genome is still being revised) than
312:
304:
272:
6171:
Borry P; Stultiens L; Nys H; Cassiman JJ; Dierickx K (November 2006).
6028:"Genetic mapping of babies by 2019 will transform preventive medicine"
2955:
1166:
at 7.4-fold). This was followed in 2008 by sequencing of an anonymous
540:
technology. While full genome shotgun sequencing for small (4000–7000
206:
153:
The first bacterial whole genome to be sequenced was of the bacterium
9060:
8910:
8855:
8632:
7887:
7629:
7624:
7488:
7466:
7341:
7305:
7092:
6129:
2417:
2392:
2109:
Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, International (21 October 2004).
1954:
1903:
1048:
monitoring, as well as for determining the mechanisms of resistance,
992:
824:
637:
541:
316:
53:
6939:
6523:
6389:
6364:
6235:
4752:
4324:
2220:
1833:
1808:
1098:, loss of anonymity, and psychological impacts such as discovery of
751:
for Genomics was cancelled in 2013, before its official start date.
9019:
8962:
8423:
8267:
8237:
8081:
8071:
7999:
7393:
7170:
6865:"World's biggest set of human genome sequences opens to scientists"
6794:
5627:
4172:
3207:
2315:
2290:
1183:
878:
850:
673:
661:
Total cost of sequencing a whole human genome as calculated by the
520:
from the mother and used for whole genome sequencing of the fetus.
398:
369:
231:
6283:"Protecting trust in medical genetics in the new era of forensics"
6170:
5962:
5679:
5631:"The BabySeq project: implementing genomic sequencing in newborns"
5340:
Li, Xihao; Li, Zilin; Zhou, Hufeng; et al. (September 2020).
4043:"A Chinese Genome Giant Sets Its Sights on the Ultimate Sequencer"
2483:
Waterston RH; Lindblad-Toh K; Birney E; et al. (2002-10-31).
2482:
2108:
1751:"Progress towards the integration of pharmacogenomics in practice"
1358:(sometimes above and sometimes below the accuracy defined above).
782:
head to head in the race to commercialize full genome sequencing.
7872:
7332:
7300:
7193:
6984:
6365:"Access : All about Craig: the first 'full' genome sequence"
5389:
Li, Zilin; Li, Xihao; Zhou, Hufeng; et al. (December 2022).
3609:
3045:"Nanopore sequencing technology, bioinformatics and applications"
2485:"Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome"
2390:
1204:
1175:
1062:
1045:
349:
264:
122:
and improve the knowledge available to researchers interested in
5258:
Schwarze, K; Buchanan, J; Taylor, Jc; Wordsworth, S (May 2018).
5257:
3938:(paper). Vol. 34, no. 4. 15 February 2014. p. 18.
2771:
2583:"Sequence information can be obtained from single DNA molecules"
490:, plant leaves, or anything else that has DNA-containing cells.
401:, was published. By the year 2000, the second animal and second
8091:
8066:
6280:
5976:
5736:
4355:
2532:
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004-09-07).
1111:
467:
406:
365:
91:
at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's
88:
37:
1880:
267:
were first sequenced, largely due to their small genome size.
253:
The first virus to have its complete genome sequenced was the
6688:
6130:
Borry P; Fryns JP; Schotsmans P; Dierickx K (February 2006).
4307:
Campbell CD; Chong JX; Malig M; et al. (November 2012).
3663:
3610:"SOLiD System — a next-gen DNA sequencing platform announced"
798:
747:
at a recurring cost of no more than $ 1,000 per genome". The
669:
597:(formerly "next-generation") sequencing technologies such as
500:
Single cell genome sequencing is being tested as a method of
416:
163:
6086:
5845:"Genomic newborn screening: current concerns and challenges"
2806:
1988:
1145:
447:
thousands of genomes have been wholly or partially sequenced
326:
The first bacterial and archaeal genomes, including that of
7968:
7139:
6631:
5207:
4400:"Rates and fitness consequences of new mutations in humans"
4117:"Blog: True Size of a Human Genome | Veritas Genetics"
3106:
941:
487:
479:
5907:
Accountability in Research: Policies and Quality Assurance
4306:
3837:"Illumina Announces $ 5,000 Genome Pricing – Bio-IT World"
2698:"A strategy of DNA sequencing employing computer programs"
2337:
271:
has a genome of 1,830,140 base pairs of DNA. In contrast,
263:
in 1995. After it, the genomes of other bacteria and some
8830:
8061:
8056:
6787:
6217:
5038:
4972:
Mayer AN, Dimmock DP, Arca MJ, et al. (March 2011).
4535:
3505:"Cheaper DNA sequencing unlocks secrets of rare diseases"
2439:
2157:
1698:
701:
628:
In principle, full genome sequencing can provide the raw
84:
4862:
4250:
Roach JC; Glusman G; Smit AF; et al. (April 2010).
4249:
4066:
2534:"Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome"
2268:(5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. p. 552.
2111:"Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome"
1860:(5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. p. 551.
1534:(5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. p. 550.
861:
In cancer, mutation frequencies are much higher, due to
360:
eukaryote to have its whole genome sequenced. The first
173:
was the first animal to have its whole genome sequenced.
118:
level is also used to pinpoint functional variants from
6413:
Scherer SW, Strausberg RL, Venter JC (September 2007).
4737:
4131:"Psst, the human genome was never completely sequenced"
1529:
6904:
5904:
5545:
4890:
4809:
4635:
3454:"Pacific Biosciences gains $ 100M for sequencing tech"
1640:
1182:) from the Netherlands (at 7 to 8-fold), and a female
1077:
tool were deliberated and in 2021, further discussed.
965:
for this crucial step. This step leads to a so-called
560:(TIGR) to sequence the entire genome of the bacterium
8804:
5290:
4816:"Clinical assessment incorporating a personal genome"
3779:
Drmanac R, Sparks AB, Callow MJ, et al. (2010).
2660:
813:
708:. These companies are heavily financed and backed by
64:, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the
6807:
6805:
6577:"The diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual"
6415:"The diploid genome sequence of an individual human"
5611:"Boston Researchers To Sequence Newborn Babies' DNA"
4067:
Phillips, K. A; Pletcher, M. J; Ladabaum, U (2015).
3480:"Complete Genomics brings radical reduction in cost"
1280:
Non–Veterans Affairs researchers get access in 2022
129:
Whole genome sequencing should not be confused with
6632:Bentley DR; Balasubramanian S; et al. (2008).
4944:"One In A Billion: A boy's life, a medical mystery"
3778:
6051:
3042:
2641:
884:
44:are commonly used to sequence portions of genomes.
6802:
5488:
2081:
1010:
9096:
6900:
6898:
6411:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5119:"Genomes2People: A Roadmap for Genomic Medicine"
4971:
3764:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3592:"X Prize for genomes cancelled before it begins"
3158:"Whole Genome Sequencing Costs Continue to Drop"
2976:
2744:
2391:The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative (2000-12-14).
1140:
827:, the previous leader in genotyping technology.
8493:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
2937:
2935:
1809:"Next-generation sequencing: The genome jigsaw"
409:) genome was sequenced – that of the fruit fly
6749:"New Book Details Jobs's Fight Against Cancer"
6573:
6468:. International Herald Tribune. Archived from
5388:
5339:
3901:
3772:
3660:"Individual genome sequencing — Illumina, Inc"
3232:
3230:
2941:
295:) respectively, have much larger genomes (see
8790:
8368:
7984:
7155:
6955:
6895:
6405:
5883:
5539:
4866:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
4810:Ashley, EA; Butte, AJ; Wheeler, MT; Chen, R;
4455:
4040:
3569:"Outpaced by Innovation: Canceling an XPRIZE"
3555:"PRIZE Overview: Archon X PRIZE for Genomics"
3502:
2747:Methods: A Companion to Methods in Enzymology
1984:
1982:
1980:
368:, to have its whole genome sequenced was the
6332:"In the Genome Race, the Sequel Is Personal"
6266:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6218:McGuire, Amy, L; Caulfield, Timothy (2008).
4449:
4397:
4357:Z; Boomsma DI; Slagboom PE (December 2013).
4349:
4166:
3948:
3451:
3428:
2932:
1229:, the major databases of whole genomes are:
1178:(at 30-fold), a female clinical geneticist (
849:Whole genome sequencing has established the
504:, wherein a cell from the embryo created by
457:
4686:
4578:
3746:. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016
3379:
3227:
2835:
2800:
2765:
612:Other technologies have emerged, including
8797:
8783:
8757:
8375:
8361:
7991:
7977:
7444:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
7162:
7148:
6962:
6948:
5842:
3484:Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal
3099:
2689:
2580:
2035:"The C-value paradox, junk DNA and ENCODE"
1977:
393:In 1999, the entire DNA sequence of human
8382:
7785:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
6793:
6723:
6665:
6608:
6550:
6440:
6430:
6388:
6306:
6243:
6147:
6025:
6002:
5961:
5772:
5754:
5713:
5656:
5646:
5514:
5414:
5365:
5316:
5275:
5234:
5065:
4989:
4919:
4909:
4839:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4714:
4704:
4612:
4481:
4423:
4374:
4332:
4283:
4200:
4190:
4092:
3847:
3804:
3208:San Diego/Orange County Technology News.
3076:
3019:
2907:
2721:
2616:
2606:
2557:
2508:
2416:
2359:
2314:
2291:"The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22"
2134:
2058:
1832:
1774:
1725:
1675:
1609:
1146:First people with public genome sequences
1057:ctDNA in plasma that allows for complete
6912:National Human Genome Research Institute
6862:
6466:"DNA pioneer Watson gets own genome map"
4507:"Sandwalk: How Big Is the Human Genome?"
2695:
2084:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1855:
1579:
1269:(NIH) requires project-specific consent
1211:. This is believed to be the first such
656:
527:
334:. In 1996, the first eukaryotic genome (
219:
205:
192:
176:
162:
148:
47:
36:
8324:List of genetics research organizations
6930:James Watson's Personal Genome Sequence
6907:"The Cost of Sequencing a Human Genome"
6362:
5209:Kingsmore, Stephen F. (December 2018).
4974:"A timely arrival for genomic medicine"
4786:
4223:
4015:
3981:"The Cost of Sequencing a Human Genome"
3528:
2263:
972:Genomes2People (G2P), an initiative of
844:
452:
352:has a genome of only around 12 million
56:of a human, showing an overview of the
14:
9097:
8613:Differential technological development
6935:AAAS/Science: Genome Sequencing Poster
6030:. London: Times Online. Archived from
5795:
5297:The American Journal of Human Genetics
5159:from the original on 29 September 2017
4775:
4687:Supek, Fran; Lehner, Ben (July 2017).
3711:"Cost of Decoding a Genome Is Lowered"
3477:
3184:"Genome Sequencing for the Rest of Us"
3181:
2288:
1748:
1193:Creative Commons public domain license
944:that was causing widespread problems.
620:whole-genome sequencing applications.
8778:
8356:
7972:
7143:
6969:
6943:
6493:"Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered"
5189:from the original on 14 February 2017
5129:from the original on 14 February 2017
4579:Supek, Fran; Lehner, Ben (May 2015).
4504:
3566:
2885:
2639:
2581:Braslavsky, Ido; et al. (2003).
1310:NIH expects to release by early 2022
877:H3K9me3 is associated with high, and
581:
512:into the uterus. After implantation,
202:was the first plant genome sequenced.
8419:Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation
7923:
7684:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
6746:
6490:
6463:
6330:Wade, Nicholas (September 4, 2007).
6329:
5100:from the original on 10 October 2016
4517:from the original on 1 December 2017
4505:Moran, Laurence A. (24 March 2011).
4151:. Gladstone.ucsf.edu. Archived from
3708:
2032:
1856:al.], Bruce Alberts ... [et (2008).
1806:
1490:List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
1461:
1297:Researchers must join collaboration
1068:
914:elective genetic and genomic testing
646:
419:genome – that of the model organism
95:DNA as well as DNA contained in the
8702:Future-oriented technology analysis
7933:
6344:from the original on April 11, 2009
4224:Petrone, Justin (16 January 2007).
3589:
3365:. Technology Review. Archived from
1485:List of sequenced bacterial genomes
1322:
1088:
523:
189:whole genome was sequenced in 2000.
24:
7820:Medical Scientist Training Program
6505:from the original on June 20, 2011
5983:European Journal of Human Genetics
5686:European Journal of Human Genetics
3687:. Scienceblogs.com. Archived from
2210:from the original on 7 March 2016.
1807:Marx, Vivien (11 September 2013).
1706:European Journal of Human Genetics
1480:List of sequenced archaeal genomes
1260:Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine
1201:direct-to-consumer genetic testing
991:Institute for Genomic Medicine in
818:
814:Comparison with other technologies
558:The Institute for Genomic Research
25:
9156:
6923:
4456:Tuna M; Amos CI (November 2013).
3662:. Everygenome.com. Archived from
3635:"The $ 1000 Genome: Coming Soon?"
3340:. Nextbigfuture.com. 2008-03-25.
2640:Heger, Monica (October 2, 2013).
1510:List of sequenced protist genomes
899:
502:preimplantation genetic diagnosis
315:pairs (about 3.2 billion in each
307:pairs spread across thousands of
8756:
8337:
8336:
7952:
7942:
7932:
7922:
7913:
7912:
6856:
6830:
6781:
6763:
6759:from the original on 2017-09-28.
6740:
6682:
6625:
6567:
6517:
6484:
6457:
6356:
6323:
6274:
6211:
6189:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00692.x
6164:
6123:
6080:
6045:
6019:
5970:
5949:
5836:
5814:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2826
5789:
5730:
5673:
5621:
5603:
5482:
5454:(12): 1532–1533. December 2022.
5439:
5382:
5333:
5284:
5251:
5201:
5171:
5141:
5111:
5082:
5032:
5028:from the original on 2014-11-10.
3991:from the original on 2016-11-25.
3865:from the original on 2011-07-03.
3598:from the original on 2016-09-21.
3579:from the original on 2013-08-25.
3429:Monica Heger (26 October 2018).
3240:. Genengnews.com. Archived from
3182:Harmon, Katherine (2010-06-28).
3135:. Genengnews.com. Archived from
3100:Strickland, Eliza (2015-10-14).
2096:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01072.x
1475:List of sequenced animal genomes
546:double-barrel shotgun sequencing
482:(as long as the hair contains a
384:bacterial artificial chromosomes
238:which are difficult to organise.
7953:
7026:Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
6491:Wade, Nicholas (May 31, 2007).
5014:
4965:
4954:from the original on 2013-10-05
4936:
4884:
4856:
4803:
4731:
4680:
4629:
4572:
4529:
4498:
4440:
4391:
4300:
4243:
4232:from the original on 2011-07-16
4217:
4141:
4123:
4109:
4060:
4034:
4009:
3995:
3973:
3942:
3925:
3914:from the original on 2013-01-07
3895:
3879:(press release). Archived from
3869:
3829:
3732:
3721:from the original on 2013-05-21
3702:
3677:
3652:
3641:from the original on 2011-04-15
3627:
3616:from the original on 2008-07-19
3602:
3583:
3560:
3548:
3537:from the original on 2009-08-08
3522:
3496:
3471:
3460:from the original on 2009-05-01
3445:
3422:
3396:
3380:Julia Karow (26 October 2015).
3373:
3355:
3344:from the original on 2010-12-20
3330:
3319:from the original on 2011-01-02
3305:
3294:from the original on 2009-02-17
3280:
3269:from the original on 2009-02-20
3255:
3212:. Freshnews.com. Archived from
3201:
3190:from the original on 2011-03-19
3175:
3164:from the original on 2009-03-25
3150:
3125:
3093:
3036:
2970:
2879:
2738:
2663:New England Journal of Medicine
2654:
2633:
2574:
2525:
2476:
2433:
2384:
2331:
2282:
2257:
2214:
2151:
2102:
2075:
2033:Eddy, Sean R. (November 2012).
2026:
1926:
1874:
1500:List of sequenced plant genomes
1495:List of sequenced fungi genomes
1470:List of sequenced algae genomes
1350:Producing a truly high-quality
885:Genome-wide association studies
881:with low mutation frequencies.
839:
797:in February 2014. In 2015, the
68:(bottom right), as well as the
7810:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
7244:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
7129:Human Genome Diversity Project
6917:Last updated: November 1, 2021
6026:Henderson, Mark (2009-02-09).
5796:Tarini, Beth A. (2021-08-23).
5090:"RD-Connect News 18 July 2014"
4458:"Genomic sequencing in cancer"
4398:Keightley PD (February 2012).
3503:Sarah Neville (5 March 2018).
1849:
1800:
1797:Kijk magazine, 01 January 2009
1791:
1742:
1692:
1634:
1573:
1548:
1523:
1011:Rare variant association study
13:
1:
8729:Technology in science fiction
7088:Genome-wide association study
6863:Callaway, Ewen (2023-11-30).
6066:10.1016/S0095-5108(05)70094-4
5861:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01513-1
4878:10.1016/S0735-1097(11)61159-5
4832:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60452-7
4041:Megan Molteni (18 May 2017).
3902:ANDREW POLLACK (2012-02-17).
3709:Wade, Nicholas (2009-08-11).
3410:. GenomeWeb. 11 November 2016
2918:10.1126/science.287.5461.2185
2759:10.1016/S1046-2023(05)80162-8
2370:10.1126/science.287.5461.2185
2266:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2243:10.1126/science.282.5396.2012
1858:Molecular biology of the cell
1532:Molecular biology of the cell
1517:
1267:National Institutes of Health
1141:Public human genome sequences
891:Genome-wide association study
508:is taken and analyzed before
495:single cell genome sequencing
9000:CRISPR genome-editing method
8283:Missing heritability problem
7998:
7790:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
7557:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
7169:
7119:International HapMap Project
6432:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050254
5927:10.1080/08989621.2011.575033
4991:10.1097/GIM.0b013e3182095089
4911:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002280
4474:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.004
3290:. Bio-IT World. 2008-10-06.
2821:10.1016/0888-7543(95)80219-C
2786:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90493-E
2289:Dunham, I. (December 1999).
2185:10.1126/science.274.5287.546
1218:
1215:dataset for a whole family.
974:Brigham and Women's Hospital
954:Health technology assessment
791:Oxford Nanopore Technologies
754:
733:
397:, the second shortest human
388:yeast artificial chromosomes
303:has a genome of 700 billion
210:The genome of the lab mouse
7:
6905:Kris A. Wetterstrand, M.S.
6464:Wade, Wade (June 1, 2007).
4416:10.1534/genetics.111.134668
4016:Andrews, Joe (2019-07-01).
3529:Carlson, Rob (2007-01-02).
3478:Sibley, Lisa (2009-02-08).
3452:John Carroll (2008-07-14).
3265:. VentureBeat. 2008-02-10.
1505:List of sequenced plastomes
1361:
1318:Global microbial identifier
1241:Release/access information
1035:
623:
141:(< 0.1% of the genome).
10:
9161:
9074:James Webb Space Telescope
8734:Technology readiness level
8670:Technological unemployment
6881:10.1038/d41586-023-03763-3
6747:Lohr, Steve (2011-10-20).
5573:10.1038/s41586-022-04975-9
5507:10.1038/s41588-022-01225-6
5460:10.1038/s41592-022-01641-w
5407:10.1038/s41592-022-01640-x
5309:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.06.009
5277:10.1016/j.jval.2018.04.677
5153:hbhegenetics.sph.umich.edu
4706:10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.003
4073:Technology and Health Care
3935:Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News
3637:. Dddmag.com. 2010-04-01.
3612:. Gizmag.com. 2007-10-27.
3061:10.1038/s41587-021-01108-x
1315:
1209:Beijing Genomics Institute
903:
888:
706:Beijing Genomics Institute
650:
585:
144:
87:sequence of an organism's
29:
9054:developed at record speed
8815:
8809:Breakthroughs of the Year
8752:
8717:Technological singularity
8677:Technological convergence
8595:
8397:
8390:
8332:
8311:
8210:
8161:
8105:
8044:
8006:
7908:
7830:
7768:
7529:
7457:
7412:
7321:
7192:
7177:
7106:
7075:
7044:
6998:
6977:
6299:10.1038/s41436-018-0396-7
5843:The Lancet (2023-07-22).
5648:10.1186/s12887-018-1200-1
5358:10.1038/s41588-020-0676-4
5227:10.1038/s41525-018-0049-4
5123:www.frontlinegenomics.com
3959:10.1038/nature.2014.14530
3004:10.1038/s41597-019-0287-z
2060:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.002
1767:10.1007/s00439-014-1484-7
1749:Mooney, Sean (Sep 2014).
1560:National Cancer Institute
1199:and the data obtained by
458:Cells used for sequencing
356:pairs, and was the first
72:(to scale at bottom left)
8412:Microgravity bioprinting
7744:Transplantation medicine
7635:Clinical neurophysiology
7552:Obstetric anesthesiology
7472:Interventional radiology
7232:Digestive system surgery
6690:JR; et al. (2008).
5756:10.3389/fped.2021.663752
2648:Clinical Sequencing News
1434:Medical Research Council
989:Rady Children's Hospital
987:In 2018, researchers at
924:academic medical centers
337:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
244:Maxam–Gilbert sequencing
137:(1–2% of the genome) or
99:and, for plants, in the
8929:Human genetic variation
8864:Whole genome sequencing
8682:Technological evolution
8655:Exploratory engineering
8583:Whole genome sequencing
7615:Intensive care medicine
7589:Mass gathering medicine
7434:Maternal–fetal medicine
7083:Whole genome sequencing
7016:Human genetic variation
6363:Ledford, Heidi (2007).
6224:Nature Reviews Genetics
6149:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201509
6101:10.1542/peds.107.6.1451
5743:Frontiers in Pediatrics
4276:10.1126/science.1186802
4192:10.1186/1471-2164-9-431
3806:10.1126/science.1181498
3315:. Xconomy. 2008-04-22.
3186:. Scientific American.
2865:10.1126/science.7542800
2608:10.1073/pnas.0230489100
2462:10.1126/science.1058040
2264:Alberts, Bruce (2008).
2012:10.1126/science.7542800
1450:Rare functional variant
1424:Personal Genome Project
1274:Million Veteran Program
1238:Completed whole genomes
680:, Pacific Biosciences,
599:Illumina dye sequencing
516:can be taken by simple
431:was completed in 2002.
412:Drosophila melanogaster
311:. Humans contain fewer
183:Drosophila melanogaster
77:Whole genome sequencing
9033:Single-cell sequencing
8937:Cellular reprogramming
8692:Technology forecasting
8687:Technological paradigm
8660:Proactionary principle
8544:Robot-assisted surgery
7207:Cardiothoracic surgery
2696:Staden R (June 1979).
2587:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2161:"Life with 6000 Genes"
1404:Horizontal correlation
1399:Single cell sequencing
1195:. The work was led by
1096:genetic discrimination
1021:minor allele frequency
978:Harvard Medical School
793:in February 2012, and
665:
563:Haemophilus influenzae
533:
506:in vitro fertilization
375:Caenorhabditis elegans
260:Haemophilus influenzae
239:
217:
216:was published in 2002.
203:
190:
174:
170:Caenorhabditis elegans
160:
156:Haemophilus influenzae
135:whole exome sequencing
73:
62:homologous chromosomes
45:
8848:Accelerating universe
8618:Disruptive innovation
8527:Regenerative medicine
8522:Personalized medicine
8384:Emerging technologies
8319:List of genetic codes
7858:Personalized medicine
7717:Reproductive medicine
7642:Occupational medicine
7596:Evolutionary medicine
7052:Personalized medicine
6472:on September 27, 2008
5698:10.1038/ejhg.2014.289
5058:10.1093/eurpub/cku142
4797:10.1038/news.2010.465
4511:sandwalk.blogspot.com
3953:: nature.2014.14530.
1648:Nature Communications
1445:Personalized medicine
1414:Nucleic acid sequence
1316:Further information:
1152:Northwestern European
1042:circulating tumor DNA
904:Further information:
833:disruptive innovation
738:In October 2006, the
660:
566:in 1995, and then by
531:
223:
209:
196:
180:
166:
152:
108:personalized medicine
51:
40:
8981:Cancer immunotherapy
8946:Ardipithecus ramidus
8665:Technological change
8608:Collingridge dilemma
8218:Behavioural genetics
7878:Traditional medicine
7838:Alternative medicine
7705:Addiction psychiatry
7519:Transfusion medicine
7514:Medical microbiology
7429:Gynecologic oncology
7281:Reproductive surgery
7124:1000 Genomes Project
7114:Human Genome Project
7062:Genetic epidemiology
6287:Genetics in Medicine
5995:10.1038/ejhg.2009.25
5215:npj Genomic Medicine
3883:on December 23, 2012
3049:Nature Biotechnology
2714:10.1093/nar/6.7.2601
2675:10.1056/NEJMp1215536
1718:10.1038/ejhg.2013.46
1419:Human Genome Project
1170:man (at 36-fold), a
875:histone modification
845:Mutation frequencies
453:Experimental details
436:Human Genome Project
422:Arabidopsis thaliana
330:, were sequenced by
199:Arabidopsis thaliana
124:evolutionary biology
70:mitochondrial genome
18:Full genome sequence
9024:neutron star merger
9012:gravitational waves
8920:Poincaré conjecture
8722:Technology scouting
8697:Accelerating change
8466:Genetic engineering
8298:Population genomics
8288:Molecular evolution
8248:Genetic engineering
7900:History of medicine
7883:Veterinary medicine
7690:Preventive medicine
7542:Adolescent medicine
7384:Infectious diseases
7076:Analysis techniques
7057:Predictive medicine
7031:Identity by descent
7006:Biological specimen
6990:Biological database
6842:www.ukbiobank.ac.uk
6716:10.1038/nature07485
6708:2008Natur.456...66L
6658:10.1038/nature07517
6650:2008Natur.456...53B
6601:10.1038/nature07484
6593:2008Natur.456...60W
6552:10.1038/nature06884
6543:2008Natur.452..872W
6381:2007Natur.449....6L
5919:2013ARPQ...20..143D
5565:2022Natur.608..199H
5046:Eur J Public Health
4658:10.1038/nature11273
4650:2012Natur.488..504S
4605:10.1038/nature14173
4597:2015Natur.521...81S
4376:10.1017/thg.2013.73
4268:2010Sci...328..636R
3797:2010Sci...327...78D
2996:2019NatSD...6..285S
2900:2000Sci...287.2185.
2857:1995Sci...269..496F
2599:2003PNAS..100.3960B
2559:10.1038/nature03001
2550:2004Natur.431..931H
2510:10.1038/nature01262
2501:2002Natur.420..520W
2454:2001Sci...291.1304V
2448:(5507): 1304–1351.
2409:2000Natur.408..796T
2352:2000Sci...287.2185.
2346:(5461): 2185–2195.
2307:1999Natur.402..489D
2235:1998Sci...282.2012.
2229:(5396): 2012–2018.
2177:1996Sci...274..546G
2136:10.1038/nature03001
2127:2004Natur.431..931H
2051:2012CBio...22.R898E
2004:1995Sci...269..496F
1947:1992Natur.357...38O
1896:1976Natur.260..500F
1825:2013Natur.501..263M
1660:2014NatCo...5.5224N
1602:10.1038/nature13394
1594:2014Natur.511..344G
1440:Predictive medicine
1369:Coverage (genetics)
910:predictive medicine
710:venture capitalists
686:Helicos Biosciences
614:Nanopore technology
514:cell-free fetal DNA
120:association studies
9145:Molecular genetics
9065:protein structures
8739:Technology roadmap
8559:Synthetic genomics
8549:Relational biology
8537:Tissue engineering
8461:Generative biology
8258:Genetic monitoring
7848:Molecular oncology
7805:Doctor of Medicine
7795:Master of Medicine
7712:Radiation oncology
7584:Emergency medicine
7537:Addiction medicine
7504:Clinical chemistry
7499:Clinical pathology
7291:Transplant surgery
7249:Orthopedic surgery
7227:Colorectal surgery
6844:. 17 November 2021
6753:The New York Times
6498:The New York Times
6337:The New York Times
6136:Eur. J. Hum. Genet
5183:clinicaltrials.gov
4699:(3): 534–547.e23.
4550:10.1002/humu.21616
4363:Twin Res Hum Genet
4085:10.3233/THC-150900
3908:The New York Times
3740:"Technology Index"
3715:The New York Times
3567:Diamandis, Peter.
1668:10.1038/ncomms6224
1154:ancestry in 2007 (
1127:genetic counseling
950:Quality assessment
863:genome instability
761:Applied Biosystems
740:X Prize Foundation
690:GE Global Research
666:
582:Current techniques
572:Applied Biosystems
538:shotgun sequencing
534:
332:Shotgun sequencing
240:
236:repeated sequences
218:
204:
191:
175:
161:
74:
46:
9105:Molecular biology
9092:
9091:
9052:COVID-19 vaccines
9008:First observation
8876:Molecular circuit
8772:
8771:
8591:
8590:
8554:Synthetic biology
8532:Stem-cell therapy
8515:engineered uterus
8429:Artificial organs
8350:
8349:
8273:He Jiankui affair
8263:Genetic genealogy
8253:Genetic diversity
8182:the British Isles
8087:Genetic variation
7966:
7965:
7800:Master of Surgery
7764:
7763:
7749:Tropical medicine
7695:Prison healthcare
7610:Hospital medicine
7574:Disaster medicine
7564:Aviation medicine
7379:Hospital medicine
7286:Surgical oncology
7271:Pediatric surgery
7265:
7212:Endocrine surgery
7137:
7136:
7011:De-identification
6971:Personal genomics
6777:on June 10, 2012.
5808:(11): 1107–1108.
5692:(12): 1593–1600.
5559:(7921): 199–208.
5401:(12): 1599–1611.
4826:(9725): 1525–35.
4791:: news.2010.465.
4644:(7412): 504–507.
3456:. FierceBiotech.
3055:(11): 1348–1365.
2956:10.1021/ac802712u
2894:(5461): 2185–95.
2851:(5223): 496–512.
2702:Nucleic Acids Res
2544:(7011): 931–945.
2495:(6915): 520–562.
2403:(6814): 796–815.
2301:(6761): 489–495.
2275:978-0-8153-4106-2
2171:(5287): 546–567.
2121:(7011): 931–945.
2045:(21): R898–R899.
1998:(5223): 496–512.
1890:(5551): 500–507.
1867:978-0-8153-4106-2
1819:(7466): 263–268.
1712:(Suppl 1): S1–5.
1541:978-0-8153-4106-2
1462:Sequenced genomes
1389:Duplex sequencing
1344:finished sequence
1314:
1313:
1075:newborn screening
1069:Newborn screening
906:Personal genomics
789:in January 2012,
787:Life Technologies
682:Complete Genomics
678:454 Life Sciences
647:Commercialization
576:Life Technologies
340:) was sequenced.
255:Bacteriophage MS2
248:Sanger sequencing
227:Elaeis guineensis
42:Electropherograms
16:(Redirected from
9152:
9135:Medical genetics
9085:
9077:
9068:
9055:
9046:
9035:
9027:
9014:
9002:
8994:
8983:
8975:
8966:
8957:
8949:
8939:
8931:
8923:
8914:
8905:
8894:
8886:
8884:RNA interference
8878:
8866:
8858:
8850:
8842:
8834:
8799:
8792:
8785:
8776:
8775:
8760:
8759:
8707:Horizon scanning
8623:Ephemeralization
8451:Brain transplant
8395:
8394:
8377:
8370:
8363:
8354:
8353:
8340:
8339:
8303:Reverse genetics
8278:Medical genetics
7993:
7986:
7979:
7970:
7969:
7956:
7955:
7946:
7936:
7935:
7926:
7925:
7916:
7915:
7620:Medical genetics
7605:General practice
7482:Nuclear medicine
7357:Gastroenterology
7313:Vascular surgery
7263:
7190:
7189:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7141:
7140:
7067:Pharmacogenomics
7036:Genetic disorder
6964:
6957:
6950:
6941:
6940:
6918:
6916:
6902:
6893:
6892:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6809:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6773:. Archived from
6767:
6761:
6760:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6727:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6669:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6612:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6554:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6444:
6434:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6392:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6310:
6293:(7): 1483–1485.
6278:
6272:
6271:
6265:
6257:
6247:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6151:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6006:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5902:
5881:
5880:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5776:
5758:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5717:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5660:
5650:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5518:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5418:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5369:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5320:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5238:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5185:. 22 July 2009.
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5069:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5018:
5012:
5011:
4993:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4923:
4913:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4843:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4784:
4773:
4772:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4718:
4708:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4616:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4485:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4378:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4336:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4287:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4194:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:on June 30, 2010
4145:
4139:
4138:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4096:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3839:. Archived from
3833:
3827:
3826:
3808:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3763:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:on June 16, 2009
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3590:Aldhous, Peter.
3587:
3581:
3580:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3533:. Synthesis.cc.
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3160:. Eyeondna.com.
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3110:. Archived from
3097:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3023:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2911:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2610:
2593:(7): 3960–3984.
2578:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2418:10.1038/35048692
2388:
2382:
2381:
2363:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2062:
2030:
2024:
2023:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1955:10.1038/357038a0
1930:
1924:
1923:
1904:10.1038/260500a0
1878:
1872:
1871:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1613:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1527:
1429:Genomics England
1409:Medical genetics
1394:Exome Sequencing
1329:genomic coverage
1323:Genomic coverage
1286:Genomics England
1232:
1231:
1123:medical genetics
1089:Ethical concerns
1006:
1002:
934:
803:Veritas Genetics
729:
718:investment banks
694:General Electric
524:Early techniques
472:epithelial cells
188:
21:
9160:
9159:
9155:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9150:
9149:
9095:
9094:
9093:
9088:
9080:
9071:
9058:
9049:
9038:
9030:
9017:
9005:
8997:
8986:
8978:
8969:
8960:
8955:quantum machine
8952:
8942:
8934:
8926:
8917:
8908:
8897:
8889:
8881:
8869:
8861:
8853:
8845:
8840:Dolly the sheep
8837:
8828:
8821:
8811:
8803:
8773:
8768:
8748:
8587:
8576:Oncolytic virus
8478:Head transplant
8386:
8381:
8351:
8346:
8328:
8307:
8206:
8197:the Middle East
8163:Archaeogenetics
8157:
8101:
8040:
8002:
7997:
7967:
7962:
7904:
7893:Chief physician
7826:
7771:
7760:
7754:Travel medicine
7739:Sports medicine
7722:Sexual medicine
7662:Palliative care
7657:Pain management
7601:Family medicine
7579:Diving medicine
7525:
7453:
7415:
7408:
7324:
7317:
7276:Plastic surgery
7222:General surgery
7202:Cardiac surgery
7183:
7181:
7173:
7168:
7138:
7133:
7102:
7098:Genetic testing
7071:
7040:
7021:Genetic linkage
6994:
6978:Data collection
6973:
6968:
6926:
6921:
6903:
6896:
6875:(7990): 16–17.
6861:
6857:
6847:
6845:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6821:
6819:
6817:www.science.org
6811:
6810:
6803:
6786:
6782:
6769:
6768:
6764:
6745:
6741:
6702:(7218): 66–72.
6687:
6683:
6630:
6626:
6587:(7218): 60–65.
6572:
6568:
6537:(7189): 872–6.
6522:
6518:
6508:
6506:
6489:
6485:
6475:
6473:
6462:
6458:
6410:
6406:
6390:10.1038/449006a
6361:
6357:
6347:
6345:
6328:
6324:
6279:
6275:
6259:
6258:
6236:10.1038/nrg2302
6216:
6212:
6169:
6165:
6128:
6124:
6085:
6081:
6050:
6046:
6037:
6035:
6024:
6020:
5975:
5971:
5954:
5950:
5903:
5884:
5841:
5837:
5802:JAMA Pediatrics
5794:
5790:
5735:
5731:
5678:
5674:
5626:
5622:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5544:
5540:
5495:Nature Genetics
5487:
5483:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5387:
5383:
5346:Nature Genetics
5338:
5334:
5289:
5285:
5264:Value in Health
5256:
5252:
5206:
5202:
5192:
5190:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5132:
5130:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5103:
5101:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5037:
5033:
5020:
5019:
5015:
4970:
4966:
4957:
4955:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4904:(9): e1002280.
4889:
4885:
4861:
4857:
4808:
4804:
4785:
4776:
4753:10.1038/ng.3596
4741:Nature Genetics
4736:
4732:
4685:
4681:
4634:
4630:
4591:(7550): 81–84.
4577:
4573:
4534:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4503:
4499:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4396:
4392:
4354:
4350:
4325:10.1038/ng.2418
4319:(11): 1277–81.
4305:
4301:
4262:(5978): 636–9.
4248:
4244:
4235:
4233:
4222:
4218:
4171:
4167:
4158:
4156:
4149:"Genomics Core"
4147:
4146:
4142:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4119:. 28 July 2017.
4115:
4114:
4110:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4049:
4039:
4035:
4026:
4024:
4014:
4010:
4005:. 6 March 2016.
4001:
4000:
3996:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3947:
3943:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3917:
3915:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3791:(5961): 78–81.
3777:
3773:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3724:
3722:
3707:
3703:
3694:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3669:
3667:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3644:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3619:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3588:
3584:
3573:Huffington Post
3565:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3540:
3538:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3509:Financial Times
3501:
3497:
3488:
3486:
3476:
3472:
3463:
3461:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3378:
3374:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3247:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3219:
3217:
3206:
3202:
3193:
3191:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3142:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3117:
3115:
3098:
3094:
3041:
3037:
2984:Scientific Data
2975:
2971:
2940:
2933:
2909:10.1.1.549.8639
2884:
2880:
2840:
2836:
2805:
2801:
2770:
2766:
2743:
2739:
2694:
2690:
2659:
2655:
2638:
2634:
2579:
2575:
2530:
2526:
2481:
2477:
2438:
2434:
2389:
2385:
2361:10.1.1.549.8639
2336:
2332:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2262:
2258:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2156:
2152:
2107:
2103:
2080:
2076:
2039:Current Biology
2031:
2027:
1987:
1978:
1941:(6373): 38–46.
1931:
1927:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1854:
1850:
1834:10.1038/501261a
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1747:
1743:
1697:
1693:
1639:
1635:
1588:(7509): 344–7.
1578:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1464:
1364:
1356:draft sequences
1325:
1320:
1290:100,000 Genomes
1221:
1213:Public Genomics
1180:Marjolein Kriek
1156:J. Craig Venter
1148:
1143:
1119:genetic testing
1117:for predictive
1091:
1071:
1038:
1025:SNP annotations
1013:
1004:
1003:USD to $ 24,810
1000:
982:Robert C. Green
963:genotranslation
932:
916:
902:
893:
887:
847:
842:
821:
819:DNA microarrays
816:
757:
736:
727:
655:
649:
626:
607:SMRT sequencing
595:high-throughput
590:
584:
568:Celera Genomics
526:
510:embryo transfer
460:
455:
440:Marjolein Kriek
364:eukaryote, and
297:C-value paradox
186:
147:
112:gene sequencing
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9158:
9148:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9125:Bioinformatics
9122:
9117:
9112:
9110:DNA sequencing
9107:
9090:
9089:
9087:
9086:
9078:
9069:
9056:
9047:
9036:
9028:
9015:
9003:
8995:
8984:
8976:
8967:
8965:clinical trial
8958:
8950:
8940:
8932:
8924:
8915:
8906:
8895:
8887:
8879:
8867:
8859:
8851:
8843:
8835:
8825:
8823:
8813:
8812:
8802:
8801:
8794:
8787:
8779:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8766:
8753:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8725:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8673:
8672:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8651:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8599:
8597:
8593:
8592:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8585:
8580:
8579:
8578:
8568:
8563:
8562:
8561:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8540:
8539:
8534:
8524:
8519:
8518:
8517:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8496:
8495:
8488:Life extension
8485:
8483:Isolated brain
8480:
8475:
8474:
8473:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8446:Biofabrication
8443:
8442:
8441:
8436:
8434:Organ printing
8426:
8421:
8416:
8415:
8414:
8407:3D bioprinting
8403:
8401:
8392:
8388:
8387:
8380:
8379:
8372:
8365:
8357:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8333:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8321:
8315:
8313:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8293:Plant genetics
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8233:Genome editing
8230:
8225:
8220:
8214:
8212:
8211:Related topics
8208:
8207:
8205:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8168:
8166:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8133:Immunogenetics
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8109:
8107:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8048:
8046:
8045:Key components
8042:
8041:
8039:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8007:
8004:
8003:
7996:
7995:
7988:
7981:
7973:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7960:
7950:
7940:
7930:
7920:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7902:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7834:
7832:
7831:Related topics
7828:
7827:
7825:
7824:
7823:
7822:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7780:Medical school
7776:
7774:
7766:
7765:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7758:
7757:
7756:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7734:Sleep medicine
7731:
7730:
7729:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7681:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7598:
7593:
7592:
7591:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7547:Anesthesiology
7544:
7539:
7533:
7531:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7479:
7477:Neuroradiology
7474:
7463:
7461:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7420:
7418:
7414:Obstetrics and
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7329:
7327:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7310:
7309:
7308:
7298:
7296:Trauma surgery
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7267:
7266:
7259:Otolaryngology
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7229:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7198:
7196:
7187:
7185:subspecialties
7175:
7174:
7167:
7166:
7159:
7152:
7144:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7107:Major projects
7104:
7103:
7101:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7079:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7048:
7046:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7002:
7000:
6999:Field concepts
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6981:
6979:
6975:
6974:
6967:
6966:
6959:
6952:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6932:
6925:
6924:External links
6922:
6920:
6919:
6894:
6855:
6829:
6801:
6795:10.1101/000216
6780:
6762:
6739:
6681:
6644:(7218): 53–9.
6624:
6566:
6516:
6483:
6456:
6404:
6355:
6322:
6273:
6230:(2): 152–156.
6210:
6163:
6122:
6079:
6054:Clin Perinatol
6044:
6018:
5969:
5948:
5913:(3): 148–162.
5882:
5855:(10398): 265.
5835:
5788:
5729:
5672:
5635:BMC Pediatrics
5620:
5602:
5538:
5501:(1): 154–164.
5481:
5448:Nature Methods
5438:
5395:Nature Methods
5381:
5352:(9): 969–983.
5332:
5283:
5250:
5200:
5170:
5140:
5110:
5081:
5052:(6): 877–879.
5031:
5013:
4964:
4935:
4883:
4855:
4802:
4774:
4730:
4679:
4628:
4571:
4544:(1): 136–143.
4538:Human Mutation
4528:
4497:
4448:
4439:
4410:(2): 295–304.
4390:
4369:(6): 1026–32.
4348:
4299:
4242:
4216:
4165:
4140:
4122:
4108:
4079:(3): 373–379.
4059:
4033:
4008:
3994:
3985:www.genome.gov
3972:
3941:
3924:
3894:
3868:
3846:
3843:on 2011-05-17.
3828:
3771:
3731:
3701:
3676:
3651:
3626:
3601:
3582:
3559:
3547:
3521:
3495:
3470:
3444:
3421:
3395:
3372:
3369:on 2011-03-29.
3354:
3329:
3304:
3288:"Bio-IT World"
3279:
3254:
3226:
3200:
3174:
3149:
3124:
3092:
3035:
2969:
2950:(5): 1736–40.
2931:
2878:
2834:
2799:
2780:(4): 593–608.
2764:
2737:
2708:(7): 2601–10.
2688:
2653:
2632:
2573:
2524:
2475:
2432:
2383:
2330:
2316:10.1038/990031
2281:
2274:
2256:
2213:
2150:
2101:
2074:
2025:
1976:
1925:
1873:
1866:
1848:
1799:
1790:
1755:Human Genetics
1741:
1691:
1633:
1572:
1547:
1540:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1455:SNP annotation
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1384:DNA sequencing
1381:
1376:
1374:DNA microarray
1371:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1337:draft sequence
1324:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1220:
1217:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1090:
1087:
1070:
1067:
1037:
1034:
1012:
1009:
938:bioinformatics
901:
900:Diagnostic use
898:
889:Main article:
886:
883:
846:
843:
841:
838:
820:
817:
815:
812:
756:
753:
749:Archon X Prize
744:Archon X Prize
735:
732:
653:$ 1,000 genome
651:Main article:
648:
645:
625:
622:
603:pyrosequencing
588:DNA Sequencing
586:Main article:
583:
580:
525:
522:
459:
456:
454:
451:
346:model organism
146:
143:
139:SNP genotyping
66:sex chromosome
32:DNA sequencing
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9157:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9115:Biotechnology
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9102:
9100:
9084:
9079:
9075:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9057:
9053:
9048:
9045:
9042:
9037:
9034:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9016:
9013:
9009:
9004:
9001:
8996:
8993:
8992:comet mission
8991:
8985:
8982:
8977:
8973:
8968:
8964:
8959:
8956:
8951:
8948:
8947:
8941:
8938:
8933:
8930:
8925:
8921:
8916:
8912:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8896:
8893:
8888:
8885:
8880:
8877:
8873:
8868:
8865:
8860:
8857:
8852:
8849:
8844:
8841:
8836:
8833:understanding
8832:
8827:
8826:
8824:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8810:
8808:
8800:
8795:
8793:
8788:
8786:
8781:
8780:
8777:
8765:
8764:
8755:
8754:
8751:
8745:
8744:Transhumanism
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8694:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8671:
8668:
8667:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8630:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8598:
8594:
8584:
8581:
8577:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8560:
8557:
8556:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8529:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8516:
8513:
8512:
8511:
8510:Organ culture
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8494:
8491:
8490:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8456:De-extinction
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8413:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8400:
8396:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8378:
8373:
8371:
8366:
8364:
8359:
8358:
8355:
8343:
8335:
8334:
8331:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8310:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8209:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8160:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8104:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8043:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8005:
8001:
7994:
7989:
7987:
7982:
7980:
7975:
7974:
7971:
7959:
7951:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7939:
7931:
7929:
7921:
7919:
7911:
7910:
7907:
7901:
7898:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7863:Public health
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7843:Allied health
7841:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7829:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7767:
7755:
7752:
7751:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7706:
7703:
7702:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7652:Oral medicine
7650:
7648:
7647:Ophthalmology
7645:
7643:
7640:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7509:Cytopathology
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7450:
7449:Urogynecology
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7417:
7411:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7352:Endocrinology
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7320:
7314:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7165:
7160:
7158:
7153:
7151:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7105:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7043:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6965:
6960:
6958:
6953:
6951:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6901:
6899:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6859:
6843:
6839:
6833:
6818:
6814:
6808:
6806:
6796:
6791:
6784:
6776:
6772:
6766:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6743:
6735:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6685:
6677:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6628:
6620:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6570:
6562:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6520:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6487:
6471:
6467:
6460:
6452:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6408:
6400:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6375:(7158): 6–7.
6374:
6370:
6366:
6359:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6326:
6318:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6277:
6269:
6263:
6255:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6183:(5): 374–81.
6182:
6178:
6174:
6167:
6159:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6126:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6095:(6): 1451–5.
6094:
6090:
6083:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6060:(2): 425–34.
6059:
6055:
6048:
6034:on 2009-05-11
6033:
6029:
6022:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5973:
5964:
5959:
5952:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5839:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5792:
5784:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5725:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5676:
5668:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5624:
5617:. 2013-09-05.
5616:
5612:
5606:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5542:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5485:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5442:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5204:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5099:
5095:
5094:Rd-connect.eu
5091:
5085:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4898:PLOS Genetics
4895:
4887:
4879:
4875:
4872:(14): E1159.
4871:
4867:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4747:(8): 927–34.
4746:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4632:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4468:(2): 161–70.
4467:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4231:
4228:. GenomeWeb.
4227:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4137:. 2017-06-20.
4136:
4132:
4126:
4118:
4112:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4004:
3998:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3936:
3928:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3767:
3761:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3666:on 2011-10-19
3665:
3661:
3655:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3551:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3432:
3425:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3244:on 2006-10-17
3243:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3216:on 2008-12-05
3215:
3211:
3204:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3139:on 2006-10-17
3138:
3134:
3128:
3114:on 2015-11-16
3113:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2936:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:(2): 345–53.
2814:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:(5): 459–65.
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:DNA profiling
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1319:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1223:According to
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:Manuel Corpas
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1100:non-paternity
1097:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:rare variants
1008:
997:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
945:
943:
939:
929:
925:
921:
915:
911:
907:
897:
892:
882:
880:
876:
870:
868:
864:
859:
855:
852:
837:
834:
828:
826:
811:
807:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
779:
777:
773:
772:Stephen Quake
769:
764:
762:
752:
750:
745:
741:
731:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
659:
654:
644:
641:
639:
634:
631:
621:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
589:
579:
577:
574:, now called
573:
569:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
530:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
491:
489:
485:
484:hair follicle
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
450:
448:
443:
441:
437:
434:In 2004, the
432:
430:
429:
424:
423:
418:
414:
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:chromosome 22
391:
389:
385:
381:
380:DNA libraries
377:
376:
371:
367:
363:
362:multicellular
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:S. cerevisiae
339:
338:
333:
329:
328:H. influenzae
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
288:
287:
282:
281:multicellular
278:
274:
270:
269:H. influenzae
266:
262:
261:
256:
251:
249:
245:
237:
233:
229:
228:
222:
215:
214:
208:
201:
200:
195:
185:
184:
179:
172:
171:
165:
158:
157:
151:
142:
140:
136:
132:
131:DNA profiling
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
71:
67:
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55:
50:
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39:
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19:
9044:made visible
8989:
8953:2010: First
8944:
8900:
8872:Nanocircuits
8863:
8816:
8806:
8761:
8648:Robot ethics
8582:
8500:Nanomedicine
8471:Gene therapy
8243:Genetic code
8177:the Americas
8153:Quantitative
8123:Cytogenetics
8118:Conservation
8011:Introduction
7868:Rural health
7853:Nanomedicine
7404:Rheumatology
7335: /
7254:Hand surgery
7239:Neurosurgery
7082:
7045:Applications
6910:
6872:
6868:
6858:
6846:. Retrieved
6841:
6832:
6820:. Retrieved
6816:
6783:
6775:the original
6765:
6752:
6742:
6699:
6695:
6684:
6641:
6637:
6627:
6584:
6580:
6569:
6534:
6530:
6519:
6509:February 21,
6507:. Retrieved
6496:
6486:
6476:February 22,
6474:. Retrieved
6470:the original
6459:
6425:(10): e254.
6422:
6418:
6407:
6372:
6368:
6358:
6348:February 22,
6346:. Retrieved
6335:
6325:
6290:
6286:
6276:
6262:cite journal
6227:
6223:
6213:
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6176:
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6142:(2): 133–8.
6139:
6135:
6125:
6092:
6088:
6082:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6036:. Retrieved
6032:the original
6021:
5989:(6): 711–9.
5986:
5982:
5972:
5951:
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5214:
5203:
5191:. Retrieved
5182:
5173:
5161:. Retrieved
5152:
5143:
5131:. Retrieved
5122:
5113:
5102:. Retrieved
5093:
5084:
5049:
5045:
5034:
5016:
4984:(3): 195–6.
4981:
4977:
4967:
4956:. Retrieved
4948:Jsonline.com
4947:
4938:
4901:
4897:
4886:
4869:
4865:
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4584:
4574:
4541:
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4531:
4519:. Retrieved
4510:
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4465:
4461:
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4442:
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4403:
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4351:
4316:
4312:
4302:
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4255:
4245:
4234:. Retrieved
4219:
4182:
4179:BMC Genomics
4178:
4168:
4157:. Retrieved
4153:the original
4143:
4135:statnews.com
4134:
4125:
4111:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4050:. Retrieved
4036:
4025:. Retrieved
4021:
4011:
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3984:
3975:
3950:
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3933:
3927:
3916:. Retrieved
3907:
3897:
3885:. Retrieved
3881:the original
3871:
3858:
3849:
3841:the original
3831:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3748:. Retrieved
3743:
3734:
3723:. Retrieved
3714:
3704:
3693:. Retrieved
3689:the original
3679:
3668:. Retrieved
3664:the original
3654:
3643:. Retrieved
3629:
3618:. Retrieved
3604:
3585:
3572:
3562:
3550:
3539:. Retrieved
3524:
3512:. Retrieved
3498:
3487:. Retrieved
3483:
3473:
3462:. Retrieved
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3407:
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3375:
3367:the original
3357:
3346:. Retrieved
3332:
3321:. Retrieved
3307:
3296:. Retrieved
3282:
3271:. Retrieved
3257:
3246:. Retrieved
3242:the original
3218:. Retrieved
3214:the original
3203:
3192:. Retrieved
3177:
3166:. Retrieved
3152:
3141:. Retrieved
3137:the original
3127:
3116:. Retrieved
3112:the original
3105:
3095:
3052:
3048:
3038:
2987:
2983:
2972:
2947:
2943:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2753:(1): 41–47.
2750:
2746:
2740:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2669:(3): 195–7.
2666:
2662:
2656:
2647:
2635:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2541:
2537:
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2488:
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2259:
2226:
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2164:
2153:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2090:(1): 10–15.
2087:
2083:
2077:
2042:
2038:
2028:
1995:
1991:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1857:
1851:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1793:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1709:
1705:
1694:
1651:
1647:
1636:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1564:. Retrieved
1562:. 2012-07-20
1559:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1465:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1327:In terms of
1326:
1224:
1222:
1164:James Watson
1158:at 7.5-fold
1149:
1135:
1131:
1104:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1054:phylogenetic
1039:
1030:
1014:
998:
986:
971:
966:
962:
946:
917:
894:
871:
860:
856:
848:
840:Applications
829:
822:
808:
784:
780:
775:
765:
758:
737:
722:
667:
642:
635:
627:
617:
611:
591:
561:
550:
545:
535:
518:venipuncture
499:
494:
492:
461:
444:
433:
428:Mus musculus
426:
420:
410:
403:invertebrate
392:
373:
361:
357:
341:
335:
327:
325:
320:
301:Amoeba dubia
300:
292:Homo sapiens
290:
289:and humans (
286:Amoeba dubia
284:
268:
258:
252:
241:
225:
213:Mus musculus
211:
197:
181:
168:
154:
128:
105:
97:mitochondria
80:
76:
75:
58:human genome
9083:GLP-1 Drugs
8972:Higgs boson
8892:Dark energy
8712:Moore's law
8643:Neuroethics
8638:Cyberethics
8571:Virotherapy
8505:Nanosensors
8223:Epigenetics
7938:Wikiproject
7727:Venereology
7672:Neonatology
7569:Dermatology
7424:Gynaecology
7416:gynaecology
7399:Pulmonology
7217:Eye surgery
7179:Specialties
6848:11 December
6822:11 December
6177:Clin. Genet
5303:(1): 5–23.
4716:10230/35343
4462:Cancer Lett
3433:. GenomeWeb
3384:. GenomeWeb
1611:2066/138095
1168:Han Chinese
928:Euan Ashley
714:hedge funds
476:bone marrow
464:ancient DNA
405:(yet first
386:(BACs) and
358:unicellular
309:chromosomes
277:unicellular
101:chloroplast
93:chromosomal
9140:Gene tests
9099:Categories
9041:black hole
8603:Automation
8399:Biomedical
8228:Geneticist
8202:South Asia
8148:Population
8128:Ecological
8097:Amino acid
8077:Nucleotide
8052:Chromosome
7700:Psychiatry
7686:(PM&R)
7679:Phlebology
7667:Pediatrics
7494:Anatomical
7459:Diagnostic
7439:Obstetrics
7389:Nephrology
7374:Hematology
7369:Geriatrics
7362:Hepatology
7347:Cardiology
7337:Immunology
6089:Pediatrics
6038:2009-02-23
5849:The Lancet
5749:: 663752.
5641:(1): 225.
5104:2016-11-11
4978:Genet. Med
4958:2016-11-11
4313:Nat. Genet
4236:2009-02-23
4185:(1): 431.
4159:2009-02-23
4052:2 December
4027:2019-09-02
3918:2016-11-11
3887:August 30,
3859:Genome Web
3725:2010-05-03
3695:2011-01-28
3670:2011-01-28
3645:2011-01-28
3620:2009-02-24
3541:2009-02-23
3514:2 December
3489:2009-02-23
3464:2009-02-23
3437:2 December
3414:2 December
3388:2 December
3348:2011-01-28
3323:2011-01-28
3298:2009-02-23
3273:2009-02-23
3248:2009-02-23
3220:2009-02-24
3194:2010-08-13
3168:2009-02-23
3143:2009-02-23
3118:2016-11-11
2990:(1): 285.
2944:Anal. Chem
1566:2018-10-13
1518:References
1247:UK Biobank
1188:Steve Jobs
1059:epigenomic
1050:metastasis
967:genoreport
958:guidelines
825:DNA arrays
698:Affymetrix
638:base pairs
630:nucleotide
445:Currently
354:nucleotide
313:nucleotide
305:nucleotide
273:eukaryotes
60:, with 22
52:Schematic
8974:discovery
8913:in action
8911:Evolution
8856:Stem cell
8633:Bioethics
8566:Tricorder
8143:Molecular
8138:Microbial
8113:Classical
7888:Physician
7772:education
7630:Neurology
7625:Narcology
7489:Pathology
7467:Radiology
7342:Angiology
7306:Andrology
7093:SNP array
6419:PLOS Biol
5963:1306.1264
5869:0140-6736
5830:237267536
5765:2296-2360
5706:1476-5438
5597:250730778
5581:1476-4687
5533:255084231
5476:253246835
5433:243873361
5221:(1): 10.
4812:Klein, TE
4674:205229634
3967:211730238
3069:1546-1696
3012:2052-4463
2904:CiteSeerX
2356:CiteSeerX
1628:205238886
1303:All of Us
1219:Databases
1174:man from
993:San Diego
952:schemes,
918:In 2009,
867:noncoding
759:In 2007,
734:Incentive
633:refined.
542:base pair
321:A. dubia,
317:germ cell
167:The worm
54:karyogram
9120:Genomics
9039:2019: A
9020:GW170817
8963:HPTN 052
8424:Ampakine
8342:Category
8268:Heredity
8238:Genomics
8082:Mutation
8072:Heredity
8036:Glossary
8026:Timeline
8000:Genetics
7918:Category
7394:Oncology
7325:medicine
7323:Internal
7171:Medicine
6889:38036674
6757:Archived
6734:18987736
6676:18987734
6619:18987735
6561:18421352
6503:Archived
6451:17803354
6399:17805257
6342:Archived
6317:30559376
6254:18087293
6197:17026616
6158:16267502
6109:11389275
6074:11499063
6013:19277061
5943:24935558
5935:21574071
5877:37481265
5822:34424259
5783:34350142
5724:25626707
5667:29986673
5615:wbur.org
5589:35859180
5525:36564505
5516:10084891
5468:36316564
5425:36303018
5416:10008172
5376:32839606
5327:24995866
5270:: S100.
5245:29644095
5193:29 April
5187:Archived
5163:29 April
5157:Archived
5133:29 April
5127:Archived
5098:Archived
5076:25168910
5026:Archived
5008:10802499
5000:21169843
4952:Archived
4930:21935354
4850:20435227
4769:22427006
4761:27322545
4725:28753428
4666:22820252
4623:25707793
4566:19353116
4558:21953857
4521:29 April
4515:Archived
4492:23178448
4434:22345605
4404:Genetics
4385:24182360
4343:23001126
4294:20220176
4230:Archived
4211:18803882
4103:25669213
3989:Archived
3912:Archived
3863:Archived
3861:. 2009.
3823:17309571
3815:19892942
3760:cite web
3750:29 April
3744:ABC News
3719:Archived
3639:Archived
3614:Archived
3596:Archived
3577:Archived
3535:Archived
3458:Archived
3342:Archived
3317:Archived
3292:Archived
3267:Archived
3188:Archived
3162:Archived
3087:34750572
3030:31772173
2964:19193124
2926:10731132
2809:Genomics
2774:Genomics
2683:24428465
2627:12651960
2568:15496913
2519:12466850
2470:11181995
2427:11130711
2378:10731132
2325:10591208
2205:Archived
2201:16763139
2145:15496913
2069:23137679
1843:24025842
1785:25238897
1736:23819146
1686:25351503
1654:: 5224.
1620:24896178
1362:See also
1352:finished
1207:and the
1184:leukemia
1160:coverage
1036:Oncology
920:Illumina
879:H3K36me3
851:mutation
795:Illumina
674:Sequenom
624:Analysis
399:autosome
390:(YACs).
382:such as
370:nematode
283:such as
232:oil palm
9063:brings
8990:Rosetta
8822:journal
8818:Science
8807:Science
8021:History
8016:Outline
7958:Outline
7928:Commons
7873:Therapy
7770:Medical
7333:Allergy
7301:Urology
7194:Surgery
6985:Biobank
6790:bioRxiv
6725:2603574
6704:Bibcode
6667:2581791
6646:Bibcode
6610:2716080
6589:Bibcode
6539:Bibcode
6442:1964779
6377:Bibcode
6308:6752261
6245:2225443
6205:7066285
6117:9993840
6004:2947094
5915:Bibcode
5774:8326411
5715:4795188
5658:6038274
5561:Bibcode
5367:7483769
5318:4085641
5236:5884823
5067:4245010
4921:3174201
4841:2937184
4646:Bibcode
4614:4425546
4593:Bibcode
4483:3622788
4425:3276617
4334:3483378
4285:3037280
4264:Bibcode
4256:Science
4202:2566316
4094:4527943
3793:Bibcode
3785:Science
3078:8988251
3021:6879543
2992:Bibcode
2896:Bibcode
2888:Science
2873:7542800
2853:Bibcode
2845:Science
2829:7601461
2794:2341149
2595:Bibcode
2546:Bibcode
2497:Bibcode
2450:Bibcode
2442:Science
2405:Bibcode
2348:Bibcode
2340:Science
2303:Bibcode
2251:9851916
2231:Bibcode
2223:Science
2193:8849441
2173:Bibcode
2165:Science
2123:Bibcode
2047:Bibcode
2020:7542800
2000:Bibcode
1992:Science
1971:4271784
1963:1574125
1943:Bibcode
1920:4289674
1912:1264203
1892:Bibcode
1882:gene".
1821:Bibcode
1776:4362928
1727:3660957
1677:4596003
1656:Bibcode
1590:Bibcode
1294:120,000
1277:125,000
1263:161,000
1251:500,000
1235:Biobank
1226:Science
1205:23andMe
1176:Nigeria
1172:Yoruban
1112:ethical
1063:genomic
1046:relapse
776:Science
755:History
725:$ 1,000
618:de novo
350:biology
275:, both
265:archaea
145:History
9081:2023:
9072:2022:
9067:to all
9059:2021:
9050:2020:
9031:2018:
9018:2017:
9006:2016:
8998:2015:
8987:2014:
8979:2013:
8970:2012:
8961:2011:
8943:2009:
8935:2008:
8927:2007:
8918:2006:
8909:2005:
8901:Spirit
8898:2004:
8890:2003:
8882:2002:
8870:2001:
8862:2000:
8854:1999:
8846:1998:
8838:1997:
8829:1996:
8628:Ethics
8596:Topics
8391:Fields
8187:Europe
8172:Africa
8106:Fields
8092:Allele
8067:Genome
7948:Portal
7815:MD–PhD
6887:
6869:Nature
6792:
6732:
6722:
6696:Nature
6674:
6664:
6638:Nature
6617:
6607:
6581:Nature
6559:
6531:Nature
6449:
6439:
6397:
6369:Nature
6315:
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5763:
5722:
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5704:
5665:
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5595:
5587:
5579:
5553:Nature
5531:
5523:
5513:
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5466:
5431:
5423:
5413:
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5364:
5325:
5315:
5243:
5233:
5074:
5064:
5006:
4998:
4928:
4918:
4848:
4838:
4820:Lancet
4789:Nature
4767:
4759:
4723:
4672:
4664:
4638:Nature
4621:
4611:
4585:Nature
4564:
4556:
4490:
4480:
4432:
4422:
4383:
4341:
4331:
4292:
4282:
4209:
4199:
4101:
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3965:
3951:Nature
3821:
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3067:
3028:
3018:
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2906:
2871:
2827:
2792:
2732:461197
2730:
2723:327874
2720:
2681:
2625:
2618:153030
2615:
2566:
2538:Nature
2517:
2489:Nature
2468:
2425:
2397:Nature
2376:
2358:
2323:
2295:Nature
2272:
2249:
2199:
2191:
2143:
2115:Nature
2067:
2018:
1969:
1961:
1935:Nature
1918:
1910:
1884:Nature
1864:
1841:
1813:Nature
1783:
1773:
1734:
1724:
1684:
1674:
1626:
1618:
1582:Nature
1538:
1307:90,000
1255:2023.
1162:, and
1107:minors
1005:
1001:
933:
912:, and
728:
716:, and
605:, and
468:saliva
407:insect
372:worm:
366:animal
187:'s
89:genome
9076:debut
8922:proof
8903:rover
8312:Lists
8192:Italy
8031:Index
7530:Other
6201:S2CID
6113:S2CID
5958:arXiv
5939:S2CID
5826:S2CID
5593:S2CID
5529:S2CID
5472:S2CID
5429:S2CID
5004:S2CID
4765:S2CID
4670:S2CID
4562:S2CID
4047:Wired
3963:S2CID
3819:S2CID
3408:360Dx
2208:(PDF)
2197:S2CID
1967:S2CID
1916:S2CID
1624:S2CID
1436:(MRC)
1203:with
1115:norms
799:NHGRI
768:depth
670:Knome
663:NHGRI
488:seeds
417:plant
8763:List
8439:Womb
6885:PMID
6850:2021
6824:2021
6730:PMID
6672:PMID
6615:PMID
6557:PMID
6511:2009
6478:2009
6447:PMID
6395:PMID
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