1573:
800:
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50:
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1236:
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219:
8171:
7479:
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333:
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especially because the availability of large numbers of sequenced genomes and previously solved protein structures allow scientists to model protein structure on the structures of previously solved homologs. Structural genomics involves taking a large number of approaches to structure determination, including experimental methods using genomic sequences or modeling-based approaches based on sequence or
1252:
acquisition can be performed at a delayed moment, allowing for very large arrays of DNA colonies to be captured by sequential images taken from a single camera. Decoupling the enzymatic reaction and the image capture allows for optimal throughput and theoretically unlimited sequencing capacity; with an optimal configuration, the ultimate throughput of the instrument depends only on the
4837:
1146:. Multiple overlapping reads for the target DNA are obtained by performing several rounds of this fragmentation and sequencing. Computer programs then use the overlapping ends of different reads to assemble them into a continuous sequence. Shotgun sequencing is a random sampling process, requiring over-sampling to ensure a given
1296:
1251:
so that local clonal colonies, initially coined "DNA colonies", are formed. To determine the sequence, four types of reversible terminator bases (RT-bases) are added and non-incorporated nucleotides are washed away. Unlike pyrosequencing, the DNA chains are extended one nucleotide at a time and image
1956:
Next-generation genomic technologies allow clinicians and biomedical researchers to drastically increase the amount of genomic data collected on large study populations. When combined with new informatics approaches that integrate many kinds of data with genomic data in disease research, this allows
1380:
assembly paradigm there are two primary strategies for assembly, Eulerian path strategies, and overlap-layout-consensus (OLC) strategies. OLC strategies ultimately try to create a
Hamiltonian path through an overlap graph which is an NP-hard problem. Eulerian path strategies are computationally more
1775:
sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome: Overall, this method verified many known bacteriophage groups, making this a useful tool for predicting the relationships of prophages from
1729:
to get largely unbiased samples of all genes from all the members of the sampled communities. Because of its power to reveal the previously hidden diversity of microscopic life, metagenomics offers a powerful lens for viewing the microbial world that has the potential to revolutionize understanding
1454:
for finding similarities, and then annotating genomes based on homologues. More recently, additional information is added to the annotation platform. The additional information allows manual annotators to deconvolute discrepancies between genes that are given the same annotation. Some databases use
1102:
which sequence dozens of terabases a year, to local molecular biology core facilities) which contain research laboratories with the costly instrumentation and technical support necessary. As sequencing technology continues to improve, however, a new generation of effective fast turnaround benchtop
1866:
infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights
1596:
is that structural genomics attempts to determine the structure of every protein encoded by the genome, rather than focusing on one particular protein. With full-genome sequences available, structure prediction can be done more quickly through a combination of experimental and modeling approaches,
1534:
or structures. Functional genomics attempts to answer questions about the function of DNA at the levels of genes, RNA transcripts, and protein products. A key characteristic of functional genomics studies is their genome-wide approach to these questions, generally involving high-throughput methods
1339:
technology cannot read whole genomes as a continuous sequence, but rather reads small pieces of between 20 and 1000 bases, depending on the technology used. Third generation sequencing technologies such as PacBio or Oxford
Nanopore routinely generate sequencing reads 10-100 kb in length; however,
1231:
the sequencing process, producing thousands or millions of sequences at once. High-throughput sequencing is intended to lower the cost of DNA sequencing beyond what is possible with standard dye-terminator methods. In ultra-high-throughput sequencing, as many as 500,000 sequencing-by-synthesis
934:
in early 2001, creating much fanfare. This project, completed in 2003, sequenced the entire genome for one specific person, and by 2007 this sequence was declared "finished" (less than one error in 20,000 bases and all chromosomes assembled). In the years since then, the genomes of many other
666:
gel (called polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and visualised using autoradiography. The procedure could sequence up to 80 nucleotides in one go and was a big improvement, but was still very laborious. Nevertheless, in 1977 his group was able to sequence most of the 5,386 nucleotides of the
653:
and his colleagues played a key role in the development of DNA sequencing techniques that enabled the establishment of comprehensive genome sequencing projects. In 1975, he and Alan
Coulson published a sequencing procedure using DNA polymerase with radiolabelled nucleotides that he called the
408:
with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules. In turn, proteins make up body structures such as organs and tissues as well as control chemical reactions and carry signals between cells. Genomics also involves the sequencing and analysis of genomes through uses of high throughput
1667:
Environmental
Shotgun Sequencing (ESS) is a key technique in metagenomics. (A) Sampling from habitat; (B) filtering particles, typically by size; (C) Lysis and DNA extraction; (D) cloning and library construction; (E) sequencing the clones; (F) sequence assembly into contigs and
1815:. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics of marine cyanobacteria. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further
1766:. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying
829:, which has resulted in a pronounced bias in their phylogenetic distribution compared to the breadth of microbial diversity. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (
1770:
evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of
1184:
analyses. However, the Sanger method remains in wide use, primarily for smaller-scale projects and for obtaining especially long contiguous DNA sequence reads (>500 nucleotides). Chain-termination methods require a single-stranded DNA template, a DNA
1263:
An alternative approach, ion semiconductor sequencing, is based on standard DNA replication chemistry. This technology measures the release of a hydrogen ion each time a base is incorporated. A microwell containing template DNA is flooded with a single
2366:
Rossi, M.J; Kuntala, P.K; Lai, W.K.M; Yamada, N; Badjatia, N; Mittal, C; Kuzu, G; Bocklund, K; Farrell, N.P; Blanda, T.R; Mairose, J.D; Basting, A.V; Mistretta, K.S; Rocco, D.J; Perkinson, E.S; Kellogg, G.D; Mahony, S; Pugh, B.F (March 2021).
1062:
After an organism has been selected, genome projects involve three components: the sequencing of DNA, the assembly of that sequence to create a representation of the original chromosome, and the annotation and analysis of that representation.
1639:. Epigenetic modifications are reversible modifications on a cell's DNA or histones that affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence (Russell 2010 p. 475). Two of the most characterized epigenetic modifications are
1137:
Shotgun sequencing is a sequencing method designed for analysis of DNA sequences longer than 1000 base pairs, up to and including entire chromosomes. It is named by analogy with the rapidly expanding, quasi-random firing pattern of a
1367:
assembly, for genomes which are not similar to any sequenced in the past, and comparative assembly, which uses the existing sequence of a closely related organism as a reference during assembly. Relative to comparative assembly,
939:, which announced the sequencing of 1,092 genomes in October 2012. Completion of this project was made possible by the development of dramatically more efficient sequencing technologies and required the commitment of significant
6154:
2030:
has developed as a popular field of research, where genomic sequencing methods are used to conduct large-scale comparisons of DNA sequences among populations - beyond the limits of genetic markers such as short-range
1044:, among others) to claim that it has been oversold, it reflects the change in orientation towards the quantitative analysis of complete or near-complete assortment of all the constituents of a system. In the study of
1070:
Overview of a genome project. First, the genome must be selected, which involves several factors including cost and relevance. Second, the sequence is generated and assembled at a given sequencing center (such as
2972:
Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, et al. (April 1976). "Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene".
706:) of DNA sequencing, involving the preferential cleavage of DNA at known bases, a less efficient method. For their groundbreaking work in the sequencing of nucleic acids, Gilbert and Sanger shared half the 1980
3179:
Kaiser O, Bartels D, Bekel T, Goesmann A, Kespohl S, Pühler A, Meyer F (December 2003). "Whole genome shotgun sequencing guided by bioinformatics pipelines--an optimized approach for an established technique".
1439:, as opposed to manual annotation (a.k.a. curation) which involves human expertise and potential experimental verification. Ideally, these approaches co-exist and complement each other in the same annotation
1142:. Since gel electrophoresis sequencing can only be used for fairly short sequences (100 to 1000 base pairs), longer DNA sequences must be broken into random small segments which are then sequenced to obtain
7016:
686:), which formed the basis of the techniques of DNA sequencing, genome mapping, data storage, and bioinformatic analysis most widely used in the following quarter-century of research. In the same year
2100:
and to detect patterns in variation throughout a given population, conservationists can formulate plans to aid a given species without as many variables left unknown as those unaddressed by standard
3458:
Ohyama K, Fukuzawa H, Kohchi T, Shirai H, Sano T, Sano S, et al. (1986). "Chloroplast gene organization deduced from complete sequence of liverwort
Marchantia polymorpha chloroplast DNA".
461:, "gene" (gamma, epsilon, nu, epsilon) meaning "become, create, creation, birth", and subsequent variants: genealogy, genesis, genetics, genic, genomere, genotype, genus etc. While the word
1455:
genome context information, similarity scores, experimental data, and integrations of other resources to provide genome annotations through their
Subsystems approach. Other databases (e.g.
591:
coat protein. Fiers' group expanded on their MS2 coat protein work, determining the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA (whose genome encodes just four genes in 3569
1048:, for example, researchers which were once limited to the study of a single gene product can now simultaneously compare the total complement of several types of biological molecules.
4835:, Kawashima EH, Farinelli L, Mayer P, "Method of nucleic acid amplification", published 12 May 2005, issued 26 July 2011, assigned to Solexa Ltd Great Britain.
3555:
Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, et al. (July 1995). "Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of
Haemophilus influenzae Rd".
776:(12.1 Mb), and since then genomes have continued being sequenced at an exponentially growing pace. As of October 2011, the complete sequences are available for: 2,719
1193:, normal deoxynucleosidetriphosphates (dNTPs), and modified nucleotides (dideoxyNTPs) that terminate DNA strand elongation. These chain-terminating nucleotides lack a 3'-
1276:
is present in the template sequence multiple nucleotides will be incorporated in a single flood cycle, and the detected electrical signal will be proportionally higher.
1957:
researchers to better understand the genetic bases of drug response and disease. Early efforts to apply the genome to medicine included those by a
Stanford team led by
6155:"Two Boston Health Systems Enter the Growing Direct-to-Consumer Gene Sequencing Market by Opening Preventative Genomics Clinics, but Can Patients Afford the Service?"
943:
resources from a large international collaboration. The continued analysis of human genomic data has profound political and social repercussions for human societies.
6136:
4908:
3355:
Anderson S, Bankier AT, Barrell BG, de Bruijn MH, Coulson AR, Drouin J, et al. (April 1981). "Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome".
4852:
4609:
1981:
research program aims to collect genome sequence data from 1 million participants to become a critical component of the precision medicine research platform.
1601:
to a protein of known structure or based on chemical and physical principles for a protein with no homology to any known structure. As opposed to traditional
7317:
6586:
2092:
Conservationists can use the information gathered by genomic sequencing in order to better evaluate genetic factors key to species conservation, such as the
3504:, van der Aart QJ, Agostoni-Carbone ML, Aigle M, Alberghina L, Alexandraki D, et al. (May 1992). "The complete DNA sequence of yeast chromosome III".
6272:
Luikart G, England PR, Tallmon D, Jordan S, Taberlet P (December 2003). "The power and promise of population genomics: from genotyping to genome typing".
1852:
1609:
through a structural genomics effort often (but not always) comes before anything is known regarding the protein function. This raises new challenges in
1407:
The DNA sequence assembly alone is of little value without additional analysis. Genome annotation is the process of attaching biological information to
1040:
has come to refer generally to the study of large, comprehensive biological data sets. While the growth in the use of the term has led some scientists (
417:
to assemble and analyze the function and structure of entire genomes. Advances in genomics have triggered a revolution in discovery-based research and
2096:
of a population or whether an individual is heterozygous for a recessive inherited genetic disorder. By using genomic data to evaluate the effects of
3024:
Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van
Heuverswyn H, et al. (May 1978). "Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA".
6698:
6172:
1243:
The
Illumina dye sequencing method is based on reversible dye-terminators and was developed in 1996 at the Geneva Biomedical Research Institute, by
1268:, if the nucleotide is complementary to the template strand it will be incorporated and a hydrogen ion will be released. This release triggers an
8014:
3128:
Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, et al. (February 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA".
1647:. Epigenetic modifications play an important role in gene expression and regulation, and are involved in numerous cellular processes such as in
1103:
sequencers has come within reach of the average academic laboratory. On the whole, genome sequencing approaches fall into two broad categories,
5074:
7515:
3825:
Yue GH, Lo LC, Zhu ZY, Lin G, Feng F (April 2006). "The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Tetraodon nigroviridis".
1655:. The study of epigenetics on a global level has been made possible only recently through the adaptation of genomic high-throughput assays.
1201:
between two nucleotides, causing DNA polymerase to cease extension of DNA when a ddNTP is incorporated. The ddNTPs may be radioactively or
658:. This involved two closely related methods that generated short oligonucleotides with defined 3' termini. These could be fractionated by
7011:
2921:
Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (May 1972). "Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein".
1572:
8099:
7342:
5455:
Sams, K.L; Mukai, C; Marks, B.A; Mittal, C; Demeter, E.A; Nelissen, S; Grenier, J.K; Tate, A.E; Ahmed, F; Coonrod, S.A (October 2022).
364:
7981:
4310:"A tale of three next generation sequencing platforms: comparison of Ion Torrent, Pacific Biosciences and Illumina MiSeq sequencers"
3868:
1812:
6683:
2811:
Holley RW, Apgar J, Everett GA, Madison JT, Marquisee M, Merrill SH, et al. (March 1965). "Structure of a Ribonucleic Acid".
1690:
samples. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics or community genomics. While traditional
1239:
Illumina Genome Analyzer II System. Illumina technologies have set the standard for high-throughput massively parallel sequencing.
7464:
2424:
5398:
Gallego, L.D; Schneider, M; Mittal, C; Romanuska, Anete; Gudino Carrillo, R.M; Schubert, T; Pugh, B.F; Kohler, A (March 2020).
6677:
6643:
1150:
is represented in the reconstructed sequence; the average number of reads by which a genome is over-sampled is referred to as
7976:
7053:
6596:
6570:
6412:
6406:
6199:
5839:
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5658:
5382:
5203:
4046:
3912:
3084:
2601:
2576:
2481:
2450:
2337:"Rise, fall and resurrection of chromosome territories: a historical perspective. Part I. The rise of chromosome territories"
4514:
Sanger F, Coulson AR (May 1975). "A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase".
1479:
The need for reproducibility and efficient management of the large amount of data associated with genome projects mean that
7780:
7322:
6628:
1788:
for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six
1260:
nucleotides, then the dye along with the terminal 3' blocker is chemically removed from the DNA, allowing the next cycle.
8007:
7166:
1891:
of a human, providing a simplified overview of the human genome. It is a graphical representation of the idealized human
1459:) rely on both curated data sources as well as a range of software tools in their automated genome annotation pipeline.
7337:
7131:
6738:
4551:"The fast changing landscape of sequencing technologies and their impact on microbial genome assemblies and annotation"
1961:
who developed the first tools for the medical interpretation of a human genome. The Genomes2People research program at
5781:"Phage_Finder: automated identification and classification of prophage regions in complete bacterial genome sequences"
4916:
1969:
and Harvard Medical School was established in 2012 to conduct empirical research in translating genomics into health.
7508:
4883:
2130:
1157:
For much of its history, the technology underlying shotgun sequencing was the classical chain-termination method or '
392:, including all of its genes as well as its hierarchical, three-dimensional structural configuration. In contrast to
3606:
Goffeau A, Barrell BG, Bussey H, Davis RW, Dujon B, Feldmann H, et al. (October 1996). "Life with 6000 genes".
1127:
An ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer. Such capillary sequencers automated early large-scale genome sequencing efforts.
803:
The number of genome projects has increased as technological improvements continue to lower the cost of sequencing.
1962:
1227:
The high demand for low-cost sequencing has driven the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies that
4618:
1644:
1247:
and Laurent Farinelli. In this method, DNA molecules and primers are first attached on a slide and amplified with
7085:
7031:
6689:
4147:
3101:
1970:
1542:
the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of
1527:
1340:
they have a high error rate at approximately 1 percent. Typically the short fragments, called reads, result from
6315:
Frankham R (1 September 2010). "Challenges and opportunities of genetic approaches to biological conservation".
2292:
Satzinger H (March 2008). "Theodor and Marcella Boveri: chromosomes and cytoplasm in heredity and development".
1588:. This genome-based approach allows for a high-throughput method of structure determination by a combination of
643:
shared half of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for Independently developing methods for the sequencing of DNA.
8000:
6671:
1974:
404:
of an organism's genes, their interrelations and influence on the organism. Genes may direct the production of
357:
6553:
Gladyshev VN, Zhang Y (2013). "Chapter 16 Comparative Genomics Analysis of the Metallomes". In Banci L (ed.).
1209:. Typically, these machines can sequence up to 96 DNA samples in a single batch (run) in up to 48 runs a day.
237:
7059:
758:(1.8 Mb [megabase]) in 1995. The following year a consortium of researchers from laboratories across
726:
The advent of these technologies resulted in a rapid intensification in the scope and speed of completion of
400:
genes and their roles in inheritance, genomics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of
8039:
1079:). Third, the genome sequence is annotated at several levels: DNA, protein, gene pathways, or comparatively.
7501:
7423:
6686:
A free, self-study course in genomic medicine. Resources include audio lectures and selected lecture notes.
4114:
2735:
Ankeny RA (June 2003). "Sequencing the genome from nematode to human: changing methods, changing science".
1919:
1593:
1589:
1222:
6350:
Allendorf FW, Hohenlohe PA, Luikart G (October 2010). "Genomics and the future of conservation genetics".
5600:"Environmental shotgun sequencing: its potential and challenges for studying the hidden world of microbes"
3411:"The complete nucleotide sequence of the tobacco chloroplast genome: its gene organization and expression"
2089:
to use genomic methods to identify relationships between patterns of environmental and genetic variation.
1389:
Finished genomes are defined as having a single contiguous sequence with no ambiguities representing each
6975:
6665:
4281:
3337:
1253:
886:
8175:
8034:
7171:
5457:"Delayed puberty, gonadotropin abnormalities and subfertility in male Padi2/Padi4 double knockout mice"
3501:
1321:
Multiple, fragmented sequence reads must be assembled together on the basis of their overlapping areas.
1186:
1177:
1076:
1072:
126:
3409:
Shinozaki K, Ohme M, Tanaka M, Wakasugi T, Hayashida N, Matsubayashi T, et al. (September 1986).
7327:
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2161:
2032:
1994:
1610:
799:
350:
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Abecasis GR, Auton A, Brooks LD, DePristo MA, Durbin RM, Handsaker RE, et al. (November 2012).
3660:
7332:
7151:
7021:
6866:
6798:
5229:"Towards a comprehensive structural coverage of completed genomes: a structural genomics viewpoint"
5113:
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1722:
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831:
772:
748:
699:
144:
6137:"Top U.S. medical centers roll out DNA sequencing clinics for healthy (and often wealthy) clients"
4973:
Chain PS, Grafham DV, Fulton RS, Fitzgerald MG, Hostetler J, Muzny D, et al. (October 2009).
4549:
Mavromatis K, Land ML, Brettin TS, Quest DJ, Copeland A, Clum A, et al. (2012). Liu Z (ed.).
7006:
6878:
6035:
Dewey FE, Chen R, Cordero SP, Ormond KE, Caleshu C, Karczewski KJ, et al. (September 2011).
2216:
2003:
1718:
1702:
1614:
1218:
845:
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6603:
5551:"Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity"
1151:
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1352:
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984:
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6037:"Phased whole-genome genetic risk in a family quartet using a major allele reference sequence"
3743:
Wu D, Hugenholtz P, Mavromatis K, Pukall R, Dalin E, Ivanova NN, et al. (December 2009).
1518:) functions and interactions. Functional genomics focuses on the dynamic aspects such as gene
8023:
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2013:
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4736:"Keeping up with the next generation: massively parallel sequencing in clinical diagnostics"
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7705:
7655:
7358:
7176:
6786:
6771:
6324:
6228:
5506:
Laird PW (March 2010). "Principles and challenges of genomewide DNA methylation analysis".
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Nirenberg M, Leder P, Bernfield M, Brimacombe R, Trupin J, Rottman F, O'Neal C (May 1965).
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that attempts to make use of the vast wealth of data produced by genomic projects (such as
1440:
1257:
936:
931:
871:
731:
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to facilitate understanding of even the most complex biological systems such as the brain.
6086:
Dewey FE, Grove ME, Pan C, Goldstein BA, Bernstein JA, Chaib H, et al. (March 2014).
4871:
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An example of a protein structure determined by the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics
8:
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6815:
6776:
5075:"Steady progress and recent breakthroughs in the accuracy of automated genome annotation"
2241:
Franklin RE, Gosling RG (April 1953). "Molecular configuration in sodium thymonucleate".
2166:
2150:
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of a population. Population genomic methods are used for many different fields including
2040:
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1543:
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2934:
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895:) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, which contain very little
819:
Most of the microorganisms whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic
49:
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Quail MA, Smith M, Coupland P, Otto TD, Harris SR, Connor TR, et al. (July 2012).
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1989:
The growth of genomic knowledge has enabled increasingly sophisticated applications of
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The cost in USD to sequence a 3,000 Mb (human-sized) genome on a log-transformed scale.
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20:
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The field also includes studies of intragenomic (within the genome) phenomena such as
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7482:
7413:
7403:
7393:
7227:
7117:
7001:
6810:
6724:
6607:
6599:
6592:
6566:
6541:
6490:
6485:
6468:
6455:
6402:
6367:
6289:
6258:
6246:
6195:
6117:
6068:
6017:
5986:
Ashley EA, Butte AJ, Wheeler MT, Chen R, Klein TE, Dewey FE, et al. (May 2010).
5968:
5919:
5878:
5835:
5810:
5759:
5734:
5683:
5654:
5631:
5580:
5566:
5523:
5488:
5437:
5378:
5344:
5309:
5260:
5209:
5199:
5168:
5137:
Flicek P, Ahmed I, Amode MR, Barrell D, Beal K, Brent S, et al. (January 2013).
5097:
5047:
5012:
4875:
4814:
4765:
4708:
4665:
4590:
4531:
4527:
4496:
4442:
4393:
4341:
4259:
4202:
4122:
4095:
4042:
4016:
3967:
3908:
3842:
3782:
3719:
3643:
3631:
3580:
3529:
3440:
3380:
3315:
3256:
3197:
3153:
3080:
3049:
2998:
2946:
2903:
2836:
2793:
2752:
2717:
2668:
2597:
2572:
2528:
2477:
2446:
2406:
2348:
2309:
2266:
2191:
2093:
1990:
1858:
1751:
1710:
1706:
1695:
1648:
1606:
1598:
1581:
1503:
1402:
1285:
1235:
1228:
1162:
1158:
907:
881:
865:
588:
537:
517:
493:
381:
337:
222:
101:
6502:
6379:
5109:
5059:
4720:
3854:
3592:
2848:
2321:
1123:
536:
sequence of insulin in 1955, nucleic acid sequencing became a major target of early
7635:
7443:
7418:
6925:
6920:
6703:
6693:
6558:
6531:
6523:
6480:
6445:
6437:
6359:
6332:
6301:
6281:
6236:
6107:
6099:
6058:
6048:
6007:
5999:
5958:
5950:
5909:
5868:
5800:
5792:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5621:
5611:
5570:
5562:
5535:
5515:
5478:
5468:
5427:
5419:
5356:
5336:
5299:
5291:
5250:
5240:
5191:
5158:
5150:
5089:
5039:
5002:
4994:
4867:
4804:
4796:
4755:
4747:
4700:
4655:
4580:
4570:
4523:
4486:
4478:
4432:
4424:
4383:
4375:
4331:
4321:
4249:
4241:
4192:
4184:
4085:
4075:
4006:
3957:
3949:
3873:"Dog Genome Assembled: Canine Genome Now Available to Research Community Worldwide"
3834:
3772:
3764:
3623:
3572:
3541:
3521:
3487:
3475:
3430:
3422:
3392:
3372:
3305:
3295:
3246:
3236:
3189:
3165:
3145:
3061:
3041:
3010:
2990:
2958:
2938:
2893:
2883:
2828:
2783:
2744:
2707:
2699:
2658:
2518:
2510:
2396:
2388:
2301:
2278:
2258:
1896:
1699:
1663:
901:
752:(315 kb) was sequenced. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of
738:(16,568 bp, about 16.6 kb [kilobase]), was reported in 1981, and the first
650:
636:
545:
541:
477:
437:
229:
6562:
3193:
2832:
2703:
1335:
sequence in order to reconstruct the original sequence. This is needed as current
8146:
7920:
7885:
7303:
6940:
6930:
6915:
6851:
6632:
6625:
6336:
6053:
5616:
4575:
3627:
2864:"RNA codewords and protein synthesis, VII. On the general nature of the RNA code"
2221:
2201:
2036:
1966:
1945:
1817:
1790:
1640:
1547:
1423:
1315:
Paired end reads of next generation sequencing data mapped to a reference genome.
1173:
919:
840:
715:
659:
521:
466:
418:
5954:
1652:
1301:
Overlapping reads form contigs; contigs and gaps of known length form scaffolds.
7775:
7585:
7433:
7373:
7273:
7097:
6935:
6838:
6781:
6674:: Looks at the development and use of the science and technologies of genomics.
5473:
4800:
4751:
3280:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3221:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2868:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2468:
2392:
2211:
2121:
2048:
1915:
1868:
1726:
1555:
1507:
1336:
1190:
1166:
1089:
1057:
1041:
940:
836:
770:
announced the completion of the first complete genome sequence of a eukaryote,
727:
687:
674:, completing the first fully sequenced DNA-based genome. The refinement of the
663:
640:
414:
410:
277:
202:
27:
6441:
5423:
5195:
4832:
4245:
3838:
1098:, centralized facilities (ranging from large independent institutions such as
544:
and colleagues published the first nucleic acid sequence ever determined, the
8191:
8083:
8078:
7855:
7750:
7640:
7615:
7610:
6910:
6856:
6820:
4326:
4126:
3723:
2186:
1937:
1863:
1829:
1823:
1796:
1785:
1763:
1743:
1381:
tractable because they try to find a Eulerian path through a deBruijn graph.
1206:
960:
896:
869:
is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level, and the plant
759:
735:
679:
668:
525:
7017:
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometer
6637:
4998:
4428:
4222:"An interdependent metabolic patchwork in the nested symbiosis of mealybugs"
3576:
3241:
2336:
7992:
7900:
7880:
7845:
7840:
7830:
7825:
7805:
7785:
7695:
7665:
7625:
7605:
7595:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7383:
7263:
6900:
6861:
6793:
6545:
6494:
6459:
6371:
6293:
6250:
6121:
6103:
6072:
6021:
5972:
5923:
5882:
5814:
5738:
5635:
5527:
5492:
5441:
5348:
5313:
5264:
5245:
5213:
5172:
5101:
5051:
5016:
4879:
4818:
4769:
4712:
4669:
4594:
4500:
4379:
4345:
4263:
4206:
4099:
4020:
3971:
3846:
3786:
3444:
3201:
2888:
2840:
2797:
2756:
2721:
2672:
2532:
2410:
2352:
2313:
2270:
2181:
2068:
2052:
1941:
1714:
1691:
1673:
1531:
1408:
1244:
1202:
1005:
927:
913:
572:
564:
560:
473:
267:
5914:
5897:
5873:
5856:
5584:
5154:
4535:
4446:
4080:
3635:
3584:
3533:
3384:
3300:
3002:
2950:
2907:
8141:
7950:
7945:
7915:
7870:
7815:
7755:
7740:
7735:
7700:
7660:
7550:
7540:
7535:
7363:
6873:
6805:
6668:: The first Korean Genome published and the sequence is available freely.
6416:
5796:
4644:"Advanced sequencing technologies and their wider impact in microbiology"
4482:
4397:
4188:
3319:
3260:
3157:
3053:
2155:
2145:
1958:
1914:
chromosome pairs, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two
1626:
1376:), making it less favourable for short-read NGS technologies. Within the
1273:
739:
707:
691:
529:
26:"Genome biology" redirects here. For the journal with the same name, see
6173:"NIH-funded genome centers to accelerate precision medicine discoveries"
3953:
3867:
3768:
384:
focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of
8156:
8151:
8044:
7935:
7930:
7875:
7860:
7800:
7765:
7760:
7730:
7690:
7670:
7600:
7580:
7368:
7237:
7217:
7192:
6958:
6905:
6895:
6890:
6527:
5295:
4785:"Massively parallel sequencing: the next big thing in genetic medicine"
4660:
4643:
4617:. San Diego, California, USA: Illumina, Inc. p. 12. Archived from
3500:
2514:
2196:
2176:
2056:
1904:
1835:
1705:, early environmental gene sequencing cloned specific genes (often the
1632:
1551:
1539:
1265:
1248:
1147:
1021:
1001:
968:
743:
649:
In addition to his seminal work on the amino acid sequence of insulin,
533:
485:
429:
197:
111:
91:
66:
7493:
6512:"Translating cancer genomes and transcriptomes for precision oncology"
1530:, as opposed to the static aspects of the genomic information such as
1295:
1161:', which is based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating
951:
8048:
7850:
7835:
7820:
7770:
7745:
6885:
6088:"Clinical interpretation and implications of whole-genome sequencing"
5340:
5043:
4011:
3986:
3525:
3479:
3376:
3149:
3045:
2994:
2942:
2772:"Nucleotide sequences in the yeast alanine transfer ribonucleic acid"
2617:
2262:
2171:
1998:
1925:
1911:
1900:
1888:
1845:
1636:
1435:
1045:
990:
789:
711:
671:
592:
433:
425:
154:
6711:
6363:
6285:
6241:
6216:
5753:
5519:
5093:
5030:
Stein L (July 2001). "Genome annotation: from sequence to biology".
2369:"A high-resolution protein architecture of the budding yeast genome"
2305:
1012:
is used to address the objects of study of such fields, such as the
612:
504:
on the mapping of the human genome in 1986. First as the name for a
8052:
7940:
7865:
7795:
7720:
7545:
7408:
7222:
7212:
7140:
6192:
Regenesis: how synthetic biology will reinvent nature and ourselves
5829:
5703:
Canchaya C, Proux C, Fournous G, Bruttin A, Brüssow H (June 2003).
2206:
2115:
1933:
1772:
1747:
1713:
in a natural sample. Such work revealed that the vast majority of
1683:
1194:
1170:
1025:
1017:
972:
964:
850:
820:
785:
587:) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for
501:
405:
393:
96:
86:
41:
5400:"Phase separation directs ubiquitination of gene-body nucleosomes"
4831:
3745:"A phylogeny-driven genomic encyclopaedia of Bacteria and Archaea"
1471:
consists of attaching biological information to genomic elements.
935:
individuals have been sequenced, partly under the auspices of the
8136:
7955:
7685:
7555:
6846:
4413:"Shotgun DNA sequencing using cloned DNase I-generated fragments"
3930:"An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes"
3872:
3712:"Scientists Start a Genomic Catalog of Earth's Abundant Microbes"
2861:
2688:"A decade of GigaScience: A perspective on conservation genetics"
2064:
1892:
1515:
1456:
1373:
1139:
781:
624:
584:
549:
19:
This article is about the scientific field. For the journal, see
6426:"Genomics meets proteomics: identifying the culprits in disease"
6401:(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 544.
1415:
identifying portions of the genome that do not code for proteins
1309:
7620:
7232:
7207:
5397:
4975:"Genomics. Genome project standards in a new era of sequencing"
3354:
2044:
2008:
1759:
1585:
1419:
1344:
1181:
1013:
956:
849:
has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular
763:
568:
441:
385:
106:
81:
5190:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 453. pp. v–vi.
3023:
2971:
1635:
modifications on the genetic material of a cell, known as the
1463:
consists of the identification of genomic elements, primarily
4115:"Here"s an Omical Tale: Scientists Discover Spreading Suffix"
3102:"Nobel lecture: Determination of nucleotide sequences in DNA"
1932:
Genomics has provided applications in many fields, including
1767:
1550:
during various conditions. The most important tools here are
1269:
980:
793:
777:
767:
580:
5831:
The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution
5702:
5327:
Brenner SE (October 2001). "A tour of structural genomics".
4972:
4955:
3742:
3554:
2920:
811:
The cost in US Dollars (USD) to sequence one million bases.
807:
Exponential growth of genome sequence databases since 1995.
7109:
6716:
6271:
6217:"Synthetic genomes: The next step for the synthetic genome"
5936:
3927:
3408:
1997:
announced the creation of a partially synthetic species of
1755:
1592:. The principal difference between structural genomics and
1511:
996:
informally refers to a field of study in biology ending in
596:
575:
and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the
552:
4548:
4364:"A strategy of DNA sequencing employing computer programs"
3457:
3178:
7202:
7197:
6654:
6349:
6177:
National Institutes of Health: All of Us Research Program
5937:
Lu YF, Goldstein DB, Angrist M, Cavalleri G (July 2014).
4467:"Genome assembly reborn: recent computational challenges"
3605:
2810:
2769:
2445:(10th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Education. 2012.
1973:
opened a Preventive Genomics Clinic in August 2019, with
1746:
have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial
1363:
Assembly can be broadly categorized into two approaches:
1332:
567:
and were able to determine the sequences of 54 out of 64
389:
76:
71:
4937:
4611:
An Introduction to Next-Generation Sequencing Technology
4064:"Badomics words and the power and peril of the ome-meme"
3903:
Drawing the map of life: inside the Human Genome Project
2647:"The wholeness in suffix -omics, -omes, and the word om"
1535:
rather than a more traditional "gene-by-gene" approach.
742:
genomes followed in 1986. In 1992, the first eukaryotic
6557:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer.
5136:
2770:
Holley RW, Everett GA, Madison JT, Zamir A (May 1965).
2496:
2020:
1984:
923:) are all important model animals in medical research.
6648:
6509:
6085:
6034:
5985:
4307:
2476:. Macmillan Science Library. Macmillan Reference USA.
1450:
Traditionally, the basic level of annotation is using
1433:
Automatic annotation tools try to perform these steps
1176:. Recently, shotgun sequencing has been supplanted by
602:
5988:"Clinical assessment incorporating a personal genome"
3127:
2499:"Genomics and proteomics in solving brain complexity"
2365:
1474:
5548:
5454:
4219:
3214:
2111:
6179:. National Institutes of Health. 25 September 2018.
5939:"Personalized medicine and human genetic diversity"
5751:
5676:
Metagenomics: Current Innovations and Future Trends
5549:Hugenholtz P, Goebel BM, Pace NR (September 1998).
4782:
4173:"Making the most of "omics" for symbiosis research"
1538:A major branch of genomics is still concerned with
1429:
attaching biological information to these elements.
1256:rate of the camera. The camera takes images of the
946:
528:'s publication of the structure of DNA in 1953 and
5895:
5226:
4825:
4275:
4273:
3900:
3217:"DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors"
2564:
2467:
6585:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
6469:"Cancer genomics and pathology: all together now"
6423:
3215:Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR (December 1977).
520:'s confirmation of the helical structure of DNA,
8189:
5375:Epigenetics: the ultimate mystery of inheritance
3894:
3892:
3548:
2679:
1631:Epigenomics is the study of the complete set of
955:General schema showing the relationships of the
436:(hybrid vigour), and other interactions between
6343:
6147:
5368:
5366:
4270:
4213:
4139:
3921:
2624:(Third ed.). Oxford University Press. 2008
2240:
1180:methods, especially for large-scale, automated
875:is a model organism for flowering plants. The
6552:
6161:. The Dark Intelligence Group. 3 January 2020.
5651:Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications
5542:
5227:Marsden RL, Lewis TA, Orengo CA (March 2007).
5179:
4783:Tucker T, Marra M, Friedman JM (August 2009).
4733:
4607:
4404:
4357:
4355:
4170:
4032:
4030:
3402:
3331:
3329:
3123:
3121:
2855:
2571:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2490:
2047:-wide effects to improve our understanding of
1758:structure and gene regulation. Also the first
8008:
7509:
7125:
6732:
6308:
5827:
5755:Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology
5696:
5277:
4683:Church GM (January 2006). "Genomes for all".
4513:
3889:
3348:
2497:Kadakkuzha BM, Puthanveettil SV (July 2013).
2285:
1738:
1613:, i.e. determining protein function from its
1212:
678:method resulted in the chain-termination, or
496:), over beers with Jim Womack, Tom Shows and
358:
8022:
6626:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
6265:
6128:
5821:
5745:
5363:
5320:
5271:
5220:
4948:
4860:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
4727:
4601:
4220:McCutcheon JP, von Dohlen CD (August 2011).
4164:
3987:"Genomics: In search of rare human variants"
3978:
3861:
3703:
3653:
3599:
3335:
3273:
3267:
3208:
3068:
2804:
2763:
2591:
2585:
2334:
2234:
508:and then as a whole new science discipline.
388:. A genome is an organism's complete set of
7012:Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
6684:MIT OpenCourseWare HST.512 Genomic Medicine
6189:
6183:
5979:
5943:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
5889:
5130:
4900:
4844:
4776:
4676:
4507:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4352:
4036:
4027:
3824:
3678:
3494:
3451:
3326:
3172:
3118:
3093:
2728:
2685:
2539:
2465:
2427:. World Health Organization. Archived from
1467:and their localisation, or gene structure.
899:compared to most species. The mammals dog (
511:
8100:International Society of Genetic Genealogy
8015:
8001:
7516:
7502:
7132:
7118:
7080:
6739:
6725:
6208:
6079:
6028:
5848:
5772:
5709:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
5667:
5642:
5591:
5499:
5066:
5023:
4966:
4542:
4301:
4145:
4055:
3017:
2965:
2638:
2610:
2459:
2425:"WHO definitions of genetics and genomics"
2328:
1580:Structural genomics seeks to describe the
730:. The first complete genome sequence of a
432:(one gene affecting more than one trait),
365:
351:
7982:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
6692:Machine learning approaches to genomics.
6535:
6484:
6449:
6240:
6111:
6062:
6052:
6011:
5962:
5913:
5872:
5804:
5728:
5625:
5615:
5574:
5482:
5472:
5431:
5303:
5254:
5244:
5162:
5006:
4808:
4759:
4659:
4635:
4584:
4574:
4490:
4436:
4387:
4335:
4325:
4253:
4196:
4089:
4079:
4010:
3961:
3776:
3736:
3434:
3309:
3299:
3250:
3240:
2897:
2887:
2787:
2711:
2662:
2522:
2400:
2291:
1754:. Historically, they were used to define
1483:have important applications in genomics.
1444:
1032:as used in molecular biology refers to a
6314:
6165:
5896:O'Donnell CJ, Nabel EG (December 2011).
5834:(1st ed.). Caister Academic Press.
5758:(1st ed.). Caister Academic Press.
5752:McGrath S, van Sinderen D, eds. (2007).
4853:"Next-generation DNA sequencing methods"
4734:ten Bosch JR, Grody WW (November 2008).
4453:
4410:
4106:
4041:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3898:
3869:National Human Genome Research Institute
3818:
3793:
2914:
2435:
1882:
1875:to the genomes that have been analyzed.
1662:
1571:
1234:
1122:
1065:
950:
798:
7523:
7465:List of genetics research organizations
6466:
6424:Stunnenberg HG, Hubner NC (June 2014).
6134:
5930:
5372:
5326:
5280:"Expectations from structural genomics"
3984:
3342:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3074:
2562:
2466:Culver KW, Labow MA (8 November 2002).
2417:
1871:, or estimation of the contribution of
1372:assembly is computationally difficult (
1331:and merging fragments of a much longer
683:
8190:
6704:Genomics: Scitable by nature education
6510:Roychowdhury S, Chinnaiyan AM (2016).
5854:
4930:
4906:
4850:
4682:
4361:
3709:
3099:
2734:
2567:Bioinformatics and functional genomics
1721:methods. Recent studies use "shotgun"
1561:
1491:
1358:
1197:group required for the formation of a
7996:
7977:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7497:
7113:
7054:European Molecular Biology Laboratory
6720:
6661:JCVI Comprehensive Microbial Resource
6214:
5778:
5673:
5648:
5597:
5505:
5278:Brenner SE, Levitt M (January 2000).
5185:
5072:
5029:
4872:10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164359
4279:
4171:Chaston J, Douglas AE (August 2012).
4061:
3274:Maxam AM, Gilbert W (February 1977).
2644:
1899:. It shows dark and white regions on
1118:
1094:Historically, sequencing was done in
6396:
5898:"Genomics of cardiovascular disease"
5857:"Genomics, health care, and society"
4740:The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics
4641:
4112:
2021:Population and conservation genomics
1985:Synthetic biology and bioengineering
1903:. Each row is vertically aligned at
1590:experimental and modeling approaches
1584:of every protein encoded by a given
1546:, mainly concerned with patterns of
1411:, and consists of three main steps:
6699:Global map of genomics laboratories
5902:The New England Journal of Medicine
5861:The New England Journal of Medicine
4915:(September–October). Archived from
4648:The Journal of Experimental Biology
4608:Illumina, Inc. (28 February 2012).
4464:
3079:(7 ed.). London: McGraw Hill.
2776:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1951:
1232:operations may be run in parallel.
746:, chromosome III of brewer's yeast
721:
603:DNA-sequencing technology developed
563:revealed the triplet nature of the
13:
6657:: US government's genome institute
6389:
5828:Herrero A, Flores E, eds. (2008).
4789:American Journal of Human Genetics
3427:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04464.x
2651:Journal of Biomolecular Techniques
2594:Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon
2341:European Journal of Histochemistry
1843:-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria
1502:Functional genomics is a field of
1475:Sequencing pipelines and databases
1051:
859:is an often used simple model for
14:
8209:
6618:
5186:Keith JM (2008). Keith JM (ed.).
4705:10.1038/scientificamerican0106-46
3276:"A new method for sequencing DNA"
2131:Hi-C (genomic analysis technique)
1686:material recovered directly from
1594:traditional structural prediction
1486:
428:(effect of one gene on another),
380:is an interdisciplinary field of
8170:
8169:
7478:
7477:
7092:
7091:
7079:
6486:10.1111/j.1440-1827.2012.02855.x
5715:(2): 238–76, table of contents.
5567:10.1128/JB.180.18.4765-4774.1998
4909:"Powering Preventative Medicine"
4039:Genomes and what to make of them
2114:
1867:into the evolutionary origin of
1779:
1733:
1308:
1294:
623:
611:
599:in 1976 and 1978, respectively.
332:
331:
218:
217:
48:
7032:Chromosome conformation capture
6712:Learn All About Genetics Online
5448:
5391:
4146:Scudellari M (1 October 2011).
1878:
1658:
571:in their experiments. In 1972,
396:, which refers to the study of
6651:: An openfree genomics portal.
5721:10.1128/MMBR.67.2.238-276.2003
4282:"Benchtop sequencers ship off"
2359:
2158:, an mRNA profiling technology
2043:. Population genomics studies
1975:Massachusetts General Hospital
1620:
484:was coined by Tom Roderick, a
1:
7060:National Institutes of Health
6678:Institute for Genome Sciences
6563:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-10_16
6004:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60452-7
4280:Baker M (14 September 2012).
3710:Zimmer C (29 December 2009).
3194:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2003.08.008
2833:10.1126/science.147.3664.1462
2789:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)97435-1
2749:10.1016/S0160-9327(03)00061-9
2228:
1993:. In 2010 researchers at the
1977:following a month later. The
1678:Metagenomics is the study of
1396:
1083:
835:) has long been an important
7424:Missing heritability problem
7139:
6746:
6337:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.05.011
6135:Robbins R (16 August 2019).
6054:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002280
5855:Hudson KL (September 2011).
5617:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050082
4960:Oxford Nanopore Technologies
4576:10.1371/journal.pone.0048837
4528:10.1016/0022-2836(75)90213-2
4516:Journal of Molecular Biology
3907:. New York NY: Basic Books.
3628:10.1126/science.274.5287.546
2592:Liddell HG, Scott R (2013).
1971:Brigham and Women's Hospital
1963:Brigham and Women’s Hospital
1730:of the entire living world.
1528:protein–protein interactions
1418:identifying elements on the
1384:
1327:Sequence assembly refers to
1223:Ion semiconductor sequencing
698:independently developed the
452:
7:
6976:Structure-based drug design
6640:: A BMC journal on Genomics
6227:(7347): 403, 405–403, 408.
6190:Church GM, Regis E (2012).
5955:10.1101/cshperspect.a008581
5149:(Database issue): D48–D55.
4471:Briefings in Bioinformatics
3801:"Human gene number slashed"
3686:"Genome Project Statistics"
3661:"Complete genomes: Viruses"
3614:(5287): 546, 563–546, 567.
3336:Darden L, Tabery J (2010).
2704:10.1093/gigascience/giac055
2335:Cremer T, Cremer C (2006).
2107:
1649:differentiation/development
1279:
1028:) respectively. The suffix
480:as early as 1926, the term
10:
8214:
6467:Shibata T (October 2012).
5779:Fouts DE (November 2006).
5653:. Caister Academic Press.
5474:10.1186/s12958-022-01018-w
4801:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.06.022
4752:10.2353/jmoldx.2008.080027
4113:Hotz RL (13 August 2012).
4037:Barnes B, Dupré J (2008).
3985:Nielsen R (October 2010).
2645:Yadav SP (December 2007).
2393:10.1038/s41586-021-03314-8
1923:
1895:karyotype, with annotated
1739:Viruses and bacteriophages
1671:
1624:
1565:
1508:genome sequencing projects
1495:
1400:
1283:
1216:
1213:High-throughput sequencing
1205:labelled for detection in
1178:high-throughput sequencing
1130:
1087:
1055:
978:
792:, of which about half are
728:genome sequencing projects
702:method (also known as the
447:
25:
18:
8165:
8129:
8108:
8092:
8066:
8030:
7964:
7531:
7473:
7452:
7351:
7302:
7246:
7185:
7147:
7075:
7066:Wellcome Sanger Institute
7040:
6989:
6949:
6837:
6754:
6442:10.1007/s00439-013-1376-2
6194:. New York: Basic Books.
5424:10.1038/s41586-020-2097-z
5196:10.1007/978-1-60327-429-6
5073:Brent MR (January 2008).
4246:10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.051
3839:10.1080/10425170600700378
2622:Oxford English Dictionary
2162:Genomics of domestication
2051:so that we may learn the
1995:J. Craig Venter Institute
1611:structural bioinformatics
1605:, the determination of a
8024:Genealogical DNA testing
7022:Microfluidic-based tools
6867:Human Connectome Project
6799:Human Microbiome Project
6555:Metallomics and the Cell
6399:Introduction to Genomics
6352:Nature Reviews. Genetics
6274:Nature Reviews. Genetics
5508:Nature Reviews. Genetics
5329:Nature Reviews. Genetics
5082:Nature Reviews. Genetics
5032:Nature Reviews. Genetics
4411:Anderson S (July 1981).
4327:10.1186/1471-2164-13-341
3182:Journal of Biotechnology
2686:O'Brien SJ (June 2022).
2294:Nature Reviews. Genetics
1873:horizontal gene transfer
1803:Trichodesmium erythraeum
1784:At present there are 24
1036:of some sort; similarly
887:spotted green pufferfish
832:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
749:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
656:Plus and Minus technique
512:Early sequencing efforts
7007:Electrospray ionization
6879:Human Epigenome Project
6690:ENCODE threads explorer
6565:(inactive 2024-09-12).
6473:Pathology International
6317:Biological Conservation
5598:Eisen JA (March 2007).
5555:Journal of Bacteriology
5377:. New York: WW Norton.
4999:10.1126/science.1180614
4177:The Biological Bulletin
3649:(subscription required)
3577:10.1126/science.7542800
3398:(subscription required)
3242:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463
2634:(subscription required)
2472:. In Robinson R (ed.).
2217:Whole genome sequencing
2004:Mycoplasma laboratorium
1582:3-dimensional structure
1481:computational pipelines
1219:Illumina dye sequencing
861:multicellular organisms
846:Drosophila melanogaster
555:. Extending this work,
7591:Biological engineering
7048:DNA Data Bank of Japan
6964:Human proteome project
6767:Computational genomics
6104:10.1001/jama.2014.1717
5785:Nucleic Acids Research
5680:Caister Academic Press
5461:Reprod Biol Endocrinol
5246:10.1186/1471-2105-8-86
5143:Nucleic Acids Research
4417:Nucleic Acids Research
4368:Nucleic Acids Research
4362:Staden R (June 1979).
4062:Eisen JA (July 2012).
3077:Principles of genetics
2889:10.1073/pnas.53.5.1161
2596:. Martino Fine Books.
2141:Computational genomics
2098:evolutionary processes
2039:traditionally used in
1929:
1794:strains, seven marine
1762:to be sequenced was a
1725:or massively parallel
1715:microbial biodiversity
1669:
1577:
1240:
1128:
1100:Joint Genome Institute
1080:
985:Human proteome project
976:
947:The "omics" revolution
892:Tetraodon nigroviridis
856:Caenorhabditis elegans
843:, while the fruit fly
826:Haemophilus influenzae
816:
755:Haemophilus influenzae
532:'s publication of the
16:Discipline in genetics
7676:Developmental biology
7651:Computational biology
7631:Cellular microbiology
7460:List of genetic codes
7027:Isotope affinity tags
6981:Expression proteomics
5915:10.1056/NEJMra1105239
5874:10.1056/NEJMra1010517
5674:Marco D, ed. (2011).
5649:Marco D, ed. (2010).
4429:10.1093/nar/9.13.3015
4081:10.1186/2047-217X-1-6
3690:Entrez Genome Project
3344:(Fall 2010 ed.).
3340:. In Zalta EN (ed.).
3301:10.1073/pnas.74.2.560
2014:Mycoplasma genitalium
1924:Further information:
1886:
1809:Crocosphaera watsonii
1698:rely upon cultivated
1666:
1575:
1469:Functional annotation
1461:Structural annotation
1258:fluorescently labeled
1238:
1126:
1069:
1008:. The related suffix
989:The English-language
954:
930:was completed by the
926:A rough draft of the
802:
500:at a meeting held in
318:Personalized medicine
312:Personalized medicine
175:Quantitative genetics
170:Mendelian inheritance
7896:Reproductive biology
7781:Mathematical biology
7706:Evolutionary biology
7656:Conservation biology
7359:Behavioural genetics
6787:Human Genome Project
6772:Comparative genomics
6680:: Genomics research.
6215:Baker M (May 2011).
4380:10.1093/nar/6.7.2601
4189:10.1086/BBLv223n1p21
2503:Molecular BioSystems
2443:Concepts of genetics
2077:fisheries management
2073:conservation biology
2061:evolutionary biology
1920:mitochondrial genome
1711:profile of diversity
1645:histone modification
1000:, such as genomics,
937:1000 Genomes Project
932:Human Genome Project
872:Arabidopsis thaliana
732:eukaryotic organelle
538:molecular biologists
238:Branches of genetics
8121:Surname DNA project
8116:Genographic Project
7681:Ecological genetics
7525:Branches of biology
7439:Population genomics
7429:Molecular evolution
7389:Genetic engineering
6997:2-D electrophoresis
6971:Call-map proteomics
6829:Structural genomics
6816:Population genomics
6777:Functional genomics
6329:2010BCons.143.1919F
6233:2011Natur.473..403B
5998:(9725): 1525–1535.
5705:"Prophage genomics"
5416:2020Natur.579..592G
5373:Francis RC (2011).
5155:10.1093/nar/gks1236
4991:2009Sci...326..236C
4697:2006SciAm.294a..46C
4685:Scientific American
4654:(Pt 9): 1518–1525.
4642:Hall N (May 2007).
4567:2012PLoSO...748837M
4465:Pop M (July 2009).
4238:2011CBio...21.1366M
4119:Wall Street Journal
4003:2010Natur.467.1050N
3997:(7319): 1050–1051.
3954:10.1038/nature11632
3946:2012Natur.491...56T
3899:McElheny V (2010).
3769:10.1038/nature08656
3761:2009Natur.462.1056W
3755:(7276): 1056–1060.
3620:1996Sci...274..546G
3569:1995Sci...269..496F
3518:1992Natur.357...38O
3472:1986Natur.322..572O
3369:1981Natur.290..457A
3338:"Molecular Biology"
3292:1977PNAS...74..560M
3233:1977PNAS...74.5463S
3142:1977Natur.265..687S
3075:Tamarin RH (2004).
3038:1978Natur.273..113F
2987:1976Natur.260..500F
2935:1972Natur.237...82J
2880:1965PNAS...53.1161N
2825:1965Sci...147.1462H
2819:(3664): 1462–1465.
2385:2021Natur.592..309R
2255:1953Natur.171..740F
2167:Genetics in fiction
2151:Functional genomics
2085:has developed from
2041:population genetics
2027:Population genomics
2007:, derived from the
1907:level. It shows 22
1897:bands and sub-bands
1776:bacterial genomes.
1717:had been missed by
1709:gene) to produce a
1599:structural homology
1568:Structural genomics
1562:Structural genomics
1544:functional genomics
1498:Functional genomics
1492:Functional genomics
1422:, a process called
1359:Assembly approaches
1199:phosphodiester bond
917:), and chimpanzee (
877:Japanese pufferfish
577:University of Ghent
457:From the Greek ΓΕΝ
444:within the genome.
208:Genetic engineering
165:Population genetics
36:Part of a series on
7972:History of biology
7906:Structural biology
7891:Relational biology
7716:Generative biology
7711:Freshwater biology
7399:Genetic monitoring
6951:Structural biology
6762:Cognitive genomics
6631:2009-01-18 at the
6528:10.3322/caac.21329
5797:10.1093/nar/gkl732
5296:10.1110/ps.9.1.197
5233:BMC Bioinformatics
4851:Mardis ER (2008).
4661:10.1242/jeb.001370
4483:10.1093/bib/bbp026
3716:The New York Times
3667:. 17 November 2011
2563:Pevsner J (2009).
2515:10.1039/C3MB25391K
2136:Cognitive genomics
2102:genetic approaches
2087:landscape genetics
2082:landscape genomics
1930:
1922:(at bottom left).
1670:
1603:structural biology
1578:
1342:shotgun sequencing
1241:
1163:dideoxynucleotides
1133:Shotgun sequencing
1129:
1119:Shotgun sequencing
1096:sequencing centers
1081:
977:
817:
710:in chemistry with
696:Harvard University
595:[bp]) and
557:Marshall Nirenberg
490:Jackson Laboratory
180:Molecular genetics
139:History and topics
21:Genomics (journal)
8185:
8184:
8074:Bennett Greenspan
8058:Genetic genealogy
7990:
7989:
7911:Synthetic biology
7791:Molecular biology
7646:Cognitive biology
7491:
7490:
7414:He Jiankui affair
7404:Genetic genealogy
7394:Genetic diversity
7323:the British Isles
7228:Genetic variation
7107:
7106:
7002:Mass spectrometer
6811:Personal genomics
6597:978-94-007-5561-1
6572:978-94-007-5560-4
6408:978-0-19-107085-3
6201:978-0-465-02175-8
6098:(10): 1035–1045.
5908:(22): 2098–2109.
5867:(11): 1033–1041.
5841:978-1-904455-15-8
5791:(20): 5839–5851.
5765:978-1-904455-14-1
5689:978-1-904455-87-5
5660:978-1-904455-54-7
5561:(18): 4765–4774.
5410:(7800): 592–597.
5384:978-0-393-07005-7
5205:978-1-60327-428-9
4985:(5950): 236–237.
4907:Davies K (2011).
4423:(13): 3015–3027.
4232:(16): 1366–1372.
4048:978-0-226-17295-8
3914:978-0-465-04333-0
3807:. 20 October 2004
3563:(5223): 496–512.
3466:(6079): 572–574.
3363:(5806): 457–465.
3227:(12): 5463–5467.
3136:(5596): 687–695.
3100:Sanger F (1980).
3086:978-0-07-124320-9
3032:(5658): 113–120.
2981:(5551): 500–507.
2603:978-1-61427-397-4
2578:978-0-470-08585-1
2483:978-0-02-865606-9
2452:978-0-321-72412-0
2431:on June 30, 2004.
2379:(7853): 309–314.
2192:Personal genomics
2094:genetic diversity
1991:synthetic biology
1918:, as well as the
1859:Lyngbya majuscula
1853:Lyngbya aestuarii
1752:molecular biology
1723:Sanger sequencing
1719:cultivation-based
1696:genome sequencing
1607:protein structure
1504:molecular biology
1403:Genome annotation
1286:Sequence assembly
1272:ion sensor. If a
908:Rattus norvegicus
882:Takifugu rubripes
866:Brachydanio rerio
589:Bacteriophage MS2
518:Rosalind Franklin
494:Bar Harbor, Maine
382:molecular biology
375:
374:
102:Genetic variation
8205:
8173:
8172:
8017:
8010:
8003:
7994:
7993:
7636:Chemical biology
7518:
7511:
7504:
7495:
7494:
7481:
7480:
7444:Reverse genetics
7419:Medical genetics
7134:
7127:
7120:
7111:
7110:
7095:
7094:
7083:
7082:
6926:Pharmacogenomics
6921:Pharmacogenetics
6741:
6734:
6727:
6718:
6717:
6694:Nature (journal)
6644:Genomics journal
6591:electronic-book
6590:
6584:
6576:
6549:
6539:
6506:
6488:
6463:
6453:
6420:
6397:Lesk AM (2017).
6384:
6383:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6323:(9): 1922–1923.
6312:
6306:
6305:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6244:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6115:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6066:
6056:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6015:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5966:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5917:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5876:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5808:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5732:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5629:
5619:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5578:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5486:
5476:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5435:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5341:10.1038/35093574
5324:
5318:
5317:
5307:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5258:
5248:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5166:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5118:
5112:. Archived from
5079:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5044:10.1038/35080529
5027:
5021:
5020:
5010:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4888:
4882:. Archived from
4857:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4763:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4663:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4623:
4616:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4588:
4578:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4494:
4462:
4451:
4450:
4440:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4391:
4374:(7): 2601–2610.
4359:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4329:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4289:Nature News Blog
4286:
4277:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4200:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4093:
4083:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4034:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4012:10.1038/4671050a
3982:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3906:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3871:(14 July 2004).
3865:
3859:
3858:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3780:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:. 7 October 2011
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3526:10.1038/357038a0
3498:
3492:
3491:
3480:10.1038/322572a0
3455:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3421:(9): 2043–2049.
3415:The EMBO Journal
3406:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3377:10.1038/290457a0
3352:
3346:
3345:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3303:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3244:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3188:(2–3): 121–133.
3176:
3170:
3169:
3150:10.1038/265687a0
3125:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:. Nobelprize.org
3106:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3046:10.1038/273113a0
3021:
3015:
3014:
2995:10.1038/260500a0
2969:
2963:
2962:
2943:10.1038/237082a0
2918:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2874:(5): 1161–1168.
2859:
2853:
2852:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2782:(5): 2122–2128.
2767:
2761:
2760:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2570:
2560:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2509:(7): 1807–1821.
2494:
2488:
2487:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2263:10.1038/171740a0
2238:
2124:
2119:
2118:
1952:Genomic medicine
1349:gene transcripts
1312:
1298:
902:Canis familiaris
863:. The zebrafish
722:Complete genomes
667:single-stranded
651:Frederick Sanger
637:Frederick Sanger
627:
618:Frederick Sanger
615:
542:Robert W. Holley
476:) was in use in
472:, attributed to
367:
360:
353:
340:
335:
334:
230:Medical genetics
226:
221:
220:
52:
33:
32:
8213:
8212:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8203:
8202:
8188:
8187:
8186:
8181:
8161:
8147:Family Tree DNA
8125:
8104:
8088:
8062:
8026:
8021:
7991:
7986:
7960:
7921:Systems biology
7886:Quantum biology
7527:
7522:
7492:
7487:
7469:
7448:
7347:
7338:the Middle East
7304:Archaeogenetics
7298:
7242:
7181:
7143:
7138:
7108:
7103:
7071:
7036:
6985:
6945:
6941:Transcriptomics
6931:Systems biology
6916:Paleopolyploidy
6852:Cheminformatics
6833:
6750:
6745:
6708:
6672:GenomicsNetwork
6666:KoreaGenome.org
6633:Wayback Machine
6621:
6616:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6479:(10): 647–659.
6409:
6392:
6390:Further reading
6387:
6364:10.1038/nrg2844
6358:(10): 697–709.
6348:
6344:
6313:
6309:
6286:10.1038/nrg1226
6270:
6266:
6242:10.1038/473403a
6213:
6209:
6202:
6188:
6184:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6133:
6129:
6084:
6080:
6047:(9): e1002280.
6033:
6029:
5984:
5980:
5935:
5931:
5894:
5890:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5826:
5822:
5777:
5773:
5766:
5750:
5746:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5672:
5668:
5661:
5647:
5643:
5596:
5592:
5547:
5543:
5520:10.1038/nrg2732
5504:
5500:
5453:
5449:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5371:
5364:
5335:(10): 801–809.
5325:
5321:
5284:Protein Science
5276:
5272:
5225:
5221:
5206:
5184:
5180:
5135:
5131:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5094:10.1038/nrg2220
5077:
5071:
5067:
5028:
5024:
4971:
4967:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4922:
4920:
4905:
4901:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4855:
4849:
4845:
4838:
4830:
4826:
4781:
4777:
4732:
4728:
4681:
4677:
4640:
4636:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4547:
4543:
4512:
4508:
4463:
4454:
4409:
4405:
4360:
4353:
4306:
4302:
4293:
4291:
4284:
4278:
4271:
4226:Current Biology
4218:
4214:
4169:
4165:
4156:
4154:
4144:
4140:
4131:
4129:
4111:
4107:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4035:
4028:
3983:
3979:
3940:(7422): 56–65.
3926:
3922:
3915:
3897:
3890:
3881:
3879:
3866:
3862:
3823:
3819:
3810:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3741:
3737:
3728:
3726:
3708:
3704:
3695:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3670:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3604:
3600:
3553:
3549:
3512:(6373): 38–46.
3499:
3495:
3456:
3452:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3353:
3349:
3334:
3327:
3272:
3268:
3213:
3209:
3177:
3173:
3126:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3073:
3069:
3022:
3018:
2970:
2966:
2929:(5350): 82–88.
2919:
2915:
2860:
2856:
2809:
2805:
2768:
2764:
2733:
2729:
2684:
2680:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2561:
2540:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2364:
2360:
2333:
2329:
2306:10.1038/nrg2311
2290:
2286:
2249:(4356): 740–1.
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:Thomas Roderick
2202:Transcriptomics
2120:
2113:
2110:
2037:microsatellites
2023:
1987:
1967:Broad Institute
1954:
1946:social sciences
1928:
1916:sex chromosomes
1881:
1842:
1818:Prochlorococcus
1791:Prochlorococcus
1782:
1741:
1736:
1676:
1661:
1641:DNA methylation
1629:
1623:
1570:
1564:
1548:gene expression
1500:
1494:
1489:
1477:
1424:gene prediction
1405:
1399:
1387:
1361:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1225:
1215:
1174:DNA replication
1135:
1121:
1113:next-generation
1109:high-throughput
1092:
1086:
1060:
1054:
1052:Genome analysis
987:
979:Main articles:
949:
920:Pan troglodytes
841:eukaryotic cell
724:
716:recombinant DNA
704:chemical method
660:electrophoresis
647:
646:
645:
644:
633:
632:
631:
628:
620:
619:
616:
605:
597:Simian virus 40
522:James D. Watson
514:
498:Stephen O’Brien
455:
450:
419:systems biology
371:
330:
323:
322:
313:
305:
304:
303:
302:
251:
243:
242:
234:
212:
193:
185:
184:
140:
132:
131:
118:
117:
116:
60:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8211:
8201:
8200:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8179:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8133:
8131:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8123:
8118:
8112:
8110:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8102:
8096:
8094:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8070:
8068:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8042:
8040:Types of tests
8037:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8020:
8019:
8012:
8005:
7997:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7776:Marine biology
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7586:Bioinformatics
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7521:
7520:
7513:
7506:
7498:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7434:Plant genetics
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7374:Genome editing
7371:
7366:
7361:
7355:
7353:
7352:Related topics
7349:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7309:
7307:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7274:Immunogenetics
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7250:
7248:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7189:
7187:
7186:Key components
7183:
7182:
7180:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7137:
7136:
7129:
7122:
7114:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7101:
7089:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7063:
7057:
7051:
7044:
7042:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6993:
6991:
6990:Research tools
6987:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6955:
6953:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6936:Toxicogenomics
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6843:
6841:
6839:Bioinformatics
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6782:Genome project
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6751:
6744:
6743:
6736:
6729:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6687:
6681:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6658:
6652:
6646:
6641:
6635:
6622:
6620:
6619:External links
6617:
6615:
6614:
6571:
6550:
6507:
6464:
6436:(6): 689–700.
6430:Human Genetics
6421:
6407:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6342:
6307:
6280:(12): 981–94.
6264:
6207:
6200:
6182:
6164:
6146:
6127:
6078:
6027:
5978:
5949:(9): a008581.
5929:
5888:
5847:
5840:
5820:
5771:
5764:
5744:
5695:
5688:
5666:
5659:
5641:
5590:
5541:
5514:(3): 191–203.
5498:
5447:
5390:
5383:
5362:
5319:
5290:(1): 197–200.
5270:
5219:
5204:
5188:Bioinformatics
5178:
5139:"Ensembl 2013"
5129:
5065:
5038:(7): 493–503.
5022:
4965:
4947:
4929:
4899:
4843:
4833:US 20050100900
4824:
4795:(2): 142–154.
4775:
4746:(6): 484–492.
4726:
4675:
4634:
4600:
4561:(12): e48837.
4541:
4522:(3): 441–448.
4506:
4477:(4): 354–366.
4452:
4403:
4351:
4300:
4269:
4212:
4163:
4138:
4105:
4054:
4047:
4026:
3977:
3920:
3913:
3888:
3860:
3833:(2): 115–121.
3817:
3792:
3735:
3702:
3677:
3652:
3598:
3547:
3493:
3450:
3401:
3347:
3325:
3286:(2): 560–564.
3266:
3207:
3171:
3117:
3092:
3085:
3067:
3016:
2964:
2913:
2854:
2803:
2762:
2727:
2678:
2637:
2609:
2602:
2584:
2577:
2538:
2489:
2482:
2458:
2451:
2434:
2416:
2358:
2347:(3): 161–176.
2327:
2300:(3): 231–238.
2284:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2212:Psychogenomics
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:Biology portal
2109:
2106:
2049:microevolution
2022:
2019:
1986:
1983:
1953:
1950:
1880:
1877:
1869:photosynthesis
1864:bacteriophages
1840:
1781:
1778:
1744:Bacteriophages
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:Model systems
1732:
1727:pyrosequencing
1694:and microbial
1672:Main article:
1660:
1657:
1625:Main article:
1622:
1619:
1566:Main article:
1563:
1560:
1556:bioinformatics
1510:) to describe
1496:Main article:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:Research areas
1485:
1476:
1473:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1416:
1401:Main article:
1398:
1395:
1386:
1383:
1360:
1357:
1337:DNA sequencing
1320:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1284:Main article:
1281:
1278:
1254:A/D conversion
1214:
1211:
1207:DNA sequencers
1191:DNA polymerase
1167:DNA polymerase
1131:Main article:
1120:
1117:
1115:) sequencing.
1090:DNA Sequencing
1088:Main article:
1085:
1082:
1058:Genome project
1056:Main article:
1053:
1050:
1042:Jonathan Eisen
948:
945:
941:bioinformatics
905:), brown rat (
837:model organism
723:
720:
688:Walter Gilbert
676:Plus and Minus
664:polyacrylamide
641:Walter Gilbert
635:
634:
630:Walter Gilbert
629:
622:
621:
617:
610:
609:
608:
607:
606:
604:
601:
546:ribonucleotide
513:
510:
454:
451:
449:
446:
415:bioinformatics
411:DNA sequencing
373:
372:
370:
369:
362:
355:
347:
344:
343:
342:
341:
325:
324:
321:
320:
314:
311:
310:
307:
306:
301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
278:Immunogenetics
275:
270:
265:
260:
254:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
233:
232:
227:
210:
205:
203:DNA sequencing
200:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
152:
147:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
124:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
62:
61:
59:Key components
58:
57:
54:
53:
45:
44:
38:
37:
28:Genome Biology
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8210:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8178:
8177:
8168:
8167:
8164:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8128:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8107:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8091:
8085:
8084:Anne Wojcicki
8082:
8080:
8079:Spencer Wells
8077:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8069:
8065:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8018:
8013:
8011:
8006:
8004:
7999:
7998:
7995:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7963:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7856:Phylogenetics
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7751:Human biology
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7641:Chronobiology
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7616:Biotechnology
7614:
7612:
7611:Biostatistics
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7530:
7526:
7519:
7514:
7512:
7507:
7505:
7500:
7499:
7496:
7484:
7476:
7475:
7472:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7451:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7350:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7301:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7245:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7146:
7142:
7135:
7130:
7128:
7123:
7121:
7116:
7115:
7112:
7100:
7099:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7078:
7077:
7074:
7067:
7064:
7061:
7058:
7055:
7052:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7041:Organizations
7039:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6988:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6948:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6911:Nutrigenomics
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6872:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6857:Chemogenomics
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6742:
6737:
6735:
6730:
6728:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6670:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6588:
6582:
6574:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6404:
6400:
6395:
6394:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6268:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6211:
6203:
6197:
6193:
6186:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6160:
6156:
6150:
6142:
6138:
6131:
6123:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6082:
6074:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6041:PLOS Genetics
6038:
6031:
6023:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5982:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5933:
5925:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5884:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5851:
5843:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5824:
5816:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5775:
5767:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5748:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5699:
5691:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5670:
5662:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5586:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5494:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5451:
5443:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5386:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5367:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5315:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5133:
5119:on 2013-05-29
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4919:on 2016-06-06
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4889:on 2013-05-18
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4834:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4624:on 2013-04-11
4620:
4613:
4612:
4604:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4356:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4274:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4153:
4152:The Scientist
4149:
4148:"Data Deluge"
4142:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4031:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3895:
3893:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3330:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3122:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Pathogenomics
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2079:. Similarly,
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:biotechnology
1935:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:, as well as
1861:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:Acaryochloris
1826:
1825:
1824:Synechococcus
1820:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1797:Synechococcus
1793:
1792:
1787:
1786:cyanobacteria
1780:Cyanobacteria
1777:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1764:bacteriophage
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:environmental
1685:
1681:
1675:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1653:tumorigenesis
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:transcription
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1484:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1311:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:fluorescently
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:Sanger method
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
986:
982:
974:
970:
966:
962:
961:transcriptome
958:
953:
944:
942:
938:
933:
929:
924:
922:
921:
916:
915:
910:
909:
904:
903:
898:
897:noncoding DNA
894:
893:
888:
884:
883:
878:
874:
873:
868:
867:
862:
858:
857:
852:
848:
847:
842:
838:
834:
833:
828:
827:
822:
814:
810:
806:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:
773:S. cerevisiae
769:
765:
761:
760:North America
757:
756:
751:
750:
745:
741:
737:
736:mitochondrion
733:
729:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:Maxam-Gilbert
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:Sanger method
677:
673:
670:
669:bacteriophage
665:
661:
657:
652:
642:
638:
626:
614:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:Francis Crick
523:
519:
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47:
46:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
29:
22:
8174:
7901:Sociobiology
7881:Protistology
7846:Photobiology
7841:Pharmacology
7831:Parasitology
7826:Paleontology
7806:Neuroscience
7786:Microbiology
7725:
7696:Epidemiology
7666:Cytogenetics
7626:Cell biology
7606:Biosemiotics
7596:Biomechanics
7576:Biogeography
7571:Biochemistry
7566:Bacteriology
7561:Astrobiology
7384:Genetic code
7378:
7318:the Americas
7294:Quantitative
7264:Cytogenetics
7259:Conservation
7152:Introduction
7096:
7084:
6906:Microbiomics
6901:Metabolomics
6862:Connectomics
6821:
6794:Metagenomics
6747:
6649:Genomics.org
6638:BMC Genomics
6554:
6522:(1): 75–88.
6519:
6515:
6476:
6472:
6433:
6429:
6398:
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6351:
6345:
6320:
6316:
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6273:
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6091:
6081:
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6030:
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5784:
5774:
5754:
5747:
5712:
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5698:
5675:
5669:
5650:
5644:
5607:
5604:PLOS Biology
5603:
5593:
5558:
5554:
5544:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5464:
5460:
5450:
5407:
5403:
5393:
5374:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5287:
5283:
5273:
5236:
5232:
5222:
5187:
5181:
5146:
5142:
5132:
5121:. Retrieved
5114:the original
5088:(1): 62–73.
5085:
5081:
5068:
5035:
5031:
5025:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4959:
4950:
4941:
4932:
4921:. Retrieved
4917:the original
4913:Bio-IT World
4912:
4902:
4891:. Retrieved
4884:the original
4863:
4859:
4846:
4827:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4691:(1): 46–54.
4688:
4684:
4678:
4651:
4647:
4637:
4626:. Retrieved
4619:the original
4610:
4603:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4474:
4470:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4371:
4367:
4317:
4314:BMC Genomics
4313:
4303:
4292:. Retrieved
4288:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4183:(1): 21–29.
4180:
4176:
4166:
4155:. Retrieved
4151:
4141:
4130:. Retrieved
4118:
4108:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4038:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3902:
3880:. Retrieved
3876:
3863:
3830:
3827:DNA Sequence
3826:
3820:
3809:. Retrieved
3804:
3795:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3727:. Retrieved
3715:
3705:
3694:. Retrieved
3689:
3680:
3669:. Retrieved
3664:
3655:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3509:
3505:
3496:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3341:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3133:
3129:
3109:. Retrieved
3095:
3076:
3070:
3029:
3025:
3019:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2743:(2): 87–92.
2740:
2736:
2730:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2626:. Retrieved
2621:
2612:
2593:
2587:
2566:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2473:
2461:
2442:
2437:
2429:the original
2419:
2376:
2372:
2361:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2182:Metagenomics
2091:
2080:
2069:biogeography
2055:history and
2053:phylogenetic
2035:products or
2025:
2024:
2012:
2002:
1988:
1978:
1955:
1942:anthropology
1931:
1879:Applications
1857:
1851:
1844:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1742:
1692:microbiology
1679:
1677:
1674:Metagenomics
1659:Metagenomics
1630:
1579:
1537:
1532:DNA sequence
1501:
1478:
1468:
1460:
1449:
1434:
1432:
1406:
1388:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1326:
1262:
1245:Pascal Mayer
1242:
1226:
1156:
1143:
1136:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1061:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1009:
1006:metabolomics
997:
993:
988:
928:human genome
925:
918:
914:Mus musculus
912:
906:
900:
890:
880:
870:
864:
854:
853:). The worm
844:
830:
824:
818:
812:
808:
804:
771:
753:
747:
734:, the human
725:
703:
675:
655:
648:
573:Walter Fiers
565:genetic code
561:Philip Leder
553:transfer RNA
548:sequence of
515:
481:
474:Hans Winkler
469:
462:
458:
456:
423:
401:
397:
377:
376:
298:Quantitative
268:Cytogenetics
263:Conservation
213:
145:Introduction
8142:AncestryDNA
7951:Xenobiology
7946:Virophysics
7916:Systematics
7871:Primatology
7816:Ornithology
7756:Ichthyology
7741:Herpetology
7736:Gerontology
7701:Epigenetics
7661:Cryobiology
7551:Agrostology
7541:Aerobiology
7536:Abiogenesis
7364:Epigenetics
6874:Epigenomics
6806:Pangenomics
6606:electronic-
4866:: 387–402.
4068:GigaScience
2692:GigaScience
2618:"Genome, n"
2156:GeneCalling
2146:Epigenomics
1959:Euan Ashley
1821:and marine
1806:IMS101 and
1680:metagenomes
1627:Epigenomics
1621:Epigenomics
1617:structure.
1552:microarrays
1524:translation
1274:homopolymer
1229:parallelize
740:chloroplast
708:Nobel Prize
692:Allan Maxam
540:. In 1964,
530:Fred Sanger
506:new journal
8157:MyHeritage
8152:Living DNA
8045:Haplogroup
7936:Toxicology
7931:Teratology
7876:Proteomics
7861:Physiology
7801:Neontology
7766:Lipidology
7761:Immunology
7731:Geobiology
7691:Embryology
7671:Dendrology
7601:Biophysics
7581:Biogeology
7369:Geneticist
7343:South Asia
7289:Population
7269:Ecological
7238:Amino acid
7218:Nucleotide
7193:Chromosome
6959:Proteomics
6896:Lipidomics
6891:Immunomics
6417:0198754833
6159:Dark Daily
5610:(3): e82.
5467:(1): 150.
5123:2013-01-04
4923:2014-12-17
4893:2013-01-04
4628:2012-12-28
4294:2012-12-22
4157:2013-01-04
4132:2013-01-04
3882:2012-01-20
3877:Genome.gov
3811:2012-12-21
3729:2012-12-21
3696:2011-11-18
3671:2011-11-18
3111:2010-10-18
2657:(5): 277.
2628:2012-12-01
2469:"Genomics"
2229:References
2197:Proteomics
2177:Immunomics
2057:demography
1944:and other
1909:homologous
1905:centromere
1887:Schematic
1836:Prochloron
1827:isolates,
1668:scaffolds.
1633:epigenetic
1540:sequencing
1443:(also see
1397:Annotation
1266:nucleotide
1249:polymerase
1217:See also:
1148:nucleotide
1084:Sequencing
1022:metabolome
1002:proteomics
969:metabolome
911:), mouse (
885:) and the
823:, such as
790:eukaryotes
744:chromosome
593:base pairs
534:Amino acid
516:Following
486:geneticist
465:(from the
430:pleiotropy
398:individual
293:Population
273:Ecological
198:Geneticist
112:Amino acid
92:Nucleotide
67:Chromosome
8093:Societies
8049:Haplotype
8035:Procedure
7851:Phycology
7836:Pathology
7821:Osteology
7811:Nutrition
7771:Mammalogy
7746:Histology
7284:Molecular
7279:Microbial
7254:Classical
6886:Glycomics
6612:1868-0402
6604:1559-0836
6581:cite book
6259:205064528
6141:STAT News
4127:0099-9660
3724:0362-4331
3644:211123134
3502:Oliver SG
2737:Endeavour
2172:Glycomics
1999:bacterium
1979:All of Us
1926:Karyotype
1912:autosomal
1901:G banding
1889:karyogram
1848:spumigena
1846:Nodularia
1800:strains,
1637:epigenome
1436:in silico
1409:sequences
1385:Finishing
1046:symbioses
991:neologism
821:pathogens
788:, and 36
712:Paul Berg
453:Etymology
434:heterosis
426:epistasis
288:Molecular
283:Microbial
258:Classical
159:molecular
155:Evolution
8198:Genomics
8192:Category
8176:Category
8130:Services
8109:Projects
8053:Subclade
7965:See also
7941:Virology
7926:Taxonomy
7866:Pomology
7796:Mycology
7726:Genomics
7721:Genetics
7546:Agronomy
7483:Category
7409:Heredity
7379:Genomics
7223:Mutation
7213:Heredity
7177:Glossary
7167:Timeline
7141:Genetics
7098:Category
6824:genomics
6748:Genomics
6629:Archived
6546:26528881
6503:27886018
6495:23005591
6460:24135908
6380:10811958
6372:20847747
6294:14631358
6251:21593873
6122:24618965
6073:21935354
6022:20435227
5973:25059740
5924:22129254
5883:21916641
5815:17062630
5739:12794192
5636:17355177
5528:20125086
5493:36224627
5442:32214243
5349:11584296
5314:10739263
5265:17349043
5214:18720577
5173:23203987
5110:20412451
5102:18087260
5060:12044602
5052:11433356
5017:19815760
4880:18576944
4819:19679224
4770:18832462
4721:28769137
4713:16468433
4670:17449817
4595:23251337
4555:PLOS ONE
4501:19482960
4346:22827831
4264:21835622
4207:22983030
4100:23587201
4074:(1): 6.
4021:20981085
3972:23128226
3855:21797344
3847:17076253
3787:20033048
3593:10423613
3445:16453699
3202:14651855
2849:40989800
2841:14263761
2798:14299636
2757:12798815
2722:35701371
2673:18166670
2533:23615871
2474:Genetics
2411:33692541
2353:16920639
2322:15829893
2314:18268510
2271:13054694
2207:Venomics
2108:See also
1934:medicine
1773:prophage
1748:genetics
1707:16S rRNA
1703:cultures
1441:pipeline
1391:replicon
1347:DNA, or
1329:aligning
1280:Assembly
1171:in vitro
1152:coverage
1034:totality
1026:lipidome
1018:proteome
973:lipidome
965:proteome
851:genetics
839:for the
786:bacteria
780:, 1,115
502:Maryland
482:genomics
406:proteins
394:genetics
378:Genomics
338:Category
223:template
214:Genomics
192:Research
97:Mutation
87:Heredity
42:Genetics
8137:23andMe
7956:Zoology
7686:Ecology
7556:Anatomy
7162:History
7157:Outline
6847:Biochip
6537:4713245
6451:4021166
6325:Bibcode
6302:8516357
6229:Bibcode
6113:4119063
6064:3174201
6013:2937184
5964:4143101
5806:1635311
5627:1821061
5585:9733676
5536:6780101
5484:9555066
5433:7481934
5412:Bibcode
5357:5656447
5305:2144435
5256:1829165
5164:3531136
5008:3854948
4987:Bibcode
4979:Science
4810:2725244
4761:2570630
4693:Bibcode
4586:3520994
4563:Bibcode
4536:1100841
4492:2691937
4447:6269069
4337:3431227
4320:: 341.
4255:3169327
4234:Bibcode
4198:3491573
4091:3617454
3999:Bibcode
3963:3498066
3942:Bibcode
3778:3073058
3757:Bibcode
3636:8849441
3616:Bibcode
3608:Science
3585:7542800
3565:Bibcode
3557:Science
3542:4271784
3534:1574125
3514:Bibcode
3488:4311952
3468:Bibcode
3436:1167080
3393:4355527
3385:7219534
3365:Bibcode
3288:Bibcode
3229:Bibcode
3166:4206886
3138:Bibcode
3062:1634424
3034:Bibcode
3011:4289674
3003:1264203
2983:Bibcode
2959:4153893
2951:4555447
2931:Bibcode
2908:5330357
2876:Bibcode
2821:Bibcode
2813:Science
2713:9197679
2664:2392988
2524:6425491
2402:8035251
2381:Bibcode
2279:4268222
2251:Bibcode
2065:ecology
1893:diploid
1839:, the N
1684:genetic
1516:protein
1457:Ensembl
1378:de novo
1374:NP-hard
1370:de novo
1365:de novo
1345:genomic
1169:during
1140:shotgun
1105:shotgun
1077:DOE JGI
782:archaea
778:viruses
585:Belgium
550:alanine
488:at the
478:English
448:History
442:alleles
386:genomes
150:History
122:Outline
8067:People
7621:Botany
7328:Europe
7313:Africa
7247:Fields
7233:Allele
7208:Genome
6755:Fields
6610:
6602:
6595:
6569:
6544:
6534:
6501:
6493:
6458:
6448:
6415:
6405:
6378:
6370:
6300:
6292:
6257:
6249:
6221:Nature
6198:
6120:
6110:
6071:
6061:
6020:
6010:
5992:Lancet
5971:
5961:
5922:
5881:
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5730:156470
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5634:
5624:
5583:
5576:107498
5573:
5534:
5526:
5491:
5481:
5440:
5430:
5404:Nature
5381:
5355:
5347:
5312:
5302:
5263:
5253:
5239:: 86.
5212:
5202:
5171:
5161:
5108:
5100:
5058:
5050:
5015:
5005:
4956:"home"
4942:PacBio
4938:"Home"
4878:
4839:
4817:
4807:
4768:
4758:
4719:
4711:
4668:
4593:
4583:
4534:
4499:
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4445:
4438:327328
4435:
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4396:
4389:327874
4386:
4344:
4334:
4285:(Blog)
4262:
4252:
4205:
4195:
4125:
4098:
4088:
4045:
4019:
3991:Nature
3970:
3960:
3934:Nature
3911:
3853:
3845:
3785:
3775:
3749:Nature
3722:
3642:
3634:
3591:
3583:
3540:
3532:
3506:Nature
3486:
3460:Nature
3443:
3433:
3391:
3383:
3357:Nature
3320:265521
3318:
3311:392330
3308:
3261:271968
3259:
3252:431765
3249:
3200:
3164:
3158:870828
3156:
3130:Nature
3083:
3060:
3054:205802
3052:
3026:Nature
3009:
3001:
2975:Nature
2957:
2949:
2923:Nature
2906:
2899:301388
2896:
2847:
2839:
2796:
2755:
2720:
2710:
2671:
2661:
2600:
2575:
2531:
2521:
2480:
2449:
2409:
2399:
2373:Nature
2351:
2320:
2312:
2277:
2269:
2243:Nature
2045:genome
2009:genome
1813:WH8501
1760:genome
1700:clonal
1586:genome
1526:, and
1420:genome
1187:primer
1182:genome
1014:genome
998:-omics
967:, and
957:genome
766:, and
764:Europe
569:codons
467:German
463:genome
336:
250:Fields
107:Allele
82:Genome
7453:Lists
7333:Italy
7172:Index
7062:(USA)
6822:Socio
6655:NHGRI
6499:S2CID
6376:S2CID
6298:S2CID
6255:S2CID
5532:S2CID
5353:S2CID
5117:(PDF)
5106:S2CID
5078:(PDF)
5056:S2CID
4887:(PDF)
4856:(PDF)
4717:S2CID
4622:(PDF)
4615:(PDF)
3851:S2CID
3640:S2CID
3589:S2CID
3538:S2CID
3484:S2CID
3389:S2CID
3162:S2CID
3105:(PDF)
3058:S2CID
3007:S2CID
2955:S2CID
2845:S2CID
2318:S2CID
2275:S2CID
1768:phage
1514:(and
1452:BLAST
1445:below
1426:, and
1270:ISFET
1144:reads
1038:omics
1020:, or
994:omics
981:Omics
794:fungi
768:Japan
684:below
682:(see
672:φX174
662:on a
581:Ghent
470:Genom
127:Index
7086:List
7068:(UK)
7056:(EU)
7050:(JP)
6608:ISSN
6600:ISSN
6593:ISBN
6587:link
6567:ISBN
6542:PMID
6491:PMID
6456:PMID
6413:ASIN
6403:ISBN
6368:PMID
6290:PMID
6247:PMID
6196:ISBN
6118:PMID
6092:JAMA
6069:PMID
6018:PMID
5969:PMID
5920:PMID
5879:PMID
5836:ISBN
5811:PMID
5760:ISBN
5735:PMID
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