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1897 he published a paper on his results that stated that each inherited trait was governed by two discrete particles of information, one from each parent, and that these particles were passed along intact to the next generation. In 1900 he was preparing another paper on his further results when he was shown a copy of Mendel's 1866 paper by a friend who thought it might be relevant to de Vries's work. He went ahead and published his 1900 paper without mentioning Mendel's priority. Later that same year another botanist,
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experience goes, we find it in every case confirmed that constant progeny can only be formed when the egg cells and the fertilising pollen are off like the character so that both are provided with the material for creating quite similar individuals, as is the case with the normal fertilisation of pure species. We must, therefore, regard it as certain that exactly similar factors must be at work also in the production of the constant forms in the hybrid plants."(Mendel, 1866).
794:
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708:, recognising that when some plant varieties are crossed, certain characteristics (present in one parent) usually appear in the offspring; he also found that some ancestral characteristics found in neither parent may appear in offspring. However, plant breeders made little attempt to establish a theoretical foundation for their work or to share their knowledge with current work of physiology, although
897:, who had been conducting hybridisation experiments with maize and peas, was searching the literature for related experiments prior to publishing his own results when he came across Mendel's paper, which had results similar to his own. Correns accused de Vries of appropriating terminology from Mendel's paper without crediting him or recognising his priority. At the same time another botanist,
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understanding that each of the individual strands in double-stranded DNA serves as a template for new strand synthesis. In 1960, Jacob and collaborators discovered the operon which consists of a sequence of genes whose expression is coordinated by operator DNA. In the period 1961 – 1967, through work in several different labs, the nature of the genetic code was determined (e.g. ).
611:
635:. It reappeared in modern times in the 17th century and then prevailed until the 19th century. Another common term at that time was the theory of evolution, although "evolution" (in the sense of development as a pure growth process) had a completely different meaning than today. The preformists assumed that the entire organism was preformed in the
930:
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wondered what the nature of germ plasm might be, and in particular he wondered whether or not germ plasm was mixed like paint or whether the information was carried in discrete packets that remained unbroken. In the 1890s he was conducting breeding experiments with a variety of plant species and in
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and shows 3 generations: P1 generation (1), F1 generation (2), and F2 generation (3). Each organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent, that make up the genotype. The observed characteristic, the phenotype, is determined by the dominant allele in the genotype. In this monohybrid cross the
559:
of an organism was transmitted through semen (which he considered to be a purified form of blood) and the mother's menstrual blood, which interacted in the womb to direct an organism's early development. For both
Hippocrates and Aristotle—and nearly all Western scholars through to the late 19th
748:
From his statistical analysis, Mendel defined a concept that he described as a character (which in his mind holds also for "determinant of that character"). In only one sentence of his historical paper, he used the term "factors" to designate the "material creating" the character: " So far as
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In 1947, Salvador Luria discovered the reactivation of irradiated phage leading to many further studies on the fundamental processes of repair of DNA damage (for review of early studies, see ). In 1958, Meselson and Stahl demonstrated that DNA replicates semiconservatively, leading to the
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p. 38, I:95: "This phenomenon is common in genetics as well—often we find a son who does not resemble his father at all, but closely resembles his grandfather. Undoubtedly, the genetics and resemblance were dormant within the father even though they were not outwardly apparent. Hebrew by
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was experimenting with pea breeding and producing results like Mendel's. He too discovered Mendel's paper while searching the literature for relevant work. In a subsequent paper de Vries praised Mendel and acknowledged that he had only extended his earlier work.
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as the portion of chromosomes (and perhaps other nucleoproteins) that held genes. A focus on new model organisms such as viruses and bacteria, along with the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953, marked the transition to the era of
572:
observed families and proposed the contribution of both males and females of hereditary characters ("sperm atoms"), noticed dominant and recessive types of inheritance and described segregation and independent assortment of "sperm atoms".
872:
conducted experiments involving breeding mice whose tails had been surgically removed. His results — that surgically removing a mouse's tail had no effect on the tail of its offspring — challenged the theories of pangenesis and
651:). Epigenesis had been the dominant opinion since antiquity and into the 17th century, but was then replaced by preformist ideas. Since the 19th century epigenesis was again able to establish itself as a view valid to this day.
837:, did not meet with any large degree of acceptance. A more mathematical version of pangenesis, one which dropped much of Darwin's Lamarckian holdovers, was developed as the "biometrical" school of heredity by Darwin's cousin,
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and traced the inheritance patterns of certain traits. Through these experiments, Mendel saw that the genotypes and phenotypes of the progeny were predictable and that some traits were dominant over others. These patterns of
408:, Hippocrates suggested that all organs of the body of a parent gave off invisible “seeds,” miniaturised components, that were transmitted during sexual intercourse and combined in the mother's womb to form a baby. In the
484:
In the following years, chemists developed techniques for sequencing both nucleic acids and proteins, while many others worked out the relationship between these two forms of biological molecules and discovered the
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that neither DNA nor protein would be required in such a primitive system as that of a very early stage of the earth if RNA could serve both as a catalyst and as genetic information storage processor.
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and
Raymond Gosling produced a strikingly clear x-ray diffraction pattern indicating a helical form. Using these x-rays and information already known about the chemistry of DNA,
2498:"Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of Pneumococcal types: Induction of transformation by a DEsoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from
809:
and contribute to the fertilised egg and so to the next generation. The theory implied that changes to the body during an organism's life would be inherited, as proposed in
1336:, p.375: ונראה כזה בענין הטבעי, כי כמה יש מבני האדם שאינו דומה לאב כלל אך הוא דומה לאבי אביו ואין ספק כי הטבע ההוא והדמיון ההוא היה צפון באב ואף על פי שלא נראה להרגשה
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discovered in 1977 that genes can be split into segments. This led to the idea that one gene can make several proteins. The successful sequencing of many organisms'
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was a supposedly well-established fact that any adequate theory of heredity had to explain. At the same time, individual species were taken to have a
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between species. Species hybridisers described a wide variety of inheritance phenomena, include hybrid sterility and the high variability of
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Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (May 1972). "Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein".
497:. In the last decades of the 20th century, many biologists focused on large-scale genetics projects, such as sequencing entire genomes.
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on pea plants, published in 1866, provided the initial evidence that, on its rediscovery in 1900's, helped to establish the theory of
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With the basic patterns of genetic inheritance established, many biologists turned to investigations of the physical nature of the
821:, and it was not given any attention in the scientific community. Instead, discussions about modes of heredity were galvanised by
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https://web.archive.org/web/20120403041525/http://www.molecularstation.com/molecular-biology-images/data/503/MRNA-structure.png
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model, which was widely accepted by 1925. Alongside experimental work, mathematicians developed the statistical framework of
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https://web.archive.org/web/20120323085256/http://www.hchs.hunter.cuny.edu/index.php?title=Modern_Science&printable=yes
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877:, which held that changes to an organism during its lifetime could be inherited by its descendants. Weismann proposed the
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The preformation theory is a developmental biological theory, which was represented in antiquity by the Greek philosopher
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510:
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Gerstein MB, Bruce C, Rozowsky JS, Zheng D, Du J, Korbel JO, Emanuelsson O, Zhang ZD, Weissman S, Snyder M (June 2007).
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Watson JD, Crick FH (25 April 1953). "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid".
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A series of subsequent discoveries (e.g.) led to the realization decades later that the genetic material is made of
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that had been heat-killed transferred genetic information to a safe strain of the same bacteria, killing the mouse.
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In the 18th century, with increased knowledge of plant and animal diversity and the accompanying increased focus on
647:, according to which the structures and organs of an organism only develop in the course of individual development (
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2138:
Crick FH, Barnett L, Brenner S, Watts-Tobin RJ (December 1961). "General nature of the genetic code for proteins".
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demonstrated the usefulness of applying statistics to inheritance. They also contradicted 19th-century theories of
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became a central issue in the 1960s; by the 1970s gene expression could be controlled and manipulated through
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has complicated the molecular definition of the gene. In particular, genes do not always sit side by side on
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Verhandlungen des
Naturforschenden Vereins zu Brünn (Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Brünn)
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theory of inheritance, which held that hereditary information was carried only in sperm and egg cells.
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of the DNA producing distinct proteins may overlap, so that the idea emerges that "genes are one long
584:(known as Albucasis in the West) was the first physician to describe clearly the hereditary nature of
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dominant allele encodes for the colour red and the recessive allele encodes for the colour white.
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966:. He later showed that genes occupy specific locations on the chromosome. With this knowledge,
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745:, showing, rather, that genes remain discrete through multiple generations of hybridisation.
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Geison, G. L. (1969). "Darwin and heredity: The evolution of his hypothesis of pangenesis".
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states characteristics are discrete and are inherited by the parents. This image depicts a
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1000:(deoxyribonucleic acid) and not, as was widely believed until then, of proteins. In 1941,
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which is transcribed by DNA. This dogma has since been shown to have exceptions, such as
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643:(ovism or ovulism) and only had to unfold and grow. This was contrasted by the theory of
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Was ist 'Leben'? Aristoteles' Anschauungen zur
Entstehung und Funktionsweise von Leben
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1268:"Ancestral Concepts of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine in Epicurean Philosophy"
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1664:"Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage"
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856:'s germ plasm theory. The hereditary material, the germ plasm, is confined to the
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1621:
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911:
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1930:"Reactivation of Irradiated Bacteriophage by Transfer of Self-Reproducing Units"
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2004:
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1012:. This showed that specific genes code for specific proteins, leading to the "
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1234:
The growth of biological thought : diversity, evolution, and inheritance
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1040:
924:
The
Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance
919:
889:
729:
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had been studied in a wide variety of organisms — most notably the fruit fly
439:
led to rapid advances in genetics. By 1915 the basic principles of
Mendelian
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1973:
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1384:
Geschichte der
Biologie: Theorien, Methoden, Institutionen, Kurzbiographien
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568:; such inherited changes were merely superficial. The Athenian philosopher
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2101:"The operon: a group of genes with expression coordinated by an operator"
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provided the first chromosomal map of any biological organism. In 1928,
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Avery, Oswald T.; MacLeod, Colin M.; McCarty, Maclyn (February 1944).
2448:""Experiments in Plant Hybridization" (1866), by Johann Gregor Mendel"
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For example, Explanatory Notes, Gartons Seed
Catalogue for Spring 1901
551:, involving heredity material that collects from throughout the body.
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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801:'s pangenesis theory. Every part of the body emits tiny particles,
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569:
506:
440:
383:
198:
81:
71:
26:
2611:
http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1973_Boyer.php
2294:"Genomics. DNA study forces rethink of what it means to be a gene"
1008:
showed that mutations in genes caused errors in specific steps of
2601:
http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1960_mRNA.php
2543:
http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/crick/Crick_Watson.pdf
2459:
http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1994/geneticstln.html
1192:
1078:
were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for
833:
heredity seemed to be required. Darwin's own theory of heredity,
685:) conducted extensive experiments with hybridisation, especially
2785:
Cech, T. R.; Bass, B. L. (1986). "Biological
Catalysis by RNA".
985:
showed that genes could be transferred. In what is now known as
910:
After the rediscovery of Mendel's work there was a feud between
3766:
3741:
1327:
HaLevi, Judah, translated and annotated by N. Daniel
Korobkin.
1099:
1091:
610:
91:
66:
2137:
1348:
Die Logik des Lebenden. Von der Urzeugung zum genetischen Code
1193:"Function and Constraint in Aristotle and Evolutionary Theory"
1813:"A triple tribute to the experiment that transformed biology"
1772:"What is a gene, post-ENCODE? History and updated definition"
857:
806:
636:
614:
535:
The most influential early theories of heredity were that of
2180:
2099:
Jacob F, Perrin D, Sánchez C, Monod J, Edelstein S (2005) .
780:, following two lectures he gave on the work in early 1865.
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in many important plant species. In the early 19th century,
3643:
1121:, and the synthesis of molecular genetics with traditional
947:
527:
of transmission of movements from parents to child, and of
469:
1769:
543:. Hippocrates' theory (possibly based on the teachings of
453:
and his fellow "drosophilists", geneticists developed the
3736:
3731:
1095:
1052:
1044:
997:
473:
386:, and others. Modern genetics began with the work of the
61:
56:
1713:"Genetic Control of Biochemical Reactions in Neurospora"
940:
inheritance of the white eyed mutation in the fruit fly
2829:(Fact Sheet). National Human Genome Research Institute.
2098:
696:
Plant breeders were also developing an array of stable
472:. In the 1940s and early 1950s, experiments pointed to
2441:
Olby's "Mendel, Mendelism, and Genetics," at MendelWeb
1047:
in 1953. Together, these discoveries established the
654:
2666:
1511:"Feb. 8, 1865: Mendel Reads Paper Founding Genetics"
1303:
Cosman, Madeleine Pelner; Jones, Linda Gale (2008).
817:
Mendel's work was published in a relatively obscure
2726:
2622:Mutation and Expression of a Eukaryotic Protein in
2495:
732:conducted breeding experiments using the pea plant
598:described dominant and recessive genetic traits in
2676:"DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors"
1626:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 116–8.
1378:
1270:. In Petermann, H.; Harper, P.; Doetz, S. (eds.).
905:
531:from the father. The model is not fully symmetric.
461:, bringing genetic explanations into the study of
2863:
2736:"Individual-specific 'fingerprints' of human DNA"
2391:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
2354:Mendel's Legacy: The Origin of Classical Genetics
1051:, which states that proteins are translated from
829:by natural selection, in which mechanisms of non-
4029:
1645:
1643:
1623:Francis Galton: Pioneer of Heredity and Biometry
1183:
1181:
1031:that DNA holds the gene's information. In 1952,
989:, injections into a mouse of a deadly strain of
1989:"Deoxyribonucleic acid repair in bacteriophage"
783:
500:
422:Aristotle's theories of genetics and embryology
1810:
1329:The Kuzari: In Defense of the Despised Faith,
3659:
3171:
3097:History of the creation-evolution controversy
2849:
2356:(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004.)
2035:
1640:
1178:
343:
2464:http://www.sysbioeng.com/index/cta94-11s.jpg
2225:
1864:. New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 299–300.
1661:
669:, new ideas about heredity began to appear.
3197:Timeline of medicine and medical technology
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1884:
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1302:
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3666:
3652:
3178:
3164:
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2842:
2474:http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/DNA_history.html
1199:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 261–284.
350:
336:
3127:Relationship between religion and science
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2709:
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2649:
2583:
2573:
2550:"Chemical Structure of the Nucleic Acids"
2525:
2427:Learn how and when to remove this message
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2012:
1986:
1963:
1953:
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1787:
1746:
1736:
1687:
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1472:
1382:; Löther, Rolf; Senglaub, Konrad (1985).
1307:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 528–529.
1265:
918:over the hereditary mechanism, solved by
547:) was similar to Darwin's later ideas on
427:The 1900 rediscovery of Mendel's work by
3361:Cardiology (invasive and interventional)
2784:
2174:
1862:Genetics A Conceptual Approach (7th ed.)
1811:Steinman RM, Moberg CL (February 1994).
1763:
1578:
1450:Genetics A Conceptual Approach (7th ed.)
1106:". It was first hypothesised in 1986 by
1043:demonstrated the molecular structure of
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884:
848:
792:
751:
719:
609:
519:
3999:List of genetics research organizations
3185:
2469:http://www.esp.org/books/sturt/history/
2288:
2282:
864:in each generation from the germ plasm.
768:Mendel's work was published in 1866 as
4030:
2815:"A sheep cloning how-to, more or less"
2615:
2445:
1859:
1619:
1584:
1542:
1508:
1447:
1305:Handbook to life in the medieval world
605:
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3159:
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1927:
1711:Beadle GW, Tatum EL (November 1941).
1345:
1187:
962:showed that genes reside on specific
2547:
2371:
1817:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1426:
1414:
1227:
1142:List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
4048:History of biology by subdiscipline
2799:10.1146/annurev.bi.55.070186.003123
1386:(2nd ed.). Jena: VEB Fischer.
1237:. Belknap Press. pp. 635–640.
770:"Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden" (
712:in England explained their system.
710:Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders
655:Plant systematics and hybridisation
515:
511:Timeline of the history of genetics
13:
3004:Central dogma of molecular biology
2337:
2036:Meselson M, Stahl FW (July 1958).
1049:central dogma of molecular biology
772:Experiments on Plant Hybridisation
562:inheritance of acquired characters
14:
4069:
2367:
1509:Alfred, Randy (8 February 2010).
617:as preformed humans. Painting of
4058:History of science by discipline
4012:
4011:
3628:
3627:
3314:
3140:
3139:
2616:Struhl, Kevin (1 October 2008).
2376:
1662:Hershey AD, Chase M (May 1952).
1452:. W.H. Freeman. pp. 49–56.
1117:at the level of DNA is known as
317:
316:
203:
202:
33:
3580:List of epidemics and pandemics
2131:
2092:
2029:
1980:
1921:
1878:
1853:
1804:
1704:
1655:
1613:
1536:
1502:
1466:
1441:
1432:
1157:History of evolutionary thought
906:Emergence of molecular genetics
555:instead that the (nonphysical)
3499:History of methods in medicine
3029:One gene–one enzyme hypothesis
1420:
1408:
1372:
1350:. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer.
1339:
1321:
1259:
1221:
1162:One gene-one enzyme hypothesis
1098:like discrete beads. Instead,
970:, a member of Morgan's famous
860:. Somatic cells (of the body)
1:
3436:Medicine in ancient societies
2787:Annual Review of Biochemistry
2311:10.1126/science.316.5831.1556
1478:The Gene: An intimate history
1172:
1130:modern evolutionary synthesis
844:
788:
3958:Missing heritability problem
3673:
2680:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2554:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1860:Pierce, Benjamin A. (2020).
1448:Pierce, Benjamin A. (2020).
1274:. Springer. pp. 41–57.
1147:History of molecular biology
784:Post-Mendel, pre-rediscovery
661:History of plant systematics
501:Pre-Mendel ideas on heredity
7:
3205:Histories of basic sciences
2454:. Arizona State University.
2452:Embryo Project Encyclopedia
2234:"Genetics: what is a gene?"
2038:"The replication of DNA in
1928:Luria SE (September 1947).
1280:10.1007/978-3-319-51783-4_3
1135:
704:established the concept of
10:
4074:
2642:10.1534/genetics.104.96693
2341:
2117:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.04.005
2005:10.1128/mr.45.1.72-98.1981
1987:Bernstein C (March 1981).
1195:. In Föllinger, S. (ed.).
679:Carl Friedrich von Gärtner
658:
624:
504:
4007:
3986:
3885:
3836:
3780:
3719:
3681:
3623:
3567:
3498:
3435:
3323:
3312:
3204:
3193:
3135:
3057:
2989:
2876:
2480:"The history of genetics"
1272:History of Human Genetics
715:
675:Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter
639:(animalkulism) or in the
3410:Psychiatric institutions
2344:Bibliography of genetics
2232:Pearson, H. (May 2006).
2046:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1934:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1717:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1599:10.1093/jhmas/XXIV.4.375
1346:Jacob, François (1972).
3490:Medieval Western Europe
3463:Egyptian medical papyri
3427:Trauma and orthopaedics
2701:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463
977:Drosophila melanogaster
805:, which migrate to the
728:Between 1856 and 1865,
673:and others (among them
582:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
446:Drosophila melanogaster
3049:Spontaneous generation
2999:Germ theory of disease
2976:Zoology (through 1859)
2827:"Human Genome Project"
1738:10.1073/pnas.27.11.499
1620:Bulmer, M. G. (2003).
1266:Yapijakis, C. (2017).
1152:History of RNA Biology
955:
946:in 1910, implying the
865:
814:
765:
725:
622:
532:
370:with contributions by
3994:List of genetic codes
3568:Disasters and plagues
3070:Philosophy of biology
2575:10.1073/pnas.40.8.748
2067:10.1073/pnas.44.7.671
1955:10.1073/pnas.33.9.253
1829:10.1084/jem.179.2.379
1587:J Hist Med Allied Sci
1476:(2016). "Chapter 4".
1057:reverse transcription
987:Griffith's experiment
932:
885:Rediscovery of Mendel
852:
796:
757:Mendelian inheritance
755:
739:Mendelian inheritance
723:
613:
557:form-giving principle
523:
399:Mendelian inheritance
303:Personalized medicine
297:Personalized medicine
160:Quantitative genetics
155:Mendelian inheritance
3893:Behavioural genetics
3334:Alternative medicine
3102:Human Genome Project
3014:Great chain of being
2981:Zoology (since 1859)
2916:Evolutionary thought
2886:Agricultural science
2518:10.1084/jem.79.2.137
2397:improve this article
1474:Mukherjee, Siddartha
1113:The modern study of
1074:and his team at the
1014:one gene, one enzyme
743:blending inheritance
724:Blending Inheritance
489:. The regulation of
418:On Animal Generation
391:Gregor Johann Mendel
223:Branches of genetics
4038:History of genetics
3973:Population genomics
3963:Molecular evolution
3923:Genetic engineering
3540:Tracheal intubation
3326:medical specialties
3187:History of medicine
3107:Humboldtian science
3044:Sequence hypothesis
2951:Molecular evolution
2752:1985Natur.316...76J
2692:1977PNAS...74.5463S
2566:1954PNAS...40..748T
2446:Andrei, A. (2013).
2409:footnote references
2250:2006Natur.441..398P
2195:1972Natur.237...82J
2152:1961Natur.192.1227C
2058:1958PNAS...44..671M
1946:1947PNAS...33..253L
1899:1953Natur.171..737W
1729:1941PNAS...27..499B
1680:10.1085/jgp.36.1.39
1564:1871Natur...3..502D
1189:Leroi, Armand Marie
1076:University of Ghent
1022:Colin Munro MacLeod
1006:Edward Lawrie Tatum
1002:George Wells Beadle
899:Erich von Tschermak
619:Nicolaas Hartsoeker
606:Preformation theory
553:Aristotle suggested
495:genetic engineering
459:population genetics
437:Erich von Tschermak
364:history of genetics
193:Genetic engineering
150:Population genetics
21:Part of a series on
3933:Genetic monitoring
3376:Emergency medicine
3117:Natural philosophy
3065:History of science
2865:History of biology
1789:10.1101/gr.6339607
1429:, pp. 649–651
1119:molecular genetics
1084:Richard J. Roberts
1010:metabolic pathways
983:Frederick Griffith
960:Thomas Hunt Morgan
956:
934:Thomas Hunt Morgan
866:
819:scientific journal
815:
766:
726:
623:
533:
479:molecular genetics
451:Thomas Hunt Morgan
165:Molecular genetics
124:History and topics
4025:
4024:
3948:He Jiankui affair
3938:Genetic genealogy
3928:Genetic diversity
3857:the British Isles
3762:Genetic variation
3641:
3640:
3535:Radiation therapy
3520:Blood transfusion
3366:Dental treatments
3271:Molecular biology
3261:Medical diagnosis
3153:
3152:
3019:Hierarchy of life
2966:Plant systematics
2946:Molecular biology
2674:(December 1977).
2548:Todd, AR (1954).
2437:
2436:
2429:
2350:Elof Axel Carlson
2244:(7092): 398–401.
2160:10.1038/1921227a0
2146:(4809): 1227–32.
1871:978-1-319-29714-5
1633:978-0-801-88140-4
1546:(27 April 1871).
1487:978-1-4767-3353-1
1459:978-1-319-29714-5
1314:978-0-8160-4887-8
1289:978-3-319-51783-4
1206:978-3-515-09244-9
1080:bacteriophage MS2
1033:Rosalind Franklin
968:Alfred Sturtevant
525:Aristotle's model
388:Augustinian friar
360:
359:
87:Genetic variation
4065:
4015:
4014:
3978:Reverse genetics
3953:Medical genetics
3668:
3661:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3631:
3630:
3318:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3143:
3142:
3122:Natural theology
2858:
2851:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2821:. February 1997.
2810:
2781:
2763:
2761:10.1038/316076a0
2723:
2713:
2703:
2663:
2653:
2624:Escherichia coli
2597:
2587:
2577:
2539:
2529:
2487:
2455:
2432:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2332:
2331:
2313:
2304:(5831): 1556–7.
2286:
2280:
2279:
2261:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2203:10.1038/237082a0
2178:
2172:
2171:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2040:Escherichia Coli
2033:
2027:
2026:
2016:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1907:10.1038/171737a0
1882:
1876:
1875:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1791:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1740:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1572:10.1038/003502a0
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1417:, pp. 640–9
1412:
1406:
1405:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1343:
1337:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1185:
1128:is known as the
761:monohybrid cross
702:Augustin Sageret
576:In 1000 CE, the
516:Ancient theories
352:
345:
338:
325:
320:
319:
215:Medical genetics
211:
206:
205:
37:
18:
17:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4003:
3982:
3881:
3872:the Middle East
3838:Archaeogenetics
3832:
3776:
3715:
3677:
3672:
3642:
3637:
3619:
3563:
3494:
3431:
3319:
3310:
3200:
3189:
3184:
3154:
3149:
3131:
3112:Natural history
3053:
2991:
2985:
2941:Model organisms
2878:
2872:
2862:
2825:
2813:
2746:(6023): 76–79.
2478:
2433:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2394:
2385:This section's
2381:
2377:
2370:
2346:
2340:
2338:Further reading
2335:
2287:
2283:
2259:10.1038/441398a
2230:
2226:
2179:
2175:
2136:
2132:
2097:
2093:
2034:
2030:
1985:
1981:
1926:
1922:
1893:(4356): 737–8.
1883:
1879:
1872:
1858:
1854:
1809:
1805:
1776:Genome Research
1768:
1764:
1723:(11): 499–506.
1709:
1705:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1618:
1614:
1583:
1579:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1507:
1503:
1488:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1394:
1377:
1373:
1358:
1344:
1340:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1264:
1260:
1245:
1226:
1222:
1207:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1138:
1037:James D. Watson
912:William Bateson
908:
887:
870:August Weismann
854:August Weismann
847:
791:
786:
718:
663:
657:
629:
627:Preformationism
608:
518:
513:
503:
491:gene expression
366:dates from the
356:
315:
308:
307:
298:
290:
289:
288:
287:
236:
228:
227:
219:
197:
178:
170:
169:
125:
117:
116:
103:
102:
101:
45:
12:
11:
5:
4071:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3968:Plant genetics
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3908:Genome editing
3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3886:Related topics
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3808:Immunogenetics
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3720:Key components
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3485:Medieval Islam
3482:
3477:
3472:
3470:Ancient Greece
3467:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2811:
2782:
2724:
2686:(12): 5463–7.
2670:; Nicklen, S;
2664:
2636:(2): 709–714.
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2545:
2540:
2512:(2): 137–158.
2493:
2488:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2389:external links
2384:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2368:External links
2366:
2365:
2364:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2281:
2224:
2189:(5350): 82–8.
2173:
2130:
2111:(6): 514–520.
2091:
2052:(7): 671–682.
2028:
1979:
1940:(9): 253–264.
1920:
1877:
1870:
1852:
1803:
1782:(6): 669–681.
1762:
1703:
1654:
1650:Mukherjee 2016
1639:
1632:
1612:
1593:(4): 375–411.
1577:
1535:
1501:
1486:
1465:
1458:
1440:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1392:
1371:
1356:
1338:
1320:
1313:
1295:
1288:
1258:
1243:
1220:
1205:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1108:Walter Gilbert
1082:coat protein.
1029:showed in 1944
1026:Maclyn McCarty
1016:" hypothesis.
952:sex chromosome
907:
904:
886:
883:
862:develop afresh
846:
843:
839:Francis Galton
799:Charles Darwin
790:
787:
785:
782:
717:
714:
683:Charles Naudin
656:
653:
625:Main article:
607:
604:
594:. In 1140 CE,
578:Arab physician
517:
514:
502:
499:
414:William Harvey
406:ancient Greece
358:
357:
355:
354:
347:
340:
332:
329:
328:
327:
326:
310:
309:
306:
305:
299:
296:
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292:
291:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
263:Immunogenetics
260:
255:
250:
245:
239:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
218:
217:
212:
195:
190:
188:DNA sequencing
185:
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176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
137:
132:
126:
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109:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:
47:
46:
44:Key components
43:
42:
39:
38:
30:
29:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4070:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Gregor Mendel
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4018:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
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3959:
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3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3634:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Poliomyelitis
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3458:Ancient Egypt
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3415:Psychosurgery
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Endocrinology
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3324:Histories of
3322:
3317:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Biotechnology
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Biotechnology
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2730:; Wilson, V;
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2560:(8): 748–55.
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2420:
2410:
2406:
2405:inappropriate
2402:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2362:0-87969-675-3
2359:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2292:(June 2007).
2291:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:Microbiol Rev
1990:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1823:(2): 379–84.
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:J Gen Physiol
1665:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:(78): 502–3.
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1357:3-10-035601-2
1353:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:Phillip Sharp
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:Francis Crick
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
953:
949:
945:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
925:
922:in his work "
921:
920:Ronald Fisher
917:
913:
903:
900:
896:
891:
890:Hugo de Vries
882:
880:
876:
871:
863:
859:
855:
851:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
825:'s theory of
824:
820:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
781:
779:
775:
773:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
744:
740:
735:
734:Pisum sativum
731:
730:Gregor Mendel
722:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
662:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
628:
620:
616:
612:
603:
601:
597:
593:
592:
587:
583:
579:
574:
571:
567:
566:fixed essence
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
530:
526:
522:
512:
508:
498:
496:
492:
488:
482:
480:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:Hugo de Vries
425:
423:
420:contradicted
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:classical era
365:
353:
348:
346:
341:
339:
334:
333:
331:
330:
324:
314:
313:
312:
311:
304:
301:
300:
294:
293:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
232:
231:
224:
221:
220:
216:
213:
209:
200:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
174:
173:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
121:
120:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
49:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
28:
25:
24:
20:
19:
16:
3918:Genetic code
3852:the Americas
3828:Quantitative
3798:Cytogenetics
3793:Conservation
3695:
3686:Introduction
3615:Tuberculosis
3549:
3530:Neuroimaging
3510:
3480:Ancient Rome
3475:Ancient Iran
3402:
3291:Pharmacology
3276:Neuroscience
3266:Microbiology
3251:
3241:
3217:Biochemistry
3195:
2956:Paleontology
2920:
2896:Biochemistry
2818:
2790:
2786:
2743:
2739:
2728:Jeffreys, AJ
2683:
2679:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2557:
2553:
2509:
2505:
2500:Pneumococcus
2499:
2483:
2451:
2423:
2417:January 2023
2414:
2399:by removing
2386:
2353:
2301:
2297:
2284:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2031:
1999:(1): 72–98.
1996:
1992:
1982:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1861:
1855:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1674:(1): 39–56.
1671:
1667:
1657:
1622:
1615:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1555:
1551:
1548:"Pangenesis"
1544:Darwin, C.R.
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1514:
1504:
1480:. Scribner.
1477:
1468:
1449:
1443:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1383:
1374:
1347:
1341:
1328:
1323:
1304:
1298:
1271:
1261:
1233:
1223:
1196:
1112:
1072:Walter Fiers
1069:
1065:
1061:retroviruses
1018:Oswald Avery
995:
975:
957:
941:
909:
895:Carl Correns
888:
867:
816:
777:
769:
767:
747:
733:
727:
695:
691:back-crosses
664:
630:
596:Judah HaLevi
589:
575:
560:century—the
534:
487:genetic code
483:
467:
444:
433:Carl Correns
426:
417:
410:Early Modern
403:
363:
361:
283:Quantitative
253:Cytogenetics
248:Conservation
134:
130:Introduction
15:
3898:Epigenetics
3575:Black Death
3506:Antibiotics
3371:Dermatology
3082:Ethnobotany
2971:RNA biology
2879:disciplines
2793:: 599–629.
2672:Coulson, AR
1652:, Chapter 5
1528:11 November
1229:Mayr, Ernst
1167:Phage group
964:chromosomes
950:was on the
936:discovered
797:Diagram of
586:haemophilia
537:Hippocrates
376:Hippocrates
4032:Categories
3903:Geneticist
3877:South Asia
3823:Population
3803:Ecological
3772:Amino acid
3752:Nucleotide
3727:Chromosome
3559:Wound care
3453:Byzantinia
3443:Prehistory
3398:Psychiatry
3339:Anesthesia
3296:Physiology
3247:Immunology
3237:Embryology
3024:Lamarckism
2931:Immunology
2502:Type III "
2342:See also:
1393:3437203290
1380:Jahn, Ilse
1366:1200295370
1244:0674364457
1173:References
943:Drosophila
938:sex linked
879:germ plasm
875:Lamarckism
845:Germ plasm
835:pangenesis
831:Lamarckian
811:Lamarckism
789:Pangenesis
659:See also:
645:epigenesis
633:Anaxagoras
600:The Kuzari
549:pangenesis
545:Anaxagoras
505:See also:
372:Pythagoras
278:Population
258:Ecological
183:Geneticist
97:Amino acid
77:Nucleotide
52:Chromosome
3818:Molecular
3813:Microbial
3788:Classical
3590:Pandemics
3393:Neurology
3349:Neuraxial
3286:Pathology
3281:Nutrition
3232:Chemistry
3092:Dysgenics
3075:Teleology
3039:RNA world
3034:Protocell
3009:Darwinism
2990:Theories,
2961:Phycology
2732:Thein, SL
2668:Sanger, F
2506:J Exp Med
2401:excessive
2290:Pennisi E
1523:1059-1028
1496:949803912
1427:Mayr 1982
1415:Mayr 1982
1334:Ibn Tibon
1215:276334688
1126:evolution
1123:Darwinian
1104:continuum
1070:In 1972,
958:In 1910,
827:evolution
706:dominance
698:varieties
591:Al-Tasrif
541:Aristotle
463:evolution
455:Mendelian
449:. Led by
416:'s book
395:His works
380:Aristotle
273:Molecular
268:Microbial
243:Classical
144:molecular
140:Evolution
4043:Genetics
4017:Category
3943:Heredity
3913:Genomics
3757:Mutation
3747:Heredity
3711:Glossary
3701:Timeline
3675:Genetics
3633:Category
3610:Syphilis
3605:Smallpox
3551:Timeline
3545:Vaccines
3525:Humorism
3512:Timeline
3404:Timeline
3301:Virology
3253:Timeline
3242:Genetics
3145:Category
3087:Eugenics
2992:concepts
2936:Medicine
2921:Genetics
2869:timeline
2734:(1985).
2660:18927256
2630:Genetics
2594:16589553
2536:19871359
2328:36463252
2320:17569836
2268:16724031
2168:13882203
2125:15999435
2105:C R Biol
2086:16590258
1974:16588748
1915:13054692
1798:17567988
1757:16588492
1698:12981234
1402:19780133
1231:(1982).
1191:(2010).
1136:See also
1115:genetics
991:bacteria
974:, using
972:fly room
868:In 1883
803:gemmules
671:Linnaeus
667:taxonomy
649:Ontogeny
570:Epicurus
507:Heredity
441:genetics
384:Epicurus
323:Category
208:template
199:Genomics
177:Research
82:Mutation
72:Heredity
27:Genetics
3696:History
3691:Outline
3585:Malaria
3448:Babylon
3422:Surgery
3344:General
3306:Viruses
3222:Biology
3212:Anatomy
3058:Related
2926:Geology
2911:Ecology
2891:Anatomy
2877:Fields,
2807:2427016
2778:4229883
2770:2989708
2748:Bibcode
2688:Bibcode
2651:2567374
2620:hisB463
2562:Bibcode
2527:2135445
2486:. 2000.
2395:Please
2387:use of
2298:Science
2276:4420674
2246:Bibcode
2219:4153893
2211:4555447
2191:Bibcode
2148:Bibcode
2054:Bibcode
2023:6261109
1965:1079044
1942:Bibcode
1895:Bibcode
1847:8294854
1838:2191359
1748:1078370
1725:Bibcode
1689:2147348
1607:4908353
1560:Bibcode
1253:7875904
1100:regions
1092:genomes
916:Pearson
776:in the
687:hybrids
588:in his
412:times,
135:History
107:Outline
3862:Europe
3847:Africa
3781:Fields
3767:Allele
3742:Genome
3595:Plague
3356:Cancer
2906:Botany
2805:
2776:
2768:
2740:Nature
2720:271968
2718:
2711:431765
2708:
2658:
2648:
2592:
2585:534157
2582:
2534:
2524:
2360:
2326:
2318:
2274:
2266:
2238:Nature
2217:
2209:
2183:Nature
2166:
2140:Nature
2123:
2084:
2077:528642
2074:
2021:
2014:281499
2011:
1972:
1962:
1913:
1887:Nature
1868:
1845:
1835:
1796:
1755:
1745:
1696:
1686:
1630:
1605:
1552:Nature
1521:
1494:
1484:
1456:
1400:
1390:
1364:
1354:
1311:
1286:
1251:
1241:
1213:
1203:
1024:, and
858:gonads
823:Darwin
807:gonads
716:Mendel
681:, and
615:Sperms
321:
235:Fields
92:Allele
67:Genome
3987:Lists
3867:Italy
3706:Index
2774:S2CID
2618:"The
2324:S2CID
2272:S2CID
2215:S2CID
1515:Wired
637:sperm
112:Index
2803:PMID
2766:PMID
2716:PMID
2656:PMID
2590:PMID
2532:PMID
2358:ISBN
2316:PMID
2264:PMID
2207:PMID
2164:PMID
2121:PMID
2082:PMID
2019:PMID
1970:PMID
1911:PMID
1866:ISBN
1843:PMID
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