589:. That requires a boot loader to contain a driver for each of the supported file systems, so they can be understood and accessed by the boot loader itself. This approach eliminates the need for hardcoded locations of hard disk sectors and existence of map files, and does not require MBR updates after kernel images are added or moved around. The configuration of a boot loader is stored in a regular file, which is also accessed in a file system-aware way to obtain boot configurations before the actual booting of any kernel images. Thus, fewer things can go wrong during system updates. As a downside, such boot loaders are larger and more complex.
1555:
482:
462:
582: – auxiliary files that contain a list of physical sectors occupied by kernel images. Such maps need to be updated each time a kernel image changes its physical location on disk, due to installing new kernel images, file system defragmentation, etc. Also, in case of the maps changing their physical location, their locations need to be updated within the boot loader's MBR code, so the sectors indirection mechanism continues to work. This is not only cumbersome, but it also leaves the system in need of manual repairs in case something goes wrong during system updates.
1474:
177:
137:
119:
56:
702:
44:
1334:
1265:
616:
929:. The reason for doing this in GRUB (i.e. not editing the parameters in an already booted system) can be an emergency case: the system has failed to boot. Using the kernel parameters line it is possible, among other things, to specify a module to be disabled (blacklisted) for the kernel. This could be required if the specific kernel module is broken and thus prevents boot-up. For example, to blacklist the kernel module
412:
556:, menu-driven selection of boot choices, etc. Boot loaders with bigger footprints are therefore split into pieces, where the smallest piece fits in the MBR, while one or more larger pieces are stored in other locations such as empty sectors between the MBR and the first partition. The code in the MBR then does little more than starting the second part.
1349:
is a
Windows open-source software package. It allows GNU GRUB to boot from a Windows directory. The setup program installs GNU GRUB version 2.12 to an NTFS partition. A Windows GUI application is then used to customize the GRUB boot menu, themes, UEFI boot order, scripts etc. All GNU GRUB scripts and
1234:
The Intel BIOS Implementation Test Suite (BITS) provides a GRUB environment for testing BIOSes and in particular their initialization of Intel processors, hardware, and technologies. BITS supports scripting via Python, and includes Python APIs to access various low-level functionality of the hardware
1296:
distributions. StartUp-Manager and GRUB Customizer are graphical configuration editors for Debian-based distributions. The development of StartUp-Manager stopped on 6 May 2011 after the lead developer cited personal reasons for not actively developing the program. GRUB Customizer is also available
1392:
from the TianoCore project and requires a FAT formatted partition even on BIOS systems. As a benefit, it has a basic filesystem driver in the partition boot sector, avoiding the brittleness of a second or third stage and the infamous GRUB Rescue prompt. The user interface looks similar to rEFInd:
1057:
linux (hd0,1)/kernel/vmlinuz-3.20.1-4 ro # use the file name "vmlinuz-…" located in the directory /kernel on the first partition of the first hard disk as linux kernel image initrd (hd0,1)/boot/initrd.img-3.20.1-4 # use the file named "initrd.img–…" located in the directory /boot on the first
776:) is stored in the empty sectors (if available) between the MBR and the first partition. Recent operating systems suggest a 1 MiB gap here for alignment (2047 512-byte, or 255 4KiB, sectors). This gap used to be 62 sectors (31 KiB) as a reminder of the sector number limit of
563:. Kernels are in most cases stored as files residing on appropriate file systems, but the concept of a file system is unknown to the BIOS. Thus, in BIOS-based systems, the duty of a boot loader is to access the content of those files, so it can be loaded into the
909:
GRUB presents a menu where the user can choose from operating systems (OS) found by grub-install. GRUB can be configured to automatically load a specified OS after a user-defined timeout. If the timeout is set to zero seconds, pressing and holding
527:
of the hard disk. This bootstrap program must be small because it has to fit in a single sector. For a long time, the size of a sector has been 512 bytes. Since 2009 there are hard disks available with a sector size of 4096 bytes, called
952:
Once boot options have been selected, GRUB loads the selected kernel into memory and passes control to the kernel. Alternatively, GRUB can pass control of the boot process to another boot loader, using
1350:
commands are supported for both UEFI and legacy systems. Grub2Win can configure GRUB for multiboot of
Windows, Ubuntu, openSuse, Fedora and many other Linux distributions. It is freely available under
983:. But what if such consistency cannot be guaranteed? What if the constellation of connected hard disks changed from one start up to another? What if a hard disk will be connected to another computer?
1116:. PUPA was supported by the Information-technology Promotion Agency (IPA) in Japan. PUPA was integrated into GRUB 2 development around 2002, when GRUB version 0.9x was renamed GRUB Legacy.
1024:
The file systems ext2, ext3, ext4 and xfs use a UUID to uniquely identify an instance. The UUID is created when a partition is formatted. The UUID is part of the file system and written to the
1979:
570:
One possible approach for boot loaders is to load kernel images by directly accessing hard disk sectors without understanding the underlying file system. Usually, an additional level of
2178:
3086:
1713:
552:
of a boot loader. Although such a small space can be sufficient for very simple boot loaders, it is not big enough to contain a boot loader supporting complex and multiple
2266:
1372:
The strength of GRUB is the wide range of supported platforms, file systems, and operating systems, making it the default choice for distributions and embedded systems.
1135:, migrating platform specific (x86) code to platform specific modules, and an object-oriented framework. GNU GRUB version 2.00 was officially released on June 26, 2012.
1108:
GRUB version 0 (also known as "GRUB Legacy") is no longer under development and is being phased out. The GNU GRUB developers have switched their focus to GRUB 2, a
647:
can do little more than load the next stage of GRUB by loading a few disk sectors from a fixed location near the start of the disk (within its first 1024 cylinders).
1755:
1901:
665:
of hard disk immediately following the MBR and before the first partition. In case this space is not available (unusual partition table, special disk drivers,
2120:
2319:
2042:
1840:
2581:
2151:
1375:
However, there are boot managers targeted at the end user that give more friendly user experience, graphical OS selector and simpler configuration:
430:
1971:
3055:
2066:
585:
Another approach is to make a boot loader aware of the underlying file systems, so kernel images are configured and accessed using their actual
2636:
2504:
1954:
1735:
2292:
2097:
2606:
1870:
2174:
2557:
1927:
2899:
2343:
1096:
to the public. As of 2014, the majority of Linux distributions have adopted GNU GRUB 2, as well as other systems such as Sony's
2362:
2725:
1028:. All operations other than formatting should leave the UUID unaltered. It is possible to change the UUID or duplicate it by using
559:
The purpose of the remaining part(s) of the boot loader is to actually boot an operating system by configuring it and starting the
2204:
2247:
1709:
3091:
2718:
2263:
2003:
1112:
with goals including making GNU GRUB cleaner, more robust, more portable and more powerful. GRUB 2 started under the name
971:
A computer can have multiple hard disks connected to it. These could be identified via their SATA port. Each time the computer
592:
GNU GRUB uses the second approach, by understanding the underlying file systems. The boot loader itself is split into multiple
2020:
1513:
1124:
2408:
2773:
2433:
2384:
607:
was written from scratch and intended to replace its predecessor, and is now used by a majority of Linux distributions.
1752:
1192:
includes a modified GRUB Legacy that supports
Solaris VTOC slices, automatic 64-bit kernel selection, and booting from
2763:
2758:
2713:
2350:, Modifying Solaris Boot Behavior on x86 Based Systems (Task Map) – System Administration Guide: Basic Administration
1893:
1388:– Macintosh-style graphical boot manager for BIOS and UEFI-based computers. It emulates UEFI with a heavily modified
448:
2482:
1173:
In late 2015, the exploit of pressing backspace 28 times to bypass the login password was found and quickly fixed.
1039:
is used to configure GRUB. It contains commands to be executed during each start-up. Without an existing and valid
293:
2124:
2708:
1311:
2315:
1836:
1781:
2768:
670:
506:
2578:
128:
3096:
2675:
2228:
1322:. Boot-Repair can repair GRUB on multiple Linux distributions including, but not limited to, Debian, Ubuntu,
1018:
1242:
by putting everything besides the GRLDR config in one image file. It can be loaded directly from DOS, or by
3043:
2147:
1811:
1574:
1185:, so several variants have been created. Some notable ones, which have not been merged into GRUB mainline:
1093:
150:
1687:
110:
1739:
3101:
3081:
2741:
1351:
1319:
1227:
extends GRUB by implementing verification of the system integrity and boot process security, using the
1155:
944:, the user enters the GRUB command line. The GRUB command line is not a regular Linux shell, like e.g.
540:
supports a maximum of four partitions and occupies 64 bytes, combined. Together with the optional
316:
311:
222:
1644:
532:
disks, but as of
October 2013, such hard disks are still accessed in 512-byte sectors, using the
2058:
1595:
1367:
1143:
620:
560:
516:
380:
1479:
2889:
2703:
2628:
2457:
1355:
1346:
1293:
1272:
The setup tools in use by various distributions often include modules to set up GRUB. For example,
1085:
1025:
742:
368:
364:
194:
2089:
1951:
1665:
1088:. In 1999, Gordon Matzigkeit and Yoshinori K. Okuji made GRUB an official software package of the
136:
118:
2834:
2284:
1862:
1228:
1065:
will describe a menu to be presented, use multiple colors, and may specify a background picture.
960:
372:
2598:
2340:
1422:
Distribution wikis have many solutions for common issues and custom setups that might help you:
3106:
3002:
2894:
481:
461:
218:
2512:
1539:
1507:
3017:
2746:
1382:– Macintosh-style graphical boot manager, only for UEFI-based computers (BIOS not supported).
1303:
GRLDR ICE is a tiny tool for modifying the default configuration of grldr file for GRUB4DOS.
1203:
1109:
948:, and accepts only certain GRUB-specific commands, documented by various Linux distributions.
850:, optionally loads modules (eg. for graphical UI and file system support) and shows the menu.
734:
705:
GRUB 2 – MBR vs. GPT partitioning and boot sequence visualized (systems using BIOS firmware).
640:
28:
24:
1923:
1314:
is a simple graphical tool for recovering from frequent boot-related problems with GRUB and
2969:
2549:
1560:
1519:
1447:
1389:
1285:
1247:
872:
777:
666:
486:
391:
627:
GRUB 0.x follows a two-stage approach. The master boot record (MBR) usually contains GRUB
515:
finds the primary bootable device (usually the computer's hard disk) and runs the initial
8:
3060:
2904:
2359:
537:
1154:
adopted GRUB 2 as the default boot loader with its 12.2 release of
September 2012.
176:
2992:
2824:
2819:
2751:
2200:
1529:
1473:
1385:
1218:
1139:
1120:
972:
730:
545:
541:
520:
474:
466:
238:
533:
3012:
2919:
2814:
2668:
2405:
2036:
2000:
1315:
1239:
1128:
945:
267:
230:
190:
2244:
1658:
1636:
1238:
GRUB4DOS is a GRUB legacy fork that improves the installation experience on DOS and
210:
3027:
2959:
1214:
1197:
1074:
1017:
style numbering of hard disks via device numbers is consistent, GNU GRUB can use a
586:
376:
305:
285:
255:
201:
1006:) a list of all available hard disks and partitions can be obtained. For example,
426:
2997:
2987:
2864:
2585:
2461:
2412:
2366:
2347:
2270:
2251:
2232:
2007:
1958:
1759:
1459:
1051:
529:
1431:
3007:
2909:
2425:
2380:
55:
1010:) will show numbers that can be assigned to actual hard disks and partitions.
3075:
3049:
2829:
2698:
1584:
1495:
1182:
1132:
1097:
955:
795:
is written to its own partition. It must be flagged "BIOS_grub", must not be
632:
159:
1426:
1073:
GRUB was initially developed by Erich Boleyn as part of work on booting the
959:. This is the method used to load operating systems that do not support the
693:
will then load the default configuration file and any other modules needed.
3022:
2844:
2839:
2793:
2661:
1491:
1405:
1289:
1147:
1146:
adopted it as the default boot loader in its 9.10 version of
October 2009.
549:
2285:"You can Hack into a Linux Computer just by pressing 'Backspace' 28 times"
1972:"PS4 runs Orbis OS, a modified version of FreeBSD that's similar to Linux"
1235:
platform, including ACPI, CPU and chipset registers, PCI, and PCI Express.
1158:
also adopted GRUB 2 on the x86 platform in the
Solaris 11.1 release.
917:
In the operating system selection menu GRUB accepts a couple of commands:
548:(six bytes), this leaves between 434 and 446 bytes available for the
2874:
2804:
2684:
2474:
1189:
1119:
Some of the goals of the GRUB 2 project include support for non-x86
1089:
914:
while the computer is booting makes it possible to access the boot menu.
796:
571:
553:
524:
360:
356:
81:
2369:, (System Administration Guide: Basic Administration) – Sun Microsystems
2934:
2928:
2879:
1327:
1323:
1277:
494:
383:
configuration available on a particular operating system's partitions.
298:
76:
66:
2533:
818:. If the partition index has changed, GRUB will be unable to find the
701:
2954:
2884:
2869:
1777:
1773:
1467:
1159:
1029:
925:, it is possible to edit kernel parameters of the selected menu item
599:
Two major versions of GRUB are in common use: GRUB version 0, called
395:
1774:"Western Digital's Advanced Format: The 4K Sector Transition Begins"
1437:
1250:. GRUB4DOS is under active development and as of 2021 supports UEFI.
1217:
project made a modified version of GRUB to load the system from its
327:
19:"GRUB" and "PUPA" redirect here. For the life stage of insects, see
2964:
2944:
2924:
2799:
2225:
1568:
1281:
1151:
1081:
2341:
x86: Modifying Boot
Behavior by Editing the GRUB Menu at Boot Time
1333:
1264:
615:
43:
2854:
1408:– Light, UEFI-only boot manager with text-based OS selector menu.
681:
image contains file system drivers, enabling it to directly load
259:
226:
1803:
1442:
1394:
1021:(UUID) to identify partitions (actually file system instances).
2949:
2939:
2914:
2537:
1589:
1379:
1167:
271:
247:
2653:
1679:
2809:
1683:
1580:
1243:
885:
can be installed on the EFI System
Partition or the separate
275:
263:
251:
243:
214:
206:
685:
from any known location in the filesystem, for example from
603:
is only prevalent in older releases of Linux distributions.
2859:
1533:
1273:
1207:
966:
856:
781:
711:
512:
490:
375:, which provides a user the choice to boot one of multiple
20:
643:. Given the small size of a boot sector (512 bytes),
2789:
1523:
1193:
1163:
1077:
975:, the hard disk connected to a specific motherboard port
868:
854:
709:
662:
564:
2454:
1150:
followed suit with Fedora 16 released in
November 2011.
833:
partition of the Linux distribution, or in the separate
1540:
BIOS Boot Specification Version 1.01 (January 11, 1996)
1206:
2008 had a project to support GRUB legacy to boot from
879:
in MBR sector 0. This file is like stage1 and stage1.5.
2588:. Kde-apps.org (2012-06-18). Retrieved on 2012-12-01.
1462:– most detailed documentation, including all commands
3087:
Free software primarily written in assembly language
1550:
1058:
partition of the first hard disk as initial ramdisk
822:, and presents the user with the GRUB Rescue prompt.
2406:
2.3 Why does Syllable have its own version of GRUB?
2314:Marco and, Hector; Ripoll, Ismael (December 2015).
1894:"How to Configure the GRUB2 Boot Loader's Settings"
1050:might contain only the following two commands (cf.
631:or can contain a standard MBR implementation which
421:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1592:- alternative boot loader for UEFI-based computers
1710:"Migrate to GNU General Public License Version 3"
1268:StartUp-Manager, a program used to configure GRUB
1142:use GRUB 2 as their mainstream boot loader.
875:, and booted by the firmware directly, without a
761:identified by LBA sector numbers also written by
386:GNU GRUB was developed from a package called the
3073:
2550:"StartUp-Manager is dead : StartUp-Manager"
2041:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1961:. Gnu.org (2012-06-23). Retrieved on 2012-12-01.
1318:bootloader. This application is available under
745:address. The actual sector number is written by
733:(MBR boot code in sector 0), or optionally in a
729:) is written to the first 440 bytes of the
657:directly, but it is normally set up to load the
3056:Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns
2313:
2175:"SUSE chief lists progress since privatisation"
1728:
1300:For GRUB 2 there are KDE Control Modules.
473:) can alternatively be written into one of the
1417:
2669:
1885:
1831:
1829:
1393:both inherit from the abandoned boot manager
979:be assigned the same identifier, for example
379:installed on a computer or select a specific
2023:. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008
1642:
1623:GPL-2.0-or-later from 1999 until 2007-07-02.
1361:
871:UEFI systems) is installed as a file in the
719:See illustration in last image on the right.
2254:. En.opensuse.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-01.
2090:"GRUB 2.00 Boot-Loader Officially Released"
1583:- previous Windows bootloader, used before
1259:
2676:
2662:
2282:
2148:"What is Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)?"
2056:
1947:
1945:
1826:
1522:(GPT) – handles hard drives bigger than 2
1472:
825:Depending on how GRUB2 was installed, the
757:with the sole purpose to load the rest of
610:
175:
135:
117:
54:
2235:. FedoraProject. Retrieved on 2012-12-01.
1127:, non-ASCII characters, dynamic modules,
449:Learn how and when to remove this message
433:, without removing the technical details.
2316:"Back to 28: Grub2 Authentication 0-Day"
2172:
1485:
1341:
1332:
1306:
1263:
967:Identifying partitions (UUID workaround)
700:
614:
596:so that it fits in the MBR boot scheme.
480:
460:
2283:Khandelwal, Swati (December 16, 2015).
2181:from the original on September 22, 2012
2100:from the original on September 13, 2016
1942:
1891:
1843:from the original on September 17, 2013
1571:– commonly used bootloader on CDs, DVDs
963:or are not supported directly by GRUB.
3074:
2609:from the original on September 6, 2015
2436:from the original on November 29, 2014
2387:from the original on December 31, 2016
2118:
2057:Serbinenko, Vladimir (June 28, 2012).
1982:from the original on November 18, 2020
1762:Definition of GRand Unified Bootloader
927:before the operating system is started
788:is designed to be smaller than 32 KiB.
2657:
2245:openSUSE:Upcoming features – openSUSE
2069:from the original on January 13, 2013
1892:Hoffman, Chris (September 22, 2014).
1771:
1716:from the original on October 27, 2021
1690:from the original on February 4, 2009
1514:Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
1125:internationalization and localization
1013:As it cannot be guaranteed that the "
892:For x64 UEFI systems, stage2 are the
696:
431:make it understandable to non-experts
2774:GNAT Modified General Public License
2173:Varghese, Sam (September 20, 2012).
2154:from the original on October 3, 2012
1672:
937:at the end of the kernel parameters.
489:-partitioned hard drive, booting on
405:
2560:from the original on August 1, 2020
2360:x86: Supported GRUB Implementations
2295:from the original on April 30, 2017
2145:
2087:
2010:. Gnu.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-01.
1930:from the original on April 18, 2014
1904:from the original on April 28, 2015
1814:from the original on March 16, 2013
1784:from the original on March 12, 2012
1680:"Ohloh Analysis Summary – GNU GRUB"
13:
2485:from the original on April 7, 2019
1873:from the original on April 3, 2018
1643:Daniel Kiper (December 20, 2023).
1614:GPL-3.0-or-later since 2007-07-21.
1536:(motherboards roughly before 2012)
1516:(UEFI firmware, common since 2012)
511:When a computer is turned on, its
469:-partitioned hard drive; stage 1 (
14:
3118:
2764:GNU Affero General Public License
2759:GNU Lesser General Public License
2322:from the original on May 17, 2017
1772:Smith, Ryan (December 18, 2009).
1501:
1412:
935:modprobe.blacklist=nvidia-current
814:from the partition configured by
619:GRUB v1 menu (running as part of
2639:from the original on May 3, 2015
2378:
2207:from the original on May 9, 2012
2119:Haddon, Tom (January 26, 2012).
1553:
1508:Booting Linux on x86 using Grub2
1453:
1200:and multiple boot environments).
904:
894:/boot/grub/x86_64-efi/normal.mod
410:
394:). It is predominantly used for
42:
2683:
2621:
2591:
2572:
2542:
2527:
2497:
2467:
2448:
2418:
2399:
2372:
2353:
2334:
2307:
2276:
2257:
2238:
2219:
2193:
2166:
2139:
2112:
2081:
2050:
2013:
1994:
1964:
1916:
1855:
1796:
1753:EnterpriseLinux.com Definitions
1666:"GRUB 2.12 release candidate 1"
865:/efi/<distro>/grubx64.efi
2769:GNU Free Documentation License
2455:BIOS Implementation Test Suite
2273:. Oracle Retrieved 2015-03-19.
1952:GRUB Manual – 1.2 Grub History
1765:
1746:
1702:
1617:
1608:
1434:(also see Links at the bottom)
1297:for Arch-based distributions.
1138:Three of the most widely used
1103:
1043:, GRUB will present a prompt.
1032:to clone an entire partition.
507:UEFI disk device compatibility
1:
3092:Free software programmed in C
2123:. WebJunction. Archived from
1630:
1019:Universally Unique Identifier
812:/boot/grub/i386-pc/normal.mod
495:UEFI compatibility mode (CSM)
3044:GNU/Linux naming controversy
1804:"mbldr (Master Boot LoaDeR)"
1577:– current Windows bootloader
1401:Non-graphical alternatives:
1254:
799:and can be as tiny as 1 MiB.
523:(MBR). The MBR is the first
401:
349:GNU GRand Unified Bootloader
60:GRUB v2 running in text mode
7:
2505:"GRUB for DOS Introduction"
2250:September 20, 2012, at the
2121:"An Introduction to Ubuntu"
1837:"Booting and Boot Managers"
1546:
1494:, an April 2001 article in
1418:How-Tos and troubleshooting
1176:
780:(C/H/S) addressing used by
93:; 29 years ago
10:
3123:
2742:GNU General Public License
2584:September 7, 2015, at the
2201:"9.10 Karmic GRUB version"
1526:and more than 4 partitions
1480:GRUB wiki archived in 2010
1365:
1068:
768:On MBR partitioned disks,
661:, located in the first 30
504:
500:
351:, commonly referred to as
18:
3036:
2980:
2782:
2734:
2691:
2460:October 19, 2016, at the
2365:October 21, 2009, at the
1758:December 3, 2010, at the
1596:Comparison of bootloaders
1368:Comparison of bootloaders
1362:Alternative boot managers
1062:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1007:
1002:(available after loading
994:(available after loading
987:
980:
855:Startup on systems using
791:On GPT partitioned disks
710:Startup on systems using
322:
304:
292:
281:
237:
200:
186:
149:
145:
127:
109:
105:
87:
75:
65:
53:
41:
2726:History of free software
2704:Free Software Foundation
2509:grub4dos.sourceforge.net
2415:, Syllable Documentation
2411:January 7, 2011, at the
1924:"GNU GRUB documentation"
1601:
1326:, Fedora, openSUSE, and
1260:GRUB configuration tools
1086:Free Software Foundation
841:after normal.mod loaded:
574:is required, in form of
388:Grand Unified Bootloader
369:Free Software Foundation
365:reference implementation
2579:GRUB2 Bootloader Editor
2464:, Official BITS website
2231:August 5, 2012, at the
2006:April 20, 2014, at the
1957:April 16, 2014, at the
1229:Trusted Platform Module
1162:also uses GNU GRUB for
961:Multiboot Specification
784:before 1996, therefore
753:is the first sector of
641:partition's boot sector
611:Version 0 (GRUB Legacy)
373:Multiboot Specification
2511:. 2007. Archived from
2346:July 19, 2011, at the
2269:June 19, 2018, at the
2001:GNU GRUB – GRUB Legacy
1863:"GNU GRUB Manual 2.04"
1742:on September 11, 2013.
1338:
1269:
706:
624:
497:
478:
475:partition boot sectors
233:(through chainloading)
23:. For other uses, see
2426:"TrustedGRUB project"
1808:mbldr.sourceforge.net
1486:Introductory articles
1342:Installer for Windows
1336:
1307:Boot repair utilities
1267:
1210:formatted partitions.
1204:Google Summer of Code
735:partition boot sector
704:
673:disk) the install of
618:
484:
464:
29:Pupa (disambiguation)
25:Grub (disambiguation)
3097:GNU Project software
2059:"GRUB 2.00 released"
1645:"GRUB 2.12 released"
1561:Free software portal
1520:GUID Partition Table
1448:Grub2 theme tutorial
1248:Windows Boot Manager
1046:An absolute minimal
873:EFI System Partition
778:Cylinder-Head-Sector
737:(PBR). It addresses
392:Grand Unified Theory
3061:Defective by Design
3028:Richard M. Stallman
2629:"Grub4dos tutorial"
2203:. Distrowatch.com.
2127:on October 28, 2012
2021:"GNU GRUB – GRUB 2"
1569:SysLinux (IsoLinux)
1140:Linux distributions
1094:development process
1084:, developed by the
992:GRUB rescue console
933:, one could append
848:/boot/grub/grub.cfg
538:MBR partition table
38:
16:Boot loader package
2993:Benjamin Mako Hill
2088:Larabel, Michael.
1736:"GNU GRUB license"
1530:Master boot record
1510:– in-depth article
1339:
1284:distributions and
1270:
1219:AtheOS File System
1098:PlayStation 4
731:Master Boot Record
707:
697:Version 2 (GRUB 2)
625:
623:8.04 installation)
521:master boot record
498:
479:
122:/ 20 December 2023
67:Original author(s)
36:
3102:Research projects
3082:Free boot loaders
3069:
3068:
3013:Georg C. F. Greve
2920:GNU Privacy Guard
2747:linking exception
2289:thehackernews.com
1978:. June 24, 2013.
1712:. July 21, 2007.
1316:Microsoft Windows
1240:Microsoft Windows
1129:memory management
829:is either in the
544:(four bytes) and
519:program from the
459:
458:
451:
377:operating systems
359:package from the
342:
341:
229:(x86 port)), and
3114:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2625:
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2595:
2589:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2546:
2540:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2515:on April 7, 2019
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2471:
2465:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2432:. June 5, 2013.
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2110:
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2085:
2079:
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2076:
2074:
2065:(Mailing list).
2054:
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2011:
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1743:
1738:. Archived from
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1668:. July 10, 2023.
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1640:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1468:Official website
1427:Arch Linux /GRUB
1110:complete rewrite
1075:operating system
1064:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1016:
1009:
1005:
997:
990:into either the
989:
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771:
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748:
740:
724:
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639:from the active
472:
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440:
434:
414:
413:
406:
338:
335:
333:
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317:GPL-2.0-or-later
312:GPL-3.0-or-later
202:Operating system
179:
174:
171:
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139:
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58:
46:
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35:
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3112:
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3072:
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3065:
3032:
2998:Bradley M. Kuhn
2988:Alexandre Oliva
2976:
2778:
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2687:
2682:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2586:Wayback Machine
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2556:. May 6, 2011.
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2528:
2518:
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2472:
2468:
2462:Wayback Machine
2453:
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2439:
2437:
2430:sourceforge.net
2424:
2423:
2419:
2413:Wayback Machine
2404:
2400:
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2367:Wayback Machine
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2348:Wayback Machine
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2271:Wayback Machine
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2252:Wayback Machine
2243:
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2233:Wayback Machine
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2220:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2150:. Technopedia.
2146:Janssen, Cory.
2144:
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2130:
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2117:
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2103:
2101:
2086:
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2072:
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2034:
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2026:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2008:Wayback Machine
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1976:extremetech.com
1970:
1969:
1965:
1959:Wayback Machine
1950:
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1760:Wayback Machine
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1488:
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1456:
1420:
1415:
1370:
1364:
1352:GNU GPL License
1344:
1337:GRUB Customizer
1320:GNU GPL license
1309:
1262:
1257:
1179:
1106:
1092:and opened the
1071:
1059:
1052:initial ramdisk
1014:
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969:
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913:
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896:file and other
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722:
716:
699:
686:
677:will fail. The
613:
530:Advanced Format
509:
503:
470:
455:
444:
438:
435:
427:help improve it
424:
415:
411:
404:
326:
314:
182:
158:
141:
129:Preview release
123:
97:
95:
92:
88:Initial release
61:
49:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3120:
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3015:
3010:
3008:Federico Heinz
3005:
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2910:GNU Archimedes
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2754:
2752:font exception
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2012:
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1598:
1593:
1587:
1578:
1572:
1565:
1564:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1542:– hard to find
1537:
1527:
1517:
1511:
1503:
1502:Technicalities
1500:
1499:
1498:
1492:Boot with GRUB
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1463:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1438:Fedora /GRUB_2
1435:
1429:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:External links
1411:
1410:
1409:
1399:
1398:
1383:
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1178:
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1131:, a scripting
1105:
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1070:
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931:nvidia-current
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695:
612:
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567:and executed.
546:disk timestamp
542:disk signature
534:512e emulation
502:
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416:
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363:. GRUB is the
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140:/ 10 July 2023
134:2.12-rc1
133:
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111:Stable release
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63:
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59:
51:
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15:
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3:
2:
3119:
3108:
3107:1995 software
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3052:
3051:
3050:Revolution OS
3047:
3045:
3042:
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3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:John Sullivan
3016:
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3006:
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2720:
2719:Latin America
2717:
2715:
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2707:
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2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:GNU Manifesto
2697:
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2554:launchpad.net
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2202:
2196:
2185:September 21,
2180:
2176:
2169:
2158:September 21,
2153:
2149:
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2131:September 21,
2126:
2122:
2115:
2099:
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2091:
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2053:
2044:
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2016:
2009:
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2002:
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1981:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1956:
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1929:
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1899:
1898:HowToGeek.com
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1607:
1597:
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1585:Windows Vista
1582:
1579:
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1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1551:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:BIOS firmware
1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1496:Linux Journal
1493:
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1489:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:Documentation
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Gentoo /GRUB2
1441:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:Ubuntu /Grub2
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1407:
1404:
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1387:
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1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:free software
1174:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1133:mini-language
1130:
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1083:
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978:
974:
964:
962:
958:
957:
956:chain loading
947:
939:
928:
920:
919:
918:
915:
905:After startup
891:
888:
881:
874:
870:
863:
862:
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536:. The legacy
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526:
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492:
491:BIOS firmware
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419:This section
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48:GNU GRUB logo
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3048:
3037:Other topics
3023:Nagarjuna G.
2981:Contributors
2970:
2945:GNU LilyPond
2905:GNU Electric
2849:
2830:Build system
2641:. Retrieved
2632:
2623:
2611:. Retrieved
2603:KDE-Apps.org
2602:
2593:
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2553:
2544:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:the original
2508:
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2478:
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2440:November 18,
2438:. Retrieved
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2389:. Retrieved
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2264:Solaris 11.1
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2209:. Retrieved
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2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:the original
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2094:Phoronix.com
2093:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2062:
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2025:. Retrieved
2015:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1975:
1966:
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1918:
1906:. Retrieved
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1887:
1877:November 10,
1875:. Retrieved
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1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1816:. Retrieved
1807:
1798:
1786:. Retrieved
1767:
1748:
1740:the original
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1674:
1660:
1650:December 20,
1648:. Retrieved
1638:
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1610:
1421:
1406:systemd-boot
1400:
1374:
1371:
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1310:
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1181:GNU GRUB is
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1000:GRUB console
999:
991:
986:By entering
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976:
970:
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951:
940:By pressing
926:
921:By pressing
916:
908:
886:
840:
834:
830:
816:grub-install
804:
773:
763:grub-install
751:diskboot.img
747:grub-install
741:by a 64-bit
739:diskboot.img
726:
690:
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601:GRUB legacy,
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554:file systems
550:machine code
510:
445:
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387:
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348:
344:
343:
282:Available in
77:Developer(s)
71:Erich Boleyn
33:
2875:GNU TeXmacs
2805:Linux-libre
2685:GNU Project
2613:January 27,
2599:"Grub2 KCM"
2479:Google Site
2381:"Grub4ext4"
2379:Peng, Tao.
2073:December 1,
1986:October 23,
1867:www.gnu.org
1847:October 10,
1818:October 10,
1788:October 10,
1720:October 27,
1460:GRUB manual
1356:SourceForge
1312:Boot-Repair
1225:TrustedGRUB
1198:compression
1190:OpenSolaris
1104:Development
1090:GNU Project
1008:ls (hd0,5)/
981:hd0, hd1, …
898:/boot/grub/
883:/boot/grub/
827:/boot/grub/
572:indirection
485:GRUB2 on a
439:August 2021
390:(a play on
361:GNU Project
357:boot loader
347:(short for
82:GNU Project
3076:Categories
2935:GNU Health
2880:GNU Octave
2475:"grub4dos"
2063:grub-devel
1631:References
1532:used with
1366:See also:
1328:Arch Linux
1278:SUSE Linux
1061:A fancier
1026:superblock
1004:normal.mod
889:partition.
844:normal.mod
837:partition.
820:normal.mod
687:/boot/grub
659:stage 1.5.
633:chainloads
587:file paths
505:See also:
299:Bootloader
288:and others
187:Written in
151:Repository
116:2.12
3003:Brian Fox
2955:GNU Chess
2885:GNU Taler
2870:GNU Emacs
2825:findutils
2820:coreutils
2643:April 25,
2326:March 13,
2299:March 13,
2027:April 18,
1934:April 16,
1908:April 25,
1778:AnandTech
1386:CloverEFI
1255:Utilities
1170:targets.
1160:Buildroot
1121:platforms
1035:The file
998:) or the
797:formatted
774:stage 1.5
679:stage 1.5
675:stage 1.5
653:can load
580:map files
517:bootstrap
465:GRUB2 on
402:Operation
398:systems.
396:Unix-like
334:/software
162:.savannah
2925:Gnuzilla
2840:binutils
2794:variants
2783:Software
2735:Licenses
2637:Archived
2633:Narod.ru
2607:Archived
2582:Archived
2564:April 9,
2558:Archived
2534:grub4dos
2519:April 7,
2489:April 7,
2483:Archived
2458:Archived
2434:Archived
2409:Archived
2391:June 13,
2385:Archived
2363:Archived
2344:Archived
2320:Archived
2293:Archived
2267:Archived
2248:Archived
2229:Archived
2205:Archived
2179:Archived
2152:Archived
2104:June 28,
2098:Archived
2067:Archived
2037:cite web
2004:Archived
1980:Archived
1955:Archived
1928:Archived
1902:Archived
1871:Archived
1841:Archived
1839:. SUSE.
1812:Archived
1810:. 2009.
1782:Archived
1756:Archived
1714:Archived
1688:Archived
1547:See also
1347:Grub2Win
1286:Anaconda
1282:openSUSE
1215:Syllable
1177:Variants
1152:OpenSUSE
1063:grub.cfg
1048:grub.cfg
1041:grub.cfg
1037:grub.cfg
996:core.img
877:boot.img
859:firmware
808:core.img
805:stage 2:
793:core.img
786:core.img
770:core.img
759:core.img
755:core.img
723:boot.img
714:firmware
629:stage 1,
471:boot.img
345:GNU GRUB
239:Platform
211:GNU/Hurd
191:Assembly
37:GNU GRUB
2971:more...
2855:GNUstep
2692:History
2211:July 8,
1694:May 12,
1575:BOOTMGR
1156:Solaris
1069:History
912:⇧ Shift
846:parses
727:stage 1
691:Stage 2
683:stage 2
655:stage 2
651:Stage 1
645:stage 1
637:stage 1
501:Booting
425:Please
367:of the
355:) is a
323:Website
306:License
286:English
260:PowerPC
231:Windows
227:illumos
223:Solaris
96: (
2950:GNU Go
2940:GNUmed
2929:IceCat
2915:GNUnet
2709:Europe
2538:GitHub
2226:GRUB 2
1590:rEFInd
1380:rEFInd
1290:Fedora
1231:(TPM).
1196:(with
1168:x86_64
1148:Fedora
1144:Ubuntu
900:files.
810:loads
621:Ubuntu
605:GRUB 2
594:stages
561:kernel
525:sector
381:kernel
315:1999:
310:2007:
272:RISC-V
248:x86-64
2960:Gnash
2890:GNU R
2810:glibc
2714:India
1684:Ohloh
1602:Notes
1581:NTLDR
1395:rEFIt
1274:YaST2
1244:NTLDR
977:could
973:POSTs
887:/boot
867:(for
835:/boot
635:GRUB
493:, or
336:/grub
276:SPARC
264:s390x
252:IA-64
244:IA-32
215:macOS
207:Linux
170:/grub
168:/cgit
2965:Guix
2865:Jami
2860:GIMP
2850:GRUB
2815:Bash
2800:Hurd
2645:2015
2615:2011
2566:2017
2521:2019
2491:2019
2442:2014
2393:2017
2328:2017
2301:2017
2213:2012
2187:2012
2160:2012
2133:2012
2106:2012
2075:2012
2043:link
2029:2014
1988:2013
1936:2014
1910:2015
1879:2020
1849:2013
1820:2013
1790:2013
1722:2021
1696:2010
1652:2023
1390:DUET
1324:Mint
1294:RHEL
1280:and
1213:The
1208:ext4
1166:and
1114:PUPA
1082:Hurd
1015:hd0"
946:bash
857:UEFI
831:root
782:BIOS
712:BIOS
576:maps
513:BIOS
353:GRUB
332:.org
330:.gnu
294:Type
274:and
268:MIPS
172:.git
166:.org
164:.gnu
98:1995
91:1995
27:and
21:Pupa
2900:GMP
2895:GSL
2845:GDB
2835:GCC
2790:GNU
2536:on
1524:TiB
1354:at
1288:on
1276:on
1246:or
1194:ZFS
1164:x86
1078:GNU
1054:):
869:x64
743:LBA
671:LVM
669:or
667:GPT
663:KiB
578:or
565:RAM
487:GPT
467:MBR
429:to
371:'s
328:www
256:ARM
221:, (
219:BSD
160:git
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1944:^
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