Gadabuursi - Knowledge

1835:"And we continued our journey northwards along the northern edge of the Bur'Maado and Simodi ranges to Aliman. We found all this country thickly inhabited by the Gadabursi, and here alone, in Northern Somaliland, we had the companionship for days together of a running stream. No part of Somaliland that I have visited is more beautiful than this tract of country, watered by an almost perennial stream, now lined with great trees festooned with the armo creeper, now with the high green elephant grass or luxuriant jungles, and guarded by woody and rocky mountains on the left hand and on the right. Between the Tug or Wady and these hills the, country had a park-like appearance, with its open glades and grassy plains. But the new and varied vegetation of Africa was not the only object delightful to the eye: countless varieties of birds, hawks, buzzards, Batteleur and larger eagles, vultures, dobie birds, golden orioles, parrots, paroquets, the exquisite Somali starlings, doves of all sorts and sizes, small and great honey-birds, hoopoes, jays, green pigeons, great flocks of Guinea fowl, partridges, sand grouse, were ever to be seen on every hand, and, while the bush teemed with Waller's gazelle and dik-diks, the plains with Scemmerring's antelope, with a sprinkling of oryx, our road up the Tug was constantly crossed by the tracks of lions, elephants, leopards, the ubiquitous hyaena, and other wild beasts." 1854:"For six hours we rode the breadth of the Harawwah Valley: it was covered with wild vegetation, and surface-drains, that carry off the surplus of the hills enclosing it. In some places the torrent beds had cut twenty feet into the soil. The banks were fringed with milk-bush and Asclepias, the Armo-creeper, a variety of thorns, and especially the yellow-berried Jujube: here numberless birds followed bright-winged butterflies, and the "Shaykhs of the Blind," as the people call the black fly, settled in swarms upon our hands and faces as we rode by. The higher ground was overgrown with a kind of cactus, which here becomes a tree, forming shady avenues. Its quadrangular fleshy branches of emerald green, sometimes forty feet high, support upon their summits large round bunches of a bright crimson berry: when the plantation is close, domes of extreme beauty appear scattered over the surface of the country... At Zayla I had been informed that elephants are "thick as sand" in Harawwah: even the Gudabirsi, when at a distance, declared that they fed there like sheep, and, after our failure, swore that they killed thirty but last year." 7866:

that I have visited is more beautiful than this tract of country, watered by an almost perennial stream, now lined with great trees festooned with the armo creeper, now with the high green elephant grass or luxuriant jungles, and guarded by woody and rocky mountains on the left hand and on the right. Between the Tug or Wady and these hills the, country had a park-like appearance, with its open glades and grassy plains. But the new and varied vegetation of Africa was not the only object delightful to the eye: countless varieties of birds, hawks, buzzards, Batteleur and larger eagles, vultures, dobie birds, golden orioles, parrots, paroquets, the exquisite Somali starlings, doves of all sorts and sizes, small and great honey-birds, hoopoes, jays, green pigeons, great flocks of Guinea fowl, partridges, sand grouse, were ever to be seen on every hand, and, while the bush teemed with Waller's gazelle and dik-diks, the plains with Scemmerring's antelope, with a sprinkling of oryx, our road up the Tug was constantly crossed by the tracks of lions, elephants, leopards, the ubiquitous hyaena, and other wild beasts.

1904:"The natives had told him that in the hill called Ailo about three days' march south-east from Zeila, there were remains of ancient cities, and substantially built houses... He hoped to be able to visit them. The whole country south-east of Zeila, inhabited by the Gadabursi tribe, had never yet been explored by a European. There was also in the hill Ailo a celebrated cave, which had been described to him as having a small entrance about three feet from the ground in the face of the limestone cliff. He had spoken to two or three men who had been inside it. They stated that they climbed up and entered with difficulty through the small opening; they then went down some steps and found themselves in an immense cave with a stream of water running through it, but pitch dark. A story was told of a Somali who once went into the cave and lost his way. In order to guide him out the people lighted fires outside, and he came out and told most extraordinary tales, stating that he found a race of men there who never left the cave, but had flocks and herds." 1158:"Starting immediately on the right bank of Wâdi Ashât, accompanying the narrow path through the Salsola bush 20-30 metre high hills at a distance of 5-6 km. The country shaft offers the appearance of a wavy, artificially created terrain covered with tall grass. Individuals come against the caravan path; others are lined up in groups and close due to the location. Here and there small cauldrons form which will soon come against the caravan route, heading west or east. They have been lurking in this area since ancient times, the Somâl terrain so suitable for raids, armed with lances, shield and knife, mostly on horseback, rarely on foot, and weaker caravans have to fight their way through force by force. The plunderers who have their headquarters here belong to the Gadaburssi tribe. There are also robbers from all the neighbouring areas. The attacks on the caravans are carried out on horseback, and the natives, on their nimble steeds, take such an excellent cover that they bring honour to every European rider." 1130:"Two routes, often blocked by the inroads of plundering hordes, lead from Harrar to Zeila. One crosses a ridge to the north of the town, thence redescending into the basin of the Awash by the Galdessa Pass and valley, and from this point running towards the sea through Issa territory, which is crossed by a chain of trachytic rocks trending southwards. The other and more direct but more rugged route ascends north-eastwards towards the Darmi Pass, crossing the country of the Gadibursis or Gudabursis. The town of Zeila lies south of a small archipelago of islets and reefs on the point of the coast where it is hemmed in by the Gadibursi tribe. It has two ports, one frequented by boats but impracticable for ships, whilst the other, not far south of the town, although very narrow, is from 26 to 33 feet deep, and affords safe shelter to large craft." 7887:

Armo-creeper, a variety of thorns, and especially the yellow-berried Jujube: here numberless birds followed bright-winged butterflies, and the "Shaykhs of the Blind," as the people call the black fly, settled in swarms upon our hands and faces as we rode by. The higher ground was overgrown with a kind of cactus, which here becomes a tree, forming shady avenues. Its quadrangular fleshy branches of emerald green, sometimes forty feet high, support upon their summits large round bunches of a bright crimson berry: when the plantation is close, domes of extreme beauty appear scattered over the surface of the country... At Zayla I had been informed that elephants are "thick as sand" in Harawwah: even the Gudabirsi, when at a distance, declared that they fed there like sheep, and, after our failure, swore that they killed thirty but last year.

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explored by a European. There was also in the hill Ailo a celebrated cave, which had been described to him as having a small entrance about three feet from the ground in the face of the limestone cliff. He had spoken to two or three men who had been inside it. They stated that they climbed up and entered with difficulty through the small opening; they then went down some steps and found themselves in an immense cave with a stream of water running through it, but pitch dark. A story was told of a Somali who once went into the cave and lost his way. In order to guide him out the people lighted fires outside, and he came out and told most extraordinary tales, stating that he found a race of men there who never left the cave, but had flocks and herds.

1114:"In the 19th century the jurisdiction of the Amirs was limited to Harar and its close environs, while the whole trade routes to the coast passed through Oromo and the Somali territories. There were only two practicable routes: one was the Jaldeissa, through Somali Issa and Nole Oromo territories, the other of Darmy through the Gadaboursi. The Somali, who held a monopoly as transporters, took full advantage of the prevailing conditions and the merchants were the victim of all forms of abuse and extortion... Under the supervision of these agents the caravan would be entrusted to abbans (caravan protector), who usually belonged to the Issa or Gadaboursi when destined to the coast and to Jarso when destined for the interior." 7169:

path; others are lined up in groups and close due to the location. Here and there small cauldrons form which will soon come against the caravan route, heading west or east. They have been lurking in this area since ancient times, the Somâl terrain so suitable for raids, armed with lances, shield and knife, mostly on horseback, rarely on foot, and weaker caravans have to fight their way through force by force. The plunderers who have their headquarters here belong to the Gadaburssi tribe. There are also robbers from all the neighbouring areas. The attacks on the caravans are carried out on horseback, and the natives, on their nimble steeds, take such an excellent cover that they bring honour to every European rider.

1924:"Shortly after passing the bed of the large river, called Barregid we halted for half an hour at a place where there were several large hollows like dried-up lakes, but I was informed that the rain-water does not remain in them any time. Close by, on a piece of rising ground, was a small cemetery enclosed by a circular fence of cut bushes. Most conspicuous among the graves was that of Sharmãrké, Gãshân 'Ada (Sharmãrké of the White Shield), a celebrated elder of the Bah Habr Músa section of the Gadabúrsi, who died about 20 years ago. The grave was surrounded by slabs of beautiful lithographic limestone brought from Eilo, and covered with sea shells brought from the coast, distant at least 10 miles." 881: 897: 913: 2421: 977: 2448:"If any man intended aught of villainy against me, by God, how snug I made my forecourt for his bed-mat, none the less! And if, with aggression in his thoughts, He pastured his horses to get them battle-fit, How in spite of this I made him griddle-cakes of maize to eat! Amiably I conversed with him for whom my body felt revulsion. I did not hurry, I was patient in dealing with his tricks. I showed a relaxed and easy mien, My looks gave no grounds for suspicion in his mind. Lips open, words betraying nothing of deceit, smiles, Laughter on the surface, not rising from the gullet's depth. In our game of 2271:, the Khedive of Egypt, who honored him with medals and expensive gifts. The Ughaz there signed a treaty accepting Egyptian protection of Muslims in Somaliland and Ethiopia. According to I. M. Lewis, he was also gifted with firearms amongst other weapons. In 1884, two years after Britain took over Egypt, Britain also occupied Egyptian territories, especially the northern Somali coast. However Ughaz Nur II had little to do with the British, as long as they did not interfere with his rule, the customs of his people, and their trade routes. Ughaz Nur II had established strong relations with the Emir of 532: 1028:. Not only did the Gadabuursi clan contribute to the Adal Wars and the Conquest of Abyssinia, but their predecessors were also fighting wars well before the establishment of the Adal Sultanate. His descendants praise and sing his hymns and make their pilgrimages to his local shrine at Tukali to commemorate their ancestor. The largest portion of the Gadabuursi reside in Ethiopia. According to traditional Gadabuursi history, a great battle took place between the Gadabuursi and the Galla in the 14th century at Waraf, a location near Hardo Galle in Ethiopia. According to 4882:

by a chain of trachytic rocks trending southwards. The other and more direct but more rugged route ascends north-eastwards towards the Darmi Pass, crossing the country of the Gadibursis or Gudabursis. The town of Zeila lies south of a small archipelago of islets and reefs on a point of the coast where it is hemmed in by the Gadibursi tribe. It has two ports, one frequented by boats but impracticable for ships, whilst the other, not far south of the town, although very narrow, is from 26 to 33 feet deep, and affords safe shelter to large craft.

2592:, with the end of which he covered his head, forming a hood. Over this he wore a cloak of black cloth lined with crimson silk, probably a present from the Emperor of Abyssinia. In his hand he carried a simple staff instead of the regulation shield and spear. His fighting days were over, and he now relied upon his stalwart sons to protect him on his journeys. As he shook hands with us he smiled pleasantly. His manner was composed and dignified, evidently inherited from his ancestors, who were rulers in the country for many generations." 8531:, with the end of which he covered his head, forming a hood. Over this he wore a cloak of black cloth lined with crimson silk, probably a present from the Emperor of Abyssinia. In his hand he carried a simple staff instead of the regulation shield and spear. His fighting days were over, and he now relied upon his stalwart sons to protect him on his journeys. As he shook hands with us he smiled pleasantly. His manner was composed and dignified, evidently inherited from his ancestors, who were rulers in the country for many generations. 2760: 2433:"Oh God! How often have I made a man hostile to me sleep in the front part of the house. How often have I allowed a man against whom my flesh turned to continue speaking. I am not hasty in dispute, how often have I shown forbearance. How often have I given a second helping of honey to the man who only waited to hurt me. When I turn the sewing machine and scatter the seeds of treachery (or trickery). The trap which I have prepared for him (my enemy) when he sets his chest on top of it. How often have I caught him unawares." 2768: 2600:, he was crowned the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi after his father's (Ughaz Nur II) death. His position as Ughaz proved to be quite controversial amongst the Gadabuursi due to his close relationship with the Ethiopian ruling dynasty. He would go on to receive payments, gifts and weapons from the British, the French and the Abyssinians who were all vying for the region. He eventually fell out of favor with the British and became close allies with Menelik II who officially recognized him as the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi. 2926:"The pastoral Somali have few large ceremonies and little ritual. For its interest, therefore I reproduce here a summary of a very full account of the traditional Gadabuursi installation ceremony given me by Sheikh 'Abdarahmaan Sheikh Nuur, the present Government Kadi of Borama. Clansmen gather for the ceremony in a well-wooded and watered place. There is singing and dancing, then stock are slaughtered for feasting and sacrifice. The stars are carefully watched to determine a propitious time, and then future 107: 2648:

personal relations with those in the Ethiopian royal family to whom he was also related by virtue of marriage. Ughaz Roble II was considered a very controversial figure and was the first Gadabuursi Ughaz to have been deposed by his own people. The deposition from position of Ughaz caused a huge stir amongst the Gadabuursi. Ughaz Roble II was known to love hunting, archery, horse riding and he inherited a rifle that was given as a gift to his father Ughaz Nur II by the Khedive of

2588:"This old man was Ugaz Nur, King or Sultan of the Gadabursi. He had several other names which I do not remember now... Ugaz Nur was about seventy five years old. Although stiffened by age, he was tall, straight and well built. Even the weight of his many years could not alter the chief's graceful figure... His dress was simple and lacked the usual Oriental splendour. Many of his subjects were attired much more gaily, but none looked more distinguished. He wore a crinkly white 9483: 1813:"From the seaside of Bulahar, to the corner of the Almis mountain, and Harawe of the pools, Hargeisa of the Gob trees, My horse reaches all that in one afternoon, Is it not like a scuddling cloud? From its pen, a huge roar is heard, Is it not like a lion leading a pride? In the open plains It makes the camels kneel down, Is it not like an expert camel-rustler? Its mane and tail has white tufts on the top, Is it not as beautiful as a galool tree abloom?" 2748:, signed a document called 'Petition for Amalgamation from the Jigjiga area, with the other Somali territories.' This document was primarily signed in order to petition the Four Power Commission of Investigation for the Former Italian Colonies (1948) to end Ethiopian occupation of Somali territories, return all Somali territories held by the Ethiopians and unify the territories under a United Somaliland. It was soon after this that he died in 1949. 98: 772:"Though almost in sight of Harar, our advance was impeded by the African traveller's bane. The Gudabursi tribe was at enmity with the Girhi, and, in such cases, the custom is for your friends to detain you and for their enemies to bar your progress. Shermarkay had given me a letter to the Gerad Adan, chief of the Girhi; a family feud between him and his brother-in-law, our Gudabursi protector, rendered the latter chary of commiting himself." 93: 1508: 1068: 1952:“Zeila, Berbera, and Bulhar remain in English hands, as well as the Bay of Samawanak, along the Gadiboursi coast, between Zeila and Bulhar, the place where the last French consular agent in Zeila, M. Henry, had planted the tricolor, the Gadiboursi tribe themselves having requested our protection, which is always enjoyed. All these stories of annexation or protection have been stirring up the minds along this coast these last two years.” 1522: 88: 1494: 7113:

other of Darmy through the Gadaboursi. The Somali, who held a monopoly as transporters, took full advantage of the prevailing conditions and the merchants were the victim of all forms of abuse and extortion... Under the supervision of these agents the caravan would be entrusted to abbans (caravan protector), who usually belonged to the Issa or Gadaboursi when destined to the coast and to Jarso when destined for the interior.

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enclosed by a circular fence of cut bushes. Most conspicuous among the graves was that of Sharmãrké, Gãshân 'Ada (Sharmãrké of the White Shield), a celebrated elder of the Bah Habr Músa section of the Gadabúrsi, who died about 20 years ago. The grave was surrounded by slabs of beautiful lithographic limestone brought from Eilo, and covered with sea shells brought from the coast, distant at least 10 miles.

2044:"These campaigns were clearly against the Christian Abyssinians, but it appears from the chronicle that the Gadabursi were also fighting the Galla. A later leader of the clan, Ugas 'Ali Makahil, who was born in 1575 at Dobo, north of the present town of Borama in the west of the British Protectorate, is recorded as having inflicted a heavy defeat on Galla forces at Nabadid, a village in the Protectorate." 1017:"These campaigns were clearly against the Christian Abyssinians, but it appears from the chronicle that the Gadabursi were also fighting the Galla. A later leader of the clan, Ugas 'Ali Makahil, who was born in 1575 at Dobo, north of the present town of Borama in the west of the British Protectorate, is recorded as having inflicted a heavy defeat on Galla forces at Nabadid, a village in the Protectorate." 1005:"Further light on the Dir advance and Galla withdrawal seems to be afforded by an Arabic manuscript describing the history of the Gadabursi clan. This chronicle opens with an account of the wars of Imam 'Ali Si'id (d. 1392), from whom the Gadabursi today trace their descent and who is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the Western flank in the armies of Sa'd ad-Din (d. 1415), ruler of Zeila." 496:"Further light on the Dir advance and Galla withdrawal seems to be afforded by an Arabic manuscript describing the history of the Gadabursi clan. This chronicle opens with an account of the wars of Imam 'Ali Si'id (d. 1392), from whom the Gadabursi today trace their descent and who is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the Western flank in the armies of Sa'd ad-Din (d. 1415), ruler of Zeila." 2911: 1146:"The road via Tokosha, Hambôs and Abusuên was completely waterless at this time and therefore unusable. There was a general fear, rightly so, of the Danâkil, so much that the escort of a caravan couldn't have been persuaded to take this path. Danger also existed for the route we chose via Wárabot and Henssa, made unsafe by the Gadaburssi raiders, but is the one relatively more frequently committed." 4855:

service activities; second, Tokhoshi, an artisanal salt mining area eight kilometres west of Zeila, where a mixture of clan and state institutions provide security and two large ethnic groups (Ciise and Gadabuursi/Samaron) live alongside one another; third the southern rural areas, which are almost universally inhabited by the Ciise clan, with its long, rigid culture of self-rule.

2254:"By the end of 1885 Britain was preparing to resist an expected French landing at Zeila. Instead, however, of a decision by force, both sides now agreed to negotiate. The result was an Anglo-French agreement of 1888 which defined the boundaries of the two protectorates as between Zeila and Jibuti: four years later the latter port became the official capital of the French colony." 1166:"We crossed, in the slowly rising terrain, the Wâdi Aschât, approximately 20m wide, a fairly deep cut trickle, which approached us in terrible sunshine from a southwesterly direction through the Salsola bushes adorned with a small hilly landscape. We already in Zeila were warned about this infamous site, from legend it is said, is soaked with the blood of the caravans." 594:"Awdal in western Somaliland is situated between Djibouti, Ethiopia and the Issaq-populated mainland of Somaliland. It is primarily inhabited by the three sub-clans of the Gadabursi clan, whose traditional institutions survived the colonial period, Somali statehood and the war in good shape, remaining functionally intact and highly relevant to public security." 1968: 745:"On 5th September we descended into the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabursi country, and back on to the high ban again at Sarír, four days later. We then marched along the base of the Harar Highlands, reaching Sala Asseleh on 13th September. We had experienced heavy thunder-storms with deluges of rain daily, and had found the whole country deserted." 1892:"At half past three reloading we followed the course of the Abbaso Valley, the most beautiful spot we had yet seen. The presence of mankind, however, was denoted by the cut branches of thorn encumbering the bed: we remarked too, the tracks of lions pursued by hunters, and the frequent streaks of serpents, sometimes five inches in diameter." 2564:"This poem is an example of the improvisational art of the Somâl, Somâl girls were singing in the interior of the Gadaburssi country when it became known that Ugâs Nûr Roble, the old prince of the land, was imprisoned in Zeila and a great statesman of the tribe, Elmi Worfa appointed Ugâs of the Gadaburssi-Somâl by the British government." 757:"The position of the Samawé ruins would favour a supposition that some power holding Harar, and having its northern boundary along the hills which wall in the southern side of the Harrawa valley, had built the fort to command the Gáwa Pass, which is one of the great routes from the Gadabursi country up on to the Marar Prairie." 2368:"The Abyssinians from Harar are encroaching more and more upon the Gadabursi country, as I anticipated would be the result of their unopposed occupation of Biyo Kaboba. I fear that they will make a permanent settlement in the Harrawa Valley from whence the encroachments and exactions will extend further into the Protectorate." 2776: 2674:. However the traditional successor of Ughaz Nur II, Ughaz Robleh II, remained the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi in Ethiopia. Ughaz 'Elmi was a member of the delegation that had accompanied Ughaz Nur II to Egypt in the late 1870s and also was one of the Gadabuursi elders who signed the treaty with the British at 5879:

Awdal in western Somaliland is situated between Djibouti, Ethiopia and the Issaq-populated mainland of Somaliland. It is primarily inhabited by the three sub-clans of the Gadabursi clan, whose traditional institutions survived the colonial period, Somali statehood and the war in good shape, remaining

5734:

5511:

Further light on the Dir advance and Galla withdrawal seems to be afforded by an Arabic manuscript describing the history of the Gadabursi clan. This chronicle opens with an account of the wars of Imam 'Ali Si'id (d. 1392), from whom the Gadabursi today trace their descent and who is described as the

4881:

Two routes, often blocked by the inroads of plundering hordes, lead from Harrar to Zeila. One crosses a ridge to the north of the town, thence redescending into the basin of the Awash by the Galdessa Pass and valley, and from this point running towards the sea through Issa territory, which is crossed

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at the turn of the 20th century, but they ended up signing an agreement with them. Later, as disagreements between the two parties arose and intensified, the British installed a friendly Ugaas against the recognized traditional Ugaas in hopes of overthrowing him. This would eventually bring about the

2681:

Ughaz 'Elmi's usurpation of the traditional Gadabuursi line of succession provoked other sub-clans and caused a lot of controversy. Many sub-clans, especially the rer Yunus or the Yunus branch felt it was their turn to vie for the Ughaz-ship. This sparked a conflict which was also conducted in poetic

2194:

Art. 4 – Regulations for the administration of the country will be elaborated later by the French government. In agreement with the Ougasse of the Gada-boursis they will always be revisable at the will of the French government, a French resident may be established on the territory of the Gada-boursis

7865:

And we continued our journey northwards along the northern edge of the Bur'Maado and Simodi ranges to Aliman. We found all this country thickly inhabited by the Gadabursi, and here alone, in Northern Somaliland, we had the companionship for days together of a running stream. No part of Somaliland

7238:

On the east bank of the Dega-hardani are the remains of a fortress built by the Egyptians during their occupation of this country, of which I shall have more to say. The object of this wayside fort was to protect their trade from the plundering Gadabursi tribe, whose country at this place approaches

7133:

The road via Tokosha, Hambôs and Abusuên was completely waterless at this time and therefore unusable. There was a general fear, rightly so, of the Danâkil, so much that the escort of a caravan couldn't have been persuaded to take this path. Danger also existed for the route we chose via Wárabot and

7112:

In the 19th century the jurisdiction of the Amirs was limited to Harar and its close environs, while the whole trade routes to the coast passed through Oromo and the Somali territories. There were only two practicable routes: one was the Jaldeissa, through Somali Issa and Nole Oromo territories, the

6938:

These campaigns were clearly against the Christian Abyssinians, but it appears from the chronicle that the Gadabursi were also fighting the Galla. A later leader of the clan, Ugas 'Ali Makahil, who was born in 1575 at Dobo, north of the present town of Borama in the west of the British Protectorate,

6643:

Though almost in sight of Harar, our advance was impeded by the African traveller's bane. The Gudabursi tribe was at enmity with the Girhi, and, in such cases, the custom is for your friends to detain you and for their enemies to bar your progress. Shermarkay had given me a letter to the Gerad Adan,

2669:

In the late 1890s, the British appointed 'Elmi Warfa Ughaz of all the Gadabuursi in the British Protectorate. Ughaz 'Elmi thus supplanted the traditional line of Ughaz Nur II and his successor, Ughaz Roble II, who had fallen out of favor with the British. Ughaz 'Elmi's authority was recognized in an

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who selects one and drinks a little from it. If he drinks the camels' milk, camels will be blessed and prosper, if he drinks, the goats' milk, goats will prosper, and so on. After this, a large four-year-old ram is slaughtered in front of him. His hair is cut by a man of the Gadabuursi and he casts

7948:

The natives had told him that in the hill called Ailo about three days' march south-east from Zeila, there were remains of ancient cities, and substantially built houses... He hoped to be able to visit them. The whole country south-east of Zeila, inhabited by the Gadabursi tribe, had never yet been

6581:

The position of the Samawé ruins would favour a supposition that some power holding Harar, and having its northern boundary along the hills which wall in the southern side of the Harrawa valley, had built the fort to command the Gáwa Pass, which is one of the great routes from the Gadabursi country

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UN (1999) Somaliland: Update to SML26165.E of 14 February 1997 on the situation in Zeila, including who is controlling it, whether there is fighting in the area, and whether refugees are returning. "Gadabuursi clan dominates Awdal region. As a result, regional politics in Awdal is almost synonymous

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I would make this move and that, And say, "This seems to be the one that's more to my advantage." I offered banter and engaged in well-turned talk, All the while setting a trap for him, Ready for the day when he would show his real intentions. I would flood him with deceit, while I arranged my plan

2389:

As for the Gadabursi, they are always molesting and looting the travellers who come to Harrar. This we do not hide from you. The doings of this tribe are much injurious and troublesome to all the people as they loot the travellers without cause. As regards what you wrote appertaining to an intended

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when the Gadabuursi signed their treaty with the British in December 1884. The British suspected that this treaty was designed by the Consular Agent of France and Dependencies at Harrar-Zeila to circumvent British jurisdiction over the Gadabuursi country and allow France to lay claim to sections of

8749:

The pastoral Somali have few large ceremonies and little ritual. For its interest, therefore I reproduce here a summary of a very full account of the traditional Gadabuursi installation ceremony given me by Sheikh 'Abdarahmaan Sheikh Nuur, the present Government Kadi of Borama. Clansmen gather for

7501:

To my Beloved: "Ancient song of the Zeilans (Ahl Zeila), a mixture of Arabs, Somâli, Abyssinians and Negroes, which Major J. S. King dictated to a hundred-year-old man in 1886. The song was incomprehensible to the Somâl. It is undoubtedly written by a Gadaburssi and addressed to a girl of the same

7203:

We crossed, in the slowly rising terrain, the Wâdi Aschât, approximately 20m wide, a fairly deep cut trickle, which approached us in terrible sunshine from a southwesterly direction through the Salsola bushes adorned with a small hilly landscape. We already in Zeila were warned about this infamous

6539:

In front, backed by the dark hills of Harar, lay the Harawwah valley. The breadth is about fifteen miles: it runs from south-west to north-east, between the Highlands of the Girhi and the rolling ground of the Gudabirsi Somal, as far, it is said, as the Dankali country. Of old this luxuriant waste

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agreements, and to decide which legislation they wished to retain from the reign of the previous Ugaas. The compensation rates for delicts committed within the clan were revised if necessary, and a corpus of Gadabuursi law, as it were, was placed on the statutes for the duration of the new Ugaas's

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is given a new house with entirely new effects and furnishings and a bride is sought for him. She must be of good family, and the child of a woman who has had only one husband. Her bride-wealth is paid by all the Gadabuursi collectively, as they thus ensure for themselves successors to the title.

8387:

From - RAS MAKUNAN, Amir of Harrar and its Dependencies, To COLONEL E. V. STACE, Political Agent and Consul, Somali Coast... As for the Gadabursi, they are always molesting and looting the travellers who come to Harrar. This we do not hide from you. The doings of this tribe are much injurious and

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By the end of 1885 Britain was preparing to resist an expected French landing at Zeila. Instead, however, of a decision by force, both sides now agreed to negotiate. The result was an Anglo-French agreement of 1888 which defined the boundaries of the two protectorates as between Zeila and Jibuti:

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Starting immediately on the right bank of Wâdi Ashât, accompanying the narrow path through the Salsola bush 20-30 metre high hills at a distance of 5-6 km. The country shaft offers the appearance of a wavy, artificially created terrain covered with tall grass. Individuals come against the caravan

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On 5th September we descended into the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabursi country, and back on to the high ban again at Sarír, four days later. We then marched along the base of the Harar Highlands, reaching Sala Asseleh on 13th September. We had experienced heavy thunder-storms with deluges of rain

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The Arab Bureau, which was a collection of British intelligence officers headquartered in Cairo and charged with the task of coordinating imperial intelligence activities, recorded this event in the Arab Bureau Summaries Volumes 1–114 (1986), where it also mentioned that the British deposed Ughaz

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Art. 3 The French government will have the option of establishing customs in the posts open to trade, and on the points of the borders of the territory of the Gada-boursis where it deems it necessary. Customs tariffs will be set by the French government, and the revenues will be applied to public

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This old man was Ugaz Nur, King or Sultan of the Gadabursi. He had several other names which I do not remember now... Ugaz Nur was about seventy five years old. Although stiffened by age, he was tall, straight and well built. Even the weight of his many years could not alter the chief's graceful

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Zeila, Berbera, and Bulhar remain in English hands, as well as the Bay of Samawanak, along the Gadiboursi coast, between Zeila and Bulhar, the place where the last French consular agent in Zeila, M. Henry, had planted the tricolor, the Gadiboursi tribe themselves having requested our protection,

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Shortly after passing the bed of the large river, called Barregid we halted for half an hour at a place where there were several large hollows like dried-up lakes, but I was informed that the rain-water does not remain in them any time. Close by, on a piece of rising ground, was a small cemetery

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Art. 5 – The troops and the police of the country will be raised among the natives, and will be placed under the superior command of an officer designated by the French government. Arms and ammunition for the native troops may be provided by the French government and their balance taken from the

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I. M. Lewis gives an invaluable reference to an Arabic manuscript on the history of the Gadabuursi Somali. 'This Chronicle opens', Lewis tells us, 'with an account of the wars of Imam 'Ali Si'id (d. 1392) from whom the Gadabuursi today trace their descent, and who is described as the only Muslim

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The Abyssinians from Harar are encroaching more and more upon the Gadabursi country, as I anticipated would be the result of their unopposed occupation of Biyo Kaboba. I fear that they will make a permanent settlement in the Harrawa Valley from whence the encroachments and exactions will extend

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At half past three reloading we followed the course of the Abbaso Valley, the most beautiful spot we had yet seen. The presence of mankind, however, was denoted by the cut branches of thorn encumbering the bed: we remarked too, the tracks of lions pursued by hunters, and the frequent streaks of

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Three distinct circles can be distinguished based on the way the security arena is composed in and around Zeila: first, Zeila town, the administrative centre, which is home to many government institutions and where the mostly ethnic Gadabuursi/Samaron inhabitants engage in trading or government

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King at that time whose name was Nuuno which struck a blow to the Galla's morale, due to their much loved King being killed. He was defeated by Geedi Bahdoon, also known as Geedi Malable. He struck a spear right through the King while he was in front of a tree, the spear pierced inside the tree

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then mounts his best horse and rides to a well called Bugay, near Geris, towards the coast. The well contains deliciously fresh water. Above the well are white pebbles and on these he sits. He is washed by a brother or other close kinsman as he sits on top of the stones. Then he returns to the

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by Abyssinian soldiers and was given immunity along with some of the other prominent leaders in the region. This event marked a turning point in the relations between the Somalis and the ruling Abyssinians in the region. Ughaz Roble II was given special immunity because of his high profile and

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run through Gadabuursi clan territory, but the Gadabuursi at the time were partly cultivating and so easier to control and tax. Yet for this very reason, after the 1897 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, Ughaz Nur II, a far-sighted man, did everything in his power to prevent his people cultivating, for he

2177:"Between the undersigned J. Henry, Consular Agent of France and Dependencies at Harrar-Zeilah, and Nour Roblé, Ougasse of the Gada-boursis, independent sovereign of the whole country of the Gada-boursis, and to safeguard the interests of the latter who is asking for the protectorate of France, 9163:

Abdirahman Aw Ali (Gadabursi) selected to serve as Vice President January–May 1993. p. 9 DEVELOPMENTAL LEADERSHIP PROGRAM Policy and Practice for Developmental Leaders, Elites and Coalitions Political Settlements and State Formation: The Case of Somaliland Sarah Phillips, University of Sydney

1877:"Beyond it stretched the Wady Harawwah, a long gloomy hollow in the general level. The background was a bold sweep of blue hill, the second gradient of the Harar line, and on its summit closing the western horizon lay a golden streak—the Marar Prairie. Already I felt at the end of my journey." 7886:

For six hours we rode the breadth of the Harawwah Valley: it was covered with wild vegetation, and surface-drains, that carry off the surplus of the hills enclosing it. In some places the torrent beds had cut twenty feet into the soil. The banks were fringed with milk-bush and Asclepias, the

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UN (1999) Somaliland: Update to SML26165.E of 14 February 1997 on the situation in Zeila, including who is controlling it, whether there is fighting in the area, and whether refugees are returning. "The Gadabuursi clan dominates Awdal region. As a result, regional politics in Awdal is almost

1582:: Ancient song of the Zeilans (Ahl Zeila), a mixture of Arabs, Somâli, Abyssinians and Negroes, which Major J. S. King dictated to a hundred-year-old man in 1886. The song was incomprehensible to the Somâl. It is undoubtedly written by a Gadaburssi and addressed to a girl of the same tribe." 8483:

This poem is an example of the improvisational art of the Somâl, Somâl girls were singing in the interior of the Gadaburssi country when it became known that Ugâs Nûr Roble, the old prince of the land, imprisoned in Zeila and a great statesman of the tribe Elmi Worfa appointed Ugâs of the

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makes a speech in which he blesses his people and asks God to grant peace, abundant milk, and rain—all symbols of peace and prosperity (nabad iyo 'aano). If rain falls after this, people will know that his reign will be prosperous. That the ceremony is customarily performed during the

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Beyond it stretched the Wady Harawwah, a long gloomy hollow in the general level. The background was a bold sweep of blue hill, the second gradient of the Harar line, and on its summit closing the western horizon lay a golden streak--the Marar Prairie. Already I felt at the end of my

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troublesome to all the people as they loot the travellers without cause. As regards what you wrote appertaining to an intended attack by some of our soldiers against them (Gadabursi), we are not aware of it because we were absent. Before taking such steps, we would consult you.

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The Gadabuursi are divided into two main divisions, the Habar Makadur and Habar 'Affan. Most Gadabuursi members are descendants of Sheikh Samaroon. However, Samaroon does not necessarily mean Gadabuursi, but rather represents only a sub-clan of the Gadabuursi clan family.

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acclamation must be a man rich in livestock, with four wives, and many sons. Men of the Mahad Muuse lineage then brings four vessels of milk. One contains camels' milk, one cows' milk, one sheeps' milk, and the last goats' milk. These are offered to the

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The extreme north-western angle of the Marar Prairie is marked by a hill called Sarir Gerad, and from its base the ground falls abruptly to the north into the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabursi country, and to the west into deep gorges which lead towards

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in the late 1940s. Before he became Ughaz, he was appointed Dejazmach (Commander of the Gate) by the Ethiopian authorities. He was a source of constant problems for the British Protectorate and was accused of conspiring with Italian forces during

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and the issue of a woman who has been only married once. She should not be a woman who has been divorced or a widow. Early on a Monday morning a man of the Reer Nuur (the laandeer of the Gadabuursi) plucks a flower or leaf and throws it upon the

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1738:. Known to have pillaged and raided many Issa settlements. The poet and warrior is a legend in Somali history and was highly renowned for his bravery and gained fame not only through anti-colonialism and Islamic devotion but also clan rivalries. 2183:

Art. 1st – The territories belonging to Ougasse Nour-Roblé of the Gada-boursis from "Arawa" to "Hélo" from "Hélô" to Lebah-lé", from "Lebah-lé" to "Coulongarèta" extreme limit by Zeilah, are placed directly under the protection of France.

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On 25 March 1885, the French government claimed that they signed a treaty with Ughaz Nur II of the Gadabuursi placing much of the coast and interior of the Gadabuursi country under the protectorate of France. The treaty titled in French,

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section of the Gadabuursi. Modern sung Somali Poetry was introduced in the Heello genre which is a form of Somali sung poetry. The Balwo name changed to Heello because of religious reasons. The earliest composers began their songs with

1682:, who rose to fame in the early 1940s. Abdi's innovation and passion for music revolutionized Somali music forever. Its lyrical contents often deal with love, affection and passion. The Balwo genre was a forerunner to the Heello genre. 2173:, was signed by both J. Henry, the Consular Agent of France and Dependencies at Harar-Zeila, and Nur Robleh, Ughaz of the Gadabuursi, at Zeila on 9 Djemmad 1302 (March 25, 1885). The treaty states as follows (translated from French): 2067:

King after Aale Boore during the reign of Ughaz Roble I who was crowned in 1817. It is said that during his reign the Gadabuursi tribe reached great influence and tremendous height in the region, having managed to defeat the reigning

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Art. 8 – A monthly allowance will be paid to the Ougasse of the Gada-boursis by the French government, this allowance will be fixed later, by a special convention, after the ratification of this treaty by the French government.

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Awdal region , populated by Dir clans : the Gadabursi and ` Cisa , is credited as being the most stable region in Somaliland . This is mainly due to peacekeeping efforts on the part of the Gadabursi clan who dominate this

2901:"Here, probably to commemorate the westward progress of the tribe, the Gudabirsi Ugaz or chief has the white canvass turban bound about his brows, and hence rides forth to witness the equestrian games in the Harawwah Valley." 1916:, passed by the famous tomb of 'Sharmarke of the White Shield', a famous Gadabuursi leader, poet, elder and grandfather of the current Sultan of the Bahabar Musa, Abshir Du'ale who was inaugurated in 2011 in the town of 694:"The Gadabursi, who dominate the adjacent Awbare district north of Jijiga and bordering with the Awdal Region of Somaliland, have opened the already existing camps of Derwanache and Teferi Ber to these two communities." 8881: 8718:

Here, probably to commemorate the westward progress of the tribe, the Gudabirsi Ugaz or chief has the white canvass turban bound about his brows, and hence rides forth to witness the equestrian games in the Harawwah

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Cabrera, Vicente M.; Abu-Amero, Khaled K.; Larruga, José M.; González, Ana M. (2010). "The Arabian peninsula: Gate for Human Migrations Out of Africa or Cul-de-Sac? A Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeographic Perspective".

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the ceremony in a well-wooded and watered place. There is singing and dancing, then stock are slaughtered for feasting and sacrifice. The stars are carefully watched to determine a propitious time, and then future

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Art. 6 – The Ougasse of the Gada-boursis, to recognize the good practices of France towards it, undertakes to protect the caravan routes and mainly to protect French trade, throughout the extent of its territory.

2467:. This poem became very popular when the Gadabuursi heard that the British intended to supplant the traditional line of Ughaz Nur II towards the end of his life and appoint a more favourable Ughaz, 'Elmi Warfa: 1055:"Among the Somali tribes there was another called Habr Maqdi, from which the imam had demanded the alms tax. They refused to pay it, resorting to banditry on the roads, and acting evilly towards the country." 2763:

Ughaz Nur at an old age of around 75 years. Major Leckie states: Somewhat stiffened by age, He was tall, straight, and well built. Even the weight of his many years could not alter the King's graceful figure

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Among the Somali tribes there was another called Habr Maqdi, from which the imam had demanded the alms tax. They refused to pay it, resorting to banditry on the roads, and acting evilly towards the country.

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Main sub-clan(s) Habr Awal, Region(s): Waqooyi Galbeed, Main districts: Gabiley, Hargeisa, Berbera. Main sub-clan(s) Gadabursi, Region(s): Awdal, Main districts: Borama, Baki, part. Gabiley, Zeila, Lughaya.

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The Isaaq are concentrated primarily in the regions of Maroodi Jeex, Sanaag, Gabiley, Togdheer and Saaxil. The Gadabuursi inhabit the west, pre-dominantly in Awdal, the Zeila district of Salal and parts of

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belonged to the former tribe; about twelve years ago it was taken from them by the Gudabirsi, who carried off at the same time thirty cows, forty camels, and between three and four hundred sheep and goats.

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The Gadabursi, who dominate the adjacent Awbare district north of Jijiga and bordering with the Awdal Region of Somaliland, have opened the already existing camps of Derwanache and Teferi Ber to these two

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where he was imprisoned for 7 years. He was accompanied by his family in his forced exile. Ultimately he was released and when he returned to the British Protectorate he was immediately detained again on

2744:. Despite this, during the end of his life Ughaz Dodi refused to recognize Ethiopian rule and returned the Ethiopian delegation that was sent to him. In 1948, Ughaz Dodi along with Sultan Hassan of the 2092:. It has become the custom for Somalis after Ughaz Roble I that whenever an Ughaz gets inaugurated and it rains, he should be named Ughaz Roble, which translates to 'the one with rain' or 'rainmaker'. 698:

Filipo Ambrosio (1994) highlights how the Geri and Jarso both sought refuge on adjacent Gadabuursi clan territory after a series of conflicts broke out between the two communities in the early 1990s:

639:) resides... In present day Awdal, most of the prominent elders have their main venues in the capital city of the region, Booroma. However, the paramount chief of the Gadabuursi local community, the 9168: 2243:

the Somali coast. There was also suspicion that Ughaz Nur II had attempted to cause a diplomatic row between the British and French governments in order to consolidate his own power in the region.

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Among the Saho there is a sub-clan called the Gadafur. The Gadafur are an independent sub-clan affiliated with the Minifere tribes and are believed to be originally from the tribe of Gadabuursi.

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is traditionally recited on horseback during times of battle and war. Many of his most well known poems are still known today. He is also known to have battled the Somali religious leader named

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during his reign. He was known for fair dealing to friend and stranger alike. It is said that he was the first Gadabuursi Ughaz to introduce guards and askaris armed with arrows and bows.

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In present day Awdal, most of the prominent elders have their main venues in the capital city of the region, Booroma. However, the paramount chief of the Gadabuursi local community, the

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King and Chief, Aale Boore. Ughaz Nur I and Faaya Aale Boore gave birth to Ughaz Hiraab and Ughaz Shirdoon, who later became the 6th and 7th Ughaz respectively. Aale Boore was a famous

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however because of the negative connotation connected to the Balwo and the word meaning calamity in Arabic, the Balwo was changed to Heello and thus the first bars of songs began with

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In the centre of the study area are the Gadabursi, who extend from the coastal plains around Lughaye, through the Baki and Borama districts into the Ethiopian highlands west of Jijiga.

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figure... His dress was simple and lacked the usual Oriental splendour. Many of his subjects were attired much more gaily, but none looked more distinguished. He wore a crinkly white

1370:. They were the first prominent family to have three individuals who are directly related to each other as brothers serving as ambassadors for three different neighboring countries. 2867:

When a new Ughaz (Ugaas) was appointed amongst the Gadabuursi, a hundred elders, representatives of all the lineages of the clan, assembled to form a parliament to promulgate new

1044:. This was a military title meaning commander of the central body of a traditional Ethiopian armed force composed of a vanguard, main body, left and right wings and a rear body. 1343:

Sheikh Hassan Nuriye in turn was a descendant of Ughaz Roble I. He was a famous sheikh and merchant in Somaliland, Ethiopia and Djibouti. He was based mainly in Ethiopia around

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Dopo lo Stato. Storia e antropologia della ricomposizione sociale nella Somalia settentrionale: Storia e antropologia della ricomposizione sociale nella Somalia settentrionale

2401:, offered the Gadabuursi protection in exchange for collaboration. Ughaz Nur II refused and fought Ethiopian expansion until he died in 1898. Ughaz Nur II is buried in Dirri. 4032:, Somali Ethiopian Politician, previous Ethiopian ambassador to Djibouti, Kenya, Deputy Minister of Mining and Energy and first Vice Chairman and one of the founders of ESDL. 9204: 6006: 2213:

Art. 9 – This treaty was made voluntarily and signed by the Ougasse of the Gada-boursis, which undertakes to execute it faithfully and to adopt the French flag as its flag.

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in the year 1835 and crowned in Bagi in 1848. In his youth, he loved riding, hunting and the traditional arts and memorized a great number of proverbs, stories and poems.

2615:"Lij Yasu has, however, given a female relative of his in marriage to the late Agaz of the Gadabursi, who was recently deposed by us for his intrigues and misgovernment." 822:

based on the Ethiopian population census. The 2014 Summary and Statistical report of the Population and Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia has shown that

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Lij Yasu has, however, given a female relative of his in marriage to the late Agaz of the Gadabursi, who was recently deposed by us for his intrigues and misgovernment.

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I. M. Lewis (1959) highlights that the Gadabuursi were in conflict with the Galla during the reign of Ughaz Ali Makail Dera, during and after the campaigns against the

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came to power in Abyssinia he cemented a close relationship with Ughaz Roble II and gave him a close female relative from the Ethiopian royal household in marriage.

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Negatu, Workneh; Research, Addis Ababa University Institute of Development; Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison Land Tenure; Foundation, Ford (1 January 2004).

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Renders, Marleen; Terlinden, Ulf. "Chapter 9: Negotiating Statehood in a Hybrid Political Order: The Case of Somaliland". In Tobias Hagmann; Didier Péclard (eds.).

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Renders, Marleen; Terlinden, Ulf. "Chapter 9: Negotiating Statehood in a Hybrid Political Order: The Case of Somaliland". In Tobias Hagmann; Didier Péclard (eds.).

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Renders, Marleen; Terlinden, Ulf. "Chapter 9: Negotiating Statehood in a Hybrid Political Order: The Case of Somaliland". In Tobias Hagmann; Didier Péclard (eds.).

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Negatu, Workneh; Research, Addis Ababa University Institute of Development; Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison Land Tenure; Foundation, Ford (1 January 2004).

1831:

Alfred Pease (1897), who in the late 19th century visited the Gadabuursi country, describes it as the most beautiful tract of country he had visited in Somaliland:

5391: 9226: 6490: 5180: 5026: 621:, where they are the second largest Somali clan. Within Djibouti they have historically lived in 2 of the 7 major neighborhoods in Djibouti (Quarter 4 and 5). 8163: 7961: 6192:"When Pastoral Commons are privatised: Resource Deprivation and Changes in Land Tenure Systems among the Karrayu in the Upper Awash Valley Region of Ethiopia" 4316:"When Pastoral Commons are privatised: Resource Deprivation and Changes in Land Tenure Systems among the Karrayu in the Upper Awash Valley Region of Ethiopia" 2206:

Art. 7 – The Ougasse of the Gada-boursis undertakes not to make any treaty with any other power, without the assistance and consent of the French government.

6512:"Research-inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region: Water and livelihoods in a highland to lowland transect in eastern Ethiopia" 5051:"Research-inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region: Water and livelihoods in a highland to lowland transect in eastern Ethiopia" 2235:

The French claimed that the treaty with the Ughaz of the Gadabuursi gave them jurisdiction over the entirety of the Zeila coast and the Gadabuursi country.

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An HEA Baseline Study By SC‐UK, DPPB and Partners February 2002 Sponsored by USAID/OFDA and ECHO, with additional financial support from SC‐Canada and WFP

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According to I. M. Lewis, this treaty clearly influenced the demarcation of the boundaries between the two protectorates, establishing the coastal town of

1995:. During the late 19th century, as the region became subject to colonial rule, the Ughaz assumed a more traditional and ceremonial leadership of the clan. 9165: 6792:

The inhabitants of Shinile Zone are Somali peoples, most of who are from the Issa clan. Other Somali groups, Gurgura, and Gadabursi also occupy the Zone."

6840:"Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency Population of Ethiopia for All Regions At Wereda Level from 2014 p. 21 Somali region" 2187:

Art. 2 – The French government will have the option of opening one or more commercial ports on the coast belonging to the territory of the Gada-boursis.

2631:"The Prince (Lij Iyasu) was also negotiating for an alliance with the Gadabursi Somali... He had given one of his relatives to its Ex-Ughaz Robleh Nur." 2390:

attack by some of our soldiers against them (Gadabursi), we are not aware of it because we were absent. Before taking such steps, we would consult you."

8607:

The Prince (Lij Iyasu) was also negotiating for an alliance with the Gadabursi Somali... He had given one of his relatives to its Ex-Ughaz Robleh Nur.

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military leader and poet from the Western Somali regions, today within the borders of the Somali region of Ethiopia, known for his short lined poems (

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The Gadabuursi Reer Mahammad Nuur, for example, are said to have begun cultivating in 1911 at Jara Horoto to the east of the present town of Borama.

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district as being predominantly Gadabuursi whilst highlighting the neutral role that they played in mediating peace between the Geri and Jarso:

570:"The Gadabuursi clan dominates Awdal region. As a result, regional politics in Awdal is almost synonymous with Gadabuursi internal clan affairs." 3996:, sultan of Zeila, prosperous merchant and built first mosque in Djibouti. He also proposed the name "Cote francaise des Somalis" to the French. 1555:

The famous Austrian explorer and geographer, P. V. Paulitschke, mentioned that in 1886, the British General and Assistant Political Resident at

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chief of the Girhi; a family feud between him and his brother-in-law, our Gudabursi protector, rendered the latter chary of commiting himself.

2580:(white man), and therefore thought it better to send a messenger ahead to His Majesty and return with a confidential report on the situation." 8507:(white man), and therefore thought it better to send a messenger ahead to His Majesty and return with a confidential report on the situation. 7997:

which is always enjoyed. All these stories of annexation or protection have been stirring up the minds along this coast these last two years.

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However, the British attempted to deny this agreement between the French and the Gadabuursi citing that that Ughaz had a representative at

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Eventually, Ughaz Nur II created his own store of sayings, poems and stories that are quoted to this day. He knew by heart the Gadabuursi

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making it not able for the King to escape or remove the spear. After he died he was buried in an area that's now called Qabri Nuuno near

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was dominated by the Gadabuursi and Arab communities who were political allies and made up the majority of the inhabitants of the city of

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Rifles or other fire-arms are not included in the bride-wealth. Everything connected with the accession must be peaceful and propitious."

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Rifles or other fire-arms are not included in the bride-wealth. Everything connected with the accession must be peaceful and propitious.

2732:, within the British governor's jurisdiction. The Gadabuursi recognized him as their Ughaz in a grand meeting of Gadabuursi notables in 829:

The Gadabuursi of Ethiopia have also expressed a desire to combine the clan's traditional territories to form a new region-state called

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Aspetti dell'espressione artistica in Somalia: scrittura e letteratura, strumenti musicali, ornamenti della persona, intaglio del legno

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was the 13th in line of the Gadabuursi Ughazate. His other names were 'Ilmi-Dheere ('Elmi the Tall) and Kun 'Iil (A Thousand Sorrows).

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Report of Ethiopia's high level delegation visit on nutrition and food security to Brazil and WFP Center of Excellence to fight Hunger

6930: 5503: 4164: 2751: 2288: 2276: 1238:, a former sailor, pursued his political aspirations and managed to become the first Somali democratically elected head of state in 7326:

Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti

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I. M. Lewis (1959) also highlights that the Gadabuursi were in conflict with the Galla, during and after the campaigns against the

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From Absinthe to Abyssinia selected miscellaneous, obscure and previously untranslated works of Jean-Nicolas-Arthur Rimbaud (2002)

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A report for the BRIDGES Project The Role of Education in Livelihoods in the Somali Region of Ethiopia Elanor Jackson. June 2011

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Here is a summary of a very full account of the traditional Gadabuursi installation ceremony mentioned by I. M. Lewis (1999) in

1896:

In 1885, Frank Linsly James describes Captain Stewart King's visit to the famous Eilo Mountain in the Gadabuursi country in the

582:"The Gadabuursi's numerical predominance in Awdal virtually ensures that Gadabuursi interests drive the politics of the region." 10050: 8684: 2141:

using Islam as a bargaining chip signed a treaty with Ughaz Nur II and came to occupy the Northern Somali coast which included

635:"But most of the Gadabuursi inhabit the Somali Region of Ethiopia (the so-called region five) where their paramount chief (the 8777:. A man of Reer Yuunis puts a white turban round his head, and his old clothes are carried off by men of the Jibra'iin... The 6385:

But most of the Gadabuursi inhabit the Somali Region of Ethiopia (the so-called region five) where their paramount chief (the

5848:

The Gadabuursi's numerical predominance in Awdal virtually ensures that Gadabuursi interests drive the politics of the region.

2953:. A man of Reer Yuunis puts a white turban round his head, and his old clothes are carried off by men of the Jibra'iin... The 9042: 7989: 7827: 7749: 7722: 7587: 5758: 4847: 4707: 4653: 9430: 7478: 5535:. The Habar Makadur, underneath the page as a note by Richard Pankhurst. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 27. 1538:

Three Somali brothers were citizens of three different countries, working in sensitive posts for three different governments

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Underhill JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ (2004).

7962:"Account of a Trip to Mount Eilo: on the Northern Frontier of the Gadabursi Country - with a sketch map showing the routes" 7270: 6064: 3890: 3874: 3860: 8836: 8260: 8121: 8046: 6671: 2152: 504:

The Gadabuursi in particular, is one of the clans with a longstanding institution of Sultan. The Gadabuursi use the title

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Traité de protectorat de la France sur les territoires du pays des Gada-boursis, 9 Djemmad 1302 (March 25, 1885), Zeilah.

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Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure

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http://publications.dlprog.org/Political%20Settlements%20and%20State%20Formation%20-%20the%20Case%20of%20Somaliland.pdf

8600: 8547: 7641: 5570: 8882:"Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries" 7324: 6744: 6447: 5651: 5388: 4975: 4925: 4895: 10082: 9373: 9324: 8846: 8742: 8694: 8633: 8577: 8444: 8297: 8270: 8176: 8071: 7695: 7668: 7658: 7614: 7557: 7459: 7410: 7383: 7307: 7280: 7085: 7055: 6968: 6908: 6754: 6708: 6698: 6681: 6457: 6416: 6371: 6361: 6333: 6276: 6249: 6219: 6151: 6101: 6074: 6044: 6016: 5957: 5930: 5903: 5806: 5796: 5661: 5577:

There are two main fractions, the Habr Afan and Habr Makadur, formerly united under a common hereditary chief (ogaz).

5540: 5483: 5445: 5418: 5372: 5342: 5315: 5241: 5231: 4985: 4935: 4905: 4676: 4643: 4568: 4558: 4460: 4403: 4376: 4343: 4275: 4222: 4195: 7817: 682:"Different aid groups were also set up to help communities cope in the predominantly Gadabursi district of Aw Bare." 5978:"Refworld | Somaliland: Information on the current situation of the Isaaq clan and on the areas in which they live" 2375:

sent a letter to Colonel E. V. Stace complaining that the Gadabuursi have begun attacking all caravans coming into

8218:

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA

7604: 6478:

Different aid groups were also set up to help communities cope in the predominantly Gadabursi district of Aw Bare.

5009:

Different aid groups were also set up to help communities cope in the predominantly Gadabursi district of Aw Bare.

2360:. Colonel Stace (1893) mentioned that the Abyssinians were encroaching further into the Gadabuursi homeland near 1226:, the Gadabuursi held the position of the first Senator of the country and the first Somali head of state to lead 9103: 7400: 4824:

So too is the boundary of Lughaya district whose predominant (if not exclusive) inhabitants are today Gadabursi.

3753:

poet from the 19th century, known for his geeraar's (short styled Somali poems recited during battles and wars).

1567:", which was written by a Gadabuursi man to a girl of the same tribe. The song became hugely popular throughout 880: 814:

district, but also in the city itself. The Gadabuursi are the second largest sub-clan within the borders of the

714:"Mainly Somali Gurgura, Gadabursi and Hawiye groups, who inhabit Erer, Dambal and Meiso districts respectively." 8347:

The Inter-action of various systems of Law and Custom in British Somaliland and their relation with social life

7739: 6091: 5680:

Pastoral society and transnational refugees:population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000

5387:

The Quranyo section of the Garre claim descent from Dirr, who are born of the Irrir Samal. UNDP Paper in Kenya

4486:

Pastoral society and transnational refugees:population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000

896: 602:, and reside in many cities within that province. The Gadabuursi are the second largest clan by population in 7845:"Some Account of Somaliland, with Notes on Journeys through Gadabursi and Western Ogaden Countries, 1896–1897" 7685: 6519:

mainly Somali Gurgura, Gadabursi and Hawiye groups, who inhabit Erer, Dambal and Meiso districts respectively.

6209: 5058:

mainly Somali Gurgura, Gadabursi and Hawiye groups, who inhabit Erer, Dambal and Meiso districts respectively.

4582:

Awdal is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi confederation of clans. The Gadaabursi are concentrated in Awdal.

4333: 1975:

which was largely on part of the Gadabuursi territory and the conquest of Abyssinia which they contributed to.

6211:

Des paroles douces comme la soie: introduction aux contes dans l'aire couchitique (Bedja, Afar, Saho, Somali)

4839:

The Security Arena in Africa: Local Order-Making in the Central African Republic, Somaliland, and South Sudan

4335:

Des paroles douces comme la soie: introduction aux contes dans l'aire couchitique (Bedja, Afar, Saho, Somali)

2715:. After the war, British soldiers were sent to arrest him and he was eventually taken into custody whilst in 4837: 2463:

Philipp Paulitschke (1893) mentioned a poem which became extremely popular in the Gadabuursi country called

702:"Jarso and Geri then sought refuge on 'neutral' adjacent Gadabursi territory in Heregel, Jarre and Lefeisa." 674:

The Department of Sociology and Social Administration, Addis Ababa University, Vol. 1 (1994), describes the

5893: 7547: 5188:

Jarso and Geri then sought refuge on 'neutral' adjacent Gadabursi territory in Heregel, Jarre and Lefeisa.

706:

The Research-inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region (2010) states that the

8975:

Sanchez, Juan J.; Hallenberg, Charlotte; Børsting, Claus; Hernandez, Alexis; Morling, Niels (July 2005).

8734:

A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa

8686:

A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa

8063:

A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa

6939:

is recorded as having inflicted a heavy defeat on Galla forces at Nabadid, a village in the Protectorate.

6125:

and thence strikes south-westwards among the Gudabirsi and Girhi Somal, who extend within sight of Harar.

5895:

A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa

4249:

and thence strikes south-westwards among the Gudabirsi and Girhi Somal, who extend within sight of Harar.

3437:

paternal haplogroup and the TMRCA is estimated to be 2100–2200 years or 150 BCE. A notable member of the

2351:

Ughaz Nur II was at first in a distinct and advantageous position, for not only did the caravan route to

8521:

The Wide World Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly of True Narrative, Adventure, Travel, Customs, and Sport

8498:

The Wide World Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly of True Narrative, Adventure, Travel, Customs, and Sport

7102: 6843: 6158:

Including the land round Harar and Dire Dawa inhabited by the Somalis of the 'Iise and Gadabuursi clans.

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only Muslim leader fighting on the Western flank in the armies of Sa'd ad-Din (d. 1415), ruler of Zeila.

4282:

Including the land round Harar and Dire Dawa inhabited by the Somalis of the 'Iise and Gadabuursi clans.

2755:

Petition for Amalgamation from the Jigjiga area, with the other Somali territories signed by Ughaz Dodi.

2736:. After his return from forced exile, the Ethiopian government sent him a delegation informing him that 2006:. The Gadabuursi in particular are one of the clans with a long tradition of the institution of Sultan. 42: 10043: 9136: 8478:

Die geistige cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl, nebst nachträgen zur materiellen cultur dieser völker

8462:

Die geistige cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl, nebst nachträgen zur materiellen cultur dieser völker

7516:

Die geistige cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl, nebst nachträgen zur materiellen cultur dieser völker

7496:

Die geistige cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl, nebst nachträgen zur materiellen cultur dieser völker

6173:

Proceedings of the Workshop on Some Aspects of Rural Land Tenure in Ethiopia: Access, Use, and Transfer

5898:. James Currey Publishers. pp. 109. Gadabuursi in the region of Gebile/Gabilay (Woqooyi Galbeed). 5748: 5200: 4744: 4697: 4297:

Proceedings of the Workshop on Some Aspects of Rural Land Tenure in Ethiopia: Access, Use, and Transfer

3798: 912: 586:

Marleen Renders and Ulf Terlinden (2010) both state that the Gadabuursi almost exclusively inhabit the

8977:"High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males" 8782:

assembled people and is again acclaimed and crowned with leaves. Dancing and feasting recommence. The

4212: 2958:

assembled people and is again acclaimed and crowned with leaves. Dancing and feasting recommence. The

8361: 6876: 5678: 4484: 3993: 3970: 2838:

Gadabuursi, had been developed, which divided every case as to whether it was new or had precedents (

1211: 1098:

Wehib M. Ahmed (2015) mentions that the Gadabuursi dominated sections of the trade routes connecting

574:

Roland Marchal (1997) states that numerically, the Gadabuursi are the predominant inhabitants of the

38: 17: 7027: 4783:

Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia

3935:, politician, minister of British Somaliland and first deputy prime minister of the Somali Republic. 2056:

King, the victory of the former over the latter marked a historical turning point in concluding the

2018:), who is the progenitor of the Reer Ughaz (Reer Ugaas) subclan to which the royal lineage belongs. 9248: 7712: 7134:

Henssa, made unsafe by the Gadaburssi raiders, but is the one relatively more frequently committed.

6811: 5362: 3896: 1768: 562:

A UN Report published by Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (1999), states concerning

8417: 8400: 7800: 7784: 7765: 5843: 9402:"Kenya: Ethiopia Replaced Ambassador Shemsedin Ahmed for security reasons – Geeska Afrika Online" 9388: 9058: 7373: 6774:"In the Afdem in 1989–91 there was also a clan clash between the Issa and Gedabiersay(Gadabursi)" 4003: 3870: 3762: 1979:

The royal family of the Gadabuursi, the Ughazate, evolved from and is a successor kingdom to the

792: 9092:

CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA, Guido Ambroso

8928:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations" 8519: 8496: 8196: 7272:

Sun, Sand and Somals; Leaves from the Note-Book of a District Commissioner in British Somaliland

5161:"Information on the situation of Gadabursi clan members in Gebileh in, north west of Somaliland" 2048:

Ughaz Nur I, who was crowned in 1698, married Faaya Aale Boore who was the daughter of a famous

1336:

They were all sons of Sheikh Hassan Nuriye and from the Reer Ughaz (Reer Ugaas) subclan of the

976: 4099: 3958: 2878: 1881: 1858: 1839: 1095:

territories where the Gadabuursi held a significant monopoly on the trade routes to the coast.

761: 718: 543:

The Gadabuursi are mainly found in northwestern Somaliland and are the predominant clan of the

9116: 6960: 6403:"Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia" 6402: 6358:"Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia" 6357: 6320:"Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia" 6319: 5793:"Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia" 5792: 5475: 4555:"Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia" 4554: 4447:"Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia" 4446: 2130:. The European colonial powers were also competing for strategic territories and ports in the 10077: 10036: 9564: 6066:

Sun, Sand and Somals; Leaves from the Note-Book of a District Commissioner in British Somalia

5947: 4799: 4115: 3772: 3456:

The Habar Makadur and Habar 'Affan, both historically united under a common Sultan or Ughaz.

2394: 2372: 1912:, J. S. King, travelling by the coastal strip near Khor Kulangarit, near Laan Cawaale in the 1861:(1856) describes what he feels is the end of his journey when he witnesses the blue hills of 8567: 6770: 6595: 6574: 6553: 6406: 6323: 5140: 5119: 5095: 4525: 4450: 2356:

realised that it would bring them under the control of the Amharic authority established at

2199:

public revenues, but, in case of insufficiency, the French government may provide for them.

1059:

Richard Pankhurst (2003) states that the Habr Maqdi are the Habr Makadur of the Gadabuursi.

4019: 3944: 3856: 3850: 3786: 2767: 2701: 2663: 1321: 1218:, and prosperous merchant coined the name to the French. He also built the first mosque in 531: 8345: 5861: 5716: 4608: 1944:

as part of the Gadabuursi country, with the clan centred around Sabawanaag in present day

8: 10072: 9976: 6296: 4423: 4081: 4029: 3967:, Foreign Affairs Minister of Somalia and former Governor of the Central Bank of Somalia. 3938: 2759: 1962: 8711: 7921: 7900: 7879: 6805:"United Nations Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia, Field Trip to Jijiga (22–29 April, 1994)" 6616: 6532: 6118: 5765:

Next to the three sub-clans of the Gadabursi, a small minority of Ciisse inhabits Awdal.

5071: 4955: 4714:

Next to the three sub-clans of the Gadabursi, a small minority of Ciisse inhabits Awdal.

4242: 3759:, famous legendary Somali warrior and poet, remembered for his bravery and clan-rivalry. 3453:

The Gadabuursi are divided into two main divisions, the Habar Makadur and Habar 'Affan.

2875:

This was called 'The Law of the King and the 100 men' (Xeerka Boqorka iyo Boqolka Nin).

2795:

The Gadabuursi Kingdom was established more than 600 years ago and consisted of a King (

806:

The Gadabuursi also reside along the northeastern fringe of the chartered city-state of

9295: 9287: 8952: 8927: 8817: 8326: 8122:"Ilbaxnimadii Adal Iyo Sooyaalkii Soomaaliyeed: The Renaissance of Adal Somali history" 8047:"Ilbaxnimadii Adal Iyo Sooyaalkii Soomaaliyeed: The Renaissance of Adal Somali history" 7245: 7210: 7175: 7140: 7005: 6650: 6093:

Tracer des frontières à Djibouti: des territoires et des hommes aux XIXe et XXe siècles

5771: 5694: 5160: 4720: 4500: 4135: 4051: 3984: 3838: 3814: 3710: 2862: 1984: 1933: 1313: 1150:

Philipp Paulitschke (1888) describes how the Wadi Aschat, a valley on the outskirts of

1021: 862: 515:

Based on research done by the Eritrean author 'Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad' in his book '

9029:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 79–87. 6996:

LEWIS, I. M. (1 January 1961). "Notes on the Social Organisation of the ʿĪse Somali".

6857: 5964:

Gadabursi, the second largest clan in Somaliland, was peacefully elected as president.

4800:"An Ecological Assessment of the Coastal Plains of North Western Somalia (Somaliland)" 2786:

A widely known Gadabuursi Sheikh among Somalis from Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland.

2682:

duels. These poems were rich imagery and symbolism. Two of the best are "Dhega Taag" (

2088:

Ughaz Roble I died in 1848 and was buried in an area called Dhehror (Dhexroor) in the

2085:' one can read Gabri Nono, which is the anglicized version of the Somali Qabri Nuuno. 1047:

Shihab al-Din Ahmad mentions the Habr Maqdi (Habr Makadur) by name in his famous book

10006: 9369: 9320: 9299: 9038: 9006: 8998: 8957: 8901: 8842: 8738: 8690: 8629: 8573: 8440: 8293: 8266: 8172: 8067: 7985: 7823: 7745: 7718: 7691: 7664: 7637: 7610: 7583: 7553: 7455: 7406: 7379: 7303: 7276: 7081: 7051: 6964: 6953: 6904: 6750: 6704: 6677: 6453: 6412: 6367: 6329: 6272: 6245: 6215: 6147: 6097: 6070: 6040: 6012: 5953: 5926: 5899: 5802: 5754: 5657: 5629: 5566: 5536: 5479: 5468: 5441: 5414: 5368: 5338: 5311: 5237: 4981: 4931: 4901: 4843: 4703: 4649: 4564: 4456: 4399: 4372: 4339: 4271: 4218: 4191: 4035: 3999: 3832: 3728: 3438: 3434: 3430: 2889:

or Wady Harawwah, a long running valley situated in the Gadabuursi country, north of

2881:(1856) describes the Gadabuursi Ugaas as hosting equestrian games for 100 men in the 2729: 2660:, which became the seat of the Ughazate of the Gadabuursi in the early 20th century. 1998:

The Gadabuursi give their King the title of Ughaz. It's an authentic Somali term for

1686:

hailed from the North Western Regions of Somaliland and Djibouti, more precisely the

1281: 1239: 1227: 1197: 7198:

Harar, Forschungsreise nach den Somâl und Galla Ländern Ost-Afrikas, nebst Beiträgen

7163:

Harar, Forschungsreise nach den Somâl und Galla Ländern Ost-Afrikas, nebst Beiträgen

7128:

Harar, Forschungsreise nach den Somâl und Galla Ländern Ost-Afrikas, nebst Beiträgen

6491:"Theoretical and Practical Conflict Rehabilitation in the Somali Region of Ethiopia" 5844:"United Nations Development Office for Somalia: Studies on Governance: Awdal Region" 5181:"Theoretical and Practical Conflict Rehabilitation in the Somali Region of Ethiopia" 5027:"Theoretical and Practical Conflict Rehabilitation in the Somali Region of Ethiopia" 9491: 9279: 9030: 8988: 8947: 8939: 8893: 7856: 6023:

Gadabursi, the second largest clan in Somalia, was peacefully elected as president.

5621: 5389:

http://www.undp.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/Amani%20Papers/AP_Volume1_n2_May2010.pdf

4119: 4075: 4057: 3932: 3916: 3824: 3442: 2653: 2268: 2037: 1945: 1913: 1897: 1243: 1235: 1032:, one branch of the Reer Ughaz family (Reer Ugaas) in Ethiopia rose to the rank of 1010: 8244:

four years later the latter port became the official capital of the French colony.

5592:

Westermann, Diedrich; Smith, Edwin William; Forde, Cyril Daryll (1 January 2007).

4538:

Samaroon or Gadabursi is the clan name for the majority of people of Awdal origin.

2453:

of action. Then, when he was all unknowing and unwarned, O how I struck him down!"

2408:) among other Somali poets. His poems were also written in the Gadabuursi Script. 1162:

He also described the Wadi Aschat as having a legendary and nefarious reputation:

1134:

Philipp Paulitschke (1888) describes the perilous nature of the roads surrounding

9363: 9314: 9172: 9123: 9077: 8897: 8667: 8623: 8476: 8460: 8434: 8287: 8216: 8061: 7979: 7941: 7631: 7530: 7514: 7494: 7297: 7196: 7161: 7126: 7075: 7045: 6864: 6638:

Narrative of a Trip to Harar: The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society: JRGS

6636: 6473: 6266: 6171: 5977: 5920: 5593: 5530: 5435: 5408: 5395: 5332: 5305: 5257: 5004: 4393: 4295: 4185: 4125: 4105: 3818: 3780: 3768: 3692: 1295: 1251: 866: 823: 811: 796: 707: 687: 675: 660: 652: 375: 331: 323: 205: 197: 189: 127: 9034: 6408: