Charan - Knowledge

516: 49: 532: 1536:, they would threaten to kill themselves. Given the position of Charans in the socio-cultural system of the time, the wilful killing of a Charan was equivalent to equally abominable crime of killing a Brahmin. As such, if a Charan did commit suicide over any transgression of the caravans under his guardianship, the marauder-robbers responsible for the suicide were deemed to have "earned the sin of a Charan's death, with all its post-life connotations of hell-fire and damnation." Thus, under the safety of Charans, commodities were transported from one region to another. 3305:दीवानजी का बास तेजमालजी नामक रत्नू चारण को सीकर ठिकाने की ओर से 1500 बीघा भूमि चंदपुरा गांव की सीमा में दी । तेजमालजी के तीन पुत्र रामनाथ, बद्रीदान व स्योबक्सजी बताये जाते हैं । रामनाथ किशनगढ़ राज्य के दीवान बने, स्योबक्स जी झालावाड़ व बद्रीदान माधोसिंह सीकर के दीवान थे । बद्रीदान को माधोसिंह ने बोदलासी ( नेछवा के पास ) की छः हजार बीघा भूमि प्रदान की । इनके पुत्र कुमेरदानजी सीकर ठिकाने में दीवान थे । चंदपुरा आज दीवानजी का बास के नाम से जाना जाता है । बद्रीदान के वंशज दीवानजी का बास व बोदलासी दोनों जगह रहते हैं । 3982:

led to the establishment of matrimonial alliance between the two sides....Also, the importance of the Charans in the social structure of Rajasthan can be assessed from the fact that the Ranis (queens), who had young children, but had resolved to commit sati, would hand over their children to the care of the Charans, indicating the kind of trust that they enjoyed. There are examples of handing over children to the Brahmins also, but these examples are far less than those of the Charans.

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life-style, the practice of female seclusion, and various reference points they alluded to appeared as Rajputs. While other villagers insisted that Rajputs and Charans were all the same to them, the Charans, were not trying to pass themselves off as Rajputs, but indicating that they were as good as Rajputs if not ritually superior....most of the ex-landlord households, the Charans and one Pathan, remained in the middle and upper ranks of village society

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the security of caravans conveying goods in transit....Not least among these was the fact that the British might have seen royal bards – as arbitrators of disputes, witnesses to contracts and agreements, protectors of hostages, educators of kings and their offspring, composers of history, and indeed establishers of truth – as competitors of a kind and thus sought to eliminate them (Vidal 1997).

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were Baniyas, followed by clean artisans, peasants and service castes. Baniya, though in minority had skills to run the administration . The status of Brahmin was subordinate in administration; instead Charans were close to the Rajputs. Vidal ( 1997 ) portray a picture of society and kingship in Sirohi area of Rajasthan where bards appeared as the real ideologues

2816:"Sharma (ibid) argues that the ex-Zamindars (or landlords) who own big landholdings even today are influential but those who do not retain it are not only less influential but have also slid down the scale of status hierarchy. The families most affected by this belong to the Rajputs, Jats, Charans and Brahmins (all traditionally powerful caste groups) 1615:. A Charan will consider all the other Charans as equal even if they do not know each other and have radically different economic or geographic status. Charan men are also known as the sacrosanct guides of camel and pack oxen and caravans through Thar desert and as traders in horses, wool and salts, suppliers of food and 3108:

Movement was also integral to the work of the Charans, who emerged as the preservers of Rajput culture and served various administrative and diplomatic functions...Historically, violence was fundamental to Charans' preservation of their sacred and ethical authority. From about the thirteenth century,

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there are seven categories of persons and communities, who in their turn have a hereditary claim on the Charan's bounty, and are not allowed to beg of any other community. Besides their kula-guru family of Brahmans living in Ujjain till today, and the purohit (family priest), these are: the Rao Bhat

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Well into the colonial period, however, Charans continued to perform one of their other long-standing functions, which was to serve as witnesses or guarantors to commercial transactions and financial contracts. Some also carried on as providers of a related service, which was to act as guarantors of

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Charanas also used to fight in the battle fields along the kings. They were equally rich in the use of sword, pen and voice. These people had no concern with the religious sermons, and even then they enjoyed a great respect in the royal courts as well as in the society. They used to receive many big

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The states were divided into various categories of Jagirs. During medieval period, Rajputs, Charans and Baniyas dominated the princely states. The Rajputs had a dominant status either as central ruler or Jagirdar and Thikanedar though lower to the Brahmins in ritual hierarchy. Next to them in status

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The Charans constituted a body of faithful companions of the Rajputs. They composed poems in praise of the heroic deeds of the Rajputs, and thus inspired them with courage and fortitude. They also guarded the mansions of their patrons, gave protection to their women and children during emergency and

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The Charans acted as arbitrators and guarantors in dealings and agreements between Rajputs, once again resorting to taga if one party did not keep his end of the bargain. Such glorification of death worked in a society dominated by a Rajput community that set great store by dying in the battlefield

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The Charans were also used by the rulers for political negotiations as is evident from the fact that in the case of enmity between Rathore Rao Rinmal of Sojat (son of Rao Chuda) and Bhattis, the Bhattis sent Charan Sandhayach to plead with Rinmal not to trouble them. He succeeded in his task, which

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In Rajasthan, they were bards and 'literateurs', but also warriors and jagirdars, holders of land and power over men; the dependents of Rajputs, their equals and their teachers. On my initial visit and subsequently, I was assured of this fact vis-a-vis Panchwas and introduced to the thakurs, who in

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No contract between kings after a war, or between patrons and clients agreeing the terms whereby services be rendered, nor any other contract was considered valid without a Chāran guaranteeing on his own and/or the life of his family that the terms agreed upon would be fulfilled. They provided the

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At the outer edge of qualification norms is standing in one of the respectable (usually twice-born) and traditionally literate castes or communities of Rajputana-such as Rajputs, Oswals, Maheshwaris, Kayasths, Charans, Brahmans, and Muslims....the bureaucratic lineages in and out of power, whether

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in regional languages), practices which are also popular among the Rajputs of this region. The usage of opium by Charans was considered necessary for important ceremonies & social gatherings. At weddings, the bride and the bridegroom would take opium together in the presence of their kinsmen.

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In Rajasthan, the Charans are a highly esteemed caste seen as occupying a social position slightly lower than that of Brahmins but above that of Rajputs, with whom they maintain a symbiotic relationship...Like Rajputs, with whom they often shared company, Charans would eat meat, drink liquor and

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Charans are mentioned even in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Though some of them are found even in Gujrat and Kathiawar, yet it is Rajputana with which they are mainly associated and thus require a special mention. Like the Rajputs they claim a divine origin and were always treated with the

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Population Census of Pakistan, 1961: West Pakistan: 1.Karachi. 2.Lahore. 3.Gujranwala. 4.Rawalpindi. 5.Lyallpur. 6.Multan. 7.Quetta. 8.Peshawar. 9.Hyderabad. 10.Sukkur. 11.Bahawalpur. 12.Hazara. 13.Sialkot. 14.Sargodha. 15.Mianwali. 16.Jhang. 17.Loralai. 18.Sibi. 19.Jacobabad. 20.Campbellpur.

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In between the social order of the Rajputs and the Brahmins there is a caste of the Charans which exercised a great respectability and influence in Mewar. As an equal partner in war and peace his place was enviable. Many a charans fought to their last in the decisive battles of

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also acted as tutors for the young ones. In return land gifts and honours were conferred upon them. The Charans, who could not devote themselves to intellectual pursuits, took to trade. They also protected merchants and travellers passing through desolate regions and forests.

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They were the Rajputs' geneologists, historians, and teachers; sometimes they were leading state servants, sometimes guides and protectors of trade. Killing a Charan, like killing a brahmin, was a mortal sin. It was the duty of powerful Rajput patrons to support and

1349:. Some of the Charan merchants were the privileged carriers of the Rajawaras (kingdoms) and thus had direct communication with the royal household. Their caravans also consisted of armies to safeguard their goods and encampments. Documents of princely states like 3534:

On 21st May, near sunset, he was suddenly surprised by the enemy in over whelming force; the careless and disordered imperialists after a little fight fled away; Bikā Rathor, Mahesh Das and Naru Chāran bravely sacrificed their lives, but could not stem the

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The Charan traders made their encampments as fortified settlements whenever a long hault was required, either due to the long journey or as safeguard against lawless bandits and periodical rains. Sometimes, these fortified settlements evolved as

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from other learned Charans for comprehensive guidance. When accepted by them as students, they would receive training in the basics of poetic composition and narration as well as the specialized languages by precept and example, with emphasis on

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Charans accompanied these warriors in battles, sang of their glory in war, and, as late as the nineteenth century, served as guarantors and diplomats for their lieges on account of their sacred association with various forms of the mother

1934:, the chief of the Nāgas. From her, he gets two sons and a daughter. So, the divine Charanas are married to Nāga maidens, and Narā, either son or descendent of the first Charana descends to earth to become ancestor of the mortal Charanas. 5268:

In Rajasthan, where the normal age of marriage of girls ranged between seven to sixteen years, most post-pubertal marriages were among the Charans and Brahmins whose daughters did not work outside the home and could be segregated and

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engage in martial activities...Although, in a way, poetic composition and recitation was for them a "pastime" subordinate to the primary income producing occupations of military service, agriculture, and horse and cattle trading...

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The Charans acted as bards to the royal family but due to their intimate relations with the rulers they enjoyed their confidence and many times they acted as mediators in political affairs and enjoyed hereditry Jagir (Sasan)

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One of their functions was the witnessing and guaranteeing of important transactions. Their power of enforcement lay in the threat to kill themselves, if necessary, to bring supernatural forces to bear against the

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by acting as escorts(bailers). Throughout Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Malwa (Madhya Pradesh), Charans acted as escorts and protectors of mercantile trade throughout the journey. The route of the caravans was through

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Heber writes that not only in Rajputana but in the wilder districts of South-west more war-like Charans were found. In Gujarat and Malwa the merchants and travellers hired Charans to protect them through their

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Charans were court poets and historians, "bards"...Prominent Charan (caste of bards) dewans or senior court servants included Kaviraj (court poet) Shyamaldas at Udaipur and Kaviraj Murardan at Jodhpur.

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to positions in the political bureaucracy in the nineteenth century states of Rajputana was based on the community and the recognized and established lineages. Charan as an indigenous community with

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of Chandisa sept of Marwar (who are the Bhats of the Charans as of the Rathors of Marwar); the Rawal Brahmans, the Goind-pota and the Viram-pota (Bhats singing with dhol?) and the Motisar community.

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The maternal ancestry of the Charanas from the Nāgas also factored into historical relationships with other communities. In regions of Gujarat, Charanas traditionally referred to the persons of

3122:"Development of social, religious and economic structure in medieval Rajasthan: A study with reference to conditions during 1201-1707 a.d | International Journal of Development Research (IJDR)" 748:, many of them fought for Mewar including Charans of Sonyana led by Jaisaji and Keshavji Sauda, as well as Ramaji and Kanhaji Sandu, Govardhan and Abhaychand Boksha, Ramdas Dharmawat, etc. 705:

of the medieval kingdoms. Similar to the Rajputs, with whom they were often associated, Charans would consume meat, alcohol, and participate in martial activities. They were known for their

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saw Charan Samdan and Mishan Ratan become martyrs for their homeland in their fight against the Mughals. Charan Jogidas, Mishan Bharmal, Sarau, Asal Dhanu & Vithu Kanau were the chosen

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from within (mutsaddi, Rajput, Muslim, Charan etc.)...Prominent Charan Dewans or senior court servants included Kaviraj (court poet) Shyamaldas at Udaipur and Kaviraj Murardan at Jodhpur.

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In the past some Charans were agriculturalists, engaged in farming lands which were divided equally between male descendants of the lineage. Others were cowherds and caravan escorts....

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In the past some Charans were agriculturalists, engaged in farming lands which were divided equally between male descendants of the lineage. Others were cowherds and caravan escorts....

1583:. Charan horse dealers were considered to be very well networked. In another example of the clout of horse-trading Charans, a Charan from the Kachhela subgroup arrived at the court of 4024:

Due to their intimate relation with rulers charans enjoyed their confidence and often they acted as mediators in political affairs and also enjoy hereditary Jagirs i.e., Sasan rights.

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Members of the caste are considered to be divine by a large section of society. Women of the caste are adored as mother goddesses by other major communities of this region including,

1100:, in time, brought decline in these functions of the Charans. However, well into the colonial period, Charans continued to perform this long-standing functions of theirs, to serve as 2137:

As the Rajputs formed a caste, they needed a caste to fulfill the roles Brahmins played under the Kshatriyas. Charanas took on these functions, developing a code of conduct known as

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Charans were known for their exemplary courage on the battlefield in Mewar . During Maharana Sanga's and Maharana Pratap's reigns, the roll of honour has names of prominent Charans.

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Caran Jhuto appears in this passage as a go-between. Carans in Rajasthan, because of their sacred status, often assumed this role in negotiations between hostile or warring groups.

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of kings. Multiple accounts describe the Charanas' transformation from celestial to human beings. These accounts concur that the divine predecessors of the Charanas resided in the

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In contemporary polity, Charanas held precedence over all other castes inclusive of the brahmin in the customary law of the land. They were invited to the residences of Rajput

787:. During an ambush by Sultan Qatlu Khan's large army, he, Bika Rathor, and Mahesh Das made a last stand and sacrificed their lives while the rest of the imperial force fled. 1984:

to please Lord Shiva and is rewarded by the epithet of the 'Chāraṇa' after he shepherds the celestial bull, Nandi. As a boon, Lord Shiva marries him with the Nāga maiden,

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same service for merchants and traders on their long treks through the desert up north, when they accompanied caravans for their protection against plundering bandits.

4911: 3626: 515: 3121: 6269: 1715:, etc. Kachhelas are divided into 7 main exogamous clans: Nara, Chorada, Chunva, Avsura, Maru, Bati, and Tumbel. There are a total of 23 main clans, termed as 2196:

as a mark of respect. Rajputs prioritized castes that accompanied them in battle, and Charanas fulfilled this role, fighting alongside and making sacrifices.

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They took advantage of their sacred position by assuming the occupation of carriers and traders as they were exempted from the payment of customs duties in

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Motisar is a caste which keeps the genealogies of Carans, sings their praises and begs money of them. The Motisars themselves are often good composers.

4237:"Living goddesses, past and present in North-west India, German Scholars on India – Global InCH- International Journal of Intangible Cultural Heritage" 1957:

mountains alongside celestial beings. Due to overpopulation, the Charanas relocated to Earth, establishing their initial human abode in the Himalayas.

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Other major narratives allude to their historical function as royal poets and historians. The Charanas were originally divine beings ranking with the

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of literacy and service contributed significantly in the senior crown appointments. Persons belonging to such an administrative class, as a result of

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Jagirs from the kings! We can find several instances in the history of Rajasthan where the king himself carried their palnquin on his own shoulders.

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They also acted as intermediaries in negotiating marriages, in guaranteeing the settlement of debts and disputes and as emissaries in times of war.

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or "court-laureate" and assuming positions of great influence. Such learned Charans were exceptionally honoured by the rulers. The rulers bestowed

7559: 5503: 1611:. For centuries, Charans were known for their reputation of preferring to die rather than break a promise. Charan society is based on written 1176:

Utilizing their favourable position since they had "exemption from perpetual and harassing imposts...they gradually became chief carriers and

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not only to battles but also to many other occasions and episodes forming part of the contemporary Rajput life. The poems composed about such

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records the names of several Charans as the affluent merchants of the region with their huge caravans trading with markets in western India.

3813: 1559:) were historically engaged in horse breeding & trading. The common connection of horses also led to bonds between Charans & the 6262: 2134:. The Rajputs did not adhere to brahminical norms, astrology, or literature, seeking a different type of education for their progeny. 1901:

of his arm to pacify them and was thus able to keep them all safe. The legend is understood allegorically, with the lion representing

821:- Khidiya Jagmal Dharmawat, Barhath Jasraj Venidasot, Bhimajal Misran, and Dharmaji Charan - valiantly fought on the side of Maharaja 267:

from the early and medieval period, upto the 19th century, has been mainly composed by Charans. The relationship between Charans and

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Charanas played a crucial role in Rajput society, occupying a position equivalent to Brahmins. As the Rajputs emerged as principal

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It was a novel and interesting scene: the manly persons of the Charans, clad in the flowing white robe, with the high loose folded

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Charans had served various bureaucratic functions for their patrons, including as security for private or government transactions.

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Charans had served various bureaucratic functions for their patrons, including as security for private or government transactions.

2207:. Their importance and influence were rooted in their pivotal role in shaping the values, educating the youth, and supporting the 7133: 752: 2107:

The emergence of Charanas as a distinct caste mirrored the change in society, where Brahmins took a back seat. Rajputs, being a

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affected overall trading patterns leading to irreversible decline of communities in transportation business including Charans,

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The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462-1660, Volumes 1-2

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Charans were also warrantors for contracts, guaranteeing adherence to certain agreements between two parties with their lives.

7554: 6255: 5570: 5453: 5423: 5373: 5261: 5234: 5158: 5071: 5022: 4995: 4968: 4783: 4748: 4716: 4673: 4646: 4619: 4592: 4497: 4470: 4418: 4391: 4364: 4329: 4273: 4213: 4077: 4047: 3974: 3943: 3913: 3886: 3787: 3714: 3687: 3558: 3476: 3367: 3281: 3226: 3157: 3009: 2893: 2869: 2833: 2809: 2784: 2760: 2603: 2435:, during British rule, it was found that around a half of the total opium consumers were from Charan and Rajput communities. 2523:

Other classifications of Charani sahitya are Khyatas (chronicles), Vartas and Vatas (stories), Raso (martial epics), Veli -

1881:. According to an origin legend, Shiva created the Charana who had to tend to four animals of incompatible kinds, namely a 7539: 5628: 3341:

Like Rajputs, with whom they often shared company, Charans would eat meat, drink liquor and engage in martial activities.

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Singhi, Narendra Kumar; Joshi, Rajendra (1999). "Charans : The Contextual Dynamics of Caste in the Rajput System".

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for the ruling class. Their teachings were captured in the verses of Charan literature, emphasizing principles such as

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The genealogists for Charans were Brahmins from Ujjain who periodically inscribed their genealogies in their accounts.

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Poets, Sants, and Warriors: The Dadu Panth, Religious Change and Identity Formation in Jaipur State Circa 1562-1860 Ce

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Poets, Sants, and Warriors: The Dadu Panth, Religious Change and Identity Formation in Jaipur State Circa 1562-1860 Ce

7544: 7534: 2942:"The Seventeenth Century Chronicles of Mārvāṛa: A Study in the Evolution and Use of Oral Traditions in Western India" 724:

Numerous Charans have fought in the battles of Mewar. The roll of honour during the reigns of various rulers such as

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The Charans have also received applause and appreciation for their contribution as historians of medieval Rajasthan.

432:. Students would in turn recite the compositions, constantly improving their style. Knowledge of languages such as 4297:

The Kachela Charans were traders . They were shrewd merchants and lighter dues were levied on them than on others.

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Shah, A. M.; Shroff, R. G. (1958). "The Vahivanca Barots of Gujarat: A Caste of Genealogists and Mythographers".

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As illustrated by the various narratives, the Charanas placed exalted importance on themselves and their origin.

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from this area came to be known as Mallani horses. By the 18th century, most of the horse trade business in the

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Among Rajputs and Charans the bride and the bridegroom took opium together in the presence of their kinsmen.

5330:"The Rawals provide entertainment particularly for the people of Charan caste by arranging night long shows. 1108:, they were part of the `loyal’ Central Gujrat British network, acting as mediators between princes and the 1104:

or guarantors in commercial transactions and financial contracts. Prior to the Charans revolting during the

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were always presided by a Charan. Records indicate, they also served as sureties for the collection of land

4517: 3996:"Sectional President's Address: ASPECTS OF MEDIEVAL INDIAN SOCIETY: GLEANINGS FROM CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE" 3072:"Imagining Region in Late Colonial India: Jhaverchand Meghani and the Construction of Saurashtra (1921–47)" 2670:"Imagining Region in Late Colonial India: Jhaverchand Meghani and the Construction of Saurashtra (1921–47)" 2078:. Charanas enjoyed the freedom to express themselves and were considered immune from punishment, even when 48: 2610:

Charan migratory history traces their movements between Baluchistan, Jaisalmer, Marwar, Gujarat and Kutch.

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There are other castes of Hindus i.e., Brahmans, Lohanas, Khatries, Sutars, Charans, Sonaras, Kalals etc.

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and shield if necessary; or else, if outnumbered, by threatening to take, or even taking, their own life.

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or rajput code of conduct, occupying a position in Rajput society similar to that of Brahmins under the

2015:(SiSo). This was ascribed to the Charana belief of these communities emerging from the Nāgas, i.e., the 1018:

In the cases when these contracts were not honoured or when the Charans themselves were subjected to an

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and clients were considered valid without a Chāran acting as a guarantor. Since the Charans were deemed

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was one of the prominent occupations of Charans. Some Charan sub-groups like Kachhela Charans(from

1105: 900: 771:, thus avenging the death of his friend Karamchand Naruka. Hapaji Barhath of Marwar fought for the 5345:

A Critical Study of Rajasthani Literature, with Exclusive Reference to the Contribution of Cāraṇas

2090:. They validated the ancestry of Rajput rulers and connected them with legendary Indian rulers of 483:

whose value amounted to lakh(a hundred thousand) or krore(in million), hence these were termed as

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Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Nārāyaṇarāvu, Vēlcēru; Shulman, David Dean; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2003).

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were engaged in salt-trade and exempted from the payment of custom duties. Kachhela Charans from

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Karkhanas of the Mughal Zamindars: A Study in the Economic Development of 18th Century Rajputana

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was also acquired with the aid of specialized masters. Thus, subjects studied included not only

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Smith, J. D. (1974). "An introduction to language of the historical documents from Rajasthan".

4178:"Transformation in the Position of Charan Community in Rajputana States during Colonial Period" 1436:

The Charans held the reputation of defending the merchandise entrusted to their charge through

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hegemony in northwestern India and subsequent colonial intervention on trade practices such as

869: 779:, leading an army of one hundred elephants under his command. Narupal Kavia was a commander in 547:

As per their administrative and ritual positions, Charans were integral to numerous indigenous

17: 669:. The Ratnu family of Sikar formed one such bureaucratic lineage whose members were Diwans of 7443: 6651: 6419: 5124:

Prācīna Ḍiṅgala Gīta Sāhitya: Rājasthāna ke Viśāla Ḍiṅgala Gīta Sāhitya kā Śāstrīya Adhyayana

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Politics of Patronage and Protest: The State, Society, and Artisans in Early Modern Rajasthan

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was rife...although trading with thousands of rupees worth of property were never molested”.

1004: 952: 420: 260: 208: 184: 4177: 1444:

Charans were described as "greatest carriers of goods" for delivery in important centres of

7223: 7008: 6181: 1870: 1054: 834: 745: 5365:

Bards, Ballads and Boundaries: An Ethnographic Atlas of Music Traditions in West Rajasthan

1897:. The lion attacked the cow and the serpent attacked the lion, but the Charana sacrificed 1857:

The Charana beliefs of origin vary in details but are similar in major aspects on being a

1666:. The speciality of the caste is that it combines in its character the characteristics of 1180:". In Mallani, Charans were described as "large traders" possessing great privileges as a 868:

for a month halting his march to a standstill until Chandidas was called back to Alwar by

8: 7083: 4127:"The Centre Cannot Hold: Tales of Hierarchy and Poetic Composition from Modern Rajasthan" 3809:"Practices of Praise and Social Constructions of Identity: The Bards of North-West India" 2448: 2432: 2285:

and travel from village to village and register the names of their hosts after receiving

2228: 1708: 1700: 1595:, and marketed his horses, with 10 horses being directly purchased by the ruler himself. 1090: 904: 885: 826: 807: 556: 264: 88: 4852:

Thomson, G. R. (1991). "Charans of Gujarat: Caste Identity, Music and Cultural Change".

4668:. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. 7358: 7078: 6278: 6131: 5787: 5537: 5497: 4869: 4816: 4638:

Epic Adventures: Heroic Narrative in the Oral Performance Traditions of Four Continents

4154: 4015: 3848: 3840: 3099: 2977: 2969: 2697: 2652: 2166: 2108: 2095: 1517:& dacoits. Charans acted as the protectors & escorts. As caravan protectors, " 1333:. Charans were seen as, “great traders...who...paid no dues and in troubled times when 916: 658: 650: 493: 1646:

activities. They stood at the front gate of the fort to receive the first blow of the

7066: 6611: 6565: 5651: 5609: 5601: 5591: 5566: 5560: 5541: 5449: 5419: 5394: 5369: 5257: 5230: 5154: 5067: 5018: 4991: 4964: 4892: 4779: 4754: 4744: 4712: 4669: 4642: 4615: 4588: 4563: 4493: 4466: 4414: 4387: 4360: 4325: 4269: 4209: 4146: 4142: 4073: 4043: 4007: 3970: 3939: 3909: 3882: 3852: 3832: 3783: 3710: 3683: 3554: 3472: 3363: 3277: 3222: 3153: 3103: 3091: 3046: 3005: 2981: 2961: 2889: 2865: 2829: 2805: 2780: 2756: 2734: 2701: 2689: 2644: 2599: 2242: 944: 814: 176: 100: 2261:

There are seven categories of people who are historically patronized by the Charans:

7433: 6343: 6151: 6146: 6010: 5979: 5797: 5761: 5721: 5529: 4861: 4808: 4555: 4138: 3822: 3083: 3038: 2953: 2726: 2681: 2636: 2212: 2126:

and to encourage and inspire them for such activities. The conventional notions of

1878: 1659: 1426:(the ancestors) depending therefrom, gave the whole an air of opulence and dignity. 908: 861: 830: 764: 678: 666: 445: 404: 244: 108: 92: 5415:

Raj Marwar During British Paramountcy: A Study in Problems and Policies Up to 1923

2776:

Raj Marwar During British Paramountcy: A Study in Problems and Policies Up to 1923

7514: 7478: 7088: 7013: 7003: 6963: 6951: 6742: 6636: 6403: 6398: 6297: 5989: 5583:

Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert

5581: 5469: 5443: 5413: 5363: 5343: 5323: 5253:

Understanding Social Inequality: Concerns of Human Rights, Gender and Environment

5251: 5224: 5178: 5148: 5122: 5105: 5088: 5061: 5039: 5012: 4985: 4958: 4928: 4773: 4706: 4689: 4663: 4636: 4609: 4582: 4487: 4460: 4408: 4381: 4354: 4321:

Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert

4319: 4290: 4263: 4203: 4067: 4037: 3964: 3933: 3903: 3876: 3777: 3731: 3704: 3677: 3660: 3643: 3604: 3548: 3527: 3510: 3493: 3466: 3449: 3432: 3408: 3387: 3357: 3334: 3317: 3298: 3271: 3247: 3216: 3195: 3173: 3147: 2999: 2919: 2883: 2859: 2844: 2823: 2799: 2774: 2750: 2595:

Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert

2593: 2572: 2541: 2536: 2324: 2091: 1961: 1634:. Like the Brahmins, they adopted literary pursuits and accepted gifts. Like the 1564: 1486: 1449: 1000: 873: 799: 760: 729: 180: 104: 96: 3905:

Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan

2801:

Politics of Water Conservation: Delivering Development in Rural Rajasthan, India

2094:, legitimizing their authority. In return for their services, Charanas received 7428: 7363: 7318: 7188: 7023: 6983: 6803: 6747: 6727: 6722: 6520: 6302: 6227: 6166: 6156: 6126: 5893: 5792: 5741: 5675: 2575:

21.Gujrat. 22.Bannu. 23.Jhelum. 24.Tharparker. 25.Larkana. 26.Thatta. 27.Mekran

2304: 1696: 1654:

Banerjee's opinion is shared by another historian, G. N. Sharma, who said that

1548: 1369: 1228: 1161:

of trade in North-Western India". Many Charans are said to have become wealthy

1097: 1027: 899:

At many places in Gujarat, Charans had revolted against the British during the

794:

clan was especially prominent, with many of its members serving in the army of

682: 670: 623: 615: 607: 564: 506: 144: 5613: 5533: 4559: 4462:

Economy and Polity of Rajasthan: Study of Kota and Marwar, 17th-19th Centuries

3087: 3042: 2730: 2685: 1841:

has been used to denote 'wanderer', 'eulogist of the gods', 'offspring of the

7508: 7473: 7463: 7453: 7338: 7333: 7313: 7163: 6968: 6712: 6672: 6585: 6465: 6393: 6191: 6020: 5984: 5953: 4758: 4567: 4150: 4011: 3836: 3095: 3050: 2965: 2738: 2693: 2648: 2314: 2235:' (Victory to the Mother Goddess). The women observed social customs such as 1576: 1572: 1544: 1346: 1342: 1283: 1166: 976: 893: 772: 737: 702: 662: 654: 619: 412: 215:. Historically, Charans have been engaged in diverse occupations like bards, 58: 5398: 4896: 4543: 3322:. Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College. 2007. 3026: 2714: 1057:

between the various Rajput clans or branches. Rajput clans would send their

7403: 7348: 7343: 7158: 7153: 6993: 6906: 6808: 6793: 6737: 6702: 6555: 6439: 6338: 6328: 6161: 6086: 6061: 6030: 5883: 5852: 5837: 5731: 5690: 3606:

Ratalāma kā prathama rājya, usakī sthāpanā evaṃ anta: īsā kī 17 vīṃ śatābdī

2173: 2024: 2004: 1865:. The ancestor of the Charanas is represented as the creation of Shiva and 1560: 1267: 1066: 877: 810:

sent troops under the leadership of Charans to fight on various occasions.

591: 425: 306:

and stray. The narrative form of Charan poetry goes by various names viz.,

5063:

Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India

2253:. Such celebrations quite often used to be presided over by Charan women. 1821:

signifying 'motion'. This derivation relates to the Charanas as being the

7061: 6788: 6697: 6677: 6560: 6505: 6480: 6388: 6383: 6363: 6206: 6071: 5948: 5888: 5300: 4834: 2625:"Economics and Patriliny: Consumption and Authority within the Household" 2189: 2131: 1977: 1588: 1490: 1385: 1357: 1318: 1295: 1177: 1117: 1086: 1074: 948: 920: 912: 857: 780: 756: 718: 645:

Some of the prominent Charan administrators holding positions such as of

639: 599: 587: 580: 522: 472: 408: 288: 224: 156: 148: 4019: 3995: 3844: 3197:

Essays on Rajputana: Reflections on History, Culture, and Administration

1626:

In them we have a combination of the traditional characteristics of the

1290:, and other factions. They sold their goods in the markets ranging from 790:

In the Gujarat region, Charans served in the army in large numbers. The

7483: 7398: 7233: 7043: 6470: 6378: 6373: 6101: 6076: 6051: 6015: 5867: 5680: 4158: 4126: 2973: 2941: 2656: 2624: 2519:

Songs describing the anguish of people in times of famine and adversity

2408: 2382: 2300: 1954: 1942: 1910: 1712: 1631: 1350: 1031: 996: 889: 881: 725: 674: 631: 453: 429: 396: 368:

etc. Poems of stray form also use a variety of such metres. Written in

188: 4873: 4820: 4740:

In praise of death: history and poetry in medieval Marwar (South Asia)

3827: 3808: 3631:. Agra: Lakshmi Narayan Agarwal Educational Publisher. pp. 94–96. 2476:

Rebukes of wavering great kings and men who use their power for evil (

1945:. In time, like certain other divine classes, the Charanas settled on 1683:

Based on regions inhabited and associated culture, there are multiple

732:

contains the names of prominent Charans. Karamsi Ashiya fought in the

7383: 7283: 7218: 7038: 6878: 6853: 6848: 6606: 6222: 6196: 6066: 4738: 4544:"Negotiating sacred space: The Mandirand the Oran as contested sites" 3027:"Negotiating sacred space: The Mandirand the Oran as contested sites" 2715:"Negotiating sacred space: The Mandirand the Oran as contested sites" 2378: 2338: 2317:: The Rawal Brahmins record their genealogy and also present various 2246: 2204: 2185: 2177: 2127: 2079: 2057: 2029: 1981: 1938: 1688: 1663: 1612: 1568: 1556: 1506: 1391: 1302: 1224: 1200: 1130: 1078: 1047: 1019: 972: 795: 714: 635: 603: 552: 465: 303: 220: 192: 132: 5620: 3706:

Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey

2957: 2640: 1266:

By late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they emerged as major

1073:. The role of messengers and mediators was taken over by Charans in 302:

is mostly descriptive in style and can be categorized in two forms:

7378: 7368: 7323: 6988: 6956: 6931: 6926: 6616: 6424: 6176: 6141: 6106: 6025: 5928: 5832: 5822: 4916:. Agra: Lakshmi Narayan Agarwal Educational Publisher. p. 111. 4865: 4812: 3966:

The Politics of Marriage in India: Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan

3509:

Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University (1980).

2424: 2423:, reconciliations, at visit of a son-in law, after a death, and on 2346: 2292: 2286: 2250: 2208: 2146: 2112: 1902: 1834: 1814: 1684: 1671: 1643: 1514: 1474: 1461: 1415: 1361: 1322: 1170: 1162: 1158: 1150: 1082: 1070: 968: 936: 850: 768: 710: 698: 694: 638:

in most of the political matters in the medieval kingdoms prior to

502: 457: 437: 385: 212: 172: 122: 74: 5974: 5605: 4489:

Royalty, Feudalism, and Gender: As Portrayed by Foreign Travellers

2997: 2334: 1489:. The inviolability of a Charan along with their knowledge of the 7423: 7408: 7393: 7373: 7353: 7288: 7273: 7228: 7208: 7198: 7183: 7142: 7028: 6978: 6973: 6916: 6896: 6873: 6813: 6773: 6717: 6682: 6590: 6545: 6530: 6500: 6348: 6312: 6247: 6186: 6081: 5958: 5903: 5847: 5817: 5812: 5782: 5726: 2551: 2546: 2412: 2271: 2249:

of a male buffalo constituted a major part of the celebration of

2158: 2154: 2142: 2053: 1906: 1874: 1842: 1822: 1667: 1627: 1604: 1580: 1478: 1470: 1445: 1377: 1334: 1326: 1314: 1260: 1252: 1236: 1216: 1208: 1138: 1101: 1012: 842: 818: 706: 572: 476: 449: 276: 240: 196: 140: 136: 7111: 1973: 1917: 7488: 7468: 7458: 7438: 7418: 7388: 7328: 7298: 7293: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7203: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7095: 7033: 7018: 6998: 6921: 6863: 6858: 6783: 6752: 6707: 6692: 6687: 6646: 6631: 6570: 6540: 6535: 6525: 6515: 6510: 6475: 6455: 6429: 6358: 6307: 6232: 6201: 6171: 6136: 6091: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5898: 5862: 5842: 5751: 5736: 5716: 5685: 5665: 4584:

The Imperial Gazetteer Of India (Volume Xxi) Pushkar To Salween

2444: 2443:

A whole genre of literature is known as Charan literature. The

2354: 2328: 2296: 2282: 2237: 2224: 2117: 2065: 1996: 1989: 1929: 1890: 1866: 1783: 1639: 1635: 1616: 1608: 1584: 1533: 1525: 1518: 1510: 1482: 1466: 1403: 1394:

in the eighteenth century commented on the Kachhela Charans in

1373: 1330: 1305:

in Marwar involved thousands of people & pack animals like

1291: 1287: 1275: 1248: 1244: 1196: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1154: 1113: 1109: 1096:

The British colonial intervention in the administration of the

1058: 1043: 1008: 984: 956: 940: 803: 791: 784: 741: 595: 433: 416: 369: 324: 299: 272: 268: 228: 4708:

Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America

3779:

Gujarat: The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region

3662:

Maratha Penetration Into Rajasthan: Through the Mukandara Pass

2451:

divides Charani sahitya (literature) into thirteen subgenres:

1849:

also reflect the various identities ascribed to the Charanas.

755:

in 1311 CE, Sahaj Pal Gadan died fighting valiantly alongside

403:', subordinate to the primary income producing occupations of 388:

for the study of the medieval period. They also functioned as

7493: 7448: 7308: 7303: 7278: 7213: 7100: 7071: 6911: 6901: 6823: 6818: 6798: 6757: 6732: 6626: 6575: 6550: 6495: 6485: 6434: 6368: 6353: 6096: 6056: 6005: 5918: 5913: 5857: 5827: 5807: 5802: 5756: 5746: 5362:

Neuman, Daniel M.; Chaudhuri, Shubha; Kothari, Komal (2005).

3508: 2420: 2416: 2395: 2193: 2150: 2101: 2069: 2061: 2045: 1946: 1898: 1886: 1862: 1775: 1704: 1692: 1647: 1622:

Anil Chandra Banerjee, a professor of history, has said that

1552: 1529: 1498: 1494: 1457: 1453: 1437: 1395: 1310: 1271: 1256: 1240: 1232: 1212: 1204: 1146: 1134: 1062: 1039: 1035: 1023: 924: 646: 627: 618:. During the medieval period, Charans along with Rajputs and 611: 568: 560: 548: 498: 480: 461: 400: 375: 284: 236: 204: 200: 152: 118: 78: 5110:(in Hindi). Mahārājā Mānasiṃha Pustaka Prakāśa Śodha-Kendra. 1173:. In Rajasthan, the Kachhela Charans excelled as merchants. 7413: 6667: 6580: 6490: 6460: 6333: 6046: 5923: 5711: 3751:"Gujarat in 1857 – When Hindus and Muslims fought together" 2361: 2268: 2016: 2000: 1950: 1894: 1882: 1719:(20+3), each of which has multiple sub-clans and lineages. 1592: 1419: 1381: 1365: 1279: 1263:. From there, they transported ivory to be sold in Marwar. 1220: 1157:

as pack animals, Charans were able to establish a "virtual

1046:, signifying the threat of self-sacrifice, served as their 992: 960: 441: 292: 216: 3001:

Textures of Time: Writing History in South India 1600-1800

6889: 5706: 5562:

In Praise of Death: History and Poetry in Medieval Marwar

5177:

Qanungo, Kalika Ranjan; Kānūnago, Kālikā Rañjana (1960).

3389:

Journal of the Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research

2447:

language and literature exist largely due to this caste.

2407:

Other occasions where it was suitable to take opium were

2162: 2123: 2087: 1493:

distinguished them as ideal caravan escorts. Caravans of

988: 980: 964: 280: 5299:. Matanamadh Jagir, Kachchh, India. 2006. Archived from 1916:

As a progression of the legend, the Charana marries the

1195:

Charan traders took large caravans of bullocks north to

344:, etc. These poems are also named after metres such as, 271:

is deeprooted in history. As Charans used to partake in

4827: 4383:

Capital and Labour Redefined: India and the Third World

4097:"The Desert Frontier: A History of Travel and Nomadism" 2504:

Praise of natural beauty, seasonal beauty and festivals

1513:& forested hills which were always under threat of 1502: 1306: 1169:. Their caravans were considered to be insured against 911:

who sought Kandas' help to gain Charan support for the

5361: 4956: 4265:

The Tale of the Horse: A History of India on Horseback

4113:

for Rajput men and by self-immolation for their women.

2130:

were replaced by the pursuit of a heroic death on the

1703:), Parajia etc. Clans among Maru-Charans are Roharia, 5474:. United Nations, Department of Social Affairs. 1994. 3468:

Rashtragaurav Maharana Pratapsingh: Ek Aprajit Yoddha

2510:

Songs in praise of lions, horses, camels, and buffalo

2438: 2245:

was forbidden. Before Indian independence in 1947, a

709:

and were respected by the rulers for their skills in

634:

in them; consequently, they came to play the role of

3386:

Research, Rajasthan Institute of Historical (1968).

2571:

Commissioner, Pakistan Office of the Census (1962).

2060:, literary figures, and genealogists. They composed 2056:

lifestyle. Charanas fulfilled this role, serving as

1563:

tribe. Some Kuchela Charans settled around Mallani (

586:

By nineteenth century, these formed major and minor

537:

Portrait of Iśvaradāsa Bārahaṭha of Marwar (1830 CE)

6215: 4960:

Hinduistische Viehzüchter im nord-westlichen Indien

3993: 3194:Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber; Rudolph, Lloyd I. (1984). 2188:. Charanas were honored with high positions in the 1380:. As a result, some of them settled as traders and 583:functions, sometimes as leading state dignitaries. 471:Renowned Charan poets of the time were part of the 250: 4131:The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 1093:peace agreements of the early nineteenth century. 1053:Morever, they were the traditional arbitrators of 283:and incidents had two qualities: basic historical 4458: 3874: 1430: 649:(Prime Minister) in 19th & 20th century were 7506: 3303:(in Hindi). Ṭhā. Mallūsiṃha Smr̥ti Granthāgāra. 2849:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 23. 2493:Laments for dead warriors, patrons and friends ( 2199:In conclusion, Charanas became the upholders of 1913:, will not allow force to triumph over justice. 590:lineages which played a significant role in the 419:. Ambitious and talented boys, however, pursued 5586:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Delhi, India: 5322:Vidyarthi, Lalita Prasad; Sahay, B. N. (1980). 5176: 5041:Theft, Patronage & Society in Western India 4930:Rajasthan Between the Two World Wars, 1919-1939 4292:Rajasthan Between the Two World Wars, 1919-1939 3579:"The Position of Charans in Medieval Rajasthan" 2755:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 219. 2513:Sayings about didactic and practical cleverness 2462:Songs in praise of heroes, saints and patrons ( 2349:. The genealogists of both the Charans and the 2192:, and the chief offered them the first palm of 1211:. They traded in various commodities including 5382: 5321: 4851: 4518:"The Rajput States and the East India Company" 3994:Chatterji, Anjali; Chatterjee, Anjali (2000). 3193: 626:. Charans enjoyed intimate relations with the 395:Although, for Charans, poetic composition and 7127: 6263: 5636: 5325:Applied Anthropology and Development in India 4957:Westphal-Hellbusch, Sigrid; Westphal, Heinz. 3434:Jālora kā rājanītika evaṃ sāṃskr̥tika itihāsa 2039: 1255:, was bought by Charan traders in return for 991:guarantee was required. Therefore, important 688: 5519: 5285:. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 258. 5283:Goddesses' Henchmen - Gender in Hero Worship 5250:Motilal, Shashi; Nanda, Bijayalaxmi (2010). 5249: 4984:Gahlot, Sukhvir Singh; Dhar, Banshi (1989). 4065: 4035: 3901: 3878:Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India 2570: 2483:Mockery of a standing treachery of heroism ( 1845:', etc. The meanings attributed to the name 1410:, or chaplet, was gracefully suspended; the 930: 5487: 5146: 5059: 4634: 4581:Hunter, William Wilson (19 November 2020). 4036:Saran, Richard; Ziegler, Norman P. (2001). 3814:Archives de sciences sociales des religions 3498:(in Hindi). Loka Saṃskr̥ti Śodha Saṃsthāna. 2052:and moral guidance that aligned with their 1591:, under the auspices of the sect leader of 1579:kingdom was controlled by Charans, besides 1521:Charans" thwarted the attempts of bandits. 927:from Panchmahal to come to mutineers' aid. 7134: 7120: 6270: 6256: 5643: 5629: 5502:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5483: 5481: 5341: 5289: 4983: 4798: 4635:Jansen, Jan; Maier, Hendrik M. J. (2004). 4548:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 4175: 4000:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 3931: 3702: 3413:. Sahitya Sansthan, Rajasthan Vidyapeeth. 3218:Medical Anthropology, Tribals of Rajasthan 3031:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 2917: 2719:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 2086:to harm or kill a Charan was considered a 1905:and Nandi, the bull of Shiva, symbolizing 1658:Charans exercise great respectability and 1571:which was notable for its horse-breeding. 888:. Similarly, Kaviraja Bhairav Dan was the 763:. Kanhaji Arha slained Sanga, the Raja of 5558: 5515: 5513: 5066:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. 5037: 4736: 4694:. Indian School of Social Sciences. 2005. 4124: 4066:Allen, Charles; Dwivedi, Sharada (1984). 3932:Rao, Aparna; Casimir, Michael J. (2008). 3826: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3576: 3355: 3296: 3178:(in Hindi). Rājasthānī Granthāgāra. 1997. 2857: 2622: 1687:sections among the Charans such as Maru ( 1015:from the sixteenth century down to 1816. 5579: 5280: 5060:Tambs-Lyche, Harald (31 December 1996). 4926: 4886: 4880: 4485: 4479: 4317: 4288: 4201: 3729: 3679:Chiefs and Leading Families in Rajputana 3491: 3385: 3332: 2842: 2821: 2779:. Sharda Publishing House. p. 194. 2591: 2223:Charans mainly worship various forms of 2111:, required a different value system and 1145:Exercising their privilege to transport 1123: 783:'s forces during the Mughal conquest of 5478: 5199:"Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Nagaur" 5010: 4845: 4262:Chandra, Yashaswini (22 January 2021). 4261: 3775: 3546: 3406: 3356:Jain, Pratibha; Śarmā, Saṅgītā (2004). 3069: 2939: 2858:Jain, Pratibha; Śarmā, Saṅgītā (2004). 2667: 2455:Songs in praise of gods and goddesses ( 1852: 1089:called upon the Charans to mediate the 979:and causing them harm was considered a 255: 14: 7560:Social groups of Balochistan, Pakistan 7507: 5510: 5441: 5274: 5172: 5170: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5086: 5055: 5053: 5051: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4909: 4771: 4704: 4580: 4435:"Rajasthan, District Gazetteers: Pali" 4406: 4379: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3745: 3743: 3675: 3641: 3624: 3613: 3525: 3464: 3447: 3426: 3424: 3351: 3349: 3269: 3214: 2748: 2357:are from the 'Chandisa' sept of Bhats. 1678: 935:Charans fulfilled the crucial role of 7115: 6251: 5650: 5624: 5388: 5120: 5103: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4607: 4413:. SAGE Publishing India. p. 78. 4352: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 3962: 3875:Weinberger-Thomas, Catherine (1999). 3730:Dharaiya, Ramanlal Kakalbhai (1970). 3658: 3572: 3570: 3465:Girase, Jaypalsingh (2 August 2020). 3430: 3300:Shekhawati Pradesh ka rajnitik itihas 3265: 3263: 3245: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3175:Mahārāṇā Pratāpa ke pramukha sahayogī 3145: 2993: 2991: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2913: 2911: 2881: 2797: 2394:Charans used to enjoy consumption of 1968:, details another narrative in which 1524:If not strong enough to defend their 1509:passed through desolate stretches of 1406:inclined on one side, from which the 693:Charans were an integral part of the 5411: 5222: 4963:(in German). Duncker & Humblot. 4792: 4661: 4541: 4459:Sato (Professor.), Masanori (1997). 3806: 3703:Bond, J. W.; Wright, Arnold (2006). 3645:Alavara Rājaya kā itihāsa, 1775-1857 3602: 3339:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. 3065: 3063: 3024: 2772: 2712: 2256: 2218: 2180:the younger generation about heroic 5167: 5131: 5127:(in Hindi). Rājasthānī Granthāgāra. 5093:(in Hindi). Rājasthānī Granthāgāra. 5048: 4941: 4889:Aspects of Rajput State and Society 4743:. Leiden: Leiden University Press. 4492:. Rawat Publications. p. 192. 4407:Niyogi, Chandreyee (5 April 2006). 4176:Vashishtha, Professor V.K. (2016). 3863: 3740: 3454:. Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company. 3421: 3346: 3297:Śekhāvata, Raghunāthasiṃha (1998). 1825:, as poets and agents of devotion ( 1598: 287:and vivid, realistic and pictorial 24: 6277: 4920: 4725: 4341: 4318:Kothiyal, Tanuja (14 March 2016). 4302: 4250: 4222: 3567: 3495:Cūrū Maṇḍala kā śodhapūrṇa itihāsa 3276:. University of New Mexico Press. 3260: 3182: 2988: 2928: 2908: 2592:Kothiyal, Tanuja (14 March 2016). 2439:Contributions to Indian literature 2341:of the Charans. They also receive 2011:(MoBr) and were in-turn called as 1877:) to shepherd the celestial bull, 1813:is believed to originate from the 1153:and utilising the large wealth of 598:formation in the princely states. 25: 7596: 7141: 4913:Social Life in Medieval Rajasthan 3628:Social Life in Medieval Rajasthan 3609:(in Hindi). Rājakamala Prakāśana. 3437:(in Hindi). Mātr̥chāyā Prakāśana. 3060: 2798:Gupta, Saurabh (1 October 2015). 2303:(Rajguru) community who also tie 1414:, or leaders, with their massive 1081:or warring groups. They acted as 907:chief, was a trusted ally of the 542: 5297:"Matanamadh, Desh Devi Ashapura" 5226:Sati and Social Reforms in India 5011:Sāmaura, Bhaṃvara Siṃha (1995). 4887:Banerjee, Anil Chandra. (1983). 4143:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2004.00189.x 4042:. University of Michigan Press. 2921:History of Rajasthani Literature 2419:of a male child, parting of the 2337:(Ravaji): They are professional 1707:, Ratnu, Ashiya, Mehru, Kiniya, 1398:who were traders by profession: 1038:of the death of a Charan on the 622:dominated the administration in 530: 514: 384:form the most important body of 372:, the various sources, known as 251:Historical roles and occupations 47: 7550:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh 5552: 5462: 5435: 5405: 5355: 5335: 5315: 5243: 5216: 5191: 5114: 5097: 5080: 5031: 5004: 4977: 4903: 4772:Saxena, Rajendra Kumar (2002). 4765: 4698: 4682: 4655: 4628: 4601: 4574: 4535: 4510: 4452: 4427: 4400: 4373: 4282: 4195: 4191:: 155–166 – via RAJHISCO. 4169: 4118: 4089: 4059: 4029: 3987: 3956: 3925: 3895: 3881:. University of Chicago Press. 3800: 3776:Kapadia, Aparna (16 May 2018). 3769: 3723: 3696: 3669: 3652: 3635: 3596: 3540: 3519: 3502: 3485: 3458: 3441: 3400: 3379: 3326: 3310: 3290: 3239: 3208: 3166: 3139: 2231:. They greet one another with ' 1960:Renowned 19th-century scholar, 1313:. Charans along with Pushkarna 1184:race being exempted from local 884:who made a strong stand in the 521:Ummeda Rāma Bāreṭha of Mahund, 5256:. Macmillan Publishers India. 5104:Sāndū, Nārāyaṇa Siṃha (1993). 4987:Castes and Tribes of Rajasthan 4608:Sahai, Nandita Prasad (2006). 4324:. Cambridge University Press. 4125:Snodgrass, Jeffrey G. (2004). 3782:. Cambridge University Press. 3709:. Asian Educational Services. 3682:. Asian Educational Services. 3648:(in Hindi). Cinmaya Prakāśana. 3200:. Concept Publishing Company. 3114: 3018: 2615: 2598:. Cambridge University Press. 2585: 2564: 2389: 2141:or 'Rajput Dharma'. They were 2019:are said to be descended from 1539: 1431:Protectors of mercantile trade 13: 1: 7585:Hindu communities of Pakistan 6293:Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu 5342:Prabhākara, Manohara (1976). 5150:Religion, Ritual, and Royalty 5121:Bhāṭī, Nārāyaṇasiṃha (1989). 5038:Piliavsky, Anastasia (2011). 5017:(in Hindi). Sāhitya Akādemī. 4801:Journal of American Folk-Lore 4705:Dutson, Judith (7 May 2012). 3963:Singh, Sabita (27 May 2019). 3902:Schaflechner, Jürgen (2018). 3592:: 31–38 – via rajhisco. 3526:Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1943). 3252:. Rajasthani Shodh Sansthan. 2557: 2048:of the region, they needed a 1329:& sell in other parts of 1239:from Marwar & Hindustan. 872:. Bhupati Ram Charan was the 275:alongside Rajputs, they were 7555:Social groups of Maharashtra 5393:. Delhi: Orient Paperbacks. 5087:Mehara, Jahūrakhām̐ (1984). 4936:greatest respect by Rajputs. 4665:INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN MUSIC 4542:Paul, Kim (1 January 1993). 4380:Bagchi, Amiya Kumar (2002). 4202:Matheson, Sylvia A. (1984). 3076:The Journal of Asian Studies 3025:Paul, Kim (1 January 1993). 2918:Maheshwari, Hiralal (1980). 2822:Matheson, Sylvia A. (1984). 2713:Paul, Kim (1 January 1993). 2674:The Journal of Asian Studies 1909:. So the Charana, being the 1804: 1555:) and Sorathia Charans(from 1149:between various states with 1133:and the adjacent regions of 1065:to the homes of Charans for 491:. These awards consisted of 295:, heroic deeds and battles. 7: 5565:. Leiden University Press. 5490:Charano and Charani Sahitya 5445:Treasure-trove of Rajasthan 5418:. Sharda Publishing House. 4662:Deva, B. Chaitanya (1992). 4614:. Oxford University Press. 4486:Bhargava, Hem Bala (2000). 4069:Lives of the Indian Princes 3969:. Oxford University Press. 3938:. Oxford University Press. 3908:. Oxford University Press. 3547:Singhji, Virbhadra (1994). 3359:Honour, Status & Polity 3333:Hastings, James M. (2002). 3273:Elites, Ethnographic Issues 3152:. Oxford University Press. 2940:Ziegler, Norman P. (1976). 2888:. Oxford University Press. 2861:Honour, Status & Polity 2843:Hastings, James M. (2002). 2752:Elites, Ethnographic Issues 2530: 2176:and played a vital role in 1141:in the pre-colonial period. 753:Khilji's invasion of Jalore 183:: چارڻ; IPA: cɑːrəɳə) is a 10: 7601: 7540:Social groups of Rajasthan 6890:Immigrant Jain communities 5659:Hindu and Jain communities 5588:Cambridge University Press 5090:Dhara majalāṃ, Dhara kosāṃ 4185:Rajasthan History Congress 3586:Rajasthan History Congress 3577:Upadhyaya, Rashmi (2010). 3492:Agravāla, Govinda (1974). 3471:(in Hindi). Notion Press. 3448:Sharma, Gopi Nath (1974). 3431:Guptā, Mohanalāla (1995). 3270:Marcus, George E. (1983). 3221:. Kamala-Raj Enterprises. 3146:Vinay, Srivastava (2004). 2882:Vinay, Srivastava (2004). 2749:Marcus, George E. (1983). 2381:: Hereditary professional 2040:Emergence in Rajput polity 1829:) to the gods. As a root, 1799: 1325:used to collect salt from 1085:in times of war. Even the 1007:, and even the signing of 817:in 1658 CE, four renowned 802:. Throughout history, the 689:Warriors and military role 63:Metropolitan Museum of Art 29: 7525:Surnames of Indian origin 7149: 7054: 6944: 6836: 6766: 6660: 6599: 6448: 6412: 6321: 6285: 6119: 6039: 5998: 5967: 5876: 5775: 5699: 5658: 5580:Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). 5559:Kamphorst, Janet (2008). 5534:10.1017/S0026749X00012841 5389:Singh, Khushwant (1982). 5180:Studies in Rajput History 4737:Kamphorst, Janet (2008). 4560:10.1080/00856409308723191 3550:The Rajputs of Saurashtra 3249:Studies in Marwar History 3149:Methodology and Fieldwork 3088:10.1017/S0021911822000080 3043:10.1080/00856409308723191 2885:Methodology and Fieldwork 2731:10.1080/00856409308723191 2686:10.1017/S0021911822000080 2623:Palriwala, Rajni (1993). 2281:of the Charans come from 1034:themselves, thus casting 931:Arbitrators and diplomats 915:. However, Kandas raised 665:, and Ramnathji Ratnu of 191:natively residing in the 128: 114: 84: 70: 46: 41: 7545:Social groups of Gujarat 7535:Social groups of Haryana 6322:Agricultural communities 5700:Agricultural communities 5348:. Panchsheel Prakashan. 4927:Choudhry, P. S. (1968). 4289:Choudhry, P. S. (1968). 4205:Rajasthan, Land of Kings 3642:Nāgorī, Esa Ela (1982). 3070:Kapadia, Aparna (2022). 2825:Rajasthan, Land of Kings 2804:. Springer. p. 42. 2668:Kapadia, Aparna (2022). 2527:, Doha-Chhand (verses). 1964:in his text of history, 1567:, Rajasthan) in western 1422:, with the image of the 1106:Indian Rebellion of 1857 551:in the region including 475:, attaining the rank of 5968:Genealogist communities 4410:Reorienting Orientalism 3603:Sinh, Raghubir (1950). 3532:. University of Dacca. 3407:Paliwal, D. L. (1970). 2507:Descriptions of weapons 2068:, including the famous 1976:and descendent of sage 399:was only a hereditary ' 32:Charan (disambiguation) 7530:Ethnic groups in India 6622:Gomantak Maratha Samaj 6413:Mercantile communities 5776:Mercantile communities 5442:Mathur, U. B. (2002). 5229:. Publication Scheme. 5153:. Rawat Publications. 4910:Sharma, G. N. (1968). 4778:. Publication Scheme. 4465:. Publication Scheme. 4359:. Rupa & Company. 4356:A History of Rajasthan 3935:Nomadism in South Asia 3676:Bayley, C. S. (2004). 3625:Sharma, G. N. (1968). 3410:Mewar Through the Ages 3362:. Rawat Publications. 3215:Bhasin, Veena (2005). 2864:. Rawat Publications. 2525:Veli Krishan Rukman ri 2241:(women seclusion) and 1676: 1674:in an adequate manner. 1652: 1442: 1428: 1143: 983:, they were chosen as 953:financial transactions 949:political negotiations 833:planned the rescue of 575:. They served various 6964:Maharashtrian Muslims 6420:Gaud Saraswat Brahmin 5471:Bulletin on Narcotics 4711:. Storey Publishing. 3807:Basu, Helene (2005). 3736:. Gujarat University. 3553:. Popular Prakashan. 3529:The History of Bengal 3246:Bhati, N. S. (1979). 2469:Descriptions of war ( 1837:adaptation. As such, 1833:may also imply their 1656: 1624: 1589:Maharaja Takhat Singh 1434: 1400: 1384:while others took to 1356:The establishment of 1227:which they take from 1127: 1124:Traders and merchants 919:'s banner, gathering 903:. Kandas, the Charan 421:traditional education 378:, vigata, pidhiavali, 7575:Maldhari communities 6216:Musician communities 6182:Shaikhs of Rajasthan 5522:Modern Asian Studies 5488:Meghani, Z. (1943). 5412:Shah, P. R. (1982). 5223:Gaur, Meena (1989). 5044:. Oxford University. 4891:. pp. 124–125. 4835:"Cāraṇ, Hindu caste" 4353:Hooja, Rima (2006). 3659:Gupta, Beni (1979). 2773:Shah, P. R. (1982). 2331:in honor of Charans. 2227:and incarnations of 2122:to legitimize their 2115:and a 'new class of 1980:, does a penance in 1853:Mythological Origins 1368:and introduction of 1231:while bringing back 856:Chandidas Charan of 746:Battle of Haldighati 610:, were also granted 392:of ruling dynsties. 256:Poets and historians 30:For other uses, see 7084:Bombay East Indians 6767:Nomadic communities 6449:Artisan communities 5877:Artisan communities 5014:Śaṅkaradāna Sāmaura 3126:www.journalijdr.com 2327:: Motisars compose 2113:religious practices 2082:rulers. Considered 1928:), the daughter of 1679:Clans and divisions 923:chiefs and retired 886:Battle of Rajamahal 829:and perished. When 827:Ratan Singh Rathore 777:Battle of Ahmedabad 651:Kaviraja Shyamaldas 265:Gujarati literature 27:Caste in South Asia 7079:Marathi Christians 7009:Muslim Chhaparband 6945:Muslim communities 6661:Tribal communities 6600:Priest communities 6120:Muslim communities 6040:Tribal communities 5999:Priest communities 5788:Khandelwal Vaishya 5107:Kuṃbhakaraṇa Sāndū 4587:. Alpha Editions. 4072:. BPI Publishing. 3757:. 25 November 2017 3512:Studies in History 2924:. Sahitya Akademi. 2449:Zaverchand Meghani 1638:, they worshipped 1042:. The mark of the 917:Bahadur Shah Zafar 860:faced off against 697:, administrative, 659:Kaviraja Muraridan 291:, particularly of 7580:Hindu communities 7502: 7501: 7109: 7108: 7067:Marathi Buddhists 7055:Other communities 6940: 6939: 6832: 6831: 6286:Hindu Communities 6245: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6115: 6114: 5652:Rajasthani people 5572:978-90-8728-044-4 5455:978-81-85129-01-3 5425:978-0-7855-1985-0 5375:978-1-905422-07-4 5281:Harlan L (2003). 5263:978-0-230-32849-5 5236:978-81-85263-57-1 5160:978-81-7033-488-0 5073:978-81-7304-176-1 5024:978-81-7201-867-2 4997:978-81-85287-00-3 4990:. Jain Brothers. 4970:978-3-428-43745-0 4933:. Sri Ram Mehra. 4785:978-81-86782-75-0 4750:978-90-485-0603-3 4718:978-1-60342-918-4 4675:978-81-230-2103-4 4648:978-3-8258-6758-4 4621:978-0-19-567896-3 4594:978-93-5421-782-1 4554:(sup001): 49–60. 4499:978-81-7033-616-7 4472:978-81-86782-14-9 4420:978-93-5280-548-8 4393:978-1-84331-068-6 4366:978-81-291-0890-6 4331:978-1-316-67389-8 4295:. Sri Ram Mehra. 4275:978-93-89109-92-4 4268:. Pan Macmillan. 4215:978-0-86565-046-6 4208:. Vendome Press. 4079:978-81-86982-05-1 4049:978-0-472-03821-3 3976:978-0-19-909828-6 3945:978-0-19-569890-9 3915:978-0-19-085052-4 3888:978-0-226-88568-1 3828:10.4000/assr.2795 3789:978-1-107-15331-8 3716:978-81-206-1965-4 3689:978-81-206-1066-8 3560:978-81-7154-546-9 3478:978-1-64919-952-2 3369:978-81-7033-859-8 3283:978-0-8263-0658-6 3228:978-81-85264-35-6 3159:978-0-19-566727-1 3037:(sup001): 49–60. 3011:978-1-59051-044-5 2946:History in Africa 2895:978-0-19-566727-1 2871:978-81-7033-859-8 2835:978-0-86565-046-6 2828:. Vendome Press. 2811:978-3-319-21392-7 2786:978-0-7855-1985-0 2762:978-0-8263-0658-6 2725:(sup001): 49–60. 2605:978-1-316-67389-8 2321:(forms of dance). 2311:) to the Charans. 2257:Patronized groups 2219:Culture and ethos 1949:, and became the 1505:carrying various 1345:such as those of 1001:recovery of debts 896:in 19th-century. 815:Battle of Dharmat 798:, the founder of 390:oral repositories 243:and some even as 203:, as well as the 162: 161: 16:(Redirected from 7592: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7113: 7112: 6887: 6886: 6837:Jain communities 6319: 6318: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6249: 6248: 6213: 6212: 6152:Hussaini Brahmin 6147:Ghanchi (Muslim) 6011:Guru (community) 5980:Jaga (Rajasthan) 5798:Nema (community) 5767:Natrayat Charans 5762:Natrayat Rajputs 5722:Anjana Chaudhari 5697: 5696: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5576: 5546: 5545: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5501: 5493: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5144: 5129: 5128: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5057: 5046: 5045: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4954: 4939: 4938: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4807:(281): 246–276. 4796: 4790: 4789: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4734: 4723: 4722: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4691:Social Scientist 4686: 4680: 4679: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4386:. Anthem Press. 4377: 4371: 4370: 4350: 4339: 4338: 4315: 4300: 4299: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4259: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4233: 4220: 4219: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4182: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4033: 4027: 4026: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3872: 3861: 3860: 3830: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3755:Tribunehindi.com 3747: 3738: 3737: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3622: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3564: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3451:Glories of Mewar 3445: 3439: 3438: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3267: 3258: 3257: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3191: 3180: 3179: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3067: 3058: 3057: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2995: 2986: 2985: 2937: 2926: 2925: 2915: 2906: 2903: 2878: 2854: 2839: 2818: 2794: 2769: 2745: 2709: 2664: 2629:Social Scientist 2619: 2613: 2612: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2568: 2299:of Charans from 2243:widow remarriage 2215:of the Rajputs. 2213:political system 2124:military actions 1823:literary persons 1599:Social structure 1069:during times of 862:Nawab Najaf Khan 734:Battle of Maholi 630:who placed high 534: 518: 405:military service 229:agriculturalists 51: 39: 38: 21: 7600: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7565:Tribes of Kutch 7505: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7145: 7140: 7110: 7105: 7089:Koli Christians 7050: 7014:Muslim Raj Gond 6989:Deccani Muslims 6952:Konkani Muslims 6936: 6885: 6828: 6762: 6656: 6595: 6444: 6408: 6317: 6298:Marathi Brahmin 6281: 6276: 6246: 6237: 6211: 6111: 6035: 5994: 5963: 5872: 5771: 5695: 5654: 5649: 5598: 5573: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5518: 5511: 5495: 5494: 5486: 5479: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5448:. Folklorists. 5440: 5436: 5426: 5410: 5406: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5360: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5303:on 26 June 2007 5295: 5294: 5290: 5279: 5275: 5264: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5221: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5145: 5132: 5119: 5115: 5102: 5098: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5058: 5049: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5009: 5005: 4998: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4955: 4942: 4925: 4921: 4908: 4904: 4885: 4881: 4854:Ethnomusicology 4850: 4846: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4770: 4766: 4751: 4735: 4726: 4719: 4703: 4699: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4579: 4575: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4351: 4342: 4332: 4316: 4303: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4260: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4223: 4216: 4200: 4196: 4180: 4174: 4170: 4123: 4119: 4105: 4103: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4034: 4030: 3992: 3988: 3977: 3961: 3957: 3946: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3873: 3864: 3821:(130): 81–105. 3805: 3801: 3790: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3733:Gujarat in 1857 3728: 3724: 3717: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3674: 3670: 3657: 3653: 3640: 3636: 3623: 3614: 3601: 3597: 3581: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3545: 3541: 3524: 3520: 3507: 3503: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3446: 3442: 3429: 3422: 3405: 3401: 3384: 3380: 3370: 3354: 3347: 3331: 3327: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3268: 3261: 3244: 3240: 3229: 3213: 3209: 3192: 3183: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3068: 3061: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3004:. Other Press. 2996: 2989: 2958:10.2307/3171564 2938: 2929: 2916: 2909: 2896: 2872: 2836: 2812: 2787: 2763: 2641:10.2307/3520426 2635:(9/11): 47–73. 2620: 2616: 2606: 2590: 2586: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2537:List of Charans 2533: 2441: 2398:(also known as 2392: 2259: 2221: 2145:, exponents of 2109:military people 2092:Hindu mythology 2042: 2007:communities as 1855: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1681: 1642:and engaged in 1601: 1593:Nath Sampradaya 1542: 1433: 1278:to the warring 1243:, brought from 1126: 1098:princely states 933: 909:Baroda Resident 892:of the Army of 839:Battle of Delhi 767:and founder of 761:Alauddin Khilji 691: 624:princely states 545: 538: 535: 526: 519: 430:oral recitation 258: 253: 66: 59:Bikaner kingdom 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7598: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7139: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7116: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7064: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6891: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6323: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6303:Pathare Prabhu 6300: 6295: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6279:Marathi people 6275: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6252: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6228:Langha (tribe) 6225: 6219: 6217: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6167:Muslim Rangrez 6164: 6159: 6157:Khadem (caste) 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6127:Muslim Rajputs 6123: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5894:Kalwar (caste) 5891: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5793:Mathur Vaishya 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5742:Kachhi (caste) 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5648: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5597:978-1107080317 5596: 5577: 5571: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5528:(4): 433–464. 5509: 5477: 5461: 5454: 5434: 5424: 5404: 5381: 5374: 5354: 5334: 5314: 5288: 5273: 5262: 5242: 5235: 5215: 5203:INDIAN CULTURE 5190: 5166: 5159: 5130: 5113: 5096: 5079: 5072: 5047: 5030: 5023: 5003: 4996: 4976: 4969: 4940: 4919: 4902: 4879: 4866:10.2307/851968 4860:(3): 381–391. 4844: 4839:Britannica.com 4826: 4813:10.2307/538561 4791: 4784: 4764: 4749: 4724: 4717: 4697: 4681: 4674: 4654: 4647: 4627: 4620: 4600: 4593: 4573: 4534: 4522:INDIAN CULTURE 4509: 4498: 4478: 4471: 4451: 4439:INDIAN CULTURE 4426: 4419: 4399: 4392: 4372: 4365: 4340: 4330: 4301: 4281: 4274: 4249: 4221: 4214: 4194: 4168: 4137:(2): 261–285. 4117: 4088: 4078: 4058: 4048: 4028: 3986: 3975: 3955: 3944: 3924: 3914: 3894: 3887: 3862: 3799: 3788: 3768: 3739: 3722: 3715: 3695: 3688: 3668: 3651: 3634: 3612: 3595: 3566: 3559: 3539: 3518: 3501: 3484: 3477: 3457: 3440: 3420: 3399: 3378: 3368: 3345: 3325: 3309: 3289: 3282: 3259: 3238: 3227: 3207: 3181: 3165: 3158: 3138: 3113: 3082:(3): 541–560. 3059: 3017: 3010: 2987: 2927: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2894: 2879: 2870: 2855: 2840: 2834: 2819: 2810: 2795: 2785: 2770: 2761: 2746: 2710: 2680:(3): 541–560. 2614: 2604: 2584: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2532: 2529: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2491: 2488: 2481: 2474: 2467: 2460: 2440: 2437: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2383:folk-musicians 2376: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2358: 2332: 2322: 2312: 2290: 2258: 2255: 2220: 2217: 2041: 2038: 1988:, daughter of 1972:, last of the 1966:Vaṃśa Bhāskara 1854: 1851: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1680: 1677: 1600: 1597: 1573:Marwari horses 1541: 1538: 1432: 1429: 1203:, and east to 1125: 1122: 932: 929: 901:mutiny of 1857 813:In the famous 800:Jamnagar State 690: 687: 592:power struggle 577:administrative 544: 543:Administrators 541: 540: 539: 536: 529: 527: 520: 513: 417:cattle trading 257: 254: 252: 249: 233:administrators 160: 159: 145:Madhya Pradesh 130: 126: 125: 116: 112: 111: 86: 82: 81: 72: 68: 67: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7597: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7570:Sindhi tribes 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7520:Indian castes 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7464:Sindhi Shaikh 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7434:Sindhi Pathan 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7143:Sindhi tribes 7137: 7132: 7130: 7125: 7123: 7118: 7117: 7114: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6844:Marathi Jains 6842: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6586:Twashta Kasar 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6486:Dhobi (Parit) 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6273: 6268: 6266: 6261: 6259: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6192:Sindhi-Sipahi 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5676:Ravana Rajput 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5641: 5639: 5634: 5632: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5514: 5505: 5499: 5491: 5484: 5482: 5473: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5438: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5377: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5358: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5338: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5318: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5246: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5219: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5173: 5171: 5162: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5126: 5125: 5117: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5092: 5091: 5083: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5043: 5042: 5034: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5007: 4999: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4980: 4972: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4937: 4932: 4931: 4923: 4915: 4914: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4701: 4693: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4658: 4650: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4631: 4623: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4604: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4455: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4403: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4376: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4285: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4238: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4062: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4032: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3978: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3959: 3952: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3928: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3898: 3890: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3772: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3726: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3699: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3672: 3664: 3663: 3655: 3647: 3646: 3638: 3630: 3629: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3608: 3607: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3573: 3571: 3562: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3530: 3522: 3514: 3513: 3505: 3497: 3496: 3488: 3480: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3453: 3452: 3444: 3436: 3435: 3427: 3425: 3417: 3412: 3411: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3382: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3352: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3329: 3321: 3320: 3313: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3293: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3264: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3198: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3142: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3013: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2914: 2912: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2788: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2654: 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2047: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1699:), Sorathia ( 1698: 1695:), Kachhela ( 1694: 1690: 1686: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 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Ahmedabad. 5489: 5470: 5464: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5414: 5407: 5390: 5384: 5364: 5357: 5349: 5344: 5337: 5329: 5328:. National. 5324: 5317: 5305:. Retrieved 5301:the original 5291: 5282: 5276: 5267: 5252: 5245: 5225: 5218: 5206:. Retrieved 5202: 5193: 5184: 5183:. S. Chand. 5179: 5149: 5123: 5116: 5106: 5099: 5089: 5082: 5062: 5040: 5033: 5013: 5006: 4986: 4979: 4959: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4912: 4905: 4888: 4882: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4774: 4767: 4739: 4707: 4700: 4690: 4684: 4664: 4657: 4637: 4630: 4610: 4603: 4583: 4576: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4525:. Retrieved 4521: 4512: 4503: 4488: 4481: 4461: 4454: 4442:. Retrieved 4438: 4429: 4409: 4402: 4382: 4375: 4355: 4335: 4320: 4296: 4291: 4284: 4264: 4240:. Retrieved 4204: 4197: 4188: 4184: 4171: 4162: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4111: 4104:. Retrieved 4100: 4091: 4083: 4068: 4061: 4053: 4038: 4031: 4023: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3980: 3965: 3958: 3949: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3904: 3897: 3877: 3856: 3818: 3812: 3802: 3793: 3778: 3771: 3759:. 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