Gainsborough melodramas

1006:(1945) before it could receive its US release. These included the toning down of the rape scene, in which the sections with the perpetrator removing his belt and the close up of young Maddalena's face filled with fear as she is running from the pursuing man were cut, and shortened to the preceding scene, in which the man is seen following her out of the audience's view. The subsequent scene with Maddalena returning to her room was also shortened. Rather than see her cry, fall onto her bed and clasp her stomach in pain, the US viewers see her cry and fall onto her bed. Calvert was critical of the interference by the PCA on alterations to lighting: whereas scenes between Maddalena and Nino were darkened, in contrast to scenes with Maddalena and her husband Giuseppe, as the censors deemed, despite Maddalena having a mental illness that impacted on her cognitive awareness, that she was still committing adultery, and adulterous women were 1152:(1945), was treated much more leniently in comparison to other Gainsborough melodramas by the PCA on similar issues that they had previously deemed as being extremely offensive. The PCA recommended a toning down of infractions to their code in scenes related to adultery by the character of Vera, the suicide by Charlotte, and the inferred incestuous fantasies Geoffrey harboured towards his eldest daughter Margaret. The most serious infringement for the PCA was that the marital single beds of Lucy and William were too close to each other, a violation that Lockwood claimed her film 5426: 912:(BBFC) model, which was established in 1912 for similar reasons to why the MPPDA had set up the PCA, was not a written code, and producers considered it to be abstruse, with violations transmitted after the film was submitted for certification. However, the BBFC strove to provide some clarity for producers in the forthcoming years; first in 1916, during the National Council of Public Morals: Cinema Commission of Inquiry, when the then president of the BBFC, 1143:(1947) (which was due to be released) equally contained similar themes of adultery, premeditated murder, suicide, and rape to their British counterparts. However, whilst the American films seemed to get warnings, the British films were instructed to re-title films, alternate storylines, and perform cuts and/or reshoots of scenes to a degree whereby the film lost its appeal to the general public, and which impacted financially on the British film studios. 1302:, but rather it was art, and that the scene was filmed in extreme long shot, which provided context to the isolation of the film's setting, while also minimising Roc, who was shot with her back to the camera. The BBFC were satisfied with Box's explanation, and certified the film with the skinny dipping scene intact, whilst the PCA were not convinced, and demanded it be removed. Box would go on to use the same Tableau vivant argument for the film 1030:. In the scene between Maddalena's daughter Angela and Nino's brother Sandro, Allen wrote "I hope you noted the item that involved the reshooting of a scene in the film "Madonna of the seven Moons", the scene was an attempted rape of the chaste Angela and the actor kept forgetting that the British Board of Censors will not pass any seduction scene unless the seducer has one foot on the floor, apparently sex in England is something like 1043:(1945) were also highlighted by the PCA, which led them to define the film as "making adultery look like too much fun". While the ending of the film complied with the BBFC's code stipulating that criminals should get their comeuppance, it did not go far enough for the PCA, who added that the villain showed no remorse for her crimes and "died as she lived, happy and unrepented". However, the biggest criticism the PCA had was for the 1324:(1947) encountered with the PCA before its US release were with its depiction of illicit whiskey manufacturing, and the finale, which culminated in the tragic deaths of two characters. Despite this, however, Box managed to satisfy the censor by adding some shots in which detectives arrived on the island to break up the whiskey operation, and by filming an ending in which "the good characters" survived, instead of being murdered. 920:

both codes would go on to look very similar to each other, and regarded similar acts as constituting violations to their codes. The significant difference between the two models was that the BBFC were more inclined to be lenient on American films with issues that were culturally relevant to Americans, because they assumed the British public would understand this cultural difference, such as with issues related to

1093:, the then head of the PCA, to Britain for a meeting with the British Film Producers Association to advise them on how they could modify their films to be US code compliant before the films were released in the United States. The British press pressured Breen on the PCA's treatment of British films during his interviews with them, which they concluded was evidence of anti-British sentiment. They argued the PCA's 719:. Following a young aspiring writer's intervention in an attempted robbery of a valuable necklace from its guardian, he agrees to transport the item to its owners in Spain, so that he can earn the money he requires to marry his childhood sweetheart. However, while in Spain, he is robbed, injured, and left for dead by his love rival's agent, and is saved from death by a young 916:, listed forty-three infractions from the BBFC 1913-1915 annual reports, where a cut in a film may be required; and secondly in 1926, when the BBFC annual report outlined grounds in seven broad categories that justified censorship, including issues related to religion, politics, military, social themes, and questions of sex, crime and cruelty. 928:. On the other hand, the PCA were not so lenient on British or other foreign productions that featured themes of cultural importance, and were more likely to seek changes to the film before it could be viewed by the American public. European film executives, including those from Britain, had long complained that 1067:

The stars of the film were furious at the response of the PCA, with Margaret Lockwood saying "We had to do nine days of retakes to satisfy the censor on that film and it all seemed very foolish". James Mason added "I don't like it now", referring to the film after the changes. Meanwhile, Patricia Roc

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was adjudged to have violated the Hays code was two people being on a bed with no feet on the ground, as the PCA perceived this indicated sexual intercourse. Of one such incident, Calvert says "we weren't allowed to be two on a bed without somebody's feet being on the floor. And so when Granger and I

778:

before he becomes famous, and deals with his determination to attain the admiration that he feels he deserves. However, on his journey to greatness, he engages in an affair with a French noble lady, whose parents wish for her to marry a respectable high ranking French military officer, rather than a

542:

as a result of having been raped as a young girl, and unbeknownst to her and her loved ones, leads a double life: the first as a respectable wife and mother, the second as the mistress to a jewel thief in the house of the Seven Moons. The film was very popular at the British box office, being one of

284:

novels. The films dominated the British box office, out-grossing top Hollywood productions and breaking a number of records. In 2004, the British Film Institute compiled a list of the 100 biggest UK cinematic hits of all time, based on audience figures, as opposed to gross takings. Two Gainsborough

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when assessing films. The American media were also outraged by the design of the dresses, declaring "Americans do not want half naked women like Patricia Roc in this movie". To remedy the situation, extensive re-shooting was required before the film could be released in the United States; however,

147:

during its twenty-five year existence, and had been particularly known for its comedy films; however, with the advent of war, and the paying viewing public consisting mainly of women, the studio rapidly became closely associated with melodrama, to the extent that these films have become synonymous

919:

There are suggestions that these clarifications to the BBFC model had an effect on the authors of the Motion Picture Production Code, whereby they had practically adapted the BBFC model to suit their cultural tastes; however, the PCA would go on to influence the BBFC model, to such an extent that

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novel of the same name, and tells the story of a woman who vows to never again face the public ignominy from a man's duplicity and ruthlessness, following being jilted by her fiancé at the behest of his wealthy grocer father, and his father's inaction to prevent the eviction of her and her family

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to happiness are constantly wrecked by the aristocrat who cares more for the reputation of the family name, and by an old school friend who has designs on marrying her husband. The film proved to be a major success on its release. It was the seventh most popular movie at the British box office in

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was also required to deviate from its script to satisfy the US censor; however, the final product retained some scenes that may suggest either a relaxation by the PCA, or negligence on behalf of the reviewer in comparison to previous complaints by the PCA. Examples of this are Francis inviting a

1217:(1947), passed through the PCA with relative ease, despite some public outcry that the film glorified witchcraft. However, this would prove to be the exception rather than the norm for Box, who encountered numerous battles with the US censor, even after he had left Gainsborough. The director of 871:

due to the father's drinking and gambling, and the young woman plans to use her talent to raise her social standing and return the property to the son, whom she loves. Gainsborough described the box office performance of the film as "excellent", and it was the seventh most popular movie at the

975:(1944) ran into trouble with the PCA on the use of language the censors deemed provocative. Although this was mild in comparison to what other Gainsborough melodramas would encounter, the PCA would become much stricter on language, such as what they deemed to be lines containing a 564:, Annette, who resembles the spirit physically. Despite the film performing well at the British box office, it was viewed as a financial disappointment, considering that it starred two of the most popular actors in British cinema at the time, James Mason and Margaret Lockwood. 1197:

group of prostitutes to dinner to humiliate his wife Oriana, and the interaction between his assistant Wycroft and Richard, which includes the way Wycroft feels Richard's bicep during the voyage from England to Spain. The latter example is more pronounced, as it suggested

1022:, we did in fact do it on a bed with all our feet off the ground - but they showed it very dark with just two cigarettes, so the audience wouldn't know where we were." However, the BBFC had the same violation in their code of conduct in films, which the American comedian 1227:, knew before the film's release that it would be in trouble with the censor due to the film containing, as he put it "Rape, murder and nature, that's about all", but added that "We hope to get by in the French way." One such scene was when Patricia Roc's character is 1068:

highlighted inconsistencies with the PCA's treatment of the film to that of an American feature of the same year (1945), saying that "The Breen Office, which was responsible for code enforcement was ever vigilant, but inconsistent if you consider the scantily dressed

207:(1946), there was more focus on men and masculinity, rather than on women, who were relegated to supporting roles. However, 1947 would see a return to the previous formula of putting the women front and centre, which had been central to the previous films' success. 468:

premieres. It had one premiere, got terrible notices, went through the provinces and made so much money that it had to come back to London". On the film's release in Australia in 1945, it was the only British film listed in the top ten most popular films.

397:(1946) for the "Best Film Award", with Lockwood and Mason claiming the renamed "Best Actress Award" and "Best Actor Award" for their roles in the former film. Lockwood would attain the "Best Actress Award" for a third time in a row in 1948, for her role in 518:

and raised by her birth mother and step father, encounters to marry the man she loves, who is defined as "well born". Upon its release, the film was a big hit, and claimed the accolade of being the second most popular film in Britain during 1944, after

997:, the deletion of eighteen minutes of the film, including the scene of Fanny talking to the two prostitutes, fewer scenes of Fanny and Somerford living together outside of marriage, and the lowering of the tone of the scenes concerning the brothel. 797:

from their farm. However, the more wealthy she becomes, the more her behaviour resembles that of her antagonist. Despite the film having a big budget, it could not entice an audience at the box office, and subsequently made big financial losses.

1241:

naked back and Roc's naked back and side of breast, which they passed without cuts. However, the PCA were not so lenient with the latter title, and held up the film's release in the United States for seven years, until the film was retitled to

985:(1944) a certificate for its US release until the title of the film was changed, the illegitimacy of Fanny was altered, scenes set in a brothel were changed to a dancehall or a gambling house, the scene of Fanny as a little girl talking to two 880:

A number of the melodramas encountered problems with the US censor code, which required significant portions of the films to be cut, modified or reshot, and in some cases, this resulted in delays in their US release dates. The

1191:

said that "We are doing it as delicately as possible, as a study of sacred and profane love. Paganini's relationship with Bianca is rather a tricky business to get past the Hays Office, but we hope, with tact, to manage it."

556:, and tells the story of a newly retired elderly couple who purchase a house that has been vacant for many years. The house is haunted by its previous occupier, who may have died under suspicious circumstances, and now takes 1287:, could not be considered as obscene, but instead also as art, unless there was movement by the nude woman, in which case it would be rude and obscene. Meanwhile, the New York Censor Review Board permitted a scene with 3421:

Lejeune, C.A. (25 Aug 1946). Busy Days in London: Film Studios Move into High Gear; with Full Schedule of Pictures Under Way, Films Coming Up In Father's Footsteps, Notes in Brief. New York Times (1923-Current file) .

1320:, which featured a topless woman on the cover. In the subsequent scenes, Marshall is seen flicking through the pages, revealing a number of full-frontal nude women in a number of different poses. Other challenges 630:

was not only the most popular film at the British box office in 1946, but also the most successful film Gainsborough Pictures produced overall. It was shortlisted for the "Best British Film" award for 1946 at the

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focus on the war, as he contended that the public did not need to see "patriotic war settings" for enjoyment, since many could find it "too near home", and that audiences wanted "good themes and good laughs".

806:(1947) did not fare any better, and made massive losses for Gainsborough at the box office, although the film has been reviewed more favourably in more recent years. Adapted from the novel of the same name by 2618: 989:

on the street was deleted, and the scenes of Fanny and Somerford living together outside of marriage were removed, as they perceived these issues violated the Hays purity Code, whilst also normalising

577:, and explored the diversity of marital relationships of three sisters and the effect on their children. The first sister is in a loving, but childless marriage; the second sister, who has a child, is 2905: 2598: 967:

as a character. However, more recent analysis by film historians has concluded that the PCA were sympathetic towards British productions, and tried to help them succeed in the American market.

195:

The dynamics of the paying viewing public changed in 1946, with men returning from war, and this brought about a change in the successful formula of the melodramas, in that, on the release of

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Brady, Thomas F. (31 August 1947). Random Notes on Activities in Hollywood: Capra Alters 'State of the Union'; The Censors Satisfied, Actors to Vote New York Times (1923-Current file); . X3.

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viewed by the American public, and to avoid Federal and/or State legislators becoming involved in the film industry. Films that did not adhere to the code were denied a certificate from the

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pilot who is going blind from a wartime injury (Granger), and the pilot's childhood friend (Roc), who is secretly in love with him. The film was a huge success at the British box-office.

215:

The critics had a scathing analysis upon their initial reception of the films, and they were not alone, as some of the films' stars also expressed their dissatisfaction with the releases.

3592:

Brady, Thomas F. (25 August 1947). Touch of Venus' Ready for Films: Artists Alliance to Produce Musical at the U-I Studios, Star Not Yet Named. New York Times (1923-Current file); . p13.

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Gainsborough released two melodramas in 1946 that took a change in the direction from the previous melodramas, in that both were more focused on men and masculinity. The first film,

932:

deliberately utilized the code to stifle foreign competition (which increased the financial burden of foreign studios) and poach talent, to therefore dominate the film industry.

407:, were voted third and fourth in their respective Best Actress Award and Best Actor Award categories . Despite the film coming in fourth in the "Best Film Award" category behind 1205:(himself a gay actor), and homosexuality was deemed to be deviant in nature. It was also illegal in both Britain and the United States during the year of the film's release. 301: 3260: 1085:

The British film industry were also confused at the inconsistencies of the PCA's decisions, which they believed were an attempt to exclude British films from the US market.

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Pryor, Thomas M. (15 December 1946). British Film Idol Casts Oral Bricks: James Mason Says Rank is Leading the English Movie Industry Into Trouble Outspoken Critic.

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Aspinall, Sue & Murphy, Roberts. (Eds.). (1983b). Gainsborough Melodrama: BFI Dossier 18 - Interview with Phyllis Calvert. London British Film Institute. p61.

1283:, Lord Cromer found that nude statutes or paintings in museums were not considered as obscene, but art, and therefore a live nude woman standing stationary, as a 2687: 120: 3280: 485:

would later say he was also inspired by two other short magazine stories, "The Ship Sailed at Night" and "A Night in Algiers". The film explores a contemporary

4227: 3500: 757:. It was shortlisted for the "Best British Film" for 1946 at the 1947 Daily Mail National Film Awards. The second melodrama released by Gainsborough in 1946, 251:

interview "I hated the films in retrospect, they're even worse now than they seemed at the time. I find it very difficult to say anything nice about them."

3070: 715:(1943). The film tells the story of a love triangle that begins in childhood and concludes with a double love triangle in adulthood, involving violence and 5328: 894: 2639: 3168: 2869: 71:

when cinema audiences consisted primarily of women. The influence of the films led to other British producers releasing similarly themed works, such as

39:

and frequently recurring actors who played similar characters in each. They were mostly based on popular books by female novelists and they encompassed

192:(1947-1949) film series were also notable in this regard. However, it was the melodramas that were the biggest financial successes for Gainsborough. 3610: 2004: 3712: 3520: 2978: 1645: 2763: 2098: 1905:

Wilson, Cecil. (1948). Film Votes For The Million. in Jeffrey Truby (ed), The Daily Mail Film Award Annual 1948. Winchester Publications Ltd.

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and immoral behaviour. The film's US release was delayed by three years, with Gainsborough changing the title to the PCA's recommended title

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the most seen films of that year. When it was released in Australia in 1946, it was the only British film among the ten most popular films.

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Following the end of the war, the films began to make losses at the box office as they fell out of fashion. To try to re-kindle interest,

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the damage was done, and exhibitors later publicised that the film had "suffered too much from the censors to be entirely satisfactory".

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common musician. The film was again successful at the British box office. It was the only new release British film to be entered into the

127:

took advantage of this by providing films with powerful images of female independence and rebellion that resonated deeply with audiences.

5231: 1183:(1947), which resulted in an easier transition to the US market, and fewer modifications required to be made to the films. While making 274:, and in subsequent years the films have become the subject of more favourable study. Following the positive reception by the public of 153: 4220: 1633: 1133: 897:(MPPDA), was not law, but rather an agreement between MPPDA members' studios and theatres to censor in order to clean up the image of 2459: 3187:

Schallert, Edwin. (9 March 1947). British Film Star Irked by Censors: 'Silly,' Says Margaret Lockwood in Trans-Atlantic Phone Chat.

2203: 3540: 683: 2925: 843:(1947), marked the official end of the Gainsborough melodrama period, and was the only one of the sequence of films to be made in 2303: 2241: 2155: 2032: 1995:

Noble, Peter. (1948). The Year in British Films. in Peter Noble (ed), The British Film Yearbook 1947-48. London, Skelton Robinson

1784: 1737:

Aspinall, Sue & Murphy, Roberts. (Eds.). (1983a). Gainsborough Melodrama: BFI Dossier 18. London British Film Institute. p60.

1295:'s prevaricated intervention, highlighting that it was only shot in extreme long shot, and a flesh-coloured body suit was worn. 2994: 1807: 5013: 5003: 3040: 2529: 2508: 5429: 5350: 4213: 2826: 2730: 2346: 528:

Due to the success of the previous three films over the two years, Gainsborough released four melodramas in 1945. The first,

3214: 1377:

was released in 1947; however, it was not successful and this marked the official end of the Gainsborough melodrama period.

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Despite this, the films were popular with the public to an extent that they catapulted Granger, Calvert and their co-stars

2057: 1971: 1716: 668:, in 1950, but it was never made into a film. Ironically, Arliss's last film credit was as screenwriter for the remake of 5271: 5256: 3705: 1579: 786:

The final three Gainsborough melodrama films, released in 1947, reverted to placing women as the protagonist. The first,

573:(1945), fared much better, and was one of the biggest hits of the year. The story was adapted from the popular novel by 5383: 4128: 1250: 1161:

The impact of the scrutiny by the PCA on British films had an effect upon the direction of Gainsborough Pictures, with

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Noble, Peter. (1948). Films of 1946. in Peter Noble (ed), The British Film Yearbook 1947-48. London, Skelton Robinson

1792: 1755: 1725: 1679: 1655: 1397: 661:, whose company owned Gainsborough, was not in favour, and subsequently vetoed any plans to make a follow-up film. 622:

and tells the story of a selfish, manipulative and vindictive woman who engages in a double life, as noble lady and

5455: 5163: 4184: 3805: 3155: 2944: 1549: 1179: 1121: 788: 2750: 830:. She soon becomes embroiled in an old clan feud between her employer and a rival clan, and is at the centre of a 5460: 5338: 4152: 1266: 1246:

with sixteen minutes of the film cut, including amongst others, scenes showing Calvert's and Roc's naked backs.

632: 323: 5312: 5148: 5023: 4967: 4840: 3880: 3698: 3401: 3372: 2888:

Phillips, Gene D. (2006). Beyond the Epic: The Life and Films of David Lean. The University Press of Kentucky.

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Everything you knew about cinema is probably wrong; BFI releases definitive list of the top 100 most-seen films

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was a notable box office attraction at British cinemas in 1946, becoming the sixth most successful film after

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Eclipse Series 36: Three Wicked Melodramas from Gainsborough Pictures|The Current|The Criterion Collection

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Amongst the British big-budget films to encounter frivolous or questionable problems with the PCA were

530: 352: 227: 188: 103: 5195: 5158: 5078: 5028: 780: 602: 507: 156:(1955–1974). Gainsborough also produced other films during the war that featured strong women as the 3459: 872:

British box office upon its release in 1947; by 1953, it had accumulated a net revenue of £200,000.

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and his two sons. Whilst there, she discovers life to be austere, and she is treated no better than

5465: 5389: 5088: 4937: 3960: 3920: 3840: 3749: 3017: 2376:. (64). New South Wales, Australia. p5. Retrieved 26 October 2017 via National Library of Australia 2099:

Enser's Filmed Books and Plays: A List of Books and Plays from which Films have been Made 1928-2001

1557: 1493: 1279:(1934), when arguing for the inclusion of the skinny dipping scene in his film. In regards to the 1219: 1078: 1047:(appropriate for the era portrayed), which they perceived to be very low-cut, and showing too much 981: 943: 802: 502: 318: 293: 239: 35:

but an unrelated sequence of films that had similar themes that were usually developed by the same

1055:. This was the first time the word cleavage had been applied in reference to an area of a woman's 5281: 4865: 4080: 2389: 1509: 1345: 856: 548: 521: 515: 489:

between a concert pianist (Lockwood) who, due to a heart condition, has months to live, a former

456: 448: 366:

took the honour of "most popular and outstanding British actress during the war years", ahead of

335: 3580: 2022:

Truby, Jeffrey. (ed). (1949) The Daily Mail Film Award Annual 1949. Winchester Publications Ltd.

1921:

Truby, Jeffrey. (ed). (1948) The Daily Mail Film Award Annual 1948. Winchester Publications Ltd.

1333: 5450: 5307: 5241: 5033: 4942: 4244: 4136: 4104: 4048: 3864: 3757: 3114: 2267:

Thumim, Janet. (1991). The 'Popular', Cash and Culture in the Postwar British Cinema Industry.

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Strong Women and Dark Doings: 'Three Wicked Melodramas from Gainsborough Pictures' - PopMatters

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Cleavage & the Code (August 5, 1946). Time: the Weekly News Magazine. Vol.48, (6). P 98

3025: 2572:. (394). New South Wales. p5. Retrieved 30 September 2017 via National Library of Australia 2443: 2231:. Issue 31,030. p5. Melbourne. Retrieved 9 September 2017 via National Library of Australia 1695: 1614: 1337: 1139: 346: 182: 3690: 2968:. New South Wales, Australia. p7. Retrieved 3 April 2016 via National Library of Australia 2599:

Classical Film Violence: Designing and Regulating Brutality in Hollywood Cinema, 1930–1968

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A large number of actors appeared in the films, but they are particularly associated with

8: 5118: 5113: 5103: 5083: 5048: 4982: 4192: 4160: 4112: 4032: 3848: 3789: 2549: 2402: 2085: 1870: 1533: 1167: 949: 823: 741: 709:. It was the second novel by Smith to be transformed into a Gainsborough melodrama after 697: 637: 594: 561: 393: 378:

was voted as the "most popular and outstanding British actor during the war years", with

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Banned in the U.S.A.: British Films in the United States and Their Censorship, 1933-1960

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became head of production at Gainsborough. The films were made either at Gainsborough's

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Lejeune, C.A. (16 September 1945). The Film Scene in London: Strictly a Family Affair.

3021: 2961: 2948: 2565: 1830: 1361: 1357: 1270: 1233: 1048: 959: 619: 557: 465: 344:(1943) voted second in the category for "Best Film" made between 1939 and 1945, behind 176: 123:, women attained more financial responsibility and independence by having to work, and 85: 3322:

Drazin, Charles. (1998). The Finest Years: British Cinema of the 1940s. André Deutsch

3283:. Volume 4 of The New York Times Encyclopedia of Film, 1896-1979, Times Books. p253. 3151: 2439: 2369: 2336:. Perth. p12. (Supplement) Retrieved 2 February 2014 via National Library of Australia 2329: 2283: 2224: 1866: 322:, ranked as 13th in the twentieth century and 15th in the all-time ranking. The first 5093: 4977: 4895: 4850: 4024: 3984: 3928: 3781: 3564: 3544: 3524: 3504: 3484: 3463: 3436: 3405: 3376: 3356: 3323: 3307: 3284: 3264: 3243: 3218: 3188: 3172: 3131: 3074: 3044: 2998: 2965: 2929: 2909: 2889: 2873: 2852: 2830: 2810: 2767: 2734: 2711: 2691: 2666: 2643: 2622: 2602: 2533: 2512: 2463: 2422: 2353: 2310: 2248: 2208: 2185: 2162: 2102: 2062: 2039: 1952: 1788: 1751: 1721: 1675: 1651: 1517: 1420: 1353: 1341: 1288: 1154: 1148: 747: 646: 569: 429:

was officially the final Gainsborough melodrama film, and the only one to be made in

363: 358: 255: 91: 63: 5185: 5133: 5053: 4925: 4915: 4144: 4056: 4040: 3992: 3621: 2287: 2272: 2268: 1819: 1262: 1254: 1115: 1094: 913: 535: 170: 73: 40: 2619:

Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema 1930–1934

1165:

capitulating to the US censor's norms in his final three Gainsborough melodramas,

855:

woman pursued by superstitious villagers as a witch, due to her being gifted with

291:(1945) was placed 9th, with an estimated attendance of 18.4 million people, while 5377: 5291: 5286: 5200: 5108: 4910: 4880: 4860: 4845: 3952: 3773: 3741: 3632: 2662: 2582: 1815: 1525: 1477: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1428: 1424: 1313: 1309: 1238: 1202: 1039: 937: 898: 729: 711: 702: 610: 574: 511: 490: 443: 387: 379: 367: 340: 306: 287: 276: 244: 216: 149: 51: 45: 2489: 1986:

Truby, Jeffrey. (ed). (1948) British Films of 1947. Winchester Publications Ltd.

1231:. A precedent was established by the BBFC's assessment of the Gainsborough film 5401: 5138: 4957: 4920: 4905: 4870: 4835: 4205: 4120: 3976: 3872: 3339: 3201: 2401:

Hollywood Sneaks In 15 Films on '25 Best' List of Arty Britain. (15 Jan 1947).

2119: 1949:

Film Noir, Detective and Mystery Movies on DVD: A Guide to the Best in Suspense

1391: 1382: 1304: 1284: 1228: 1162: 1127: 1109: 1086: 976: 807: 793: 768: 753: 675: 658: 650: 553: 478: 165: 136: 128: 107:(1950) and often with the talent that made Gainsborough melodramas successful. 1146:

Despite these protestations, another British film and Gainsborough melodrama,

1060: 297:(1944) was placed 40th, with an estimated attendance of 11.7 million people. 5444: 5251: 5153: 5143: 5043: 4962: 4096: 4016: 3797: 2082: 2008: 1975: 1891: 1541: 1452: 1440: 1403: 1292: 1173: 864: 759: 497: 486: 482: 455:. It tells the story of a young woman and a cold aristocrat who enter into a 203: 161: 97: 3158:. Vol 15 (23). p32. Retrieved 3 April 2016 via National Library of Australia 2731:

Censorship and the Permissive Society: British Cinema and Theatre, 1955-1965

2385: 300:

In regards solely to British productions, the same list identified that the

280:(1943), a number of similar pictures were made, often based on melodramatic 5073: 4947: 4890: 4875: 3904: 3813: 3501:

Bright Lights, Big City: London Entertained, 1830-1950. Collins & Brown

3111: 3006: 2553: 2137: 1768: 1699: 1647:

The Women's Companion to International Film. University of California Press

1618: 1565: 1444: 1432: 1369: 1299: 1213: 1188: 1090: 1069: 1027: 990: 890: 839: 819: 679: 404: 399: 371: 327: 281: 263: 116: 28: 3304:

Hollywood's Censor: Joseph I. Breen and the Production Code Administration

2981:. New York Times. p. X5. Retrieved 3 April 2016 via New York Times Archive 459:. When the young woman falls in love with a strolling actor, her hopes of 5205: 5008: 2118:

Lejeune, C.A. (03 Oct 1943). Notes About Birds and Pictures from London.

1448: 1416: 1374: 986: 925: 848: 844: 642: 578: 430: 421: 375: 259: 157: 32: 2688:

The British Board of Film Censors: Film Censorship in Britain, 1896-1950

2290:. Brisbane. p4. Retrieved 10 July 2012 via National Library of Australia 1455:

directed several of the most successful films. Other directors included

1348:

played a major role in overseeing a number of the earlier films. Later,

5411: 5058: 4972: 4855: 1378: 1349: 1257:

and censor for all theatrical performances in London, in regard to the

1208: 1198: 1073: 1023: 964: 852: 831: 623: 525:(1944). However, it performed very badly at the box office in the US. 5360: 4825: 1436: 886: 827: 271: 267: 36: 1767:

Gaumont-British Picture: Increased Takings and Costs. (15 Nov 1944)

1113:(1946, starring Lockwood), in comparison to American films, such as 4810: 3169:

Transatlantic Crossings: British Feature Films in the United States

2870:

Transatlantic Crossings: British Feature Films in the United States

811: 772: 641:(1946); it also claimed "Best Actor" and "Best Actress" awards for 582: 132: 3655:

Jean Kent: Suffolk Gainborsough melodramas actress dies - BBC News

2640:

Children, Cinema and Censorship: From Dracula to the Dead End Kids

1867:

British Poll Most Popular Stars: James Mason and Margaret Lockwood

905:(PCA), and therefore could not be released in American theatres. 2663:

The Wages of Sin: Censorship and the Fallen Woman Film, 1928–1942

1056: 1031: 963:(1949), not for the film itself, but because the PCA objected to 815: 720: 716: 590: 460: 2979:

Notes From London's Film Studios: Thriller What, No Love Affair?

626:, for excitement and gratification. Released in December 1945, 1044: 688: 664:

Leslie Arliss did go on to write a sequel for the film, titled

654: 586: 2708:

The Hidden Cinema: British Film Censorship in Action 1913-1972

1407:

bore a resemblance to the old Gainsborough melodrama formula.

2751:

1912-1949: The Early Years at the BBFC: 1916 - T. P. O’Connor

1748:"Melodrama, Self and Nation in Post-War British Popular Film. 1007: 477:(1944) was adapted from the short story "Love and Forget" by 331: 225:(1944) as "a load of crap - and a smash hit!", while calling 144: 131:, who was head of production at Gainsborough, pushed forward 68: 23:

were a sequence of films produced by the British film studio

2995:

Gaslight Melodrama: From Victorian London to 1940s Hollywood

2136:

Gaumont-British Picture: Increased Net Profit (04 Nov 1945).

2088:(Sunday Magazine) Vol.35.(1,806).p9 Retrieved 21 March 2020. 1316:) an airline folder that contained a hidden magazine titled 653:

wanted to capitalize on the success of the film by making a

514:, the film details the obstacles a young woman, who is born 3720: 3671:

Britain Can Take It: British Cinema in the Second World War

3041:

Melodrama, Self and Nation in Post-War British Popular Film

1211:'s first film during his period in charge at Gainsborough, 115:

During the mid-1940s, with many of the men fighting in the

1873:. Retrieved 4 March 2013 via National Library of Australia 1308:(1948), in which air stewardess Mary Johnstone (played by 1291:

bathing under a jungle waterfall nude, following director

859:, and how she is saved from persecution and employed as a 682:. However the film was not successful, and it received a " 593:; while the third sister, who also has children, is in an 67:(1945). The popularity of the films with audiences peaked 4952: 3685: