997:
1035:. The initial stage is the conversion of β-D-galactose to α-D-galactose by the enzyme, mutarotase (GALM). The Leloir pathway then carries out the conversion of α-D-galactose to UDP-glucose via three principal enzymes: Galactokinase (GALK) phosphorylates α-D-galactose to galactose-1-phosphate, or Gal-1-P; Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) transfers a UMP group from UDP-glucose to Gal-1-P to form UDP-galactose; and finally, UDP galactose-4’-epimerase (GALE) interconverts UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose, thereby completing the pathway.
900:
50:
594:
892:
4391:
3619:
3609:
71:
37:
1008:
2514:
645:
599:
975:
directly from plasma galactose. 25 ± 8% of the glucose and 35 ± 6% of the galactose was synthesized from smaller molecules such as glycerol or acetate in a process referred to in the paper as hexoneogenesis. This suggests that the synthesis of galactose is supplemented by direct uptake and of use of plasma galactose when present.
1120:(aging). It has been reported that high dose exposure of D-galactose (120 mg/kg) can cause reduced sperm concentration and sperm motility in rodents and has been extensively used as an aging model when administered subcutaneously. Two studies have suggested a possible link between galactose in milk and
1177:
Galactose in sodium saccharin solution has also been found to cause conditioned flavor avoidance in adult female rats within a laboratory setting when combined with intragastric injections. The reason for this flavor avoidance is still unknown, however it is possible that a decrease in the levels of
974:
to synthesize and secrete lactose. In a study where women were fed a diet containing galactose, 69 ± 6% of glucose and 54 ± 4% of galactose in the lactose they produced were derived directly from plasma glucose, while 7 ± 2% of the glucose and 12 ± 2% of the galactose in the lactose, were derived
1015:
Glucose is more stable than galactose and is less susceptible to the formation of nonspecific glycoconjugates, molecules with at least one sugar attached to a protein or lipid. Many speculate that it is for this reason that a pathway for rapid conversion from galactose to glucose has been
597:
1128:
showed no specific correlation between lactose-containing foods and ovarian cancer, and showed statistically insignificant increases in risk for consumption of lactose at 30 g/day. More research is necessary to ascertain possible risks.
1897:
Cui X, Zuo P, Zhang Q, Li X, Hu Y, Long J, Packer L, Liu J (August 2006). "Chronic systemic D-galactose exposure induces memory loss, neurodegeneration, and oxidative damage in mice: protective effects of R-alpha-lipoic acid".
1255:
1045:
is an inability to properly break down galactose due to a genetically inherited mutation in one of the enzymes in the Leloir pathway. As a result, the consumption of even small quantities is harmful to galactosemics.
1038:
The above mechanisms for galactose metabolism are necessary because the human body cannot directly convert galactose into energy, and must first go through one of these processes in order to utilize the sugar.
1854:
Pourmemar E, Majdi A, Haramshahi M, Talebi M, Karimi P, Sadigh-Eteghad S (January 2017). "Intranasal
Cerebrolysin Attenuates Learning and Memory Impairments in D-galactose-Induced Senescence in Mice".
2119:
Fung WL, Risch H, McLaughlin J, Rosen B, Cole D, Vesprini D, Narod SA (July 2003). "The N314D polymorphism of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase does not modify the risk of ovarian cancer".
598:
2146:
Genkinger JM, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Anderson KE, Arslan A, Beeson WL, et al. (February 2006). "Dairy products and ovarian cancer: a pooled analysis of 12 cohort studies".
2035:
Cramer DW, Harlow BL, Willett WC, Welch WR, Bell DA, Scully RE, Ng WG, Knapp RC (July 1989). "Galactose consumption and metabolism in relation to the risk of ovarian cancer".
2405:
963:. The enzymes are listed in the order of the metabolic pathway: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose-4’-epimerase (GALE).
186:
955:
In nature, lactose is found primarily in milk and milk products. Consequently, various food products made with dairy-derived ingredients can contain lactose. Galactose
1028:
600:
541:
1709:
658:
622:
1637:
1549:
Tunki, Lakshmi; Kulhari, Hitesh; Vadithe, Lakshma Nayak; Kuncha, Madhusudana; Bhargava, Suresh; Pooja, Deep; Sistla, Ramakrishna (2019-09-01).
1136:(a kidney disease resulting in kidney failure and proteinuria). This effect is likely to be a result of binding of galactose to FSGS factor.
2317:"Conditioned Flavor Avoidance, Preference, and Indifference Produced by Intragastric Infusions of Galactose, Glucose, and Fructose in Rats"
408:
1521:
1124:. Other studies show no correlation, even in the presence of defective galactose metabolism. More recently, pooled analysis done by the
3360:
3283:
850:(five-membered) ring. Galactofuranose occurs in bacteria, fungi and protozoa, and is recognized by a putative chordate immune lectin
1551:"Modulating the site-specific oral delivery of sorafenib using sugar-grafted nanoparticles for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment"
3655:
3230:
2288:
2272:
1804:
280:
3183:
1398:
3255:
2392:[Annual report on progress in pure, pharmaceutical, and technical chemistry] (in German). 1855. pp. 671–673.
858:, named alpha and beta, since the transition from the open-chain form to the cyclic form involves the creation of a new
3178:
1133:
3469:
3198:
3151:
1408:
1332:
1305:
1278:
873:
653:
373:
2464:
2080:"Association of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity and N314D genotype with the risk of ovarian cancer"
1348:
3213:
959:, which converts galactose into glucose, is carried out by the three principal enzymes in a mechanism known as the
665:
2546:
1433:"Galactofuranose biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K-12: identification and cloning of UDP-galactopyranose mutase"
1125:
608:
3125:
2000:
Cramer DW (November 1989). "Lactase persistence and milk consumption as determinants of ovarian cancer risk".
1717:
1712:. In Valle D, Beaudet AL, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Antonarakis SE, Ballabio A, Gibson KM, Mitchell G (eds.).
996:
3029:
1155:
869:
for galactose shows a broad, strong stretch from roughly wavenumber 2500 cm to wavenumber 3700 cm.
110:
3059:
1372:
350:
2224:"Circulating permeability factors in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis"
3648:
3293:
3208:
3193:
1032:
238:
1027:; humans and other species, however, have been noted to contain several alternate pathways, such as the
317:
3355:
3335:
3315:
2921:
2518:
1031:. The Leloir pathway consists of the latter stage of a two-part process that converts β-D-galactose to
2316:
1550:
3622:
1251:
1645:
1178:
the enzymes required to convert galactose to glucose in the liver of the rats could be responsible.
3715:
3235:
3203:
2781:
1669:"Contribution of plasma galactose and glucose to milk lactose synthesis during galactose ingestion"
311:
4208:
3516:
3330:
3188:
3044:
2786:
2478:
1943:"Gene Transcriptional and Metabolic Profile Changes in Mimetic Aging Mice Induced by D-Galactose"
1202:
523:
2183:"FSGS permeability factor-associated nephrotic syndrome: remission after oral galactose therapy"
4394:
4202:
3641:
3590:
3370:
1525:
1151:
of galactose on the antigens, whereas in the B antigens there are three monomers of galactose.
1144:
2439:
2389:
1268:
1186:
In 1855, E. O. Erdmann noted that hydrolysis of lactose produced a substance besides glucose.
4196:
3380:
3320:
2826:
1322:
1295:
917:
866:
100:
1431:
Nassau PM, Martin SL, Brown RE, Weston A, Monsey D, McNeil MR, et al. (February 1996).
258:
4335:
2881:
2796:
2684:
2078:
Goodman MT, Wu AH, Tung KH, McDuffie K, Cramer DW, Wilkens LR, et al. (October 2002).
1954:
1198:
359:
8:
3288:
3173:
3130:
2539:
2390:"Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der reinen, pharmaceutischen und technischen Chemie"
1194:
152:
1958:
218:
162:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
3548:
3375:
3265:
2931:
2352:
2060:
2013:
1977:
1942:
1923:
1879:
1765:
1586:
1017:
936:
198:
77:
56:
2332:
2048:
1457:
1432:
1247:
3479:
3345:
3260:
2734:
2344:
2336:
2268:
2245:
2204:
2163:
2128:
2101:
2052:
2017:
1982:
1915:
1871:
1829:
1800:
1757:
1690:
1613:
1590:
1578:
1570:
1503:
1462:
1404:
1328:
1301:
1274:
1167:
1087:
776:, and forming the core of the galactans, a class of natural polymeric carbohydrates.
2356:
2064:
1927:
1883:
1769:
1448:
3788:
3543:
3385:
3307:
2941:
2739:
2490:
2328:
2235:
2194:
2155:
2091:
2044:
2009:
1972:
1962:
1907:
1863:
1792:
1749:
1680:
1562:
1493:
1452:
1444:
1349:"16.3 Important Hexoses | The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry"
948:
683:
562:
552:
511:
431:
339:
2159:
4237:
4183:
4163:
4054:
3526:
3448:
3156:
3135:
3049:
1967:
1143:(chemical markers) present on blood cells that distinguish blood type within the
799:
was coined by
Charles Weissman in the mid-19th century and is derived from Greek
1867:
899:
4224:
4021:
3778:
3755:
3735:
3612:
3536:
3531:
3489:
3453:
3248:
3223:
3115:
3105:
3073:
2936:
2906:
2724:
2638:
2579:
2565:
2532:
1786:
1605:
1566:
1171:
1121:
1024:
987:
971:
960:
913:
835:
Galactose exists in both open-chain and cyclic form. The open-chain form has a
735:
636:
382:
InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2−,3+,4+,5−,6+/m1/s1
20:
2841:
1796:
1753:
1482:"Galactofuranose in eukaryotes: aspects of biosynthesis and functional impact"
392:
InChI=1/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2−,3+,4+,5−,6+/m1/s1
4409:
4330:
4247:
4135:
4026:
3579:
3243:
3093:
3039:
2886:
2771:
2749:
2744:
2674:
2494:
2461:
2340:
1821:
1638:"Lactose Intolerance – National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse"
1574:
1190:
1055:
773:
726:
567:
500:
1498:
1481:
720:
4214:
4095:
4077:
3725:
3665:
3438:
3426:
3350:
3325:
3218:
3166:
3024:
2961:
2956:
2776:
2754:
2606:
2348:
2249:
2208:
2167:
2132:
2105:
1986:
1919:
1875:
1833:
1761:
1694:
1685:
1668:
1617:
1582:
1507:
1219:
1083:
1075:
1042:
859:
820:
784:
780:
557:
547:
2524:
2056:
2021:
1466:
621:
4372:
4360:
4232:
4143:
3891:
3886:
3826:
3633:
3584:
3504:
3494:
3411:
3401:
3340:
3161:
3098:
3003:
2988:
2951:
2891:
2871:
2857:
2831:
2806:
2759:
2729:
2689:
2669:
2664:
2633:
2240:
2223:
2199:
2182:
2096:
2079:
1297:
Organic
Reactions Stereochemistry And Mechanism (Through Solved Problems)
1163:
1067:
49:
2315:
Sclafani, Anthony; Fanizza, Lawrence J; Azzara, Anthony V (1999-08-15).
758:
of glucose. A galactose molecule linked with a glucose molecule forms a
607:
4148:
4090:
4085:
3958:
3911:
3499:
3484:
3421:
3110:
2976:
2971:
2821:
2766:
2699:
2694:
2679:
2654:
1941:
Zhou YY, Ji XF, Fu JP, Zhu XJ, Li RH, Mu CK, et al. (2015-07-15).
1214:
1132:
Some ongoing studies suggest galactose may have a role in treatment of
1117:
1112:
1091:
1079:
1063:
956:
940:
921:
851:
751:
614:
459:
270:
249:
3054:
1911:
891:
4257:
4171:
4153:
4120:
4105:
3849:
3811:
3558:
3553:
3443:
3431:
3406:
3365:
2993:
2916:
2911:
2863:
2801:
2659:
2626:
970:, galactose is required in a 1 to 1 ratio with glucose to enable the
967:
925:
739:
70:
36:
2181:
De Smet E, Rioux JP, Ammann H, Déziel C, Quérin S (September 2009).
779:
D-Galactose is also known as brain sugar since it is a component of
635:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
4323:
4284:
4269:
4242:
4191:
4125:
3998:
3993:
3978:
3963:
3879:
3874:
3694:
3689:
3416:
2998:
2876:
2816:
2584:
1159:
1071:
1059:
847:
843:
836:
765:
580:
300:
185:
4365:
4345:
4313:
4288:
4278:
4274:
4252:
4115:
4110:
4100:
4010:
3973:
3968:
3946:
3931:
3921:
3838:
3816:
3800:
3563:
3474:
3120:
3088:
3019:
2946:
2896:
2836:
2811:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2594:
2145:
1148:
1140:
1007:
932:
854:
through its exocyclic 1,2-diol. In the cyclic form there are two
824:
815:
769:
759:
747:
743:
615:
490:
326:
916:. When combined with glucose (another monosaccharide) through a
4355:
4350:
4340:
4317:
4294:
4262:
4049:
4044:
3988:
3951:
3936:
3916:
3903:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3767:
3720:
3710:
3684:
3679:
3521:
3509:
2981:
2926:
2599:
2513:
929:
855:
755:
229:
1853:
819:
in that both contain roots meaning "milk sugar". Lactose is a
3941:
3744:
2966:
2901:
2791:
2716:
2555:
1740:
Bosch AM (August 2006). "Classical galactosaemia revisited".
1714:
The Online
Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease
209:
175:
1400:
Galactose
Regulon of Yeast: From Genetics to Systems Biology
1785:
Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.; Stryer, Lubert (2013).
1103:
809:
707:
689:
480:
291:
2481:[On the configuration of rhamnose and galactose].
3034:
1548:
1107:
698:
686:
2483:
Berichte der
Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin
2180:
2118:
2034:
1822:"Classic Galactosemia and Clinical Variant Galactosemia"
1479:
1430:
1197:
renamed it "galactose" or "glucose lactique". In 1894,
2228:
Clinical
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1480:
Tefsen B, Ram AF, van Die I, Routier FH (April 2012).
2314:
2077:
1514:
807:(of milk) and the generic chemical suffix for sugars
710:
701:
2479:"Ueber die Configuration der Rhamnose und Galactose"
1673:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
704:
695:
2499:
The configuration of galactose appears on page 385.
2221:
1666:
1154:A disaccharide composed of two units of galactose,
920:, the result is a disaccharide called lactose. The
692:
279:
1784:
876:spectra for galactose includes peaks at 4.7 ppm (D
813:. The etymology is comparable to that of the word
505:168–170 °C (334–338 °F; 441–443 K)
2256:
2222:McCarthy ET, Sharma M, Savin VJ (November 2010).
1603:
4407:
2442:[Organic chemistry based on synthesis].
2378:] (Thesis) (in Latin). University of Berlin.
2148:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
2121:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
1707:
1158:(alpha-gal), has been recognized as a potential
1023:The main pathway of galactose metabolism is the
338:
1667:Sunehag A, Tigas S, Haymond MW (January 2003).
1612:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
596:
161:
2476:
3649:
2540:
2263:Raven PH, Johnson GB (1995). Mills CJ (ed.).
1896:
1193:in 1856 and he called it "lactose". In 1860,
783:(oligosaccharide-protein compounds) found in
2262:
2174:
1604:Sanganeria, Tanisha; Bordoni, Bruno (2023),
1320:
1256:Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1189:Galactose was first isolated and studied by
842:Four isomers are cyclic, two of them with a
3361:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
2554:
2372:Dissertatio de saccharo lactico et amylaceo
1940:
1555:European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
3663:
3656:
3642:
2547:
2533:
2289:"Alpha-gal syndrome - Symptoms and causes"
2267:(3rd ed.). WM C. Brown. p. 203.
1116:to D-galactose causes the acceleration of
990:and some biochemical reactions of glucose
907:
830:
257:
2440:"Chimie organique fondée sur la synthèse"
2437:
2239:
2198:
2095:
1976:
1966:
1684:
1497:
1456:
1403:. Springer Science & Business Media.
358:
1701:
1266:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1097:
1006:
898:
890:
862:at the site of the open-chain carbonyl.
2418:From page 348: Je propose de le nommer
2403:
2369:
1733:
1660:
924:of lactose to glucose and galactose is
903:Chair conformation of D-galactopyranose
884:OH), 3.75, 3.61, 3.48 and 3.20 ppm (−CH
730:, "milk sugar"), sometimes abbreviated
316:
4408:
1999:
1742:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
1094:production process (from macroalgae).
3637:
2528:
2376:Dissertation on milk sugar and starch
2310:
2308:
2187:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
1828:. University of Washington, Seattle.
1819:
1739:
1635:
1544:
1542:
1373:"Charles Weismann in the 1940 Census"
1300:. New Age International. p. 43.
1293:
1232:
1147:. In O and A antigens, there are two
385:Key: WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N
237:
217:
19:For the EP by The Sweet Science, see
1396:
1273:. Woodhead Publishing. p. 264.
1078:by the body, where it forms part of
561:
551:
395:Key: WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBBU
329:
299:
13:
2305:
2014:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115423
1539:
1321:Zanetti M, Capra DJ (2003-09-02).
1201:and Robert Morrell determined the
1134:focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
995:
592:
69:
48:
14:
4442:
3470:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
2566:List of sugars and sugar products
2506:
131:,6)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal
4390:
4389:
3618:
3617:
3608:
3607:
2512:
2084:American Journal of Epidemiology
2002:American Journal of Epidemiology
1900:Journal of Neuroscience Research
1139:Galactose is a component of the
939:. The latter is produced by the
846:(six-membered) ring, two with a
682:
643:
443:
35:
2470:
2454:
2431:
2397:
2382:
2363:
2281:
2215:
2139:
2112:
2071:
2028:
1993:
1934:
1890:
1847:
1813:
1778:
1629:
1597:
1449:10.1128/jb.178.4.1047-1052.1996
1270:Optimising Sweet Taste in Foods
1126:Harvard School of Public Health
1090:; and is a by-product from the
888:of ring), 2.79–1.90 ppm (−OH).
639:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
2477:Fischer E, Morrell RS (1894).
2408:[Note on milk sugar].
1708:Fridovich-Keil JL, Walter JH.
1473:
1424:
1390:
1365:
1341:
1314:
1287:
1260:
449:
437:
1:
2333:10.1016/S0031-9384(99)00053-0
2160:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0484
2049:10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90313-9
1225:
1156:galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose
1102:Chronic systemic exposure of
982:
978:
1968:10.1371/journal.pone.0132088
1606:"Genetics, Inducible Operon"
790:
746:, and about 65% as sweet as
7:
2406:"Note sur le sucre de lait"
1868:10.1016/j.exger.2016.11.011
1208:
772:form of galactose found in
44:
10:
4447:
3356:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
3336:Demerara rebellion of 1823
3316:1811 German Coast uprising
2922:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
1567:10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104978
1267:Spillane WJ (2006-07-17).
1181:
1049:
18:
4385:
4223:
4180:
4162:
4134:
4076:
4069:
4037:
4009:
3902:
3837:
3799:
3766:
3743:
3734:
3703:
3672:
3603:
3572:
3462:
3394:
3306:
3276:
3144:
3081:
3072:
3012:
2850:
2715:
2708:
2647:
2572:
2563:
2450:. Paris, France: 248–249.
2321:Physiology & Behavior
1797:10.1007/978-3-8274-2989-6
1754:10.1007/s10545-006-0382-0
1353:courses.lumenlearning.com
1327:. CRC Press. p. 78.
1252:GESTIS Substance Database
895:Cyclic forms of galactose
839:at the end of the chain.
633:
574:
534:
424:
404:
369:
145:
137:
109:
99:
94:
43:
34:
3716:Cyclohexane conformation
2782:High-fructose corn syrup
2495:10.1002/cber.18940270177
2422:. (I propose to name it
1856:Experimental Gerontology
1397:Bhat PJ (2 March 2008).
1092:third-generation ethanol
1029:De Ley Doudoroff Pathway
4209:Isomaltooligosaccharide
3331:Colonial molasses trade
2787:High-maltose corn syrup
2460:"Galactose" — from the
1642:digestive.niddk.nih.gov
1522:"Ophardt, C. Galactose"
1437:Journal of Bacteriology
908:Relationship to lactose
831:Structure and isomerism
738:sugar that is about as
524:Magnetic susceptibility
4203:Galactooligosaccharide
3591:Pure, White and Deadly
3371:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
3277:By region (historical)
2394:see especially p. 673.
1686:10.1210/jc.2002-020768
1145:ABO blood group system
1054:Galactose is found in
1012:
1000:
904:
896:
603:
74:
53:
4197:Fructooligosaccharide
3381:Taiwan Sugar Railways
3321:Amelioration Act 1798
2265:Understanding Biology
1499:10.1093/glycob/cwr144
1098:Clinical significance
1010:
999:
986:Metabolism of common
918:condensation reaction
902:
894:
602:
111:Systematic IUPAC name
73:
52:
3060:Unrefined sweeteners
2882:Crystalline fructose
2797:Inverted sugar syrup
2521:at Wikimedia Commons
2438:Berthelot M (1860).
2241:10.2215/CJN.03800609
1648:on November 25, 2011
1170:may be triggered by
1020:among many species.
1011:Galactose metabolism
585:(fire diamond)
16:Monosaccharide sugar
3145:By region (current)
3045:Sugar confectionery
2467:(gálaktos, “milk”).
2370:Erdmann EO (1855).
1959:2015PLoSO..1032088Z
1636:Staff (June 2009).
512:Solubility in water
467: g·mol
199:Beilstein Reference
31:
3549:Sweetened beverage
3376:Sugar Intervention
3284:Danish West Indies
3266:U.S. Sugar Program
3025:Cotton candy floss
2932:Plantation Reserve
2827:Steen's cane syrup
2404:Pasteur L (1856).
2200:10.1093/ndt/gfp278
2097:10.1093/aje/kwf104
1730:a 4 b 21 c 22 d 22
1013:
1001:
905:
897:
823:of galactose plus
666:Infobox references
604:
530:-103.00·10 cm/mol
78:Fischer projection
75:
57:Haworth projection
54:
26:
4403:
4402:
4381:
4380:
4065:
4064:
3631:
3630:
3480:Blood sugar level
3346:Leith Sugar House
3302:
3301:
3261:Sugar Association
3068:
3067:
3030:Maple sugar foods
2735:Barley malt syrup
2558:as food commodity
2517:Media related to
2274:978-0-697-22213-8
1912:10.1002/jnr.20899
1820:Berry GT (1993).
1806:978-3-8274-2988-9
1775:a 517 b 516 c 519
1294:Kalsi PS (2007).
1168:Alpha-gal allergy
1005:
1004:
880:O), 4.15 ppm (−CH
674:Chemical compound
672:
671:
187:Interactive image
90:
89:
4438:
4393:
4392:
4184:oligosaccharides
4164:Tetrasaccharides
4074:
4073:
3789:Dihydroxyacetone
3741:
3740:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3621:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3544:Sugar substitute
3386:Triangular trade
3079:
3078:
2740:Brown rice syrup
2713:
2712:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2500:
2498:
2474:
2468:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2444:Mallet-Bachelier
2435:
2429:
2428:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2032:
2026:
2025:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1970:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1788:Stryer Biochemie
1782:
1776:
1773:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1716:. Archived from
1705:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1644:. Archived from
1633:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1524:. Archived from
1518:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1264:
1258:
1245:
1018:highly conserved
983:
949:Escherichia coli
717:
716:
713:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
656:
650:
647:
646:
624:
617:
610:
595:
565:
555:
517:650 g/L (20 °C)
466:
451:
445:
439:
432:Chemical formula
362:
342:
331:
320:
303:
283:
261:
241:
221:
189:
165:
84:
65:-galactopyranose
64:
45:
39:
32:
29:
25:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4377:
4238:Oat beta-glucan
4225:Polysaccharides
4219:
4182:
4176:
4158:
4130:
4061:
4055:Neuraminic acid
4033:
4005:
3898:
3833:
3795:
3762:
3736:Monosaccharides
3730:
3699:
3668:
3662:
3632:
3627:
3599:
3568:
3527:Sugar addiction
3458:
3449:Sugar sculpture
3390:
3298:
3272:
3249:Tate & Lyle
3240:United Kingdom
3157:Bundaberg Sugar
3140:
3136:Sugar marketing
3064:
3050:Sugarcane juice
3008:
2846:
2704:
2643:
2568:
2559:
2553:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2475:
2471:
2459:
2455:
2436:
2432:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2368:
2364:
2313:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2261:
2257:
2234:(11): 2115–21.
2220:
2216:
2179:
2175:
2144:
2140:
2117:
2113:
2076:
2072:
2043:(8654): 66–71.
2033:
2029:
1998:
1994:
1953:(7): e0132088.
1939:
1935:
1895:
1891:
1862:(Pt A): 16–22.
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1706:
1702:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1602:
1598:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1478:
1474:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1265:
1261:
1246:
1233:
1228:
1211:
1184:
1100:
1052:
988:monosaccharides
981:
937:β-galactosidase
912:Galactose is a
910:
887:
883:
879:
833:
793:
685:
681:
675:
668:
663:
662:
661: ?)
652:
648:
644:
640:
629:
628:
627:
626:
619:
612:
605:
601:
593:
544:
527:
514:
464:
454:
448:
442:
434:
420:
417:
416:O1(O)(O(O)1O)CO
412:
411:
400:
397:
396:
393:
387:
386:
383:
377:
376:
365:
345:
332:
306:
286:
273:
264:
244:
224:
201:
192:
179:
168:
155:
141:
133:
132:
105:
86:
82:
81:
66:
62:
60:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4444:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4336:Levan beta 2→6
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4310:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4281:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4229:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4136:Trisaccharides
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4022:Mannoheptulose
4015:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3843:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3805:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3779:Glyceraldehyde
3772:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3756:Glycolaldehyde
3749:
3747:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3537:Residual sugar
3532:Sugars in wine
3529:
3524:
3519:
3517:Health effects
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3492:
3490:Flavored syrup
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3454:Treacle mining
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3224:Tongaat Hulett
3221:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:Sugarcane mill
3113:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2907:Molasses sugar
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2725:List of syrups
2721:
2719:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2639:Reducing sugar
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2580:Monosaccharide
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2508:
2507:External links
2505:
2502:
2501:
2469:
2453:
2430:
2410:Comptes rendus
2396:
2381:
2362:
2327:(2): 227–234.
2304:
2280:
2273:
2255:
2214:
2193:(9): 2938–40.
2173:
2138:
2111:
2090:(8): 693–701.
2070:
2027:
1992:
1933:
1889:
1846:
1812:
1805:
1777:
1732:
1710:"Galactosemia"
1700:
1659:
1628:
1596:
1538:
1513:
1472:
1443:(4): 1047–52.
1423:
1409:
1389:
1364:
1340:
1333:
1324:The Antibodies
1313:
1306:
1286:
1279:
1259:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1205:of galactose.
1183:
1180:
1172:lone star tick
1122:ovarian cancer
1099:
1096:
1056:dairy products
1051:
1048:
1025:Leloir pathway
1003:
1002:
992:
991:
980:
977:
972:mammary glands
961:Leloir pathway
914:monosaccharide
909:
906:
885:
881:
877:
832:
829:
792:
789:
736:monosaccharide
673:
670:
669:
664:
642:
641:
637:standard state
634:
631:
630:
620:
613:
606:
591:
590:
589:
588:
586:
577:
576:
572:
571:
568:microparticles
545:
540:
537:
536:
532:
531:
528:
522:
519:
518:
515:
510:
507:
506:
503:
497:
496:
493:
487:
486:
483:
477:
476:
473:
469:
468:
462:
456:
455:
452:
446:
440:
435:
430:
427:
426:
422:
421:
419:
418:
415:
407:
406:
405:
402:
401:
399:
398:
394:
391:
390:
388:
384:
381:
380:
372:
371:
370:
367:
366:
364:
363:
355:
353:
347:
346:
344:
343:
335:
333:
325:
322:
321:
314:
308:
307:
305:
304:
296:
294:
288:
287:
285:
284:
276:
274:
269:
266:
265:
263:
262:
254:
252:
246:
245:
243:
242:
234:
232:
226:
225:
223:
222:
214:
212:
206:
205:
202:
197:
194:
193:
191:
190:
182:
180:
173:
170:
169:
167:
166:
158:
156:
151:
148:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
114:
113:
107:
106:
103:
97:
96:
92:
91:
88:
87:
76:
67:
55:
41:
40:
21:Galactose (EP)
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4443:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4396:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:Hemicellulose
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4078:Disaccharides
4075:
4072:
4068:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4028:
4027:Sedoheptulose
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:Ketoheptoses
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:Deoxy sugars
3984:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:Ketopentoses
3870:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:Aldopentoses
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:Aldotetroses
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:carbohydrates
3659:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3624:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:Robert Lustig
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3256:United States
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:British Sugar
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Sugar alcohol
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Glucose syrup
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:Maesil-cheong
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2485:(in German).
2484:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2462:Ancient Greek
2457:
2449:
2446:(in French).
2445:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:(in French).
2411:
2407:
2400:
2391:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:(2): 364–72.
2153:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2127:(7): 678–80.
2126:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:(5): 904–10.
2007:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1906:(3): 647–54.
1905:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:(4): 516–25.
1747:
1743:
1736:
1720:on 2018-06-26
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1528:on 2006-09-08
1527:
1523:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1492:(4): 456–69.
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1412:
1410:9783540740155
1406:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1334:9780203216514
1330:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1307:9788122417661
1303:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1280:9781845691646
1276:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1203:configuration
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:Louis Pasteur
1187:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:glycoproteins
1081:
1077:
1074:. It is also
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1009:
998:
994:
993:
989:
985:
984:
976:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
953:
951:
950:
945:
943:
938:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
901:
893:
889:
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
828:
826:
822:
818:
817:
812:
811:
806:
802:
798:
788:
786:
782:
781:glycoproteins
777:
775:
774:hemicellulose
771:
767:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:
723:
722:
715:
679:
667:
660:
655:
638:
632:
625:
618:
611:
587:
584:
583:
579:
578:
573:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
546:
543:
539:
538:
535:Pharmacology
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:
516:
513:
509:
508:
504:
502:
501:Melting point
499:
498:
494:
492:
489:
488:
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:
471:
470:
463:
461:
458:
457:
436:
433:
429:
428:
423:
414:
413:
410:
403:
389:
379:
378:
375:
368:
361:
357:
356:
354:
352:
349:
348:
341:
337:
336:
334:
328:
324:
323:
319:
315:
313:
310:
309:
302:
298:
297:
295:
293:
290:
289:
282:
278:
277:
275:
272:
268:
267:
260:
256:
255:
253:
251:
248:
247:
240:
236:
235:
233:
231:
228:
227:
220:
216:
215:
213:
211:
208:
207:
203:
200:
196:
195:
188:
184:
183:
181:
177:
172:
171:
164:
160:
159:
157:
154:
150:
149:
144:
136:
130:
126:
122:
118:
112:
108:
102:
98:
93:
79:
72:
68:
58:
51:
47:
46:
42:
38:
33:
22:
4312:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4283:
4215:Maltodextrin
4096:Isomaltulose
3926:
3887:Deoxy sugars
3823:Ketotetrose
3726:Mutarotation
3589:
3439:Sugar people
3427:Sugar packet
3351:Molasses Act
3326:Blackbirding
3219:Illovo Sugar
3214:South Africa
3167:Wilmar Sugar
2962:Butterscotch
2957:Barley sugar
2862:
2777:Golden syrup
2755:Mogwa-cheong
2607:Disaccharide
2589:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2384:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2324:
2320:
2296:. Retrieved
2292:
2283:
2264:
2258:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1825:
1815:
1787:
1780:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:the original
1713:
1703:
1679:(1): 225–9.
1676:
1672:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:the original
1641:
1631:
1621:, retrieved
1609:
1599:
1558:
1554:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:the original
1516:
1489:
1486:Glycobiology
1485:
1475:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1399:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1376:
1367:
1356:. Retrieved
1352:
1343:
1323:
1316:
1296:
1289:
1269:
1262:
1220:Galactolysis
1199:Emil Fischer
1188:
1185:
1176:
1153:
1138:
1131:
1111:
1101:
1053:
1043:Galactosemia
1041:
1037:
1022:
1014:
965:
954:
947:
941:
911:
871:
864:
860:stereocenter
841:
834:
821:disaccharide
814:
808:
804:
800:
796:
794:
778:
764:
731:
725:
719:
677:
676:
581:
475:White solid
239:ChEMBL300520
146:Identifiers
138:Other names
128:
124:
120:
116:
4373:Xanthan gum
4361:Amylopectin
4233:Beta-glucan
4144:Maltotriose
3959:Ketohexoses
3912:Aldohexoses
3892:Deoxyribose
3827:Erythrulose
3785:Ketotriose
3775:Aldotriose
3585:John Yudkin
3495:Fruit syrup
3412:Sugar shack
3402:Added sugar
3341:Holing cane
3199:Philippines
3099:Casa-grande
3013:Other forms
2989:Sugar glass
2952:Sugar candy
2892:Gula melaka
2872:Candi sugar
2851:Solid forms
2842:Yacón syrup
2832:Table syrup
2807:Maple syrup
2760:Yuja-cheong
2730:Agave syrup
2665:Agave syrup
2634:Added sugar
2489:: 382–394.
2416:: 347–351.
2293:Mayo Clinic
1652:January 11,
1416:26 December
1382:26 December
1164:mammal meat
1162:present in
1086:in several
1080:glycolipids
1076:synthesized
1064:sugar beets
1033:UDP-glucose
750:. It is an
472:Appearance
425:Properties
219:CHEBI:28061
140:Brain sugar
30:-Galactose
4410:Categories
4149:Melezitose
4091:Isomaltose
4086:Cellobiose
3752:Aldodiose
3623:Production
3500:Date honey
3485:Cane knife
3422:Sugar nips
3111:Sugar bush
3094:Plantation
3082:Production
2977:Rock candy
2942:Preserving
2822:Pine honey
2767:Corn syrup
2655:Sugar beet
2298:2022-02-25
1724:2018-06-25
1623:2023-10-24
1610:StatPearls
1561:: 104978.
1532:2015-11-26
1358:2022-05-06
1226:References
1215:Galactogen
1118:senescence
1113:Drosophila
979:Metabolism
957:metabolism
922:hydrolysis
874:Proton NMR
867:IR spectra
852:intelectin
762:molecule.
754:and a C-4
752:aldohexose
460:Molar mass
360:X2RN3Q8DNE
271:IUPHAR/BPS
250:ChemSpider
174:3D model (
153:CAS Number
101:IUPAC name
85:-galactose
4431:Furanoses
4426:Pyranoses
4421:Nutrition
4416:Galactose
4303:Galactose
4258:Cellulose
4248:Sizofiran
4172:Stachyose
4154:Raffinose
4121:Trehalose
4106:Lactulose
3927:Galactose
3850:Arabinose
3812:Erythrose
3664:Types of
3559:Sweetness
3554:Sweetener
3444:Sugar tit
3432:Sucrology
3407:Crop Over
3366:Sugar Act
3209:Sri Lanka
3194:Mauritius
3179:Caribbean
3152:Australia
2994:Sugarloaf
2912:Muscovado
2864:Peen tong
2802:Kuromitsu
2660:Sugarcane
2627:Trehalose
2590:Galactose
2573:Chemistry
2519:Galactose
2341:0031-9384
1591:195764874
1575:0928-0987
1195:Berthelot
1072:mucilages
968:lactation
966:In human
926:catalyzed
805:galaktos,
797:galactose
795:The word
791:Etymology
770:polymeric
678:Galactose
495:1.5 g/cm
485:Odorless
318:Galactose
104:Galactose
4395:Category
4324:Glycogen
4307:Galactan
4285:Fructose
4270:Chitosan
4243:Lentinan
4192:Acarbose
4126:Turanose
4070:Multiple
4011:Heptoses
3999:Rhamnose
3994:Fuculose
3979:Tagatose
3964:Fructose
3880:Xylulose
3875:Ribulose
3839:Pentoses
3801:Tetroses
3704:Geometry
3695:Pyranose
3690:Furanose
3613:Category
3573:Research
3417:Sugaring
3231:Tanzania
3106:Refinery
3074:Industry
2999:Wasanbon
2937:Powdered
2877:Chancaca
2817:Molasses
2709:Products
2685:Honeydew
2585:Fructose
2465:γάλακτος
2357:37225025
2349:10477054
2250:20966123
2209:19509024
2168:16492930
2133:12869412
2106:12370157
2065:34304536
1987:26176541
1947:PLOS ONE
1928:13641006
1920:16710848
1884:40793896
1876:27894939
1834:20301691
1770:16382462
1762:16838075
1695:12519857
1618:33232031
1583:31254645
1508:21940757
1377:Ancestry
1209:See also
1160:allergen
1149:monomers
1141:antigens
1066:, other
1060:avocados
848:furanose
844:pyranose
837:carbonyl
801:γαλακτος
787:tissue.
766:Galactan
721:galacto-
582:NFPA 704
575:Hazards
542:ATC code
526:(χ)
204:1724619
4366:Amylose
4314:Glucose
4289:Fructan
4279:Dextran
4275:Dextrin
4253:Zymosan
4116:Sucrose
4111:Maltose
4101:Lactose
4050:Nonoses
4045:Octoses
4038:Above 7
3974:Sorbose
3969:Psicose
3947:Mannose
3932:Glucose
3922:Altrose
3904:Hexoses
3817:Threose
3768:Trioses
3673:General
3564:Vinasse
3475:Bagasse
3463:Related
3395:Culture
3308:History
3121:Engenho
3089:Boilery
3055:Tuzemák
3020:Caramel
2947:Sucanat
2897:Jaggery
2887:Gelling
2837:Treacle
2812:Mizuame
2675:Coconut
2648:Sources
2622:Sucrose
2617:Maltose
2612:Lactose
2595:Glucose
2424:lactose
2420:lactose
2057:2567871
2022:2510499
1978:4503422
1955:Bibcode
1826:Nih.gov
1467:8576037
1254:of the
1250:in the
1248:Record
1182:History
1174:bites.
1088:tissues
1050:Sources
933:lactase
930:enzymes
928:by the
856:anomers
825:glucose
816:lactose
760:lactose
748:sucrose
744:glucose
734:, is a
659:what is
657: (
560: (
558:V08DA02
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550: (
548:V04CE01
491:Density
465:180.156
327:PubChem
163:59-23-4
4356:Starch
4351:Pectin
4346:Mannan
4341:Lignin
4318:Glucan
4295:Inulin
4263:Chitin
3989:Fucose
3952:Talose
3937:Gulose
3917:Allose
3865:Xylose
3860:Ribose
3855:Lyxose
3745:Dioses
3721:Epimer
3711:Anomer
3685:Ketose
3680:Aldose
3594:(1972)
3522:Nectar
3510:Jallab
3294:Hawaii
3236:Uganda
3204:Rwanda
2982:Toffee
2927:Panela
2745:Cheong
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2600:Xylose
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230:ChEMBL
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4211:(IMO)
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4181:Other
3942:Idose
3505:Grape
3189:India
3184:Kenya
3131:Zafra
3126:Batey
3004:White
2967:Candy
2902:Misri
2858:Brown
2792:Honey
2690:Maple
2670:Birch
2556:Sugar
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1880:S2CID
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312:MeSH
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2491:doi
2329:doi
2236:doi
2195:doi
2156:doi
2092:doi
2088:156
2045:doi
2010:doi
2006:130
1973:PMC
1963:doi
1908:doi
1864:doi
1793:doi
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