2519:
2973:. p. 423-424. Magocsi explains that the census data for Austria-Hungary did not include figures on ethnicity per se but only on language and religion; therefore, the Jewish population is based on the religion statistics, while his estimates of the other ethnic groups are based on both the language and the religion statistics, in order to correct for the fact that Jews are counted in those language groups. He notes that in 1910 "the vast majority of Jews (808,000) gave Polish as their language" (p. 423). (Yiddish did not appear as a language option on the census forms of Austria-Hungary.)
2511:
2620:, stationery and retail. However, the Jewish inclination towards education was overcoming barriers. The number of Jewish intellectual workers proportionally was much higher than that of Ruthenian or Polish ones in Galicia. Of 1,700 physicians in Galicia, 1,150 were Jewish; 41 percent of workers in culture, theaters and cinema, over 65 percent of barbers, 43 percent of dentists, 45 percent of senior nurses in Galicia were Jewish, and 2,200 Jews were lawyers. For comparison, there were only 450 Ruthenian (Ukrainian) lawyers. Galician Jewry produced four Nobel prize winners:
29:
2655:
5304:
2761:. In 1921, Poland's March Constitution gave the Jews the same legal rights as other citizens and guaranteed them religious tolerance and freedom of religious holidays. The number of Jews migrating to Poland from Ukraine and Soviet Russia grew rapidly. According to the Polish national census of 1921, there were 2,845,364 Jews living in the country; but, by late 1938 that number had grown by over 16% to approximately 3,310,000. Between the end of the
2560:
2709:. Although the Polish losses were estimated at more than 10,000 dead and wounded, the Western Ukrainian army lost in excess of 15,000 men. "Despite the official neutrality, some Jewish men had been noticed aiding the combat Ukrainian units, and this fact alone caused a great enthusiasm in the Ukrainian press." Reportedly, the Council of Ministers of the West Ukrainian People's Republic provided assistance to Jewish victims of the
5318:
2503:
2769:
2546:), in 1772, there were approximately 150,000 to 200,000 Jews residing there, comprising 5–6.5% of the total population; by 1857 the Jewish population had risen to 449,000, or 9.6% of the total population. In 1910, the 872,000 Jews living in Galicia comprised 10.9% of the total population, compared to approximately 45.4% Poles, 42.9% Ruthenian, and 0.8% Germans.
2666:
Under
Habsburg rule, Galicia's Jewish population increased sixfold, from 144,000 in 1776 to 872,000 in 1910, due to a high birth rate and a steady stream of refugees fleeing pogroms in the neighboring Russian Empire. The Jews constituted one third of the population of many cities and came to dominate
2705:, which protected Jews from being mobilized against their will or forced to contribute to the Ukrainian military effort. Both Ukrainian and pro-Ukrainian Jewish armed units suffered significant losses as they retreated from Galicia before the army of General
3326:, (original document, 1,522 KB), including "Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej z dnia 9 marca 1927 r. w sprawie utworzenia gmin wyznaniowych żydowskich na obszarze powiatów: białostockiego, bielskiego i sokólskiego województwa białostockiego."
3111:
2612:
Most of
Galician Jewry lived poorly, largely working in small workshops and enterprises, and as craftsmen—including tailors, carpenters, hat makers, jewelers and opticians. Almost 80 percent of all
3424:
3331:
3293:
2904:
3451:
3271:
Controversial
Reports on the Situation of Jews in Poland in the Aftermath of World War I: The Conflict between the US Ambassador in Warsaw Hugh Gibson and American Jewish Leaders.
2701:
which emerged in the same month and was disbanded nine months later. The West
Ukrainian government respected Jewish neutrality during the Polish-Ukrainian conflict by an order of
2717:, many more pogroms and assaults against Galician Jews were perpetrated by the Ukrainian side in rural areas and other towns. Between 22 and 26 March 1919, during massacres in
2725:. The chief organizer of the pogrom became minister of war soon thereafter. Simultaneous Ukrainian pogroms took place in Berdichev, Uma, and Cherniakhov among other places.
3577:
3043:
1082:
3542:
1660:
1315:
1010:
1202:
3428:
2840:
was most influential in
Ukraine and southern Poland but was fiercely resisted in Lithuania (and even the form of Hasidism that took root there, namely
2671:
in 1867, Galician Jews constituted 58 percent of
Galicia's civil servants and judges by 1897. During the 19th century Galicia and its main city, Lviv (
2410:
5349:
2889:
174:
4808:
1197:
5198:
1445:
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1699:
3327:
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647:
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3640:
Gesher
Galicia - An organization dedicated to the genealogy of Galician Jewry and preserving the heritage and culture of Galician Jews
1623:
3571:
3705:
1646:
2832:, who thought of them as irrational and uneducated. They, in turn, held the Litvaks in disdain, derogatively referring to them as
5204:
996:
740:
3059:
2518:
4304:
3758:
2894:
2403:
1573:
1508:
1390:
3288:"Traktat między Głównemi Mocarstwami sprzymierzonemi i stowarzyszonemi a Polską, podpisany w Wersalu dnia 28 czerwca 1919 r."
4299:
3589:
3554:
689:
3160:
1132:
4208:
4319:
4314:
3738:
2917:
2721:(Jitomir), between 500 and 700 Jews lost their lives at the hands of armed men from the Ukrainian republican army led by
2698:
1400:
1217:
1207:
447:
5131:
4008:
3239:
3139:
1796:
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1711:
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1270:
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4159:
4013:
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3086:
3005:
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1488:
1450:
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1177:
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1072:
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1781:
1763:
1669:
1563:
1415:
1410:
1335:
1300:
1167:
2828:
In the popular perception, Galitzianers were considered to be more emotional and prayerful than their rivals, the
5233:
4427:
3127:
2299:
2198:
1753:
1736:
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1513:
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1370:
1355:
1275:
1234:
1187:
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1102:
1047:
5344:
5210:
4531:
2193:
1731:
1716:
1679:
1641:
1613:
1603:
1598:
1583:
1578:
1558:
1543:
1528:
1503:
1469:
1440:
1340:
1325:
1249:
1239:
1157:
1127:
1052:
1038:
5273:
5141:
5136:
4324:
4309:
4073:
4028:
3773:
3650:
Rohatyn
District Research Group - Group dedicated to genealogy research and Jewish heritage in the district
3129:
2754:
1801:
1721:
1684:
1608:
1553:
1420:
1395:
1320:
1295:
1285:
1224:
1147:
1142:
1122:
1112:
1092:
1077:
970:
674:
438:
433:
2989:
5238:
5223:
4104:
3964:
3538:
2667:
parts of the local economy such as retail sales and trade. They were also successful in the government;
1791:
1786:
1741:
1694:
1380:
1350:
1310:
1305:
1162:
468:
2836:("cross heads"), or Jews assimilated to the point of being Christian. This coincides with the fact that
5192:
5086:
4737:
4631:
4339:
4272:
3833:
3723:
2265:
2110:
1818:
1212:
408:
398:
134:
34:
5308:
5248:
5146:
5126:
4996:
4921:
4781:
4648:
4334:
4294:
3662:
3256:
2538:
In the modern period, Jews were the third most numerous ethnic group in Big
Galicia, after Poles and
2482:). Galicia proper, which was inhabited by Ruthenians, Poles and Jews, became a royal province within
2479:
2379:
2072:
1923:
1864:
755:
5228:
5059:
4358:
4233:
3622:
3573:
2714:
2475:
2082:
2062:
1172:
652:
193:
5181:
5170:
4764:
4685:
4390:
4289:
4228:
4114:
4087:
2706:
2690:
2570:
2440:
2223:
2213:
2178:
2057:
2047:
1830:
1001:
943:
777:
456:
413:
128:
3316:
3182:
Nationalizing a
Borderland: war, ethnicity, and anti-Jewish violence in east Galicia, 1914-1920.
2646:, was a Galician Jew whose family migrated to the U.S. in the first decade of the 20th century.
5217:
5187:
4250:
2910:
2750:
2741:
signed in March 1921. The borders between Poland and Soviet Russia remained in force until the
2467:
2342:
2077:
1991:
1057:
609:
228:
198:
38:
3128:
Vasyl Kuchabsky; Gus Fagan; Wirth-Institute for Austrian and Central European Studies (2009).
2961:
5243:
5164:
4946:
4653:
4536:
4277:
4267:
4260:
4245:
4131:
3021:
2883:
2762:
2745:
in September 1939, although serious abuses against the Jews, including pogroms, continued in
2734:
2531:
2510:
2506:
The Jews in Europe (1881). Galicia is located immediately northeast of the Hungarian district
2233:
2228:
2173:
1961:
876:
604:
591:
486:
203:
3195:
2710:
5278:
5268:
4771:
3743:
3410:
2686:
2487:
2304:
2256:
1996:
1854:
667:
532:
521:
479:
8:
4926:
4894:
4820:
4729:
4675:
4282:
4082:
3816:
3781:
2985:
2702:
2668:
2357:
2052:
725:
597:
500:
493:
423:
311:
186:
3645:
Nadworna Shtetl Research Group - A group dedicated to the Jews of the shtetl of Nadworna
5258:
5253:
5064:
4786:
4663:
4658:
4643:
4613:
4566:
4489:
4395:
4255:
3828:
3733:
3700:
2943:
2878:
2742:
2676:
2633:
2208:
2158:
2105:
2100:
2014:
1884:
1152:
981:
735:
660:
514:
80:
4541:
4417:
3634:
5042:
4973:
4855:
4840:
4623:
4494:
4459:
3748:
3595:
3585:
3560:
3550:
3526:
3516:
3499:
3489:
3352:
3235:
3135:
3082:
3077:
3051:
3001:
2966:
2859:. Galitzianers like things sweet, even to the extent of putting sugar in their fish.
2856:
2758:
2621:
2616:
in Galicia were Jewish. The main occupation of Jews in towns and villages was trade:
2543:
2352:
2294:
2274:
2091:
1651:
1290:
750:
621:
551:
428:
341:
208:
28:
3644:
3351:, Vol. 2. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research Yale University Press. 2008. p. 1393.
2522:
Population of Jews before World War II in Galicia. Largest Jewish population was in
5108:
5076:
5037:
5008:
4991:
4941:
4742:
4551:
4484:
4437:
4385:
4353:
4344:
4329:
4203:
4178:
4154:
4038:
3969:
3886:
3753:
3225:
3207:
2873:
2868:
2841:
2431:
2322:
2203:
2163:
2127:
1825:
1375:
886:
642:
546:
461:
351:
143:
5018:
5013:
4825:
4752:
4585:
4556:
4479:
4469:
4432:
4407:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4198:
4193:
4183:
4168:
3959:
3876:
3843:
3801:
3791:
3582:
Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories
3537:
3335:
3323:
3297:
2837:
2829:
2697:(UHA). In exchange, they were allotted 10% of the seats in the parliament of the
2629:
2483:
2471:
2284:
2243:
2238:
2218:
2140:
2134:
2067:
2019:
1859:
1840:
991:
715:
632:
615:
159:
3156:
2765:
and late 1938, the Jewish population of the Republic had grown by over 464,000.
5322:
5297:
5118:
5025:
4983:
4963:
4951:
4931:
4845:
4835:
4803:
4796:
4776:
4747:
4719:
4714:
4680:
4590:
4514:
4504:
4442:
4240:
4188:
4099:
4094:
3856:
3851:
3786:
3715:
3610:
3072:
2852:
2801:
2785:
2746:
2722:
2679:. Lviv was the home of the world's first Yiddish-language daily newspaper, the
2384:
2183:
2038:
1918:
1897:
1874:
1869:
1847:
1835:
1430:
911:
845:
810:
788:
720:
563:
541:
403:
382:
358:
124:
106:
3374:
End note 20: 44–29, memo 1/30/39 , The Jewish Publication Society of America,
5338:
5091:
4936:
4863:
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4604:
4577:
4526:
4474:
4447:
4422:
4412:
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4119:
4053:
4033:
4023:
4018:
3991:
3937:
3811:
3599:
3530:
3503:
3055:
3039:
2797:
2738:
2689:, which erupted in November 1918. During the conflict, 1,200 Jews joined the
2642:
2625:
2332:
2327:
1533:
1460:
986:
835:
830:
825:
815:
745:
507:
346:
251:
213:
164:
3564:
5071:
4868:
4830:
4791:
4380:
4124:
4063:
4043:
4003:
3986:
3954:
3942:
3903:
3821:
3796:
3635:
Buchach Jewish Cemetery fully documented at Jewish Galicia and Bukovina ORG
3375:
3367:
2654:
2362:
2188:
2029:
2024:
1982:
1935:
1029:
896:
881:
840:
805:
418:
260:
3356:
3315:"Ustawa z dnia 17 marca 1921 r. – Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej."
3211:
5081:
4596:
4521:
4499:
4402:
3996:
3925:
3920:
3908:
3898:
3481:
2899:
2809:
2463:
2347:
2289:
1954:
860:
855:
850:
820:
3372:
A History of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 1929–1939.
2713:, wrote Alexander Prusin. Nevertheless, as noted by Robert Blobaum from
5175:
4882:
4464:
4058:
3806:
3728:
3116:
Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870-1933/39
2993:
2637:
2584: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2539:
2451:
2005:
1019:
948:
906:
730:
710:
274:
181:
101:
3425:"Berkeley bookseller's side shtick is a treasure trove of Yiddishisms"
5096:
4561:
4452:
4363:
3981:
3915:
3513:
Rediscovering Traces of Memory: The Jewish Heritage of Polish Galicia
2805:
2789:
2685:
Towards the end of World War I, Galicia became a battleground of the
2617:
2168:
2153:
1243:
1191:
953:
901:
891:
572:
568:
558:
473:
233:
3932:
3547:
Jewish Roots in Poland: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories
2559:
2527:
921:
4815:
4757:
4702:
4697:
4368:
3654:
3388:
3163:
from the original on 12 January 2012 – via Internet Archive.
2844:, was more intellectually inclined than the other Hasidic groups).
2718:
2659:
2337:
1947:
1879:
705:
218:
169:
5030:
4914:
4909:
4899:
4887:
4707:
4692:
4636:
4571:
4546:
4509:
4373:
4048:
3947:
3871:
3763:
3689:
3639:
3628:
3486:
Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-Day Ukraine
3131:
Western Ukraine in conflict with Poland and Bolshevism, 1918-1923
2848:
2813:
2777:
2773:
2613:
2491:
2459:
2313:
2279:
2148:
1942:
931:
926:
798:
584:
580:
576:
325:
320:
297:
279:
154:
149:
139:
117:
92:
3044:"Crimes and Mass Violence of the Russian Civil Wars (1918-1921)"
5101:
4968:
4904:
3231:
Dreamland: Europeans and Jews in the Aftermath of the Great War
2817:
2793:
1973:
1968:
1928:
1913:
1024:
916:
336:
302:
288:
223:
3649:
3134:. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. p. 185.
2905:
Wooden synagogues of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
5052:
5047:
5001:
4956:
4877:
4872:
4136:
3891:
3861:
3452:"This is no fish tale: Gefilte tastes tell story of ancestry"
2502:
936:
365:
269:
238:
2542:. At the time that Galicia was annexed by Austria (i.e. the
5151:
3685:
3310:
3283:
2768:
2523:
88:
3584:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation.
3549:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation.
3099:
Jews in Ukrainian Literature: representation and identity.
2788:. The majority of Galician Jews were murdered during the
2808:. In 1959, the census showed 29,701 Jews were living in
2490:
in the late 18th century. Galician Jews primarily spoke
62:
449,000, or 9.6% of the total population of the region.
3254:
2753:
were protected by a series of explicit clauses in the
16:
Subgroup of ethnic Jews in present-day Western Ukraine
3488:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
2445:
2693:
and formed an all-Jewish Ukrainian battalion called
1952:
1933:
356:
3631:
Paintings depicting a Galician shtetl in the 1930s.
3391:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
2946:." Translated from the Hebrew by Deborah Weissman.
3515:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
3081:, pp. 367-368, University of Toronto Press, 2000,
54:150,000–200,000, or 5–6.5% of the total population
5336:
3273:Studia Judaica 7: 2004 nr 2(14) s. 257–304 (pdf)
3234:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 11.
3224:
3349:The YIVO encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
3112:"Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth Century Poland."
2749:. The rights of minorities in the newly reborn
3449:
2938:
2936:
2934:
3670:
3422:
3038:
2890:Jewish–Ukrainian relations in Eastern Galicia
2784:In September 1939, most of Galicia passed to
2404:
5159:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
3101:New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 94-95
3016:
3014:
2981:
2979:
2948:YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
2931:
648:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
3677:
3663:
3066:
2662:(east and west) between the two world wars
2411:
2397:
3411:"If Not Even Wiser" by Hirshe-Dovid Katz.
3381:
2600:Learn how and when to remove this message
70:872,000, or 10.9% of the total population
5350:Jewish Galician (Eastern Europe) history
3706:Index of Jewish history-related articles
3303:
3276:
3011:
3000:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
2976:
2965:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
2767:
2653:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2474:Oblasts) and from south-eastern Poland (
5205:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3842:
3193:
3159:. Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust.
2514:Peasants and Jews from Galicia, c. 1886
2458:and Bukovina from contemporary western
5337:
3510:
3480:
3313:RP. Internetowy System Aktow Prawnych.
3286:RP. Internetowy System Aktow Prawnych.
2895:List of Galician (Eastern Europe) Jews
3658:
3684:
3450:Bill Gladstone (10 September 1999).
3048:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence
3034:
3032:
3030:
2942:Manekin, Rachel (2 November 2010). "
2582:adding citations to reliable sources
2553:
3248:
3218:
3184:University of Alabama Press. p. 99.
3154:
2918:Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova
2435:
13:
5152:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
5132:American Jewish Historical Society
3474:
3317:PDF scan of the March Constitution
3187:
3148:
3121:
2812:. A small number have remained in
14:
5366:
3616:
3196:"Europe: Early Modern and Modern"
3104:
3027:
2847:The two groups diverged in their
2454:originating and developed in the
2450:) are members of the subgroup of
439:Historical population comparisons
5316:
5303:
5302:
3257:"Modern Jewish History: Pogroms"
2728:
2699:West Ukrainian People's Republic
2675:in Yiddish), became a center of
2558:
2456:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
1083:Democratic Republic of the Congo
997:Historical population by country
27:
3623:Brief history of Galician Jews.
3443:
3416:
3403:
3361:
3341:
3263:
3255:Jewish Virtual Library (2008).
3180:Alexander Victor Prusin.(2005).
3174:
2569:needs additional citations for
2497:
5224:Relations with other religions
3580:(in cooperation with) (1999).
3545:(in cooperation with) (1997).
3389:"The Jewish Community of Lvov"
3300:(original document, 1,369 KB).
3200:The American Historical Review
3194:Blobaum, Robert (April 2006).
3091:
2953:
1:
5211:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
3454:. jweekly.com. Archived from
3427:. jweekly.com. Archived from
3423:Joshua Brandt (19 May 2000).
3169:(L'viv), November 5, 1918, 3.
2998:Galicia: A Multicultured Land
2924:
2855:, separated by the so-called
2792:. Most survivors migrated to
654:Christianity and Judaism
5142:Leo Baeck Institute New York
5137:American Sephardi Federation
3114:In: Herbert Arthur Strauss.
3097:Myroslav Shkandrij. (2009).
2772:Galician Jewish cemetery in
46:Jewish population in Galicia
7:
3965:Constantinopolitan Karaites
3338:(original document, 67 KB).
3165:General Ukrainian Council,
2862:
2446:
1953:
1934:
1661:Latin America and Caribbean
357:
10:
5371:
5193:National Library of Israel
3834:Zionism, race and genetics
3578:Moldovan National Archives
3118:. Walter de Gruyter, 1993.
2851:accents and even in their
2823:
2649:
2549:
2266:Jewish political movements
1963:Conversion to Judaism
5291:
5147:Yeshiva University Museum
5127:Center for Jewish History
5117:
4982:
4854:
4728:
4622:
4153:
3772:
3714:
3696:
3625:Personal.ceu.hu/Students.
3609:the quarterly journal of
3511:Webber, Jonathan (2009).
3244:– via Google Books.
3144:– via Google Books.
2959:Magocsi, Paul R. (1996).
669:Hinduism and Judaism
66:
58:
50:
45:
26:
3739:Ancient Israel and Judah
3574:Ukrainian State Archives
3259:. Encyclopaedia Judaica.
2990:Galicia: A European Land
2715:West Virginia University
2526:with 76,854, second was
495:Temple in Jerusalem
188:Bar and bat mitzvah
4115:North African Sephardim
4088:Jewish tribes of Arabia
3629:Shoshana Eden, painter.
3576:(in cooperation with);
3347:Gershon David Hundert.
3008:. p. 3-21; here: p. 11.
2950:. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
2691:Ukrainian Galician Army
2658:Galicia in relation to
457:Twelve Tribes of Israel
5218:Holocaust Encyclopedia
5188:Jewish Virtual Library
3290:PDF scan of the Treaty
2996:& Magocsi (Eds.),
2911:Jewish Roots in Poland
2781:
2751:Second Polish Republic
2663:
2535:
2515:
2507:
39:Second Polish Republic
5355:Ashkenazi Jews topics
5165:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4947:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
4132:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
3882:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
3543:Polish State Archives
3269:Andrzej Kapiszewski,
3212:10.1086/ahr.111.2.587
2884:Galicia Jewish Museum
2771:
2711:Polish pogrom in Lviv
2657:
2532:Galicia Jewish Museum
2521:
2513:
2505:
1203:São Tomé and Príncipe
1198:Republic of the Congo
592:Second Temple Judaism
463:Kingdom of Judah
434:Modern historiography
35:the Rebbe in Husiatyn
5345:Jewish ethnic groups
3744:Second Temple period
3322:5 March 2016 at the
3062:on 1 September 2008.
2986:Magocsi, Paul Robert
2757:signed by President
2687:Polish-Ukrainian War
2578:improve this article
2488:Partitions of Poland
2305:World Agudath Israel
1446:United Arab Emirates
533:Second Temple period
523:Babylonian captivity
5182:Jewish Encyclopedia
4927:Hekhalot literature
4738:Religious movements
4273:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3155:Melamed, Vladimir.
2703:Yevhen Petrushevych
598:Hellenistic Judaism
176:Land of Israel
135:Principles of faith
23:
5323:Judaism portal
5259:Jews and Halloween
5254:Jews and Christmas
4644:Rabbinic authority
4396:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3829:Xueta Christianity
3734:Origins of Judaism
3701:Outline of Judaism
3334:2012-01-19 at the
3296:2012-01-26 at the
3078:Ukraine: a history
2962:History of Ukraine
2879:Fortress synagogue
2782:
2743:invasion of Poland
2707:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
2681:Lemberger Togblat.
2677:Yiddish literature
2664:
2536:
2516:
2508:
2159:Jewish Koine Greek
1701:Dominican Republic
982:Judaism by country
661:Jews and Christmas
516:Assyrian captivity
21:
5332:
5331:
5298:extinct languages
5199:YIVO Encyclopedia
4974:Hebrew literature
4942:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
4782:Reconstructionist
4460:Judaeo-Portuguese
4149:
4148:
4105:Eastern Sephardim
3749:Synagogal Judaism
3591:978-0-96-565081-6
3556:978-0-96-565080-9
2857:Gefilte Fish Line
2763:Polish–Soviet War
2755:Versailles Treaty
2735:Polish–Soviet War
2695:Zhydivs’kyy Kurin
2622:Isidor Isaac Rabi
2610:
2609:
2602:
2544:Habsburg monarchy
2444:
2421:
2420:
2370:
2369:
2118:
2117:
1865:Reconstructionist
1809:
1808:
961:
960:
768:
767:
605:Jewish–Roman wars
553:Hasmonean dynasty
469:Kingdom of Israel
373:
372:
74:
73:
5362:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5306:
5305:
4438:Judeo-Golpaygani
4039:Palestinian Jews
4014:Alexandrian Jews
3970:Crimean Karaites
3887:Unterlander Jews
3840:
3839:
3754:Rabbinic Judaism
3679:
3672:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3603:
3572:Weiner, Miriam;
3568:
3534:
3507:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3420:
3414:
3409:Barnett Zumoff,
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3385:
3379:
3365:
3359:
3345:
3339:
3307:
3301:
3280:
3274:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3226:Howard M. Sachar
3222:
3216:
3215:
3191:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3125:
3119:
3108:
3102:
3095:
3089:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3058:. Archived from
3036:
3025:
3020:Magocsi (2005),
3018:
3009:
2994:Christopher Hann
2983:
2974:
2957:
2951:
2940:
2874:Jews in Bukovina
2869:Borshchiv Ghetto
2605:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2562:
2554:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2262:
2261:
2143:
1964:
1958:
1939:
1903:
1902:
1850:
1797:New Zealand
1749:
1712:El Salvador
1702:
1634:Northern America
1626:
1220:
976:
975:
887:Crimean Karaites
783:
782:
761:
759:
680:
678:
670:
664:
655:
643:Rabbinic Judaism
624:
618:
612:
600:
588:
554:
547:Maccabean Revolt
524:
517:
511:
503:
496:
490:
482:
464:
388:
387:
362:
257:
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189:
177:
76:
75:
31:
24:
20:
5370:
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5364:
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5335:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5317:
5315:
5287:
5113:
4978:
4850:
4724:
4618:
4433:Judeo-Borujerdi
4408:Judeo-Malayalam
4354:Judeo-Aragonese
4325:Lishanid Noshan
4157:
4145:
3877:Oberlander Jews
3838:
3768:
3710:
3692:
3683:
3619:
3607:The Galitzianer
3592:
3557:
3523:
3496:
3477:
3475:Further reading
3472:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3458:on 8 March 2004
3448:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3431:on 14 July 2007
3421:
3417:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3366:
3362:
3346:
3342:
3336:Wayback Machine
3324:Wayback Machine
3308:
3304:
3298:Wayback Machine
3281:
3277:
3268:
3264:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3223:
3219:
3192:
3188:
3179:
3175:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3126:
3122:
3110:Norman Davies.
3109:
3105:
3096:
3092:
3071:
3067:
3037:
3028:
3019:
3012:
2984:
2977:
2958:
2954:
2941:
2932:
2927:
2865:
2826:
2737:ended with the
2731:
2652:
2630:Georges Charpak
2606:
2595:
2589:
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2575:
2563:
2552:
2500:
2484:Austria-Hungary
2468:Ivano-Frankivsk
2417:
2372:
2371:
2259:
2249:
2248:
2239:Judeo-Malayalam
2219:Judaeo-Georgian
2139:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2020:Yiddish theatre
1962:
1900:
1890:
1889:
1848:
1821:
1811:
1810:
1747:
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1218:
1002:Genetic studies
973:
963:
962:
780:
770:
769:
757:
756:
676:
675:
668:
658:
653:
635:and Middle Ages
633:Rabbinic period
620:
614:
607:
595:
566:
552:
522:
515:
506:
498:
494:
485:
480:in Judaism
477:
462:
385:
375:
374:
254:
244:
243:
187:
175:
120:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5368:
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5292:
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5265:non-Christian
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4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4964:Shulchan Aruch
4961:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4952:Sefer Yetzirah
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4932:Pardes Rimonim
4929:
4922:Kabbalah texts
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
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4715:Land of Israel
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4695:
4690:
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4609:
4608:
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4602:
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4600:
4593:
4591:Judeo-Alsatian
4583:
4582:
4581:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
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4487:
4482:
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4472:
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4462:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4443:Judeo-Hamedani
4440:
4435:
4430:
4420:
4418:Judaeo-Occitan
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4359:Jewish English
4356:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
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4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4290:Judaeo-Aramaic
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4278:Judeo-Tunisian
4275:
4270:
4268:Judeo-Moroccan
4265:
4264:
4263:
4261:Judeo-Baghdadi
4248:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4165:
4163:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4117:
4112:
4110:Livornese Jews
4107:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
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4016:
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3896:
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3857:Afrikaner-Jode
3848:
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3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
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3626:
3618:
3617:External links
3615:
3614:
3613:
3611:Gesher Galicia
3604:
3590:
3569:
3555:
3539:Weiner, Miriam
3535:
3521:
3508:
3494:
3476:
3473:
3470:
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3442:
3415:
3402:
3380:
3360:
3340:
3302:
3275:
3262:
3247:
3241:978-0307425676
3240:
3217:
3186:
3173:
3147:
3141:978-1894865128
3140:
3120:
3103:
3090:
3073:Orest Subtelny
3065:
3042:(April 2008).
3026:
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2802:United Kingdom
2786:Soviet Ukraine
2747:Soviet Ukraine
2730:
2727:
2723:Symon Petliura
2651:
2648:
2636:(literature).
2632:(physics) and
2608:
2607:
2566:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2499:
2496:
2452:Ashkenazi Jews
2419:
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1058:Bilad-el-Sudan
1055:
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1032:
1027:
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1014:
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1011:Land of Israel
1007:
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869:Related groups
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721:Jewish atheism
718:
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695:
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677:Islamic–Jewish
672:
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650:
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629:
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561:
556:
549:
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542:Yehud Medinata
536:
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529:
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526:
519:
512:
504:
491:
483:
471:
466:
459:
451:
450:
448:Ancient Israel
444:
443:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
404:Land of Israel
401:
393:
392:
386:
381:
380:
377:
376:
371:
370:
369:
368:
363:
359:Shulchan Aruch
354:
349:
344:
339:
331:
330:
329:
328:
323:
315:
314:
308:
307:
306:
305:
300:
292:
291:
285:
284:
283:
282:
277:
272:
264:
263:
255:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
184:
179:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
137:
132:
125:God in Judaism
121:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:
104:
96:
95:
85:
84:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
43:
42:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5367:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5325:
5324:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5249:Protestantism
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:Sefer HaBahir
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4864:Sifrei Kodesh
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4720:Who is a Jew?
4718:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4649:Chosen people
4647:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4606:
4605:Scots-Yiddish
4603:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4578:Klezmer-loshn
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:Judeo-Shirazi
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4423:Judeo-Persian
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4413:Judeo-Marathi
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4391:Judeo-Italian
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:Judeo-Amazigh
4244:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:Hadhrami Jews
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:Mountain Jews
4032:
4030:
4029:Egyptian Jews
4027:
4025:
4024:Bukharan Jews
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:Lists of Jews
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3675:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3522:9781906764036
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3495:9780691131214
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3406:
3390:
3384:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3266:
3258:
3251:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3177:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3157:"Jewish Lviv"
3151:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3124:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3087:0-8020-8390-0
3084:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3040:Nicolas Werth
3035:
3033:
3031:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3007:
3006:9780802037817
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2971:9780802078209
2968:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2810:Lviv province
2807:
2803:
2799:
2798:United States
2795:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:Peace of Riga
2736:
2729:Peace of Riga
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2656:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:Call It Sleep
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:(chemistry),
2627:
2626:Roald Hoffman
2623:
2619:
2615:
2604:
2601:
2593:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2567:This section
2565:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2530:with 45,229 (
2529:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2480:Lesser Poland
2477:
2476:Subcarpathian
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:Galician Jews
2414:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:Judeo-Aramaic
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:Judeo-Italian
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:Ghardaïa Sign
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:Denominations
1815:
1814:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:United States
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Guinea-Bissau
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
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1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
987:Lists of Jews
985:
983:
980:
979:
978:
977:
972:
967:
966:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
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928:
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923:
920:
918:
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890:
888:
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883:
880:
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875:
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872:
868:
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862:
859:
857:
854:
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849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
800:
797:
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792:
791:
790:
787:
786:
785:
784:
779:
774:
773:
762:
754:
752:
749:
747:
746:The Holocaust
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
702:
701:
697:
696:
691:
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686:
683:
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673:
671:
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656:
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634:
631:
630:
623:
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611:
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590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
550:
548:
545:
543:
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538:
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531:
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520:
518:
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502:
497:
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484:
481:
475:
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417:
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396:
395:
394:
390:
389:
384:
379:
378:
367:
364:
361:
360:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Mishneh Torah
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
332:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
316:
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151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
136:
133:
130:
126:
123:
122:
119:
114:
113:
108:
107:Who is a Jew?
105:
103:
100:
99:
98:
97:
94:
90:
87:
86:
82:
78:
77:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
22:Galician Jews
19:
5314:
5307:
5293:
5216:
5209:
5197:
5180:
5163:
4997:perspectives
4831:Samaritanism
4792:Neo-Hasidism
4772:Conservative
4686:Names of God
4595:
4576:
4386:Judaeo-Greek
4381:Judeo-Gascon
4320:Lishán Didán
4315:Lishana Deni
4283:Judeo-Yemeni
4251:Judeo-Arabic
4125:Meshuchrarim
4044:Persian Jews
3977:Kurdish Jews
3955:Kaifeng Jews
3904:Beta Abraham
3867:Galitzianers
3866:
3822:Antisemitism
3797:Israeli Jews
3782:Assimilation
3606:
3581:
3546:
3512:
3485:
3482:Bartov, Omer
3460:. Retrieved
3456:the original
3445:
3433:. Retrieved
3429:the original
3418:
3413:Translation.
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3383:
3376:Philadelphia
3371:
3368:Yehuda Bauer
3363:
3348:
3343:
3309:
3305:
3282:
3278:
3265:
3250:
3230:
3220:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3181:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3150:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3076:
3068:
3060:the original
3047:
2997:
2960:
2955:
2947:
2916:
2909:
2846:
2833:
2827:
2783:
2732:
2694:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2665:
2641:
2640:, who wrote
2611:
2596:
2590:October 2023
2587:
2576:Please help
2571:verification
2568:
2537:
2498:Demographics
2436:גאַליציאַנער
2428:Galitzianers
2427:
2423:
2422:
2363:Post-Zionism
2234:Judeo-Berber
2229:Judeo-Arabic
2189:Judeo-Gascon
1936:Pidyon haben
1855:Conservative
1401:Saudi Arabia
1219:South Africa
1208:Sierra Leone
1030:Israeli Jews
944:Mosaic Arabs
897:Kaifeng Jews
793:
758:Arab–Israeli
741:Soviet Union
726:Emancipation
610:Great Revolt
419:Anti-Judaism
414:Antisemitism
409:Name "Judea"
204:Baal teshuva
18:
5239:Catholicism
4821:Hellenistic
4659:Eschatology
4597:Lachoudisch
4522:Lotegorisch
4500:Lachoudisch
4490:Koiné Greek
4403:Judeo-Latin
4340:Palestinian
4234:Palestinian
4083:Mustaʿravim
4009:Afghan Jews
3997:Berber Jews
3921:Bene Israel
3909:Falash Mura
3899:Beta Israel
3817:Persecution
3759:Middle Ages
3462:22 December
3435:22 December
2900:Three hares
2834:tseylem-kop
2669:emancipated
2624:(physics),
2447:Galitsianer
2358:Revisionist
2348:Neo-Zionism
1955:Zeved habat
1748:Puerto Rico
1574:Netherlands
1406:South Korea
1391:Philippines
1271:Afghanistan
1138:Ivory Coast
912:Crypto-Jews
877:Bnei Anusim
856:Bene Israel
821:Beta Israel
778:Communities
685:Middle Ages
424:Persecution
199:Bereavement
5339:Categories
5234:Anabaptism
5176:Jew (word)
5043:Leadership
4856:Literature
4841:Secularism
4787:Humanistic
4654:Conversion
4624:Philosophy
4465:Judeo-Urdu
4229:Babylonian
4074:Saada Jews
4059:Adeni Jews
3852:Ashkenazim
3807:Samaritans
3774:Population
3729:Israelites
3328:Amendments
3206:(2): 587.
2925:References
2886:, (Kraków)
2776:, western
2759:Paderewski
2638:Henry Roth
2634:S.Y. Agnon
2540:Ruthenians
2486:after the
2343:Maximalism
2295:Secularism
2275:Autonomism
2092:Literature
1885:Humanistic
1489:Azerbaijan
1451:Uzbekistan
1426:Tajikistan
1346:Kyrgyzstan
1331:Kazakhstan
1178:Mozambique
1153:Madagascar
1073:Cape Verde
1025:New Yishuv
1020:Old Yishuv
971:Population
949:Subbotniks
907:Samaritans
846:Romanyotim
789:Ashkenazim
731:Old Yishuv
711:Sabbateans
698:Modern era
690:Golden Age
622:Bar Kokhba
342:Beit Yosef
209:Philosophy
5296:indicate
5244:Mormonism
5229:Christian
5109:Symbolism
5097:Synagogue
5077:Mythology
5038:Education
5009:Astronomy
4992:Astrology
4809:relations
4614:Zarphatic
4562:Galitzish
4364:Yeshivish
4241:Catalanic
4204:Samaritan
4179:Ashkenazi
4160:Diasporic
4155:Languages
4100:Sephardim
4095:Romaniote
3982:Krymchaks
3916:Desi Jews
3792:Buddhists
3600:607423469
3531:323127181
3504:123912559
3357:837032828
3056:1961-9898
2988:(2005). "
2806:Australia
2790:Holocaust
2618:wholesale
2441:romanized
2353:Religious
2209:Zarphatic
2199:Bukharian
2169:Judeo-Tat
2154:Yeshivish
2128:Languages
2083:Sephardic
2073:Israelite
2063:Ethiopian
2053:Ashkenazi
1992:Religious
1782:Australia
1764:Venezuela
1670:Argentina
1652:Greenland
1564:Lithuania
1416:Sri Lanka
1411:Singapore
1336:Kurdistan
1301:Indonesia
1291:Hong Kong
1244:Abayudaya
1168:Mauritius
902:Igbo Jews
892:Krymchaks
811:Sephardim
679:relations
573:Sadducees
569:Pharisees
559:Sanhedrin
474:Jerusalem
234:Synagogue
102:Etymology
5309:Category
5279:Hinduism
5269:Buddhism
5171:Genetics
5087:Politics
5060:Marriage
5019:Holidays
5014:Calendar
4895:Rabbinic
4871:/Hebrew
4816:Haymanot
4743:Orthodox
4730:Branches
4703:Kabbalah
4698:Haskalah
4676:Holiness
4552:dialects
4532:Shassagh
4495:Krymchak
4475:Kayliñña
4369:Yinglish
4345:Galilean
4335:Talmudic
4330:Biblical
4305:Betanure
4224:Biblical
4219:Mishnaic
4214:Medieval
4199:Tiberian
4194:Yemenite
4184:Sephardi
4120:Paradesi
4064:Ḥabbanim
4054:Teimanim
4019:Baghdadi
3992:Maghrebi
3960:Karaites
3938:Gruzínim
3926:Kochinim
3844:Diaspora
3802:Karaites
3787:Atheists
3724:Timeline
3565:38756480
3484:(2007).
3332:Archived
3320:Archived
3294:Archived
3228:(2007).
3161:Archived
2863:See also
2838:Hasidism
2719:Zhytomyr
2660:Volhynia
2472:Ternopil
2380:Category
2338:Kahanism
2285:Feminism
2257:Politics
2141:Biblical
2111:American
2058:Bukharan
2048:American
1948:Shidduch
1924:Clothing
1880:Haymanot
1826:Orthodox
1754:Suriname
1737:Paraguay
1690:Colombia
1589:Portugal
1499:Bulgaria
1436:Thailand
1386:Pakistan
1366:Mongolia
1361:Malaysia
1281:Cambodia
1255:Zimbabwe
1230:Tanzania
1108:Eswatini
1098:Ethiopia
1088:Djibouti
1068:Cameroon
1063:Botswana
992:Diaspora
954:Noahides
927:Marranos
851:Cochinim
836:Bukharim
826:Gruzinim
816:Teimanim
806:Mizrahim
794:Galician
760:conflict
716:Hasidism
706:Haskalah
616:Diaspora
487:timeline
399:Timeline
312:Rabbinic
219:Kabbalah
194:Marriage
170:Tzedakah
160:Holidays
118:Religion
81:a series
79:Part of
33:Home of
5294:Italics
5119:Studies
5065:Divorce
5031:Kashrut
5026:Cuisine
4984:Culture
4915:Midrash
4910:Tosefta
4900:Mishnah
4888:Ketuvim
4883:Nevi'im
4846:Schisms
4836:Science
4826:Karaite
4797:Renewal
4758:Litvaks
4753:Hasidic
4708:Sefirot
4693:Halakha
4664:Messiah
4637:Mitzvah
4632:Beliefs
4586:Western
4572:Poylish
4567:Litvish
4557:Eastern
4547:Yiddish
4542:Shuadit
4527:Qwareña
4515:Tetuani
4510:Haketia
4485:Knaanic
4480:Kivruli
4428:Bukhori
4374:Heblish
4310:Hulaulá
4300:Barzani
4256:Yahudic
4189:Mizrahi
4049:Urfalim
4004:Mizrahi
3948:Neofiti
3943:Italkim
3872:Lita'im
3764:Zionism
3716:History
3690:Judaism
3395:25 June
2992:." In:
2944:Galicia
2853:cuisine
2849:Yiddish
2830:Litvaks
2824:Culture
2814:Ukraine
2778:Ukraine
2774:Buchach
2673:Lemberg
2650:History
2614:tailors
2550:Society
2492:Yiddish
2460:Ukraine
2443::
2432:Yiddish
2323:General
2314:Zionism
2290:Leftism
2280:Bundism
2204:Knaanic
2164:Yevanic
2149:Yiddish
2106:Yiddish
2101:Israeli
2078:Mizrahi
2068:Israeli
2039:Cuisine
2015:Ancient
1997:Secular
1943:Kashrut
1919:Wedding
1906:Customs
1898:Culture
1875:Science
1870:Renewal
1860:Karaite
1841:Hasidic
1773:Oceania
1759:Uruguay
1727:Jamaica
1707:Ecuador
1675:Bolivia
1619:Ukraine
1594:Romania
1569:Moldova
1549:Hungary
1539:Germany
1534:Georgia
1524:Finland
1519:Estonia
1514:Denmark
1509:Czechia
1494:Belarus
1484:Austria
1479:Armenia
1456:Vietnam
1371:Myanmar
1356:Lebanon
1276:Bahrain
1235:Tunisia
1213:Somalia
1188:Nigeria
1183:Namibia
1173:Morocco
1103:Eritrea
1048:Algeria
932:Neofiti
841:Italkim
831:Juhurim
736:Zionism
585:Sicarii
581:Zealots
577:Essenes
564:Schisms
429:Leaders
391:General
383:History
326:Tosefta
321:Midrash
298:Mishnah
280:Ketuvim
275:Nevi'im
224:Customs
155:Shabbat
150:Halakha
142: (
140:Mitzvot
127: (
93:Judaism
5102:Hazzan
5092:Prayer
4969:Siddur
4905:Talmud
4869:Tanakh
4804:Neolog
4777:Reform
4765:Modern
4748:Haredi
4671:Ethics
4537:Shassi
4505:Ladino
4470:Karaim
4453:Juhuri
4295:Targum
4209:Signed
4174:Modern
4169:Hebrew
4137:Xuetes
3933:Dönmeh
3892:Yekkes
3598:
3588:
3563:
3553:
3529:
3519:
3502:
3492:
3378:, 1974
3355:
3238:
3138:
3085:
3054:
3004:
2969:
2842:Chabad
2818:Poland
2800:, the
2796:, the
2794:Israel
2780:, 2005
2528:Kraków
2470:, and
2385:Portal
2244:Domari
2174:Shassi
2135:Hebrew
2030:Humour
1974:Hiloni
1969:Aliyah
1929:Niddah
1914:Minyan
1849:Reform
1836:Haredi
1831:Modern
1732:Mexico
1717:Guyana
1680:Brazil
1642:Canada
1614:Sweden
1604:Serbia
1599:Russia
1584:Poland
1579:Norway
1559:Latvia
1544:Greece
1529:France
1504:Cyprus
1470:Europe
1441:Turkey
1431:Taiwan
1341:Kuwait
1326:Jordan
1316:Israel
1250:Zambia
1240:Uganda
1158:Malawi
1128:Guinea
1118:Gambia
1053:Angola
1039:Africa
922:Dönmeh
917:Anusim
861:Berber
799:Litvak
751:Israel
657:
594:
508:Second
476:
337:Targum
303:Gemara
289:Talmud
261:Tanakh
214:Ethics
165:Prayer
5274:Islam
5082:Names
5072:Music
5053:Rebbe
5048:Rabbi
5002:Monen
4957:Zohar
4878:Torah
4873:Bible
3987:Lemba
3862:Chuts
3022:p. 12
2333:Labor
2328:Green
2025:Dance
1983:Music
1802:Palau
1722:Haiti
1685:Chile
1609:Spain
1554:Italy
1461:Yemen
1421:Syria
1396:Qatar
1376:Nepal
1321:Japan
1296:India
1286:China
1225:Sudan
1148:Libya
1143:Kenya
1123:Ghana
1113:Gabon
1093:Egypt
1078:Benin
937:Xueta
882:Lemba
501:First
366:Zohar
270:Torah
252:Texts
239:Rabbi
229:Rites
129:names
3688:and
3686:Jews
3596:OCLC
3586:ISBN
3561:OCLC
3551:ISBN
3527:OCLC
3517:ISBN
3500:OCLC
3490:ISBN
3464:2014
3437:2014
3397:2018
3353:OCLC
3311:Sejm
3284:Sejm
3236:ISBN
3167:Dilo
3136:ISBN
3083:ISBN
3052:ISSN
3002:ISBN
2967:ISBN
2733:The
2524:Lviv
2478:and
2464:Lviv
1792:Guam
1787:Fiji
1742:Peru
1695:Cuba
1381:Oman
1351:Laos
1311:Iraq
1306:Iran
1263:Asia
1192:Igbo
1163:Mali
182:Brit
91:and
89:Jews
67:1910
59:1857
51:1772
4681:God
3208:doi
3204:111
2816:or
2804:or
2580:by
2426:or
2006:Art
352:Tur
144:613
5341::
3594:.
3559:.
3541:;
3525:.
3498:.
3370:,
3330:,
3292:,
3202:.
3198:.
3075:,
3050:.
3046:.
3029:^
3013:^
2978:^
2933:^
2820:.
2494:.
2466:,
2438:,
2434::
619:,
613:,
583:,
579:,
575:,
571:,
83:on
37:,
4162:)
4158:(
3678:e
3671:t
3664:v
3602:.
3567:.
3533:.
3506:.
3466:.
3439:.
3399:.
3214:.
3210::
3024:.
2603:)
2597:(
2592:)
2588:(
2574:.
2534:)
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2430:(
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1242:(
1194:)
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587:)
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510:)
499:(
489:)
478:(
146:)
131:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
