Garden roses - Knowledge

971:(repeat blooming) with the old European lineages. Because remontancy is a recessive trait, the first generation of Asian and European crosses, i. e., hybrid Chinas, hybrid bourbons, and hybrid noisettes, were stubbornly non-remontant, but when these roses were re-crossed with themselves or with Chinas or teas, some of their offspring flowered more than once. The hybrid perpetuals thus were something of a miscellaneous, catch-all class derived to a great extent from the bourbons but with admixtures of Chinas, teas, damasks, gallicas, and to a lesser extent noisettes, albas, and even centifolias. They became the most popular garden and florist roses of northern Europe at the time, as the tender tea roses would not thrive in cold climates, and the hybrid perpetuals' very large blooms were well suited to the new phenomenon of competitive exhibitions. The "perpetual" in the name suggests their remontancy, but many varieties of this class only poorly exhibited the property; the tendency was for a massive vernal bloom followed by either scattered summer flowering, a smaller autumnal burst, or sometimes no re-flowering in that year. Due to a limited colour palette of white, pink, and red, and a lack of reliable remontancy, the hybrid perpetuals were finally overshadowed by their descendants, the hybrid teas. Examples include 864:, China in the early 19th-century, breeders went to work with them, especially in France, crossing them first with China roses and then with Bourbons and Noisettes. The Tea roses are repeat-flowering roses, named for their fragrance being reminiscent of Chinese black tea (although this is not always the case). The colour range includes pastel shades of white, pink and (a novelty at the time) yellow to apricot. The individual flowers of many cultivars are semi-pendent and nodding, due to weak flower stalks. In a "typical" Tea, pointed buds produce high-centred blooms which unfurl in a spiral fashion, and the petals tend to roll back at the edges, producing a petal with a pointed tip; the Teas are thus the originators of today's "classic" florists' rose form. According to rose historian Brent Dickerson, the Tea classification owes as much to marketing as to botany; 19th-century nurserymen would label their Asian-based cultivars as "Teas" if they possessed the desirable Tea flower form, and "Chinas" if they did not. Like the Chinas, the Teas are not hardy in colder climates. Examples: 'Lady Hillingdon', 'Maman Cochet', 'Duchesse de Brabant', 'Mrs. Foley Hobbs'. 1446:, England, who wanted to rekindle interest in Old Garden Roses by hybridizing them with modern hybrid teas and floribundas. The idea was to create a new group of shrub roses that featured blooms with old-fashioned shapes and fragrances, evocative of classic Gallica, Alba and Damask roses, but with modern repeat-blooming characteristics and the modern expanded color range as well. Austin mostly succeeded in his mission; his tribe of "English" roses, now numbering hundreds of varieties, has been warmly embraced by the gardening public and are widely available to consumers. English roses are still actively developed, with new varieties released annually. The winter hardiness and disease resistance of the classic Old Garden roses has largely been compromised in the process; many English roses are susceptible to the same disease problems that plague modern hybrid teas and floribundas, and many are not hardy north of USDA Zone 5. Examples: 1112:, created in 1867, is universally acknowledged as the first indication of a new class of roses. Hybrid teas exhibit traits midway between both parents: hardier than the teas but less hardy than the hybrid perpetuals, and more ever-blooming than the hybrid perpetuals but less so than the teas. The flowers are well-formed with large, high-centred buds, and each flowering stem typically terminates in a single shapely bloom. The shrubs tend to be stiffly upright and sparsely foliaged, which today is often seen as a liability because it makes them more difficult to place in the garden or landscape. Hybrid teas became the single most popular garden rose of the 20th century; today, their reputation as high maintenance plants has led to a decline in popularity. The hybrid tea remains the standard rose of the floral industry, however, and is still favoured in formal situations. Examples: 213: 174: 808:, have been cultivated in East Asia for centuries. They have been cultivated in Western Europe since the late 18th century. They contribute much to the parentage of today's hybrid roses, and they brought a change to the form of the flowers then cultivated in Europe. Compared with the older rose classes known in Europe, the Chinese roses had less fragrant, smaller blooms carried over twiggier, more cold-sensitive shrubs. However they could bloom repeatedly throughout the summer and into late autumn, unlike their European counterparts. The flowers of China roses were also notable for their tendency to "suntan," or darken over time unlike other blooms which tended to fade after opening. This made them highly desirable for hybridisation purposes in the early 19th century. According to 4218: 2243: 2350: 2338: 2322: 2298: 154: 873: 392: 1348: 1300: 1017: 912: 73: 2286: 1172: 2231: 2215: 2310: 1325: 1698:). China roses were evergrowing, everblooming roses from humid subtropical regions that bloomed constantly on any new vegetative growth produced during the growing season. Their modern hybrid descendants exhibit similar habits; unlike Old European Roses, modern hybrids bloom continuously (until stopped by frost) on any new canes produced during the growing season. They therefore require pruning back of any spent flowering stem in order to divert the plant's energy into producing new growth and hence new flowers. 2203: 1336: 2258: 1568: 538: 2362: 2270: 1137: 596: 238: 1191:, polyanthas first appeared in France in the late 19th century alongside the hybrid teas. They are short plants, some compact and others spreading in habit, producing tiny blooms (2.5 cm or 1 inch in diameter on average) in large sprays in the typical rose colours of white, pink, and red. Their popularity derived from their prolific blooming: from spring to autumn; a healthy polyantha shrub truly might be covered in flowers, making a strong colour impact in the landscape. 2390: 2167: 1467: 1233:, Latin for "many-flowering". Typical floribundas are stiff shrubs that are smaller and bushier than the average hybrid tea, but less dense and sprawling than the average polyantha. The flowers are often smaller than those of hybrid teas but are produced in large sprays that give a better floral effect in the garden. Floribundas are found in all hybrid tea colours and often with the classic, hybrid tea-shaped blossom. Sometimes they differ from hybrid teas only in their 2191: 2378: 1097: 1478: 1316:

make excellent plants for containers, hanging baskets and window boxes. Miniature roses are often marketed and sold by the floral industry as houseplants, but they grow poorly in the dry air and reduced light of average home and office conditions, and are best reserved for outdoor gardening. (Examples: 'Petite de Hollande' (Miniature Centifolia, once-blooming), 'Cupcake' (Modern Miniature, repeat-blooming). Additional examples: Scentsational, Tropical Twist.

4809: 1405: 781: 2179: 949: 2402: 20: 1275:, which was introduced in 1954. Grandiflora roses are shrubs that are typically larger than both hybrid teas and floribundas and produce flowers that resemble those of hybrid teas and are borne in small clusters of three to five, similar to floribundas. Grandifloras were somewhat popular from circa 1954 into the 1980s, but today they are much less popular than both hybrid teas and floribundas. Examples include: 1229:

and hybrid tea, denominated 'Rödhätte'. This hybrid had some characteristics of both of its parental classes, and was denominated a "Hybrid Polyantha" or "Poulsen" rose. Further and similar introductions followed from Poulsen, these often bearing the family name, e. g., 'Else Poulsen' (1924). Because their hybrid characteristics separated them from polyanthas and hybrid teas, the new class eventually was named

816:' (1793), and the Tea roses 'Hume's Blush Tea-scented China' (1809) and 'Parks' Yellow Tea-scented China' (1824)—were brought to Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries; in fact there were rather more, at least five Chinas not counting the Teas having been imported. This brought about the creation of the first classes of repeat-flowering Old Garden Roses, and later the Modern Garden Roses. Examples: ' 433:'. For most of these, the plants found in cultivation are often selected clones that are propagated vegetatively. Wild roses are low-maintenance shrubs in comparison to other garden roses, and they usually tolerate poor soil and some shade. They generally have only one flush of blooms per year, described as being "non-remontant", unlike remontant, modern roses. Some species have colorful hips in autumn, e. g. 1627: 695:, related to damask roses. They are named for their "one hundred" petals; they are often called "cabbage" roses due to the globular shape of the flowers. The centifolias are all once-flowering. As a class, they are notable for their inclination to produce mutations of various sizes and forms, including moss roses and some of the first miniature roses (see below). Examples: 'Centifolia', 'Paul Ricault'. 150:, though fewer than those in wild species, but some are thornless. It is often complained that modern varieties are deficient in scent from the flowers, and many are. An important development in recent decades has been extending the flowering season, in some cases to eight months in the right conditions, though the flower display still tends to be best in one or two "flushes", the first in late spring. 984: 353: 1426: 1218: 487: 1642:

arching habit, and may additionally be placed in a mixed border or grown separately as specimens. Certain bush hybrids (and smaller shrubs) may also be grown as "standards", which are plants grafted high (typically 1 metre or more) on a rose rootstock, resulting in extra height which can make a dominant feature in a floral display. Climbing roses are usually trained to a suitable support.

1605: 829: 891:) off the coast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. They are believed to be the result of a cross between the Autumn Damask and the 'Old Blush' China rose, both of which were frequently used as hedging materials on the island. They flower repeatedly on vigorous, frequently semi-climbing shrubs with glossy foliage and purple-tinted canes. They were first Introduced in 370:

of pigments in the species. This gives us yellow, orange, pink, red, white and many combinations of these colours. However, they lack the blue pigment that would give a true purple or blue colour and until the 21st century all true blue flowers were created using some form of dye. Now, through genetic modification, a Japanese company succeeded in creating a

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climbing roses are the results of spontaneous mutations. For example, 'Climbing Peace' is designated as a "Climbing Hybrid Tea," for it is genetically identical to the normal "shrub" form of the 'Peace' hybrid tea rose, except that its canes are long and flexible, i. e. "climbing." Most Climbing Roses grow 6–20 feet tall and exhibit repeat blooming.

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European Old Garden Roses, and low winter temperatures often desiccate or kill exposed canes. In spring, if left unpruned, these damaged canes will often die back all the way to the shrub's root zone, resulting in a weakened, disfigured plant. The annual "hard" pruning of hybrid teas and floribundas is generally done in early spring.

1359:"Rambler Roses", although technically a separate class, are often included in Climbing Roses. They also exhibit long, flexible canes, but are usually distinguished from true climbers in two ways: a larger overall size (20–30 feet tall is common) and of a once-blooming habit. Climbing and Rambling Roses are not true vines such as 1004:(the musk rose) also figures in its heritage, though it is considered to be less important than the name would suggest. Hybrid musks are disease-resistant, repeat flowering and generally cluster-flowered, with a strong, characteristic "musk" scent. The stems tend to be lax and arching, with limited thorns. Examples include 1508:, who led the rose-breeding program at the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa for nearly 25 years, developed the Explorer Rose Series named in honour of Canadian explorers. Many of her roses also thrive in Finland, Russia, Iceland, Germany and Austria. Popular roses from the series include: 'Martin Frobisher', 583:. Gallicas are shrubs that rarely grow over 4 feet (1.25 m) tall and flower once in Summer. Unlike most other once-blooming Old Garden Roses, gallicas include cultivars with flowers in hues of red, maroon, and purplish crimson. Examples include 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 'Charles de Mills', and 'Rosa Mundi' ( 1042:

and introduced into the West circa the 1880s, these vigorous roses are extremely hardy with excellent disease resistance. Most are extremely fragrant, remontant, and produce moderately double, flat flowers. The defining characteristic of a hybrid rugosa rose is its rugose, i. e., wrinkly foliage, but

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to Europe sometime between 1254 and 1276, although there is evidence from ancient Roman frescoes that at least one damask rose existed in Europe for hundreds of years before this. Summer damasks bloom once in summer. Autumn or Four Seasons damasks bloom again later, albeit less exuberantly, and these

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says the description "patio roses" emerged after 1996. Some rose catalogues include older polyanthas that have stood the test of time (e.g., 'Nathalie Nypels', 'Baby Faurax') within their patio selection. Rose breeders, notably Chris Warner in the UK and the Danish firm of Poulson (under the name of

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Two main lines of roses were developed for the extreme weather conditions of Canadian winters by Agriculture Canada at the Morden Research Station in Morden, Manitoba and the Experimental Farm in Ottawa (and later at L'Assomption, Québec). They are called the Explorer series and the Parkland series.

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This is not a precisely defined class of garden rose, but it is a description or grouping commonly used by rose reference books and catalogues. It encompasses some old single and repeat flowering cultivars, as well as modern roses that don't fit neatly into other categories. Many cultivars placed in

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Some rose breeders recognized potential in crossing polyanthas with hybrid teas, to create roses that bloomed with the profusion of polyanthas and possessed the floral beauty and breadth of coloration of hybrid teas. In 1907, the Danish breeder Dines Poulsen introduced the first cross of a polyantha

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This resulted in an entirely new colour range for roses: shades of deep yellow, apricot, copper, orange, true scarlet, yellow bicolours, lavender, gray, and even brown were now possible. Originally considered a separate class, the Pernetianas or Hybrid Foetidas were officially merged into the Hybrid

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Classification of modern roses can be quite confusing because many modern roses have old garden roses in their ancestry and their form varies so much. The classifications tend to be by growth and flowering characteristics. The following includes the most notable and popular classifications of Modern

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Rose flowers have historically been cultivated in a diverse number of colours ranging in intensity and hue; they are also available in countless combinations of colours which result in multicoloured flowers. Breeders have been able to widen this range through all the options available with the range

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sprays may be necessary to prevent infection or reduce severity of attacks. Cultivation techniques may also be used, such as ensuring good air circulation around a plant. Stem cankers are best treated by pruning out infection as soon as it is noticed. Root diseases are not usually possible to treat

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This is the practice of removing any spent, faded, withered, or discoloured flowers. The purpose is to encourage the plant to focus its energy and resources on forming new shoots and blooms, rather than fruit production. Deadheading may also be performed for aesthetic purposes, if spent flowers are

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Most Old Garden Roses of strict European heritage (albas, damasks, gallicas, etc.) are shrubs that bloom once yearly, in late spring or early summer, on two-year-old (or older) canes. Their pruning requirements are quite minimal because removal of branches will remove next year's flower buds. Hence

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In the garden, roses are grown as bushes, shrubs or climbers. "Bushes" are usually comparatively low growing, often quite upright in habit, with multiple stems emerging near ground level; they are often grown formally in beds with other roses. "Shrubs" are usually larger and have a more informal or

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Dwarf mutations of some Old Garden Roses—gallicas and centifolias—were known in Europe in the 17th century, although these were once-flowering just as their larger forms were. Miniature forms of repeat-flowering China roses were also grown and bred in China, and are depicted in 18th-century Chinese

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Miniature roses are generally twiggy, repeat-flowering shrubs ranging from 6" to 36" in height, with most falling in the 12"–24" height range. Blooms come in all the hybrid tea colors; many varieties also emulate the classic high-centered hybrid tea flower shape. Owing to their small stature, they

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There is no single system of classification for garden roses. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups: Wild, Old Garden, and Modern Garden roses. The latter two groups are usually subdivided further according to hybrid lineage, although due to the complex ancestry of most

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Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs in the world with both indoor and outdoor appeal. They possess a number of general features that cause growers and gardeners to choose roses for their gardens. This includes the wide range of colours they are available in; the generally large size of

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worked for the US Department of Agriculture, focusing on crops, but also developing roses designed to thrive in the American climate. His introductions include 'American Pillar' and 'Dr W. Van Fleet'. After his death, his seedlings – including 'Mary Wallace', 'Breeze Hill' and 'Glenn Dale' – were

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Additionally, modern hybrids planted in cold winter climates will almost universally require a "hard" annual pruning (reducing all canes to 8"–12", about 30 cm in height) in early spring. Again, because of their complex China rose background, modern hybrids are typically not as cold hardy as

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This type of rose was developed mainly for mass amenity planting. In the late 20th century, traditional hybrid tea and floribunda rose varieties fell out of favour with many gardeners and landscapers, as they are often labour and chemical intensive plants susceptible to pest and disease problems.

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that plague rose culture in hot, humid areas. Most of these roses are thought to be Old Garden Rose cultivars that have otherwise dropped out of cultivation, or sports thereof. They are "mystery roses" because their "proper" historical names have been lost. Tradition dictates that they are named

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in 1817. The first Noisettes were small-blossomed, fairly winter-hardy climbers, but later infusions of Tea rose genes created a Tea-Noisette subclass with larger flowers, smaller clusters, and considerably reduced winter hardiness. Examples: 'Blush Noisette', 'Lamarque' (Noisette); 'Mme. Alfred

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or 'Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose' (now known simply as 'The Portland Rose'). The whole class of Portland roses was developed from that one rose. The first repeat-flowering class of rose with fancy European-style blossoms, the plants tend to be fairly short and shrubby, with a suckering habit, with

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All aforementioned classes of roses, both Old and Modern, have "climbing/arching" forms, whereby the canes of the shrubs grow to be much longer and more flexible than the normal "bush" forms. In the Old Garden Roses, this is often simply the natural growth habit; for many Modern Roses, however,

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scent when rubbed. Moss roses are cherished for this trait, but as a group they have not contributed to the development of new rose classifications. Various hybrids with other roses have yielded different forms, such as the modern miniature creeping moss rose 'Red Moss Rambler' (Ralph S. Moore,

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origin are once-blooming woody shrubs, with notably fragrant, double-flowered blooms primarily in shades of white, pink and crimson-red. The shrubs' foliage tends to be highly disease-resistant, and they generally bloom only from canes (stems) which formed in previous years. The introduction of

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There are also a few smaller classes (such as Scots, Sweet Brier) and some climbing classes of old roses (including Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon). Those classes with both climbing and shrub forms are often grouped together.

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Since the 1970s many rose breeders have focused on developing compact roses (typically 1'–4' in height and spread) that are suitable for smaller gardens, terraces and containers. These combine characteristics of larger miniature roses and smaller floribundas—resulting in the rather loose

1850:) species; see list of Lepidoptera that feed on roses. Spraying with insecticide of roses is often recommended but if this is done care is needed to minimize the loss of beneficial insects; systemic insecticides have the advantage of only affecting insects which feed on the plants. 996:, a British rosarian, in the first decades of the 20th century, based upon 'Aglaia', an 1896 cross by Peter Lambert. A seedling of this rose, 'Trier', is considered to the foundation of the class. The genetics of the class are somewhat obscure, as some of the parents are unknown. 1891:(Empress Josephine) was the first great collector of roses in the modern Western world, and her horticulturalist André Dupont pioneered the development of new hybrids using controlled pollination at her Malmaison estate. She has been called the godmother of modern rosomaniacs. 525:. This group contains some of the oldest garden roses. The shrubs flower once yearly in the spring or early summer with scented blossoms of white or pale pink. They frequently have gray-green foliage and a vigorous or climbing habit of growth. Examples are 'Alba Semiplena', ' 321:, from about the 17th century. This was encouraged by the introduction of new species, and especially by the introduction of the China rose into Europe in the 19th century. An enormous range of roses has been bred since then. A major contributor in the early 19th century was 991:

Although they arose too late to qualify technically as old garden roses, the hybrid musks are often informally classed with them, since their growth habits and care are much more like the old garden roses than modern roses. The hybrid musk group was mainly developed by Rev.

812:, China roses are the class upon which modern roses are built. Today's exhibition rose owes its form to the China genes, and the China roses also brought slender buds which unfurl when opening. Tradition holds that four "stud China" roses—'Slater's Crimson China' (1792), ' 923:), resulting in a vigorous climbing rose producing huge clusters of small pink flowers from spring to fall. Champneys sent seedlings of his rose (called 'Champneys' Pink Cluster') to his gardening friend, Philippe Noisette, who in turn sent plants to his brother Louis in 1672:. Most garden roses prefer rich soil which is well-watered but well-drained, and perform best in well-lit positions which receive several hours of sun a day (although some climbers, some species and most Hybrid Musks will tolerate shade). Standard roses require staking. 1576:

So-called "landscape" roses (also known as "ground cover" roses) have thus been developed to fill the consumer desire for a garden rose that offers colour, form and fragrance, but is also low maintenance and easy to care for. Most have the following characteristics:

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has contributed most to today's garden roses; it has been bred into garden varieties for about 1,000 years in China, and over 200 in Europe. Among the old Chinese garden roses, the Old Blush group is the most primitive, while newer groups are the most diverse.

2013:, Germany, is one of the most innovative rose breeders and growers, and responsible for the early flowering "Frühlings" series, the Kordesii Hybrids and many famous Hybrid Tea and Floribunda roses, including 'Crimson Glory' and 'Iceberg' ('Schneewittchen'). 736:

1990). Moss roses with centifolia background are once-flowering; some moss roses exhibit repeat-blooming, indicative of Autumn Damask parentage. Examples: 'Common Moss' (centifolia-moss), 'Mousseline', also known as 'Alfred de Dalmas' (Autumn Damask moss).

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Most of the plants grown in these early gardens are likely to have been species collected from the wild. However, there were large numbers of selected varieties being grown from early times; for instance numerous selections or cultivars of the

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Courtyard Climbers) have also created patio climbers, small rambler style plants that flower top-to-toe and are suitable for confined areas. It is suggested patio style roses are protected during winter months due to the exposure environment.

1987:, UK is best known for 'Ena Harkness' (at one time reputed to be the best-selling red Hybrid Tea in the world and actually bred by amateur rosarian Albert Norman). Other famous introductions include 'Compassion' and 'Margaret Merril'. 1437:

Although not officially recognized as a separate class of roses by any established rose authority, English (aka David Austin) roses are often set aside as such by consumers and retailers alike. Development started in the 1960s by

142:. But there are many alternatives. Most of the wild parent species are single-flowered with flat blooms, flowering only once, and many are still grown in gardens. Most varieties produce a single flower on a stem, but 2099:

climate. Later introductions notable for their form and colour include 'Chinatown' (1963) and 'Ingrid Bergman' (1984). The nursery developed a number of successful ground cover (landscape) roses, including 'Kent'

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Roses in the Parkland series include 'Morden Centennial', 'Morden Sunrise, 'Winnipeg Parks' and 'Cuthbert Grant'. Two roses named after Canadian artists that have been added are 'Emily Carr' and 'Felix Leclerc'.

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Andre Dupont was a French horticulturalist who pioneered the creation of new rose cultivars through controlled pollination. He was employed by the Empress Josephine to use her collection of roses to create new

91:, a rounded plant from 2 foot up to about 7 foot tall, above which height roses generally fall into the "'climbing and rambling'" class, the latter spreading wider; support is needed for these. There are also 1691:

Modern hybrids, including the hybrid teas, floribundas, grandifloras, modern miniatures, and English roses, have a complex genetic background that almost always includes China roses (which are descended from

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Polyantha roses are still popular and regarded as low-maintenance, disease-resistant, garden roses. The class of roses denominated "Multiflora Hybrids" are probably cognizable as polyanthas. Examples include

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rose hybrids, such distinctions can be imprecise. Growth habit and floral form are also used as means of classification. This is the most common method to classify roses as it reflects their growth habits.

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is a hugely influential American rose grower. The company's early success was 'Dorothy Perkins', but under Eugene Boerner the focus on developing Floribundas led to many All-America Rose Selection honours.

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introduced its first roses in 1886, focusing on breeding Hybrid Teas that could stand up to the Irish climate. Successes include 'Shot Silk' and 'Grandpa Dickson' and, more recently, 'Elina' and 'Tequila

478:) from East Asia around 1800 led to new classes of Old Garden Roses which bloom on new growth, often repeatedly from spring to fall. Most Old Garden Roses are classified into one of the following groups. 251:. Cultivated since ancient times, until the 19th century it was the most important species of rose to be cultivated in Europe; most modern European rose cultivars have at least a small contribution from 2092:

was among the first rose breeders to focus on developing the new Hybrid Tea class. His introductions include 'Mme Caroline Testout' and 'Soleil d'Or'- forerunner of 20th-century yellow and orange roses.

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and amateur rosarian who set out to breed 'old fashioned' roses. The resulting hybrid musks include 'Felicia' and 'Penelope'. On his death, the nursery passed to his gardener J.A. Bentall, who produced

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of France (where it was introduced as 'Mme A. Meilland'); Conard-Pyle acted as Meilland's US agents, and the rose was renamed for the US market when it was introduced at the end of the Second World War.

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in 2004. Colours are bred through plant breeding programs which have existed for a long time. Roses are often bred for new and intriguing colour combinations which can fetch premium prices in market.

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has been produced, especially over the last two centuries, though roses have been known in the garden for millennia beforehand. While most garden roses are grown for their flowers, often in dedicated

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The first Noisette rose was raised as a hybrid seedling by a South Carolina rice planter named John Champneys. Its parents were the China rose 'Parson's Pink' and the autumn-flowering musk rose (

1684:, sometimes regarded as a horticultural art form, is largely dependent on the type of rose to be pruned, the reason for pruning, and the time of year it is at the time of the desired pruning. 772:

proportionately short flower stalks. The main flowering is in the summer, but intermittent flowers continue into the autumn. Examples: 'James Veitch', 'Rose de Rescht', 'Comte de Chambord'.

2055:-based breeder of more than 500 roses, is known as 'the father of Modern Miniatures' and was a hugely influential figure in the development of commercial approaches to rose hybridization. 759:. Recent DNA analysis however has demonstrated that the original Portland Rose has no Chinese ancestry, but has an autumn damask/gallica lineage. This group of roses was named after the 1268:, Latin for "large-flowered", are the class of roses created in the middle of the 20th century as back crosses of hybrid teas and floribundas that fit neither category, specifically, 2242: 2126:

is best known for reawakening interest in old garden roses, but also ensured commercial introductions in the wild rose style, including 'Bobbie James' and 'Souvenir de St Anne's'.

723:, the Provence or cabbage rose. Some with Damask roses as a parent may be derived from a separate mutation. Thickly growing or branched resin-bearing hairs, particularly on the 1179:

The name of this class literally means "many-flowered", from the Greek "poly" ("many") and "anthos" ("flower"). Originally derived from crosses between two East Asian species,

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was a prolific early rose hybridizer, responsible for many older roses still found in gardens today. 'Aimee Vibert' (1828), one of his Noisettes, was named for his daughter.

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Principal parties involved in the breeding of new varieties include: Werner Noak (Germany), Meidiland Roses (France), Boot & Co. (Netherlands), and William Radler (US).

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for at least a century. The roses have significant value and interest for those growing roses in tropical and semi-tropical regions, since they are highly resistant to both

146:, introduced in the early 20th century, have a spray of several flowers, and are highly popular; they also have more continuous flowering. Most garden varieties still have 399:

Wild roses, also denominated "species roses", include the natural species and some of their immediate hybrid descendants. The wild roses commonly grown in gardens include

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with other species, these plants are extremely tolerant of cold weather, some down to −35C. All have repeat bloom. A wide diversity of forms and colours were achieved.

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from at least 500 BC, and the ancient Romans were extremely fond of them, putting rose petals in beds, and throwing them at festive occasions. They remained popular in

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other categories are simultaneously placed in this one. Roses classed as shrubs tend to be robust and of informal habit, making them recommended for use in a mixed

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art. Modern miniature roses largely derive from such miniature China roses, especially the cultivar 'Roulettii', a chance discovery found in a pot in Switzerland.

967:, their name being a misleading translation of "hybrides remontants" ("reblooming hybrids"), emerged in 1838 as the first roses which successfully combined Asian 2106:

developed roses that could survive Canada's short growing season and harsh winters. She developed the Explorer Rose Series named in honour of Canadian explorers.

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Note that the definition applies to the class, not the specific cultivar; Bourbon and Tea etc. roses introduced in the 21st century are still "Old" Garden Roses

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varieties, with the latter much more popular. The petals are typically of a single colour, although bi-colour, striped and blended varieties exist. The classic

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from about 50 million years ago, the relatively few species native to the Americas have made almost no contribution to the parentage of garden rose hybrids.

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Roses are relatively easy to grow compared to many large-flowered garden plants, with the main effort, apart from basic watering and feeding, going into the

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once infection has occurred; the most practical line of defence is to ensure that growing conditions maximise plant health and thereby prevent infection.

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flower shape, pointing up, tightly curled in the centre, with the outer petals spreading wide, is the most popular for gardens, and even more dominant in

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flower, larger than most flowers in temperate regions; the variety of size and shape; the wide variety of species and cultivars that freely hybridize.

329:. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by 2747:

Tan, Jiongrui; Wang, Jing; Luo, Le; Yu, Chao; Xu, Tingliang; Wu, Yuying; Cheng, Tangren; Wang, Jia; Pan, Huitang; Zhang, Qixiang (13 November 2017).

1388:'Kiftsgate', named after the house garden where Graham Stuart Thomas noticed it in 1951. The original plant is claimed to be the largest rose in the 2349: 119:. In terms of ancestry, roses are often divided into three main groups: Wild, Old Garden, and Modern Garden roses, with many subdivisions of these. 2166: 4566: 2461:

Introduced in 1945 in France as 'Madame A. Meilland', and known in the UK and US as 'Peace', in Germany as 'Gloria Dei', and in Italy as 'Gioia'.

3275: 2698: 2337: 2321: 122:

Gardeners most value roses for their large and brightly coloured flowers, which exist in every colour in the white to yellow to red part of the

2146:) is a California rose company that has focused on innovations in colour, form and vigour. Its roses include 'Night Time', 'Stainless Steel', 2269: 1954:

put Spanish rose growing on the map and is best known for the shrub 'Nevada' and his work to improve the flower shape of miniature varieties.

2086:

was a Lyon nurseryman whose notable roses include the Moss variety 'Louis Gimard' and the hybrid perpetual 'Baronne Adolphe de Rothschild'.

212: 1371:

because they lack the ability to cling to supports on their own and must be manually trained and tied over structures, such as arbors and

2297: 652:(repeat-flowering) Old European roses. Damask roses tend to have rangy to sprawling growth habits and strongly scented blooms. Examples: 49:

in private or public gardens. They are one of the most popular and widely cultivated groups of flowering plants, especially in temperate

173: 2309: 2230: 1968:

amateur rose breeder who introduced around 140 new varieties, including 'Gruss an Teplitz'. He focused on winter hardiness and vigour.

1159:

Teas in 1930. The new colour range did much to increase hybrid tea popularity in the 20th century, but these colours came at a price:

4784: 2805: 2423: 2377: 2257: 2116:, Germany. Founded in 1906, it has introduced some 350 cultivars and is responsible for popular roses such as 'Super Star' (1960), 2023:, was responsible for 'Evelyn Fison', 'Dublin Bay' and also 'Regensberg', a pioneering 'handpainted' rose. Sam McGredy IV moved to 1688:

pruning is usually restricted to just removing weak and spent branches, plus light trimming (if necessary) to reduce overall size.

3017: 1339:

The "Peggy Martin Rose" survived 20 feet of salt water over the garden of Mrs. Peggy Martin, Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, after

4676: 4586: 2095:

Poulson, the Danish rose dynasty, was established in 1878 and originally focused on breeding roses hardy enough to withstand the

1993:

was Dean of Rochester Cathedral in the UK and the founder of the (Royal) National Rose Society. He organized the first specialty

2202: 760: 453:

An old garden rose is defined as any rose belonging to a class which existed before the introduction of the first modern rose,

2285: 115:

and cultivars closely related to them, plus cultivars that grow rather larger than most bush roses. Technically all roses are

4177: 4002: 3962: 3747: 3724: 3688: 1163:

also passed on a tendency toward disease-susceptibility, scentless blooms, and an intolerance of pruning to its descendants.

972: 877: 3001: 2178: 4007: 490: 3143: 3118: 3067: 4774: 4661: 4293: 2443: 2361: 2190: 1541: 1043:

some hybrid rugosas lack this trait. These roses often set large hips. Examples include 'Hansa' and 'Roseraie de l'Häy'.

755:

were long thought to be the first group of crosses between China roses and European roses, and to show the influence of

4743: 4536: 4162: 3768: 2621: 1919:. Known for her unusually colored and patterned rose varieties. Her work had a major influence on American hybridizer, 1885:

nursery and also introducing 70 new cultivars. He was also the author of several classic books on the subject of roses.

860:, a large Asian climbing rose with pale-yellow blossoms. Immediately upon their introduction to the Western World from 83:

The cultivars are classified in a number of different and overlapping ways, generally without much reference to strict

3384: 3246: 3206: 2681: 1901:, is the UK's oldest firm of commercial rose growers. Notable introductions include 'Mrs B.R. Cant' and 'Just Joey'. 4611: 4137: 4012: 3972: 3927: 3426:

Brenner, Douglas, and Scanniello, Stephen (2009). A Rose by Any Name. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Algonquin Books.

1533: 1280: 1196: 430: 107:

much closer to wild species; in "standard" shapes there is a single bare stem, with the graft at the top of that.

4769: 3819: 3867: 4671: 4596: 4142: 4127: 3977: 3942: 3709: 745: 4067: 3786: 4072: 3183: 1811:

species are waterborne and therefore improving drainage and reducing waterlogging can help reduce infection.

2860: 2838: 4681: 4581: 4571: 4147: 3912: 3872: 2584: 1521: 1288: 1269: 158: 147: 4738: 4717: 4561: 4384: 4172: 4167: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4022: 3967: 3932: 3902: 2703: 2147: 2117: 1525: 1447: 1276: 1155: 1125: 1121: 928: 3400: 2749:"Genetic relationships and evolution of old Chinese garden roses based on SSRs and chromosome diversity" 1888: 4318: 4202: 4152: 4132: 4117: 4092: 3882: 3857: 2613: 1430: 1284: 1242: 1200: 4616: 2027:

in 1974 and focused on hybrid teas and Grandifloras, including 'Paddy Stephens' and 'Kathryn McGredy'.

1826:) take a heavy toll on rose flowers and foliage; rose blooms can also be destroyed by infestations of 4794: 4696: 4412: 4377: 4217: 4207: 4197: 4032: 3997: 3992: 3290: 2034: 1529: 1513: 1455: 1375:. Examples include 'American Pillar' (once-blooming rambler), and 'Blaze' (repeat-blooming climber). 1254: 1246: 1117: 2389: 1875:, UK, is the developer of "English roses", such as 'Constance Spry', 'Mary Rose' and 'Graham Thomas' 4666: 4656: 4541: 4355: 4182: 4122: 4062: 4037: 3917: 3887: 2401: 2077: 1005: 3093: 2708: 4686: 4651: 3922: 3877: 3849: 2276: 1537: 1517: 1108:

were initially created by hybridising hybrid perpetuals with Tea roses in the late 19th century.

4551: 1975: 326: 4838: 4443: 4391: 4339: 4192: 4187: 4107: 4057: 4047: 3957: 3907: 3452: 2249: 2151: 2042: 1908: 1802:

Fungal leaf diseases affect some cultivars and species more than others. On susceptible plants

1509: 1109: 813: 454: 221: 182: 2534: 4843: 4779: 4468: 4102: 3897: 2834: 2041:('Peace'), and has continued to be at the forefront of rose breeding, with varieties such as 1859: 1732: 933: 896: 580: 322: 198: 197:

that most varieties need, and the training that many do. At least bush varieties are usually

1997:

in the UK and published books on rose cultivation, popularizing rose growing and exhibiting.

1864:

Some rose growers are known for their particular contributions to the field. These include:

1028:

likewise are not officially old garden roses, but tend to be included in them. Derived from

4789: 4621: 4546: 4433: 4360: 4027: 3952: 3837: 3756: 2760: 2123: 2089: 2000: 1742: 1250: 1145: 809: 653: 413: 112: 2083: 900: 714: 704: 682: 8: 4748: 4641: 4576: 4458: 4398: 4333: 4097: 4017: 3937: 3812: 3405: 3238: 3231: 2878: 2030: 1894: 1881:

was a specialist in classic and species roses, preserving many old and wild roses at his

1631: 639: 334: 2940:

Iwata, Hikaru; Kato, Tsuneo; Ohno, Susumu (2000). "Triparental origin of Damask roses".

2764: 872: 618: 4646: 4601: 4518: 4508: 4473: 4157: 3987: 3862: 3739: 3021: 2781: 2748: 2729: 2606: 2433: 2221: 2136: 2038: 2010: 2006: 1930: 1818:(greenfly), which sucks the sap and weakens the plant. In areas where they are endemic 1451: 526: 217: 178: 153: 4308: 3585: 2955: 1148:

initiated the first class of roses to include genes from the old Austrian briar rose (

272:

from before 1400 BC, and in Egyptian tomb paintings some centuries later; however the

4636: 4483: 4453: 4313: 4268: 4232: 3982: 3764: 3743: 3720: 3705: 3697: 3684: 3380: 3373: 3242: 3202: 2959: 2786: 2677: 2617: 2438: 1868: 1657: 1439: 1340: 1299: 1212: 1060: 1016: 911: 665: 72: 61:, some are also valued for other reasons, such as having ornamental fruit, providing 3677: 1171: 841: 130:

has yet to be bred, but there are a number of shades of purple. There are single or

4722: 4631: 4606: 4493: 4405: 4042: 2951: 2776: 2768: 2129: 2103: 2065: 2020: 1971: 1961: 1552: 1505: 993: 937: 604: 391: 265: 206: 166: 46: 39: 1324: 579:

for its alleged medicinal properties, and became famous in English history as the

4556: 4488: 4237: 4052: 3005: 2998: 1926: 1819: 1187: 1105: 1091: 441: 419: 143: 135: 131: 123: 24: 3169: 1335: 4833: 4812: 4691: 4626: 4503: 3947: 3805: 3672: 3661: 3633: 3147: 3122: 3071: 2942: 2772: 2328: 2048: 1980: 1965: 1758: 1694: 1614: 1556: 1498: 1482: 1389: 1347: 1181: 804: 793: 537: 309: 301: 293: 289: 281: 100: 504: 4827: 4344: 4328: 4273: 1984: 1940: 957: 855: 499: 466: 407: 401: 395:

The spring-flowering pimpinellifolia 'Rosa Altaica', underplanted with lamium

285: 225: 186: 3516: 1136: 713:

are based on one or more mutations, particularly one that appeared early on

595: 325:

of France who patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at

276:

only mentions the plant twice. They are known to have been grown in ancient

237: 99:

roses, both up to about 15 inches tall. Most modern roses are propagated by

4478: 4463: 2963: 2790: 2730:"The History of Roses – Our Rose Garden – University of Illinois Extension" 2418: 2109: 1878: 1795: 1790: 1782: 1766: 1719: 1661: 1567: 1414: 1384: 1150: 1113: 633: 559: 515: 435: 425: 243: 96: 62: 3049: 1466: 4528: 4448: 4253: 3892: 2589: 2143: 2096: 2024: 2016: 1990: 1920: 1904: 1839: 1713: 1492: 1481:'Thérèse Bugnet', a multi-species hybrid that is still widely available ( 1030: 728: 692: 644: 521: 162: 58: 1477: 1096: 201:, although some varieties are left for their decorative (and medicinal) 4591: 4513: 4350: 4283: 4112: 2052: 1872: 1443: 1404: 1304: 968: 780: 649: 269: 87:

principles. Taking overall size and shape, the most common type is the

28: 948: 888: 4498: 4438: 2428: 2072: 1994: 1951: 1933:

to the US and established the marque Star Roses. 'Peace' was bred by

1843: 1803: 1750: 1669: 1650: 1551:

Other notable Canadian breeders include Frank Skinner, Percy Wright,

1379: 861: 817: 785: 371: 264:

Roses have been grown in Eurasia since ancient times; they appear in

127: 104: 3792: 3313: 2172:

Striped Gallica 'Rosa Mundi', believed to date from the 12th century

1660:. Those based on warm climate Asian species do well in their native 643:. Robert de Brie is given credit for bringing damask roses from the 4764: 4323: 4278: 4263: 2368: 2113: 2069: 1934: 1916: 1912: 1723:

that are grown for their decorative hips should not be deadheaded.

1665: 1646: 1368: 1364: 1140:

Pernetiana rose 'Soleil d'Or', the first of its class (Pernet 1900)

1056: 610: 341: 330: 54: 1613:

classification "patio roses", called Minifloras in North America.

19: 2883: 2059: 1944: 1882: 1738: 1681: 1664:

environments. Certain species and cultivars can even flourish in

1372: 1052: 975:, 'Ferdinand Pichard', 'Paul Neyron', and 'Reine des Violettes'. 960: 471: 277: 248: 202: 194: 139: 77: 50: 3273: 3787:

The practical book of outdoor rose growing for the home garden.

2879:"Blue rose development | Suntory Global Innovation Center" 2133:

introduced by the American Rose Society as 'dooryard climbers'.

1827: 1774: 1635: 1626: 903:' (the last example is often classified under climbing roses). 892: 732: 564: 337:, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England. 318: 84: 983: 205:. Roses are successfully grown in four continents, although a 111:

are a rather loose category that include some of the original

2926: 2383:

Yellow rose, showing stigmas (centre) and stamens with pollen

2062:

introduced the Flower Carpet (ground cover/landscape) series.

1898: 1835: 1815: 1425: 1393: 1217: 1039: 1035: 924: 764: 724: 486: 352: 273: 116: 66: 3781: 3578: 1604: 1237:. They are still planted in large bedding schemes in public 1104:

The favourite rose for much of the history of modern roses,

1064:

after the owner of the garden where they were rediscovered.

828: 820:

China', 'Mutabilis' (Butterfly Rose), 'Cramoisi Superieur'.

3828: 1847: 1238: 568: 317:

The significant breeding of modern times started slowly in

42: 2905:

Reader's Digest Encyclopaedia of Garden Plants and Flowers

2248:

Hybrid Tea 'Capristrano', (Theodore John Morris, 1949) in

1777:

diseases, the most commonly seen of which is stem canker (

850:) were Oriental cultivars thought to represent hybrids of 727:, are considered to resemble moss and give off a pleasant 1580:

Lower growing habit, usually under 60 cm (24 inches)

1571:'Avon', a ground cover rose introduced by Poulson in 1992 1360: 1331:'Zéphirine Drouhin', a climbing Bourbon rose (Bizot 1868) 304:

were in cultivation in China in the first millennium AD.

3797: 3733: 3645: 3621: 3609: 3572: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3488: 3476: 3343: 3331:

Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates

3196: 2037:(AKA House of Meilland), made its name and fortune with 1051:

This is a group of several dozen "found" roses grown in

429:

in varieties 'Austrian Copper', 'Persian Double', and '

4713:

Concours international de roses nouvelles de Bagatelle

2806:"Cuttings;When Malmaison Celebrated the Rose's Beauty" 1378:

One of the most vigorous of the Climbing Roses is the

1351:

A close view of a climbing rose with bright red blooms

915:

Noisette rose 'Desprez à fleurs jaunes' (Desprez 1830)

3736:

The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Roses

2570: 2568: 627:) originated in ancient times with a natural hybrid ( 3734:

Quest-Ritson, Charles; Quest-Ritson, Brigid (2003).

2585:"In pictures: Kew's Rose Garden in bloom | Kew" 1741:. The main fungal diseases affecting the leaves are 1046: 744:"Portland Rose" redirects here. For other uses, see 691:, a hybrid that appeared in the 17th century in the 457:, in 1867. Alternative terms for this group include 3499: 3497: 3434: 3432: 1668:climates, especially when grafted onto appropriate 1020:

Rugosa rose 'Blanc Double de Coubert' (Cochet 1893)

465:roses. In general, Old Garden roses of European or 3789:By Thomas, George Clifford, 1873–. Published 1914. 3676: 3372: 3230: 2605: 2565: 3314:Richer, C.; Arnold, N.P.; Davidson, C.G. (2000). 899:. Examples: 'Louise Odier', 'Mme. Pierre Oger', ' 4825: 3517:"All-America Rose Selection – Wikimedia Commons" 3494: 3429: 3316:Winter-hardy roses: Explorer and Parkland series 1834:spp). Roses are also used as food plants by the 932:Carriere', 'Marechal Niel' (Tea-Noisette). (See 4567:Fontvieille Park and Princess Grace Rose Garden 3715:Macaboy, Stirling (2007). Cairns, Tommy (ed.). 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 1608:Chris Warner's patio climber 'Open Arms' (1995) 2797: 2355:English Rose 'Benjamin Britten' (Austin, 2001) 2184:Tea Rose 'Duchesse de Brabant' (Bernède, 1857) 1630:Standard roses with winter protection against 1100:A 'Memoriam' hybrid tea rose (von Abrams 1962) 952:Hybrid perpetual rose 'La Reine' (Laffay 1844) 177:Rose Garden with variety of blooming roses at 76:The climber 'American Pillar', trained over a 3813: 3379:. Menlo Park, California: Sunset Publishing. 3167: 2939: 2315:Hybrid Tea 'Sunset Celebration' (Fryer, 1994) 1392:, and has climbed 50 feet high into a copper 987:Hybrid musk rose 'Moonlight' (Pemberton 1913) 307:Of the over 150 species of rose, the Chinese 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3068:"Brent Dickerson: The First Eighteen Chinas" 2891: 2746: 2676:. London, England: Frances Lincoln Limited. 2263:English Rose 'Constance Spry' (Austin, 1960) 563:, which is a native of central and southern 439:, or have colourful autumnal foliage, e. g. 95:, generally small bushes, and low sprawling 3274:Gamila Morcos; Jacqueline Girouard (1999). 3237:. Des Moines, IA: Meredith Books. pp. 2236:Hybrid Tea 'Lowell Thomas' (Mallerin, 1943) 1562: 575:, was grown in the Middle Ages in monastic 3820: 3806: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2699:"The History and Legacy of the China Rose" 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2479:Hessayon (1981), 61, and following section 2343:Hybrid Tea 'Cajun Sunrise' (Edwards, 2000) 1473:'Henry Hudson', one of the Explorer series 1000:, however, is known to be one parent, and 887:originated on the Île Bourbon (now called 541:Gallica rose 'Charles de Mills', ante 1790 4785:List of rose cultivars named after people 3668:, 1981, pbi Publications, ISBN 0903505142 3393: 3366: 3364: 3300: 3091: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 2803: 2780: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 1420: 659: 557:group is a very old class developed from 3671: 3355: 3261: 2196:Hybrid Musk 'Penelope' (Pemberton, 1924) 1625: 1603: 1566: 1476: 1465: 1424: 1403: 1346: 1334: 1323: 1319: 1298: 1216: 1170: 1135: 1095: 1015: 982: 947: 910: 871: 827: 779: 594: 536: 485: 390: 351: 340:Although roses were found in modern-day 236: 211: 172: 152: 71: 18: 4677:The Gardens of the American Rose Center 4587:Heritage Rose District of New York City 3714: 3503: 3438: 3370: 2970: 2858: 2527: 2470:Hessayon (1981), 4, and under each type 2224:(syn. 'Mme A. Meilland', Meilland 1939) 2208:Hybrid Musk 'Ballerina' (Bentall, 1937) 1853: 1241:and suitable gardens. Examples include 832:Tea rose 'Mrs Dudley Cross' (Paul 1907) 280:. Records exist of them being grown in 4826: 3646:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3622:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3610:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3573:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3561:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3549:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3537:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3489:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3477:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3361: 3344:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3267: 3228: 3035: 2671: 2630: 2303:English Rose 'Heritage' (Austin, 1984) 2112:is a rose breeding company located at 1303:'Meillandine' (a miniature rose) in a 1076: 497:Literally "white roses", derived from 3801: 3328: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3094:"Tender But Tough: The Old Tea Roses" 2859:Foreman, Amanda (February 13, 2021). 2603: 1814:The main pest affecting roses is the 1781:). Diseases of the root zone include 1726: 3761:The English Garden: A Social History 3420: 3144:"A History of the Hybrid Perpetuals" 3092:Whitewall, Richard (27 April 2022). 2804:Scaniello, Stephen (31 March 1996). 1773:). Stems can be affected by several 1224:'Borussia', a modern floribunda rose 513:. The latter species is a hybrid of 364: 4775:List of Award of Garden Merit roses 4662:Royal National Rose Society Gardens 3519:. Commons.wikimedia.org. 2011-12-11 3444: 3283:Cahiers franco-canadiens de l'ouest 3197:Roger Phillips; Martyn Rix (2004). 2444:List of Award of Garden Merit roses 943: 448: 423:("sweetbriar" or "eglantine"), and 169:, but at an altitude of 2200 metres 13: 4744:World Federation of Rose Societies 4537:Alister Clark Memorial Rose Garden 3782:World Federation of Rose Societies 3215: 3201:. Pan Macmillan Ltd. p. 262. 3184:"The Great Roses: Queen Elizabeth" 2861:"How Roses Came to Mean True Love" 2696: 2674:The Graham Stuart Thomas Rose Book 1343:. It is a thornless climbing rose. 599:'Autumn Damask' ('Quatre Saisons') 14: 4855: 3775: 3450: 3371:Brenzel, Kathleen Norris (2001). 2424:Rose cultivars named after people 2120:(1963), and 'Black Magic' (1997). 1645:Roses are commonly propagated by 1461: 1203:, 'Pink Fairy', and 'Red Fairy'. 767:about 1775) a rose then known as 417:("Scots rose" or "burnet rose"), 377: 4808: 4807: 4612:Nieuwesteeg Heritage Rose Garden 4216: 2545:. New England Wildflower Society 2400: 2388: 2376: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2291:Rose 'Katja', (Verschoren, 1970) 2284: 2268: 2256: 2241: 2229: 2213: 2201: 2189: 2177: 2165: 1154:) with his 1900 introduction of 1067: 1011: 4770:American Garden Rose Selections 3654: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3509: 3482: 3470: 3349: 3337: 3322: 3255: 3190: 3176: 3161: 3136: 3111: 3085: 3060: 3010: 2992: 2933: 2919: 2910: 2871: 2852: 2823: 2740: 2722: 2690: 2597: 2577: 2556: 2327:Hybrid Tea 'Pride of England' ( 1496:or the native Canadian species 1490:Derived mostly from crosses of 956:The dominant class of roses in 878:Rosa 'Souvenir de la Malmaison' 573:R. gallica varietas officinalis 53:. An enormous number of garden 4672:San Jose Municipal Rose Garden 4597:International Rose Test Garden 3289:(1–2): 215–232. Archived from 3276:"Georges Bugnet, horticulteur" 2672:Thomas, Graham Stuart (2004). 2518: 2509: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2080:and the Polyantha 'The Fairy'. 1705: 1621: 1260: 978: 746:Portland Rose (disambiguation) 585:R. gallica varietas versicolor 1: 3318:. Ottawa: Agriculture Canada. 2956:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00487-X 2449: 1793:wilt, and various species of 1737:Roses are subject to several 1711:unsightly. Any roses such as 1206: 1131: 1085: 1034:("Japanese rose"), native to 386: 4682:Villa Ephrussi de Rothschild 4582:Government Rose Garden, Ooty 4572:Garden Society of Gothenburg 3457:Pacific Horticulture Society 1592:Minimal pruning requirements 1294: 1166: 940:articles on Noisette roses) 493:, an Alba rose (before 1400) 481: 159:Government Rose Garden, Ooty 7: 4739:Royal National Rose Society 4718:All-America Rose Selections 4562:Exposition Park Rose Garden 3199:The Ultimate Guide to Roses 3146:. Rdrop.com. Archived from 3121:. Rdrop.com. Archived from 3070:. Rdrop.com. Archived from 2987:The Ultimate Guide to Roses 2704:Quarryhill Botanical Garden 2412: 2009:, based in Sparrieshoop in 1589:Growing on their own roots. 1586:Disease and pest resistance 1128:(bi-colour cream and red). 906: 867: 788:,' one of the "stud Chinas" 739: 571:. The "Apothecary's Rose", 347: 10: 4860: 3375:Sunset Western Garden Book 3333:. Fitzhenry and Whiteside. 3329:Pound, Richard W. (2005). 2989:, Macmillan, 2004, p. 226. 2985:Phillips, R. and Rix, M., 2773:10.1038/s41598-017-15815-6 2734:web.extension.illinois.edu 2614:Cambridge University Press 2407:Light orange coloured Rose 2158: 1857: 1779:Leptosphaeria coniothyrium 1730: 1675: 1408:The shrub rose 'Mollineux' 1210: 1089: 791: 784:'Parson's Pink China' or ' 743: 702: 663: 602: 532: 259: 232: 4803: 4795:Roses in Portland, Oregon 4757: 4731: 4705: 4697:Zakir Hussain Rose Garden 4527: 4426: 4413:Xiphinema diversicaudatum 4369: 4301: 4292: 4246: 4225: 4214: 3848: 3835: 3827: 1454:, 'Mary Rose', 'Tamora', 590: 4542:All-American Rose Garden 4356:Specific replant disease 4178:Souvenir de la Malmaison 3963:Diana, Princess of Wales 3719:. New York, NY: Abrams. 3704:, 2004, Pavilion Books, 3702:Plants in Garden History 2907:. 2nd ed., London, 1978. 2867:– via www.wsj.com. 2367:A bright yellow rose in 2279:(Swim & Weeks, 1968) 1889:Joséphine de Beauharnais 1599: 1563:Landscape (Ground Cover) 1542:'Captain Samuel Holland' 1399: 775: 681:. They are derived from 475: 4687:White House Rose Garden 3401:"Peter Beales obituary" 2277:Hybrid Tea 'Angel Face' 1909:James Cocker & Sons 1047:Bermuda "Mystery" roses 698: 503:and the closely allied 4392:Pratylenchus penetrans 4378:Helicotylenchus nannus 4340:Phragmidium mucronatum 3717:The Ultimate Rose Book 3636:, Retrieved 2011-12-16 3229:Cairns, Tommy (1999). 2927:"White Rose Symbolism" 2608:The Culture of Flowers 2524:Hessayon (1981), 89–94 2506:Hessayon (1981), 30–46 2035:Meilland International 1755:Phragmidium mucronatum 1638: 1609: 1572: 1486: 1474: 1434: 1421:English / David Austin 1409: 1352: 1344: 1332: 1308: 1235:cluster flowered habit 1225: 1176: 1141: 1101: 1021: 988: 953: 927:, who then introduced 916: 881: 833: 823: 789: 660:Centifolia or Provence 600: 542: 494: 411:("Lady Banks' rose"), 396: 357: 356:An amber-coloured rose 256: 229: 222:San Marino, California 190: 183:San Marino, California 170: 80: 32: 4780:List of rose breeders 4469:Red Rose of Lancaster 3757:Quest-Ritson, Charles 3054:www.rosegathering.com 3004:July 5, 2008, at the 2835:London Gardens Online 2831:"Abney Park Cemetery" 2001:Jackson & Perkins 1860:List of rose breeders 1733:List of rose diseases 1656:Most roses thrive in 1629: 1607: 1570: 1534:'Alexander MacKenzie' 1480: 1469: 1428: 1407: 1350: 1338: 1327: 1320:Climbing and rambling 1302: 1281:'Tournament of Roses' 1220: 1197:Rosa 'Cécile Brünner' 1174: 1139: 1099: 1019: 986: 973:'Général Jacqueminot' 951: 914: 897:Henri Antoine Jacques 875: 831: 783: 598: 581:Red Rose of Lancaster 540: 489: 394: 355: 240: 215: 176: 156: 75: 22: 4790:Miracle of the roses 4622:Parnell Rose Gardens 4617:Parc de la Tête d'or 4552:Château de Bagatelle 4547:Berkeley Rose Garden 4434:Black rose symbolism 4008:Great Maiden's Blush 3673:Hessayon, D. G. 3098:Pacific Horticulture 2604:Goody, Jack (1993). 2574:Hessayon (1981), 110 2395:A Bright Yellow Rose 2124:Graham Stuart Thomas 2090:Joseph Pernet-Ducher 1929:introduced the rose 1854:Notable rose growers 1763:Sphaerotheca pannosa 1559:and Robert Erskine. 1506:Dr. Felicitas Svejda 1146:Joseph Pernet-Ducher 810:Graham Stuart Thomas 414:Rosa pimpinellifolia 4749:Portland Gold Award 4667:Różanka Rose Garden 4642:Rose Garden, Coburg 4577:Giardino delle Rose 4459:Kutno Rose Festival 4399:Pratylenchus vulnus 4226:Rose classification 4138:Princesse de Monaco 4068:Louis de Funès rose 4003:Général Jacqueminot 3973:Duchess of Cornwall 3793:The Rose Society UK 3406:The Daily Telegraph 3168:Filiberti, Daphne. 2865:Wall Street Journal 2765:2017NatSR...715437T 2488:Hessayon (1981), 60 2250:Bush's Pasture Park 2031:The Meilland family 1895:Cants of Colchester 1759:rose powdery mildew 1144:The French breeder 1077:Modern garden roses 814:Parsons' Pink China 763:who received (from 761:Duchess of Portland 640:Rosa fedtschenkoana 335:Abney Park Cemetery 4652:Rosendals Trädgård 4647:Rose trial grounds 4602:McGill Rose Garden 4519:White Rose of York 4509:Thousand-year Rose 4474:Rosalia (festival) 4163:Schoener's Nutkana 4158:Royal William rose 3740:Dorling Kindersley 3698:Hobhouse, Penelope 3590:Help me find roses 3586:"Felicitas Svejda" 3551:, pp. 51, 307 2753:Scientific Reports 2515:Hessayon (1981), 6 2497:Hessayon (1981), 5 2434:Rose trial grounds 2142:Weeks Roses (with 2137:Jean-Pierre Vibert 2011:Schleswig-Holstein 1871:nursery, based in 1771:Peronospora sparsa 1727:Pests and diseases 1658:temperate climates 1639: 1610: 1573: 1487: 1475: 1435: 1410: 1353: 1345: 1333: 1309: 1226: 1177: 1142: 1102: 1022: 989: 954: 917: 882: 838:Tea-scented Chinas 834: 790: 673:are also known as 656:, 'Madame Hardy'. 601: 543: 527:White Rose of York 495: 397: 358: 257: 255:in their ancestry. 230: 218:Huntington Library 216:Blooming Roses at 191: 179:Huntington Library 171: 81: 45:that are grown as 38:are predominantly 33: 4821: 4820: 4706:Rose competitions 4657:Roseraie de L'Haÿ 4637:Rosarium Uetersen 4484:Rose Hall of Fame 4454:Gold-dipped roses 4422: 4421: 4385:Meloidogyne hapla 4361:Verticillium wilt 4269:Rose hip seed oil 4247:Uses and products 4143:Princess of Wales 4128:Precious Platinum 3978:Duke of Edinburgh 3943:Chrysler Imperial 3763:, 2003, Penguin, 3749:978-0-751-36976-2 3726:978-0-8109-9410-2 3690:978-0-90350-547-5 2439:Rose Hall of Fame 2084:Jean Pernet, père 2039:'Mme A. Meilland' 1976:Roseraie de L'Haÿ 1824:Popillia japonica 1747:Diplocarpon rosae 1522:'Charles Albanel' 1341:Hurricane Katrina 1289:'Queen Elizabeth' 1277:'Rock & Roll' 1273:'Queen Elizabeth' 1213:Floribunda (rose) 965:hybrid perpetuals 901:Zéphirine Drouhin 705:Rosa × centifolia 666:Rosa x centifolia 365:Colour of flowers 323:Empress Josephine 47:ornamental plants 4851: 4811: 4810: 4758:Related articles 4723:Rose of the Year 4632:Rome Rose Garden 4607:Mottisfont Abbey 4494:Rose of the Year 4406:Tylenchorhynchus 4299: 4298: 4220: 4073:Margaret McGredy 4043:Julia Child rose 4013:Harison's Yellow 3822: 3815: 3808: 3799: 3798: 3753: 3730: 3694: 3683:. Expert Books. 3682: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3453:"Thomas Carruth" 3451:Grant, William. 3448: 3442: 3436: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3378: 3368: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3280: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3236: 3226: 3213: 3212: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3130: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3046: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3020:. Archived from 3018:"Rosa chinensis" 3014: 3008: 2996: 2990: 2983: 2968: 2967: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2889: 2888: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2846: 2837:. Archived from 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2784: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2707:. Archived from 2697:Higson, Howard. 2694: 2688: 2687: 2669: 2628: 2627: 2611: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2563: 2562:Hobhouse, 11, 22 2560: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2404: 2392: 2380: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2324: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2272: 2260: 2245: 2233: 2217: 2205: 2193: 2181: 2169: 2148:'Fourth of July' 2130:Walter Van Fleet 2118:'Fragrant Cloud' 2104:Felicitas Svejda 2066:Joseph Pemberton 2058:Werner Noack of 2021:Northern Ireland 1991:S. Reynolds Hole 1972:Jules Gravereaux 1966:Austro-Hungarian 1962:Rudolf Geschwind 1820:Japanese beetles 1583:Repeat flowering 1553:Isabella Preston 1526:'William Baffin' 1448:'Charles Austin' 1175:'Cecile Brunner' 1126:'Double Delight' 1122:'Mister Lincoln' 1008:and 'Penelope'. 994:Joseph Pemberton 944:Hybrid perpetual 929:'Blush Noisette' 671:Centifolia roses 605:Rosa x damascena 491:'Maiden's Blush' 449:Old garden roses 431:Harison's Yellow 331:Loddiges nursery 266:Minoan jewellery 207:tropical climate 167:Tropic of Cancer 144:floribunda roses 16:Ornamental roses 4859: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4799: 4753: 4727: 4701: 4557:Europa-Rosarium 4523: 4489:Rose (heraldry) 4418: 4365: 4288: 4242: 4238:Hybrid tea rose 4221: 4212: 4148:Queen Elizabeth 4053:Heidi Klum rose 3913:Bridge of Sighs 3873:American Beauty 3868:Albéric Barbier 3844: 3831: 3826: 3778: 3773: 3750: 3727: 3691: 3679:The Rose Expert 3666:The Rose Expert 3662:Hessayon, D. G. 3657: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3522: 3520: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3412: 3410: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3369: 3362: 3356:Hessayon (2004) 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3327: 3323: 3312: 3301: 3293: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3262:Hessayon (2004) 3260: 3256: 3249: 3227: 3216: 3209: 3195: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3128: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3090: 3086: 3077: 3075: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3048: 3047: 3036: 3027: 3025: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3006:Wayback Machine 2997: 2993: 2984: 2971: 2938: 2934: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2892: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2842: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2802: 2798: 2745: 2741: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2712: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2670: 2631: 2624: 2602: 2598: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2546: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2396: 2393: 2384: 2381: 2372: 2365: 2356: 2353: 2344: 2341: 2332: 2325: 2316: 2313: 2304: 2301: 2292: 2289: 2280: 2273: 2264: 2261: 2252: 2246: 2237: 2234: 2225: 2218: 2209: 2206: 2197: 2194: 2185: 2182: 2173: 2170: 2161: 2007:W. Kordes' Sons 1943:, located near 1927:Conard-Pyle Co. 1862: 1856: 1743:rose black spot 1735: 1729: 1708: 1678: 1624: 1602: 1565: 1464: 1452:'Graham Thomas' 1431:'Abraham Darby' 1423: 1417:or as hedging. 1402: 1322: 1297: 1285:'Pink Flamingo' 1263: 1243:'Anne Harkness' 1215: 1209: 1188:Rosa multiflora 1169: 1134: 1094: 1092:Hybrid tea rose 1088: 1079: 1070: 1061:fungal diseases 1059:damage and the 1049: 1014: 998:Rosa multiflora 981: 946: 909: 870: 826: 796: 778: 749: 742: 707: 701: 668: 662: 648:were the first 607: 593: 555:Rose of Provins 535: 484: 474:and Tea roses ( 451: 442:Rosa virginiana 420:Rosa rubiginosa 405:("musk rose"), 389: 380: 367: 350: 294:Chinese gardens 282:Chinese gardens 262: 235: 136:hybrid tea rose 132:double-flowered 124:colour spectrum 93:miniature roses 25:hybrid tea rose 17: 12: 11: 5: 4857: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4692:Wohl Rose Park 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4627:Peninsula Park 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4504:Rose symbolism 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4336: 4334:Powdery mildew 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4305: 4303: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4168:Silver Jubilee 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4088:Mrs Fred Danks 4085: 4083:Mister Lincoln 4080: 4078:Marilyn Monroe 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4023:Ingrid Bergman 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3968:Double Delight 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3948:Conquista rose 3945: 3940: 3935: 3933:Charles Austin 3930: 3928:Cécile Brünner 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3903:Blush Noisette 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3850:Rose cultivars 3846: 3845: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3784: 3777: 3776:External links 3774: 3772: 3771: 3769:978-0140295023 3754: 3748: 3731: 3725: 3712: 3695: 3689: 3669: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3638: 3634:fr:Tom Carruth 3626: 3614: 3602: 3577: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3508: 3504:Macaboy (2007) 3493: 3481: 3469: 3443: 3439:Macaboy (2007) 3428: 3419: 3392: 3385: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3321: 3299: 3296:on 2013-10-04. 3266: 3254: 3247: 3214: 3207: 3189: 3175: 3170:"Hybrid Musks" 3160: 3135: 3110: 3084: 3059: 3034: 3009: 2991: 2969: 2950:(1–2): 53–59. 2932: 2918: 2909: 2890: 2870: 2851: 2822: 2810:New York Times 2796: 2739: 2721: 2689: 2682: 2629: 2623:978-0521424844 2622: 2596: 2576: 2564: 2555: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2490: 2481: 2472: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2375: 2373: 2366: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2335: 2333: 2326: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2283: 2281: 2274: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2255: 2253: 2247: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2228: 2226: 2219: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2140: 2134: 2127: 2121: 2110:Mathias Tantau 2107: 2101: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2063: 2056: 2049:Ralph S. Moore 2046: 2033:, founders of 2028: 2014: 2004: 1998: 1988: 1981:Harkness Roses 1978: 1969: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1938: 1924: 1902: 1892: 1886: 1876: 1855: 1852: 1728: 1725: 1707: 1704: 1695:Rosa chinensis 1677: 1674: 1623: 1620: 1615:D. G. Hessayon 1601: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1564: 1561: 1557:Georges Bugnet 1530:'Henry Kelsey' 1514:'Henry Hudson' 1499:Rosa arkansana 1463: 1462:Canadian Hardy 1460: 1456:'Wife of Bath' 1422: 1419: 1401: 1398: 1390:United Kingdom 1321: 1318: 1296: 1293: 1262: 1259: 1255:'Gene Boerner' 1247:'George Burns' 1211:Main article: 1208: 1205: 1182:Rosa chinensis 1168: 1165: 1133: 1130: 1118:'Garden Party' 1090:Main article: 1087: 1084: 1082:Garden Roses: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1048: 1045: 1026:hybrid rugosas 1013: 1010: 980: 977: 945: 942: 908: 905: 869: 866: 825: 822: 805:Rosa chinensis 794:Rosa chinensis 792:Main article: 777: 774: 757:Rosa chinensis 753:Portland roses 741: 738: 703:Main article: 700: 697: 679:Provence roses 664:Main article: 661: 658: 603:Main article: 592: 589: 551:Gallica Hybrid 534: 531: 483: 480: 450: 447: 388: 385: 379: 378:Classification 376: 366: 363: 349: 346: 310:Rosa chinensis 261: 258: 234: 231: 209:is not ideal. 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4856: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4839:Garden plants 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4814: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732:Organizations 4730: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4274:Rose hip soup 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4203:Violet Carson 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4153:Queen Sirikit 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4133:Princess Anne 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4093:Mrs. Harkness 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3883:Anne Harkness 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3858:Abraham Darby 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3841: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3804: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3648:, p. 416 3647: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3624:, p. 409 3623: 3618: 3612:, p. 397 3611: 3606: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3575:, p. 318 3574: 3569: 3563:, p. 307 3562: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3539:, p. 255 3538: 3533: 3518: 3512: 3506:, p. 473 3505: 3500: 3498: 3491:, p. 122 3490: 3485: 3479:, p. 120 3478: 3473: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3441:, p. 471 3440: 3435: 3433: 3423: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3396: 3388: 3386:0-376-03875-6 3382: 3377: 3376: 3367: 3365: 3357: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3332: 3325: 3317: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3250: 3248:0-89721-428-5 3244: 3240: 3235: 3234: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3210: 3208:1-4050-4920-0 3204: 3200: 3193: 3185: 3179: 3171: 3164: 3150:on 2010-01-23 3149: 3145: 3139: 3125:on 2009-12-02 3124: 3120: 3119:"China Roses" 3114: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3074:on 2009-08-20 3073: 3069: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3050:"China Roses" 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3024:on 2014-04-07 3023: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2999:Rosarosam.com 2995: 2988: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2936: 2928: 2922: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2841:on 2020-08-03 2840: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2725: 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1989: 1986: 1985:Hertfordshire 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974:, founder of 1973: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941:Dickson Roses 1939: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1619: 1616: 1606: 1597: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1569: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1494: 1484: 1479: 1472: 1468: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1432: 1427: 1418: 1416: 1406: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1349: 1342: 1337: 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moschata 626: 625: 621: 616: 612: 606: 597: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 561: 556: 552: 548: 539: 530: 528: 524: 523: 518: 517: 512: 511: 507: 502: 501: 492: 488: 479: 477: 473: 468: 467:Mediterranean 464: 460: 456: 446: 444: 443: 438: 437: 432: 428: 427: 422: 421: 416: 415: 410: 409: 408:Rosa banksiae 404: 403: 402:Rosa moschata 393: 384: 375: 373: 362: 354: 345: 343: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 315: 312: 311: 305: 303: 297: 295: 291: 287: 286:Greek gardens 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 254: 250: 246: 245: 239: 227: 226:United States 223: 219: 214: 210: 208: 204: 200: 196: 188: 187:United States 184: 180: 175: 168: 164: 160: 155: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 79: 74: 70: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 41: 37: 30: 26: 21: 4844:Rose gardens 4529:Rose gardens 4479:Rose (color) 4464:Rainbow rose 4444:English rose 4411: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4351:Sooty moulds 4338: 4324:Downy mildew 4259:Garden roses 4258: 4208:Wife of Bath 4198:Veilchenblau 4173:Soleil d'Or' 4033:Jeanie Deans 3998:Garden Party 3993:English Miss 3839: 3760: 3735: 3716: 3701: 3678: 3665: 3655:Bibliography 3641: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3593:. Retrieved 3589: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3521:. Retrieved 3511: 3484: 3472: 3460:. Retrieved 3456: 3446: 3422: 3411:. Retrieved 3409:. 2013-02-01 3404: 3395: 3374: 3358:, p. 44 3351: 3346:, p. 13 3339: 3330: 3324: 3315: 3291:the original 3286: 3282: 3269: 3264:, p. 72 3257: 3232: 3198: 3192: 3178: 3163: 3152:. Retrieved 3148:the original 3138: 3127:. Retrieved 3123:the original 3113: 3101:. Retrieved 3097: 3087: 3076:. Retrieved 3072:the original 3062: 3053: 3026:. Retrieved 3022:the original 3012: 2994: 2986: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2921: 2912: 2904: 2882: 2873: 2864: 2854: 2843:. Retrieved 2839:the original 2825: 2813:. Retrieved 2809: 2799: 2759:(1): 15437. 2756: 2752: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2713:. Retrieved 2709:the original 2702: 2692: 2673: 2607: 2599: 2588: 2579: 2558: 2547:. Retrieved 2542: 2537:Rosa gallica 2536: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2466: 2457: 2419:Rose species 2097:Scandinavian 2045:and 'Swany'. 2043:'Bonica '82' 1879:Peter Beales 1869:David Austin 1863: 1832:Thysanoptera 1831: 1823: 1813: 1809:Phytophthora 1808: 1801: 1796:phytophthora 1794: 1791:verticillium 1786: 1783:honey fungus 1778: 1770: 1767:downy mildew 1762: 1754: 1746: 1736: 1720:Rosa moyesii 1718: 1712: 1709: 1700: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1662:sub-tropical 1655: 1644: 1640: 1611: 1595: 1574: 1550: 1546: 1540:(1986), and 1538:'John Davis' 1518:'John Cabot' 1504: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1470: 1440:David Austin 1436: 1429:Austin rose 1415:shrub border 1411: 1385:Rosa filipes 1383: 1377: 1358: 1354: 1328: 1314: 1310: 1270: 1266:Grandifloras 1265: 1264: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1201:'Perle d'Or' 1193: 1186: 1180: 1178: 1161:Rosa foetida 1160: 1151:Rosa foetida 1149: 1143: 1103: 1080: 1071: 1050: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1001: 997: 990: 964: 955: 920: 918: 884: 883: 856: 852:R. chinensis 851: 846: 842: 837: 835: 803: 799: 797: 768: 756: 752: 750: 719: 715: 710: 708: 687: 683: 678: 674: 670: 669: 638: 634:Rosa gallica 632: 628: 623: 619: 615:Damask roses 614: 608: 584: 576: 572: 567:and western 560:Rosa gallica 558: 554: 550: 546: 544: 520: 514: 509: 505: 498: 496: 462: 458: 452: 440: 436:Rosa moyesii 434: 426:Rosa foetida 424: 418: 412: 406: 400: 398: 381: 368: 359: 339: 316: 308: 306: 298: 263: 252: 244:Rosa gallica 242: 228:, April 2022 192: 189:, April 2022 121: 108: 97:ground cover 92: 88: 82: 63:ground cover 59:rose gardens 36:Garden roses 35: 34: 4449:Golden Rose 4309:Anthracnose 4254:Cut flowers 4183:Spice Twice 4123:Pink Wonder 4063:Line Renaud 4048:'Just Joey' 4038:Joanna Hill 3918:Buff Beauty 3893:Beirut Rose 3888:Arthur Bell 2590:Kew Gardens 2275:Floribunda 2220:Hybrid Tea 2152:'Hot Cocoa' 2144:Tom Carruth 2025:New Zealand 1921:Tom Carruth 1905:Anne Cocker 1840:Lepidoptera 1765:) and rose 1714:Rosa glauca 1706:Deadheading 1622:Cultivation 1510:'Jens Munk' 1493:Rosa rugosa 1261:Grandiflora 1110:'La France' 1106:hybrid teas 1031:Rosa rugosa 979:Hybrid musk 895:in 1820 by 857:R. gigantea 802:, based on 800:China roses 769:R. paestana 693:Netherlands 645:Middle East 500:R. arvensis 163:South India 109:Shrub roses 4828:Categories 4592:Hex Castle 4514:Tudor rose 4329:Grey mould 4314:Black spot 4284:Rose water 4233:Floribunda 4118:Perle d'Or 3923:Camp David 3878:Angel Face 3710:1862056609 3523:2011-12-16 3413:2013-02-25 3154:2009-12-07 3129:2009-12-07 3078:2009-12-07 3028:2010-11-17 2845:2012-01-01 2715:2020-06-06 2549:2018-10-07 2450:References 2053:California 1873:Shropshire 1858:See also: 1804:fungicidal 1787:Armillaria 1731:See also: 1670:rootstocks 1444:Shropshire 1305:terracotta 1231:Floribunda 1207:Floribunda 1132:Pernetiana 1124:(red) and 1116:(yellow), 1086:Hybrid tea 969:remontancy 720:centifolia 711:Moss roses 688:centifolia 609:Named for 516:R. gallica 387:Wild roses 302:China rose 253:R. gallica 199:deadheaded 126:. A truly 105:rootstocks 4499:Rose show 4439:Blue rose 4193:Sunsprite 4188:Sun Flare 4108:Old Blush 4058:La France 3958:De Rescht 3908:Bonica 82 2815:1 January 2543:Go Botany 2429:Rose show 2371:, Romania 2073:clergyman 1995:rose show 1952:Pedro Dot 1948:Sunrise'. 1844:butterfly 1751:rose rust 1651:rootstock 1380:Kiftsgate 1307:flowerpot 1295:Miniature 1251:'Iceberg' 1167:Polyantha 1120:(white), 958:Victorian 818:Old Blush 786:Old Blush 654:'Ispahan' 650:remontant 624:damascena 522:R. canina 482:Alba Rosa 476:see below 455:La France 372:blue rose 327:Malmaison 165:; in the 128:blue rose 89:bush rose 85:botanical 65:, or for 55:cultivars 4813:Category 4765:ADR rose 4302:Diseases 4279:Rose oil 4264:Rose hip 4103:Oklahoma 4018:'KORbin' 3898:Belmonte 3838:List of 3675:(2004). 3664:(1981), 3103:27 April 3002:Archived 2964:11163961 2791:29133839 2413:See also 2369:Radovanu 2329:Harkness 2114:Uetersen 2070:Anglican 1935:Meilland 1917:Scotland 1913:Aberdeen 1838:of some 1739:diseases 1666:tropical 1647:grafting 1632:freezing 1544:(1992). 1536:(1985), 1532:(1984), 1528:(1983), 1524:(1982), 1520:(1978), 1516:(1976), 1512:(1974), 1373:pergolas 1369:wisteria 1365:clematis 1057:nematode 907:Noisette 868:Bourbons 740:Portland 677:, or as 611:Damascus 577:herbaria 463:historic 459:heritage 348:Features 342:Colorado 203:rosehips 140:florists 51:climates 4427:Culture 4294:Threats 4028:Ispahan 3953:Cupcake 3842:species 3595:21 July 3462:20 July 2884:Suntory 2782:5684293 2761:Bibcode 2331:, 1998) 2222:'Peace' 2159:Gallery 2100:(1988). 2068:was an 2060:Germany 2017:McGredy 1964:was an 1945:Belfast 1931:'Peace' 1883:Norfolk 1789:spp.), 1682:pruning 1676:Pruning 1649:onto a 1114:'Peace' 1053:Bermuda 961:England 889:Réunion 847:odorata 547:Gallica 533:Gallica 290:Islamic 278:Babylon 270:frescos 260:Origins 249:Romania 233:History 195:pruning 113:species 101:budding 78:pergola 67:hedging 4319:Canker 4098:Nevada 3938:Chopin 3767: 3746: 3723: 3708: 3687: 3383: 3245: 3205: 2962: 2789: 2779: 2680: 2620: 2051:, the 1958:roses. 1836:larvae 1828:thrips 1775:canker 1636:Vienna 1483:Bugnet 1433:(1985) 1396:tree. 1382:Rose, 1367:, and 1287:, and 1253:, and 938:German 934:French 893:France 862:Canton 733:balsam 725:sepals 591:Damask 565:Europe 319:Europe 148:thorns 117:shrubs 40:hybrid 4834:Roses 4370:Pests 4113:Peace 3988:Elina 3863:Alain 3829:Roses 3294:(PDF) 3279:(PDF) 3233:Roses 2019:, of 1983:, in 1899:Essex 1897:, in 1816:aphid 1680:Rose 1600:Patio 1485:1950) 1400:Shrub 1394:beech 1239:parks 1040:Korea 1036:Japan 925:Paris 854:with 776:China 765:Italy 729:woods 553:, or 472:China 274:Bible 241:Wild 103:onto 43:roses 29:Peace 4345:rust 3983:Eden 3840:Rosa 3765:ISBN 3744:ISBN 3721:ISBN 3706:ISBN 3685:ISBN 3597:2022 3464:2022 3381:ISBN 3243:ISBN 3203:ISBN 3105:2022 2960:PMID 2943:Gene 2817:2016 2787:PMID 2678:ISBN 2618:ISBN 2150:and 1848:moth 1846:and 1471:Rosa 1329:Rosa 1271:Rosa 1222:Rosa 1185:and 1038:and 1024:The 936:and 843:Rosa 798:The 751:The 716:Rosa 709:The 699:Moss 684:Rosa 637:) × 620:Rosa 569:Asia 545:The 519:and 510:alba 461:and 333:for 292:and 284:and 268:and 157:The 23:The 3239:6–7 2952:doi 2948:259 2777:PMC 2769:doi 1907:of 1757:), 1749:), 1717:or 1442:of 1361:ivy 824:Tea 731:or 587:). 529:'. 247:in 220:in 181:in 161:in 27:, ' 4830:: 3759:, 3742:. 3738:. 3700:, 3588:. 3496:^ 3455:. 3431:^ 3403:. 3363:^ 3302:^ 3287:11 3285:. 3281:. 3241:. 3217:^ 3096:. 3052:. 3037:^ 2972:^ 2958:. 2946:. 2893:^ 2881:. 2863:. 2833:. 2808:. 2785:. 2775:. 2767:. 2755:. 2751:. 2732:. 2701:. 2632:^ 2616:. 2612:. 2587:. 2567:^ 2541:. 1915:, 1911:, 1799:. 1634:, 1555:, 1458:. 1450:, 1363:, 1291:. 1283:, 1279:, 1257:. 1249:, 1245:, 1199:, 963:, 845:× 718:× 686:× 631:× 622:× 613:, 549:, 508:× 506:R. 445:. 296:. 224:, 185:, 69:. 4347:) 4343:( 3821:e 3814:t 3807:v 3752:. 3729:. 3693:. 3599:. 3526:. 3466:. 3416:. 3389:. 3251:. 3211:. 3186:. 3172:. 3157:. 3132:. 3107:. 3081:. 3056:. 3031:. 2966:. 2954:: 2929:. 2887:. 2848:. 2819:. 2793:. 2771:: 2763:: 2757:7 2736:. 2718:. 2686:. 2626:. 2593:. 2552:. 2539:" 2535:" 2154:. 1923:. 1842:( 1830:( 1822:( 1785:( 1769:( 1761:( 1753:( 1745:( 840:( 748:. 617:( 31:'

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