44:") caused excessive barrel erosion, especially in the rifling grooves. Extensive research was performed in the early 1870s to find a solution, and by 1878 two types of gas-checks had been designed. Both gas-checks were made of copper with a little added zinc. They were, in effect, shallow cups of about the same diameter as the ammunition that were attached to the base of the ammunition. When the gun was fired, the powder gas pressure forced the sides of the cup into the rifling grooves, creating a gas seal. It was immediately found that gas-checks also increased the range of guns, and provided greater accuracy. It was also realised that gas-checks were capable of rotating the ammunition, removing the need for studs. This facilitated the use of polygroove rifling, which used a lot of shallow grooves, in place of the Woolwich system which used only a few deeper grooves. Polygroove rifling was less detrimental to the strength of the guns. Also, studless ammunition was stronger and flew more accurately than studded ammunition. Shell strength was particularly important for armour-piercing ammunition.
60:
122:
110:
72:
174:
222:
198:
234:
186:
83:
increasing the disc’s overall diameter, and forcing the collar against and into the rifling, forming a gas seal. The Mk I gas-check performed well for the faster burning R.L.G. powder with which it was initially tested, but was found to seal the grooves too slowly with slower burning powders such as P and P, resulting in scoring of the bottoms of grooves. As a result, the Mk I gas-check was superseded by the Mk II gas-check by 1881. Fig 2 shows a 9-inch studded common shell with a Mk II gas-check. The Mk II gas-check was virtually identical to the Mk I, the main difference being that the collar had projections that fitted into the grooves on loading and resulted in faster gas sealing on firing.
162:
133:
is curved and covered with two circular grooves and 47 tapered radial ridges. The collar has 7 projections corresponding to the rifling grooves. On firing, the powder gas pressure forces the copper gas-check into the undercut in the side of the protrusion, the two circular grooves, and the 47 gaps between the tapered radial ridges, permanently attaching the gas-check to the shell. The gas pressure also forces the collar outwards against the rifling, creating a gas seal. The radial ridges prevent rotation of the gas-check on the base of the projectile, forcing the projectile to rotate.
246:
137:
plug. Initially, all studless shells 9 - 17.72 inches, including
Palliser shells, were made in one piece as in Fig 3. These shells were identified as Mark I. However, it was found that casting Palliser shells in brittle metal in one piece was extremely difficult, especially for smaller calibres, and that the protrusions were liable to chipping during handling. As a result, later Palliser shells 9 - 12.5 inches were made in two pieces as in Fig 4, and identified as Mark II. The separate protrusions were made from wrought iron, cast steel or malleable cast iron.
210:
94:
were used with studless ammunition in both
Woolwich and polygroove rifled guns. They were otherwise known as “Rotating Gas-Checks” or “EOC Gas-Checks”. They were called “automatic” because they could be loaded into the barrel separately from the projectile, and automatically became firmly attached to
144:
In general, all marks of a particular gun shared the same studless ammunition. Also, the studless ammunition for a particular gun used the same automatic gas-check, except for 9 inch and 10 inch guns which had some marks with
Woolwich rifling, and others with polygroove. In these cases there was one
136:
Fig 4 shows a 10-inch studless
Palliser shell Mk II with automatic gas-check. The gas-check is the same as the one in Fig 3. However, in contrast to Fig 3, the protrusion on the base of the shell in Fig 4 is not part of the shell, but is instead a wrought iron disc attached to the shell by the screw
102:
Automatic gas-checks were designed to be inserted into the barrel separately from, and before, the projectile, so that the gas-check would become located on the base of the projectile, but not attached to it, during ramming. On firing it became firmly attached to the projectile, and remained firmly
82:
Fig 1 shows the base of a 9-inch studded
Palliser shell with attached gas-check Mk I. The gas-check consists of a wavy disc with a circular collar of the same diameter as the projectile around its edge. On firing, the intense powder gas pressure flattened the disc against the base of the projectile,
282:
Images 2–8 show the range of ammunition for the RML 12.5 inch gun in 1885. This range is typical of the ammunition in use with
Woolwich-grooved guns of 9 inches or larger after the mid-1880s. These guns no longer fired studded ammunition without gas-checks. Instead there were two sets of ammunition
132:
Fig 3 shows the base of a 10-inch studless common shell Mk I with automatic gas-check in place but not attached i.e. as it would be in the gun after ramming but before firing. The centre of the base of the projectile has a circular flat-topped protrusion with undercut sides. The outside of the base
30:
heavy guns. The first generation of RML heavy guns began entering service in about 1865. They all had
Woolwich rifling and relied on studs on the projectiles for rotation. Gas-checks were first introduced in 1878 or soon after. They significantly reduced wear on the guns while also increasing their
314:
The table summarises the types of projectiles in service with RML heavy guns in 1902, (and probably, by the late 1880s for the guns existing at that time). All polygroove guns exclusively fired studless projectiles with automatic gas-checks. All
Woolwich groove guns except 7 inch guns, fired both
315:
studded and studless projectiles. The studded projectiles had attached gas-checks while the studless projectiles had automatic gas-checks. The 8 inch gun only fired one studless projectile, a studless pointed common shell. The 7 inch guns fired exclusively studded projectiles without gas-checks.
52:
Attached gas-checks were used with the existing studded ammunition of
Woolwich rifled guns. Their basic design was the same across all sizes of guns, the key difference being their diameter. The gas-check was attached to the base of the projectile by a screw-in plug which required a minor
39:
The first RML heavy guns were introduced into
British service in about 1865. By 1878, 11 models of Woolwich rifled guns had been introduced, ranging from 7 inches to 12.5 inches. Unfortunately, Woolwich rifling had a major defect, namely, that hot powder gas escaping around the ammunition
145:
automatic gas-check for all Woolwich marks, and a different automatic gas-check for all polygroove marks. The 8 inch 46 cwt and 70 cwt howitzers shared the same studless ammunition, but required different automatic gas-checks for their Woolwich and polygroove rifling respectively.
31:
range and accuracy. Before long, studless ammunition was being manufactured for these guns, using gas-checks for projectile rotation. Gas-checks also facilitated a switch to the second generation of RML guns which used polygroove rifling and only supported studless ammunition.
95:
the projectile on firing. They were called rotating gas-checks because they were able to rotate the projectile, enabling the use of studless projectiles. They were called EOC gas-checks, because they were developed by the Armstrong company which owned
140:
Some Woolwich groove guns had 2 marks of automatic gas-checks. The changes to Mark I mainly involved shaving metal off parts of the projections to make them bend more precisely and rapidly into the Woolwich grooves, sealing the grooves faster.
283:
available, namely: older studded ammunition with attached gas-checks Mk II, and newer studless ammunition with automatic gas-checks. Case ammunition was neither studded nor required gas-checks.
103:
attached all the way to the target. As an alternative to loading the gas-check separately, it was also sometimes permissible to pre-attach the gas-check to the projectile before loading.
811:
The term "gas-check" was hyphenated in late 1880s and early 1900s official British government publications such as treatises on ammunition and handbooks for various guns.
767:
Most existing studded projectiles of 9 inches or larger were modified to take an attached gas-check. A few projectiles were unsuitable for modification and were scrapped.
121:
59:
109:
761:
All models and marks of RML heavy guns with Woolwich rifling entered service. All models and marks entering service following this period had polygroove rifling.
71:
773:
Manufacturing of studded projectiles terminated for all guns of 9 inches or larger, but this does not imply stocks of studded projectiles had been exhausted.
1694:
1081:
This article uses the modern terms "Model" and "Mark". During part of the late 1800s, the terms "Nature" and "Pattern" respectively were used instead. Ref
1464:
The British Navy: Its Strength, Resources, and Administration Volume II Part II Miscellaneous subjects connected with shipbuilding for the purposes of war
1613:
1397:
795:
states that of the RML heavy guns introduced up to 1879, the ones “considered to be worth manning in time of war” were 12.5, 10 and 9 inches.
1699:
1059:
This Palliser shell Mk I is made in one piece, unkike the 10 inch Palliser shell Mk II in Fig 4 which has a separate base protrusion
1689:
173:
779:
Attached gas-check Mk I was superseded by attached gas-check Mk II which introduced projections to fit into the rifling grooves.
221:
197:
233:
1094:
Four of these guns were purchased for the British service from EOC in 1878 following previous similar sales to Italy. Ref
185:
962:
The Armstrong company sold polygroove guns with studless gas-checked ammunition to the Italian navy in about 1874. Ref
41:
1515:
161:
1704:
304:
1663:
53:
modification to each projectile. A few projectiles were unsuitable for modification, and were scrapped.
1684:
1581:
1541:
1428:
Reprinted by The Naval & Military Press Ltd in association with The Imperial War Museum, London.
401:
96:
245:
1623:
521:
476:
451:
426:
379:
591:
566:
1434:
1407:
613:
27:
8:
660:
638:
91:
1460:
209:
1607:
1391:
1599:
NAVAL GUNNERY A Description and History of the Fighting Equipment of a Man-of-War
298:
1597:
1438:
Treatise on the Construction and Manufacture of Ordnance in the British Service
1411:
Treatise on the Construction and Manufacture of Ordnance in the British Service
1381:
1252:
The 8 inch gun only fired one studless projectile, a pointed common shell. Ref
729:
707:
685:
1678:
1649:
1567:
1501:
1487:
1571:
Handbook for the 9-inch rifled muzzle-loading gun of 12 tons Marks I to VIc
820:
In this article, "RML heavy guns" includes rifled muzzle-loading guns and
1532:
Treatise on Ammunition Fourth Edition (Revised) Corrected to October 1887
1103:
967:
357:
791:
RML guns with Woolwich rifling were either obsolete or obsolescent. Ref
292:
291:
1. Photos of a used 9 inch automatic gas-check recovered from the sea.
785:
Studless projectiles became available for all guns 9 inches or larger.
305:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/_GozUMNFTpem-NJXZpFgAQ
260:
RML 12.5in Studded Palliser Shell Mk III with Attached Gas-Check Mk II
26:
were attachments to ammunition that revolutionised the performance of
17:
16:"Gas-check" redirects here. For the use in revolvers and rifles, see
1491:
Handbook for the 12-in. R.M.L. Gun of 35 Tons (Mark I.) Land Service
266:
RML 12.5in Studded Shrapnel Shell Mk I with Attached Gas-check Mk II
821:
263:
RML 12.5in Studded Common Shell Mk I with Attached Gas-Check Mk II
278:
RML 12.5in Studless Shrapnel Shell Mk I with Automatic Gas-check
272:
RML 12.5in Studless Palliser Shell Mk I with Automatic Gas-Check
1451:
Treatise on Ammunition Third Edition Corrected to November 1881
275:
RML 12.5in Studless Common Shell Mk I with Automatic Gas-Check
1505:
Handbook for the R.M.L. 12.5-inch 38-ton Gun, Marks I and II
1555:
1542:
1529:
1502:
1448:
1435:
1421:
1408:
1424:
Treatise on Ammunition with Corrections to September 1878
1653:
Handbook for the 10-inch R.M.L. Guns (Land Service)
1016:
1014:
1585:Handbook for the 8-inch R.M.L. Howitzer of 70 cwt
1191:p. 337. While the 10.4 inch gun is listed in Ref
1676:
1624:
1545:Handbook for the 8-in. R.M.L. Howitzer of 46 cwt
1011:
1516:
1383:The Principles and Practice of Modern Artillery
1640:Treatise on Ammunition Corrected to April 1902
299:http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/art/check.htm
1612:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1396:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1695:Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom
1558:Treatise on Service Ordnance Fourth Edition
303:3. Photo of 17.72 inch automatic gas-check
1669:. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.
1664:
1655:. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.
1650:
1642:. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.
1637:
1629:. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.
1587:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1582:
1573:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1568:
1560:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1547:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1534:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1521:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1507:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1493:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1488:
1453:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1440:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1426:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1413:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1183:pp. 232, 234, 238, 418, 432, 434-436; Ref
1481:Reprinted by BiblioBazaar, Charleston SC
1222:
1220:
1206:
1204:
1595:
1461:
1386:(Second ed.). London: John Murray.
320:
127:Fig 4. Protrusion is wrought-iron disk.
86:
1677:
1479:. London: William Clowes and Sons Ltd.
1474:
47:
1380:Owen, C.H., Lieut.-Col. R.A. (1873).
1217:
1201:
293:http://fortlytton.org.au/?page_id=294
1379:
1556:Secretary of State for War (1893).
1543:Secretary of State for War (1890).
1530:Secretary of State for War (1887).
1503:Secretary of State for War (1885).
1449:Secretary of State for War (1881).
1436:Secretary of State for War (1879).
1422:Secretary of State for War (1878).
1409:Secretary of State for War (1877).
1214:pp. 3-5, 41-46, Plates XXVI-XXXVIII
752:
115:Fig 3. Protrusion is part of shell.
13:
546:10 inch 12 ton Marks III & IV
14:
1716:
1466:. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
893:This is part of the image on Ref
880:This is part of the image on Ref
351:Studless with Automatic Gas-Check
257:RML 12in Automatic Gas-Check Mk I
1700:Naval guns of the United Kingdom
1596:Garbett, H., Capt. R.N. (1897).
309:
244:
232:
220:
208:
196:
184:
172:
160:
120:
108:
77:Fig 2. Attached Gas-Check Mk II.
70:
58:
1690:Artillery of the United Kingdom
1602:. London: George Bell and Sons.
1354:
1341:
1328:
1315:
1302:
1285:
1272:
1259:
1246:
1233:
1230:pp. 3-4, 25-29, Plates XIV-XVII
1173:
1160:
1147:
1134:
1121:
1108:
1088:
1075:
1062:
1053:
1040:
1027:
998:
985:
972:
956:
943:
930:
522:10 inch 18 ton Marks I & II
346:Studded with Attached Gas-Check
65:Fig 1. Attached Gas-Check Mk I.
34:
1477:Handbook of Artillery Matériel
913:
900:
887:
874:
861:
844:
827:
814:
805:
297:2. Photos of four gas-checks.
1:
1370:
824:of 7 inches calibre or larger
1517:Major Mackinlay, G. (1887).
1462:Brassey, Sir Thomas (1882).
327:Stud/Gas-Check Combinations
7:
269:RML 12.5in Case Shot Mk III
10:
1721:
349:
344:
339:
334:
331:
148:
15:
1625:Ordnance College (1902).
1144:pp. 10-12, Plates VI-VIII
341:Studded without Gas-Check
326:
323:
1269:pp. 14-17, Plates VI-VII
1131:pp. 32-33, Plates XI-XIV
1072:pp. 32-33; Plates XI-XIV
799:
287:External Links to Images
1282:pp. 15-18, Plates VI-IX
1667:Treatise on Ammunition
1475:Morgan, F. C. (1884).
1195:, it is not listed in
1187:pp. 101-104, 116; Ref
854:pp. 528, 530-533; Ref
661:8 inch 46 cwt howitzer
639:8 inch 70 cwt howitzer
1705:Artillery ammunition
1627:Text Book of Gunnery
1519:Text Book of Gunnery
1004:This is part of Ref
991:This is part of Ref
92:Automatic gas-checks
87:Automatic gas-checks
1665:War Office (1905).
1651:War Office (1903).
1638:War Office (1902).
1583:War Office (1895).
1569:War Office (1894).
1489:War Office (1884).
1295:pp. xix-xxvii; Ref
1050:p. 11, Plates V-VII
48:Attached gas-checks
1685:Coastal artillery
923:pp. 188-190; Ref
750:
749:
592:9 inch Mark VI LS
501:10.4 inch 28 ton
1712:
1670:
1656:
1643:
1630:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1588:
1574:
1561:
1548:
1535:
1522:
1508:
1494:
1480:
1467:
1454:
1441:
1427:
1414:
1401:
1395:
1387:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1244:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1208:
1199:
1177:
1171:
1170:pp. 104-105, 116
1164:
1158:
1157:pp. 105-107, 116
1151:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1125:
1119:
1118:pp. 110-112, 116
1112:
1106:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1009:
1002:
996:
989:
983:
976:
970:
960:
954:
947:
941:
934:
928:
917:
911:
904:
898:
891:
885:
878:
872:
865:
859:
848:
842:
831:
825:
818:
812:
809:
753:Brief chronology
614:8 inch 9 ton gun
567:9 inch Marks I-V
318:
317:
248:
236:
224:
212:
200:
188:
176:
164:
124:
112:
74:
62:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1675:
1674:
1605:
1604:
1389:
1388:
1373:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1218:
1209:
1202:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1012:
1003:
999:
990:
986:
977:
973:
961:
957:
948:
944:
935:
931:
918:
914:
905:
901:
892:
888:
879:
875:
866:
862:
849:
845:
832:
828:
819:
815:
810:
806:
802:
755:
312:
252:
249:
240:
237:
228:
225:
216:
213:
204:
201:
192:
189:
180:
177:
168:
165:
151:
128:
125:
116:
113:
89:
78:
75:
66:
63:
50:
37:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1718:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1673:
1672:
1658:
1644:
1632:
1618:
1590:
1576:
1562:
1550:
1536:
1524:
1510:
1496:
1482:
1469:
1455:
1443:
1429:
1416:
1402:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1353:
1340:
1327:
1314:
1301:
1284:
1271:
1258:
1245:
1243:pp. 96-97, 116
1232:
1216:
1200:
1172:
1159:
1146:
1133:
1120:
1107:
1087:
1074:
1061:
1052:
1039:
1026:
1010:
997:
984:
971:
955:
942:
929:
912:
899:
886:
873:
860:
843:
826:
813:
803:
801:
798:
797:
796:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
754:
751:
748:
747:
745:
743:
738:
735:
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
716:
713:
710:
708:7 inch 6.5 ton
704:
703:
701:
699:
694:
691:
688:
682:
681:
676:
671:
669:
666:
663:
657:
656:
651:
649:
647:
644:
641:
635:
634:
629:
624:
622:
619:
616:
610:
609:
604:
602:
600:
597:
594:
588:
587:
582:
577:
575:
572:
569:
563:
562:
557:
555:
553:
550:
547:
543:
542:
537:
532:
530:
527:
524:
518:
517:
512:
510:
508:
505:
502:
498:
497:
492:
487:
485:
482:
479:
473:
472:
467:
462:
460:
457:
454:
452:12 inch 25 ton
448:
447:
442:
437:
435:
432:
429:
427:12 inch 35 ton
423:
422:
417:
412:
410:
407:
404:
398:
397:
392:
390:
388:
385:
382:
376:
375:
370:
368:
366:
363:
360:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
329:
328:
325:
322:
311:
308:
280:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
254:
253:
250:
243:
241:
238:
231:
229:
226:
219:
217:
214:
207:
205:
202:
195:
193:
190:
183:
181:
178:
171:
169:
166:
159:
150:
147:
130:
129:
126:
119:
117:
114:
107:
88:
85:
80:
79:
76:
69:
67:
64:
57:
49:
46:
36:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1717:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1255:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1007:
1001:
994:
988:
981:
975:
969:
965:
959:
952:
946:
939:
933:
926:
922:
916:
909:
903:
896:
890:
883:
877:
870:
864:
857:
853:
847:
840:
836:
830:
823:
817:
808:
804:
794:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
756:
746:
744:
742:
739:
736:
733:
731:
730:7 inch 90 cwt
728:
727:
724:
722:
720:
717:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
702:
700:
698:
695:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
655:
652:
650:
648:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
608:
605:
603:
601:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
561:
558:
556:
554:
551:
548:
545:
544:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
516:
513:
511:
509:
506:
503:
500:
499:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
396:
393:
391:
389:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
374:
371:
369:
367:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
352:
347:
342:
337:
330:
319:
316:
310:Summary table
307:
306:
301:
300:
295:
294:
289:
288:
284:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
247:
242:
235:
230:
223:
218:
211:
206:
199:
194:
187:
182:
175:
170:
163:
158:
157:
156:
155:
146:
142:
138:
134:
123:
118:
111:
106:
105:
104:
100:
98:
93:
84:
73:
68:
61:
56:
55:
54:
45:
43:
32:
29:
25:
19:
1666:
1660:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1598:
1592:
1584:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1437:
1431:
1423:
1418:
1410:
1404:
1382:
1376:
1361:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1330:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1211:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1005:
1000:
992:
987:
979:
974:
963:
958:
950:
945:
937:
932:
924:
920:
915:
907:
902:
894:
889:
881:
876:
868:
863:
855:
851:
846:
838:
834:
829:
816:
807:
792:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
740:
718:
696:
686:7 inch 7 ton
678:
673:
653:
631:
626:
606:
584:
579:
559:
539:
534:
514:
494:
489:
469:
464:
444:
439:
419:
414:
394:
372:
350:
345:
340:
335:
313:
302:
296:
290:
286:
285:
281:
153:
152:
143:
139:
135:
131:
101:
90:
81:
51:
38:
35:Introduction
23:
22:
1364:pp. 179-180
1338:pp. 187-188
1104:100-ton gun
1102:pp. 69-72;
1098:p.112; Ref
968:100-ton gun
966:pp. 69-72;
927:pp. 155-156
910:pp. 152-153
643:Polygroove
596:Polygroove
549:Polygroove
504:Polygroove
384:Polygroove
362:Polygroove
154:Wiki Images
1679:Categories
1371:References
995:Plate VIII
358:17.72 inch
24:Gas-checks
1608:cite book
1392:cite book
1351:pp. 50-51
1008:Plate VII
837:292; Ref
822:howitzers
783:1879-1884
777:1880-1881
771:1879-1882
765:1879-1881
759:1865-1878
734:Woolwich
712:Woolwich
690:Woolwich
665:Woolwich
618:Woolwich
571:Woolwich
526:Woolwich
481:Woolwich
456:Woolwich
431:Woolwich
406:Woolwich
402:12.5 inch
18:Gas check
324:Rifling
477:11 inch
380:16 inch
336:Grooves
149:Gallery
42:Windage
1325:p. 243
1312:p. 183
1299:p. 182
1256:p. 241
1037:p. 252
1024:p. 235
953:p. 188
940:p. 155
897:p. 187
884:p. 182
871:p. 134
858:p. 292
321:Model
1635:1902A
1527:1887A
1485:1884A
1323:1902A
1254:1902A
1197:1902A
1181:1887A
1142:1884A
1085:p. 92
1035:1902A
1022:1902A
1006:1887A
993:1887A
982:p. 33
938:1887A
925:1887A
908:1887A
841:pp.45
800:Notes
332:Type
1661:1905
1647:1903
1621:1902
1614:link
1593:1897
1579:1895
1565:1894
1553:1893
1539:1890
1513:1887
1499:1885
1472:1884
1458:1882
1446:1881
1432:1879
1419:1878
1405:1877
1398:link
1377:1873
1362:1905
1360:Ref
1349:1884
1347:Ref
1336:1881
1334:Ref
1321:Ref
1310:1881
1308:Ref
1297:1881
1293:1878
1291:Ref
1280:1900
1278:Ref
1267:1895
1265:Ref
1241:1893
1239:Ref
1228:1894
1226:Ref
1212:1903
1210:Ref
1193:1902
1189:1902
1185:1893
1179:Ref
1168:1893
1166:Ref
1155:1893
1153:Ref
1140:Ref
1129:1885
1127:Ref
1116:1893
1114:Ref
1100:1882
1096:1893
1083:1893
1070:1885
1068:Ref
1048:1890
1046:Ref
1033:Ref
1020:Ref
980:1885
978:Ref
964:1882
951:1881
949:Ref
936:Ref
921:1881
919:Ref
906:Ref
895:1881
882:1881
869:1878
867:Ref
856:1877
852:1873
850:Ref
839:1879
835:1877
833:Ref
793:1905
789:1905
646:24
599:27
552:32
507:21
387:33
365:28
97:EOC
28:RML
1681::
1610:}}
1606:{{
1394:}}
1390:{{
1219:^
1203:^
1013:^
737:3
715:3
693:3
668:4
621:4
574:6
529:7
484:9
459:9
434:9
409:9
99:.
40:("
1616:)
1400:)
741:Y
719:Y
697:Y
679:Y
674:Y
654:Y
632:Y
627:Y
607:Y
585:Y
580:Y
560:Y
540:Y
535:Y
515:Y
495:Y
490:Y
470:Y
465:Y
445:Y
440:Y
420:Y
415:Y
395:Y
373:Y
251:8
239:7
227:6
215:5
203:4
191:3
179:2
167:1
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
