414:) The regulations covering gas carriers built before 1977 are contained in the Code for Existing Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk. Its content is similar to the GC Code, though less extensive. The Existing Ship Code was completed in 1976 after the GC Code had been written. It therefore summarises current shipbuilding practice at that time. It remains as an IMO recommendation for all gas carriers in this older fleet of ships. The Code is not mandatory but is applied by some countries for ship registration and in other countries as a necessary fulfilment prior to port entry. Accordingly, many ships of this age are required by charterers to meet with Code standards and to have on board a Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk.
188:
was the m/t Rasmus
Tholstrup from a Swedish shipyard to a Danish design. Prismatic tanks enabled the ship's cargo carrying capacity to be maximised, thus making fully refrigerated ships highly suitable for carrying large volumes of cargo such as LPG, ammonia and vinyl chloride over long distances. Today, fully refrigerated ships range in capacity from 20,000 to 100,000 m (710,000 to 3,530,000 cu ft). LPG carriers in the 50,000–80,000 m (1,800,000–2,800,000 cu ft) size range are often referred to as VLGCs (Very Large Gas Carriers). Although LNG carriers are often larger in terms of cubic capacity, this term is normally only applied to fully refrigerated LPG carriers.
92:
1697:
177:
233:
136:
719:
207:
396:(SOLAS), is mandatory for all new ships. As proof that a ship complies with the Code, an International Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk should be on board. In 1993, the IGC Code was amended and the new rules came into effect on 1 July 1994. Ships on which construction started on or after 1 October 1994 should apply the amended version of the Code but ships built earlier may comply with previous editions of the IGC Code.
121:
407:(IMO) has approved four sets of amendments to the GC Code. The latest was adopted in June 1993. All amendments are not necessarily agreed by every government. Although this Code is not mandatory, many countries have implemented it into national law. Accordingly, most charterers will expect such ships to meet with Code standards and, as proof of this, to have on board a Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk.
733:
27:
683:
ammonia has a high affinity for water. Anhydrous ammonia is a hygroscopic compound, this means it will seek moisture source that may be the body of the operator, which is composed of 90 percent water. When a human body is exposed to anhydrous ammonia the chemical freeze burns its way into the skin, eyes or lungs. This attraction places the eyes, lungs, and skin at greatest risk because of their high moisture content.
1477:
565:. It is not only dangerous when inhaled but can also be absorbed by the skin. Skin irritation and watering of the eyes indicate dangerous levels of VCM may be present in the atmosphere. Caution must be exerted while dealing with such cargoes, precautions such as use of Chemical suits Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA's) and gas tight goggles must be worn at all times to prevent exposure.
138:
142:
141:
137:
143:
140:
217:
The majority of LNG carriers are between 125,000 and 135,000 m (4,400,000 and 4,800,000 cu ft) in capacity. In the modern fleet of LNG carriers, there is an interesting exception concerning ship size. This is the introduction of several smaller ships of between 18,000 and 19,000 m
191:
The main type of cargo containment system utilised on board modern fully refrigerated ships are independent tanks with rigid foam insulation. The insulation used is quite commonly polyurethane foam. Older ships can have independent tanks with loosely filled perlite insulation. In the past, there have
187:
They are built to carry liquefied gases at low temperature and atmospheric pressure between terminals equipped with fully refrigerated storage tanks. However, discharge through a booster pump and cargo heater makes it possible to discharge to pressurized tanks too. The first purpose-built, lpg tanker
682:
4. The water-absorbing nature of anhydrous ammonia that causes the greatest injury (especially to the eyes, nose, throat or lungs), and which can cause permanent damage. It is a colourless gas at atmospheric pressure and normal temperature, but under pressure readily changes into a liquid. Anhydrous
502:
Type C Independent Tanks are deck pressure vessels or cylindrical pressure tanks mounted horizontally on two or more cradle-shaped foundations. The tanks may be fitted on, below or partly below deck and be both longitudinally and transversely located. Lobe-type tanks are commonly used at the forward
583:
Almost all cargo vapours are flammable. When ignition occurs, it is not the liquid which burns but the evolved vapour that burns. Flameless explosions which result out of cold cargo liquid coming into sudden contact with water do not release much energy. Pool fires which are the result of a leaked
485:
Type B Independent Tanks are generally spherical and welded to a vertical cylindrical skirt, which is the lone connection to the ship's main hull. The hold space (void space) in this design is normally filled with dry inert gas or
Nitrogen but may be ventilated with air during a ballast or gas free
167:
Ethylene carriers are the most sophisticated of the gas tankers and have the ability to carry not only most other liquefied gas cargoes but also ethylene at its atmospheric boiling point of −104 °C (−155 °F). These ships feature cylindrical, insulated, stainless steel cargo tanks able to
462:
Type A Independent Tanks are prismatic and supported on insulation-bearing blocks typically consisting of wooden chocks and located by anti-roll chocks located at the top of the tank inside the void space and anti-flotation chocks located inside the void space usually just above the double bottom
244:
under high pressure. CNG carrier technology relies on high pressure, typically over 250 bar (2900 psi), to increase the density of the gas and maximize the possible commercial payload. CNG carriers are economical for medium distance marine transport and rely on the adoption of suitable pressure
99:
The seaborne transport of liquefied gases began in 1934 when a major international company put two combined oil/LPG tankers into operation. The ships, basically oil tankers, had been converted by fitting small, riveted, pressure vessels for the carriage of LPG into cargo tank spaces. This enabled
107:
Today, most fully pressurised oceangoing LPG carriers are fitted with two or three horizontal, cylindrical or spherical cargo tanks and have typical capacities between 20,000 and 90,000 cubic meters and Length overall ranging from 140 m to 229 m . New LPG Carrier ships are designed for dual-fuel
131:
These ships carried gases in a semi-pressurized/semi-refrigerated state. This approach provides flexibility, as these carriers are able to load or discharge at both refrigerated and pressurized storage facilities. Semi-pressurized/semi-refrigerated carriers incorporate cylindrical, spherical or
688:
temperature. It will cause burns similar to, but more severe than, those caused by dry ice. If exposed to severe cold flesh will become frozen. At first, the skin will become red (but turn subsequently white); the affected area is painless, but hard to touch, if left untreated the flesh will
687:
result when the anhydrous ammonia dissolves into body tissue. Most deaths from anhydrous ammonia are caused by severe damage to the throat and lungs from a direct blast to the face. An additional concern is the low boiling point of anhydrous ammonia. The chemical freezes on contact at room
656:
2. Anhydrous ammonia is not dangerous when handled properly, but if not handled carefully it can be extremely dangerous. It is not as combustible as many other products that we use and handle every day. However, concentrations of gas burn and require precautions to avoid fires.
192:
been a few fully refrigerated ships built with semi-membrane or integral tanks and internal insulation tanks, but these systems have only maintained minimal interest. The large majority of such ships currently in service have been constructed by shipbuilders in Japan and Korea.
588:
which are the result of the leak catching fire are grave hazards. Flash fires occur when there is a leak and does not ignite immediately but after the vapours travel some distance downwind and getting ignited and are extremely dangerous. Vapour cloud explosions and
392:). The IGCCode which applies to new gas carriers (built after 30 June 1986) is the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk. In brief, this Code is known as the IGC Code. The IGC Code, under amendments to
403:) The regulations covering gas carriers built after 1976 but before July 1986 are included in the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk. It is known as the Gas Carrier Code or GC Code in short. Since 1975,
388:
472:
J class Ships. The hold space (void space) in this design is normally filled with dry inert gas or
Nitrogen but may be ventilated with air during a ballast or gas free passage. The Conch design has been developed for carriage of
699:
5. The human eye is a complex organ made up of about 80 percent water. Ammonia under pressure can cause extensive, almost immediate damage to the eye. The ammonia extracts the fluid and destroys eye cells and tissue in minutes.
108:
propulsion system possessing the ability to utilize LPG or diesel fuel on a selective basis. Fully pressurized ships are still being built in numbers and represent a cost-effective, simple way of moving LPG to and from smaller
139:
463:
tanks. The tanks are normally divided by a centreline liquid-tight bulkhead; by this feature, together with the chamfered upper part of the tank, the free liquid surface effect is reduced and thus the virtual rise of the
100:
transport over long distances of substantial volumes of an oil refinery by-product that had distinct advantages as a domestic and commercial fuel. LPG is not only odourless and non-toxic, it also has a high
467:
and the stability is increased. When these cargo tanks are designed to carry LPG (at −50 °C), the tank is constructed of fine-grained low-carbon manganese steel or even stainless steel as seen in the
168:
accommodate cargoes up to a maximum specific gravity of 1.8 at temperatures ranging from a minimum of −104 °C to a maximum of +80 °C (176 °F) and at a maximum tank pressure of 4 bar.
703:
6. Draining of ammonia into sea while pre-cooling of the hard-arm or during disconnection operations is not an eco-friendly operation. As a small quantity of ammonia as low as 0.45 mg/L (1.6
446:
For cargoes carried at temperatures between −10 and −55 °C (14 and −67 °F) the ship's hull may act as the secondary barrier and in such cases it may be a boundary of the hold space.
245:
vessels to store CNG during transport and on the use of suitable loading and unloading compressors to receive the CNG at the loading terminal and to deliver the CNG at the unloading terminal.
980:
257:
490:
dome covers the primary barrier above deck level, and insulation encloses the outside of the primary barrier surface. This containment system has been used for carriage of
1019:
871:
477:(at-163oC). The material for these cargo tanks has to be either 9% nickel steel or aluminium. The maximum allowable relief vapour setting (MARVS) is < 0. 7 bar.
393:
649:
1. Exposure to more than 2,000 ppm – fatal in 30 minutes, 6,000 ppm – fatal in minutes, 10,000 ppm – fatal and intolerable to unprotected
1154:
897:
981:
http://www.eagle.org/eagleExternalPortalWEB/ShowProperty/BEA%20Repository/Rules&Guides/Current/144_LGCarrierswithIndependentTanks/Pub144_LGC_Guide
1086:
1627:
783:
1222:
494:. The material of construction is either 9% nickel steel or aluminium. The maximum Allowable relief vapour setting (MARVS) is < 0. 7 bar.
311:
South Korea, Japan and China are the main countries where LPG tankers are built, with small numbers built in the
Netherlands and Bangladesh.
1806:
2057:
1187:
132:
bi-lobe shaped tanks carrying propane at a pressure of 8.5 kg/cm (121 psi), and a temperature of −10 °C (14 °F).
590:
942:
218:(640,000 and 670,000 cu ft) having been built in 1994 and later to service the needs of importers of smaller volumes.
1036:
964:
707:
10 lb/cu in)(LC50) is hazardous to Salmon as per ICSC, USA. Consumption of such fish could be dangerous to humans.
676:. When large amounts are inhaled, the throat swells shut and victims suffocate. Exposure to vapours or liquid also can cause
1016:
1620:
875:
404:
380:
1255:
2052:
1900:
1134:
1073:
287:
302:
1149:
1613:
277:
603:
The cargoes are carried at extremely low temperatures, from 0 to −163 °C (32 to −261 °F), and hence
503:
end of the ship, to improve the poor utilization of the hull volume. This containment system is used for LPG,
1696:
1301:
1180:
156:
811:
2093:
91:
1282:
629:. A person affected may experience headache, dizziness and inability to concentrate, followed by loss of
292:
383:
apply to all gas carriers regardless of size. There are three Gas Codes and these are described below.
780:
1381:
1173:
859:
267:
799:
422:
A cargo containment system is the total arrangement for containing cargo including, where fitted:
2083:
1428:
835:
449:
The basic cargo tank types utilised on board gas carriers are in accordance with the list below:
330:
63:
1159:
1920:
1733:
1516:
1411:
1406:
1391:
1248:
1015:
Aluminium Cargo Tank
Independent Type B, DSME Gas Tank Technology Approved By Lloyd’s Register
943:
http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/ChemicalPollution/Pages/IGCCode.aspx
253:
These vessels are designed to transport liquefied gas. Builders of
Liquefied Gas Carriers are:
1905:
1416:
1401:
272:
176:
847:
515:, is 5% nickel steel. The maximum Allowable relief vapour setting (MARVS) is > 0. 7 bar.
2078:
1910:
1101:
746:
297:
232:
8:
2088:
2037:
1981:
1763:
1521:
1087:"The burning characteristics and flame evolution of hydrocarbon and hydrogen flash fires"
1105:
633:. In sufficient concentrations any vapour may cause asphyxiation, whether toxic or not.
1991:
1666:
1531:
1491:
1017:
http://marineinsight.com/news/new-dsme-gas-tank-technology-approved-by-lloyds-register/
433:
1768:
1671:
1313:
1296:
1241:
1117:
960:
464:
282:
2016:
2001:
1935:
1879:
1778:
1681:
1109:
1040:
724:
1135:
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/ammonia/health_ammonia.html
1074:
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/ammonia/health_ammonia.html
2006:
1996:
1816:
1801:
1748:
1676:
1386:
1137:
Canadian Centre for
Occupational Health and Safety, Health Effects of Ammonia Gas
1061:
1023:
954:
787:
751:
363:
101:
1113:
511:
carriers. The material, if used for the construction of tanks designed to carry
104:
and a low sulphur content, making it very clean and efficient when being burnt.
1976:
1836:
1758:
1743:
1738:
1348:
554:
539:
have been fully designed and approved but have not been commercially used yet.
359:
355:
262:
1476:
240:
Compressed natural gas (CNG) carrier ships are designed for transportation of
2072:
2047:
2042:
1925:
1793:
1686:
1637:
1547:
1121:
761:
738:
636:
630:
1961:
1753:
1718:
1572:
1557:
1343:
1328:
1323:
718:
684:
577:
562:
109:
75:
1956:
1930:
1884:
1874:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1821:
1783:
1773:
1594:
1589:
1373:
1338:
1217:
1212:
756:
673:
241:
227:
201:
148:
1605:
992:
206:
1986:
1869:
1826:
1728:
1705:
1656:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1552:
1501:
693:
558:
17:
2011:
1971:
1723:
1584:
1506:
1358:
677:
604:
597:
585:
345:
320:
120:
442:
Adjacent structure, if necessary, for the support of these elements.
2021:
1966:
1915:
1526:
1511:
1462:
1363:
1333:
1318:
1291:
1264:
922:"H2020 Project GASVESSEL - Compressed Natural Gas Transport System"
781:
http://www.dnv.com/industry/maritime/shiptypes/gascarrier/index.asp
615:
566:
548:
512:
504:
367:
325:
621:
Asphyxia occurs when the blood cannot take a sufficient supply of
1940:
1446:
1436:
732:
643:
570:
351:
26:
860:
http://www.liquefiedgascarrier.com/Fully-Refrigerated-Ships.html
1441:
1353:
1308:
1165:
800:
http://www.liquefiedgascarrier.com/fully-pressurized-ships.html
622:
469:
836:
http://www.liquefiedgascarrier.com/semi-pressurized-ships.html
1864:
1713:
1661:
689:
626:
487:
921:
1651:
1396:
1233:
669:
665:
650:
608:
23:
Ship designed to transport liquefied chemical gases in bulk
1160:
637:
Health effects of specific cargoes carried on gas carriers
848:
http://www.liquefiedgascarrier.com/ethylene-carriers.html
661:
593:
are the most grave flammability hazards on gas carriers.
508:
491:
474:
340:
335:
71:
67:
956:
Code for
Existing Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk
557:
commonly carried on gas carriers is a known as a human
16:"Gas tanker" redirects here. For the road vehicle, see
394:
International
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
1034:
Gaztransport and Technigaz Cargo Containment Systems
872:"Launch of Jayanti Baruna: World's First CNG Carrier"
611:
to the cold vapours or liquid is a very real hazard.
162:
714:
1085:Shelke, Ashish V.; Wen, Jennifer X. (2021-01-01).
314:
221:
1807:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)
195:
2070:
86:
42:into port at Marcus Hook, on the Delaware River.
1155:UK P&I Club The carriage of liquefied gases
1062:http://www.pvc.org/en/p/vinyl-chloride-monomer
399:Gas carriers built between 1976 and 1986 (the
1621:
1249:
1181:
979:Liquefied Gas Carrier with Independent Tanks
417:
171:
1628:
1614:
1256:
1242:
1188:
1174:
542:
2058:List of merchant navy capacity by country
1635:
1084:
660:3. Mild exposure can cause irritation to
591:boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions
115:
386:Gas carriers built after June 1986 (the
231:
205:
175:
134:
119:
90:
25:
1094:Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
672:tissues. Prolonged breathing can cause
584:pool of cargo liquid catching fire and
2071:
1609:
1237:
1169:
410:Gas carriers built before 1977 (the
374:
846:Ethylene and gas/chemical carriers
426:A primary barrier (the cargo tank),
405:International Maritime Organization
381:International Maritime Organization
13:
779:Gas Carrier definition as per DNV
236:Jayanti Baruna - CNG Cargo Carrier
163:Ethylene and gas/chemical carriers
14:
2105:
2053:International Chamber of Shipping
1901:Anchor handling tug supply vessel
1143:
573:are other toxic cargoes carried.
288:Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation
74:, or liquefied chemical gases in
1695:
1475:
1195:
731:
717:
258:Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine
62:is a ship designed to transport
1128:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1028:
1009:
985:
973:
947:
935:
315:Cargoes carried on gas carriers
303:Japan Marine United Corporation
222:Compressed natural gas carriers
1037:"Gaztransport & Technigaz"
914:
890:
864:
852:
840:
828:
804:
792:
773:
429:Secondary barrier (if fitted),
278:Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries
196:Liquefied natural gas carriers
180:Fully refrigerated ship LPG/C
151:Semi-Refrigerated LPG Carrier
1:
1302:Underground coal gasification
767:
87:Fully pressurized gas carrier
1263:
1162:World LNG Industry Standards
1072:Health Effects of Ammonia
993:"All Ships | Maersk Tankers"
532:Internal insulation Type '2'
529:Internal insulation Type '1'
379:The Gas Codes, developed by
7:
1114:10.1016/j.proci.2020.05.013
898:"Marine CNG Transportation"
710:
439:Any intervening spaces, and
293:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
248:
10:
2110:
1150:Gas Tanker Advanced Course
812:"LPG Propulsion Explained"
525:Some other types such as:
225:
199:
15:
2030:
1949:
1893:
1835:
1792:
1704:
1693:
1644:
1540:
1484:
1473:
1455:
1427:
1372:
1278:
1271:
1203:
858:Fully refrigerated ships
418:Cargo containment systems
1060:VCM and health effects
959:. IMO Publishing. 1976.
798:Fully Pressurised Ships
268:Hyundai Heavy Industries
172:Fully refrigerated ships
81:
1880:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
1779:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
997:wwww.maersk-tankers.com
834:Semi-Pressurised Ships
543:Hazards on gas carriers
350:Chemical gases such as
1921:Platform supply vessel
1734:Coastal trading vessel
1517:Natural-gas processing
486:passage. A protective
237:
214:
184:
159:
128:
124:Semi-pressurised ship
116:Semi-pressurised ships
96:
43:
1906:Diving support vessel
1279:Manufactured fuel gas
235:
209:
179:
146:
123:
94:
29:
1911:Emergency tow vessel
878:on 10 September 2017
747:List of gas carriers
498:Independent Type 'C'
481:Independent Type 'B'
458:Independent Type 'A'
298:Imabari Shipbuilding
95:Moss type LNG tanker
38:push the LPG tanker
36:McAllister Responder
2094:Petroleum transport
2038:Nautical operations
1982:Floating restaurant
1764:Lighter aboard ship
1522:Natural gas storage
1106:2021PComI..38.4699S
607:due to exposure of
1992:Merchant submarine
1667:Maritime transport
1532:Pipeline transport
1492:Compressor station
1022:2013-09-09 at the
786:2012-04-30 at the
434:thermal insulation
412:Existing Ship Code
238:
215:
185:
160:
153:Navigator Centauri
129:
97:
44:
2066:
2065:
1769:Livestock carrier
1672:Freight transport
1603:
1602:
1471:
1470:
1314:Blast furnace gas
1297:Coal gasification
1231:
1230:
966:978-92-801-1051-7
465:Centre of gravity
375:Gas carrier codes
144:
2101:
2017:Semi-submersible
2002:Pipe-laying ship
1699:
1682:Maritime history
1630:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1479:
1276:
1275:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1100:(3): 4699–4708.
1091:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1039:. Archived from
1032:
1026:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
989:
983:
977:
971:
970:
951:
945:
939:
933:
932:
930:
928:
918:
912:
911:
909:
907:
902:
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
874:. Archived from
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
825:
823:
822:
808:
802:
796:
790:
777:
741:
736:
735:
727:
725:Transport portal
722:
721:
706:
507:and small scale
453:Independent Type
145:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2026:
2007:Research vessel
1997:Narco-submarine
1945:
1889:
1831:
1817:Hydrogen tanker
1802:Chemical tanker
1788:
1749:Heavy-lift ship
1700:
1691:
1677:Merchant marine
1640:
1634:
1604:
1599:
1536:
1480:
1467:
1451:
1423:
1368:
1280:
1267:
1262:
1232:
1227:
1199:
1194:
1146:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1024:Wayback Machine
1014:
1010:
1001:
999:
991:
990:
986:
978:
974:
967:
953:
952:
948:
940:
936:
926:
924:
920:
919:
915:
905:
903:
900:
896:
895:
891:
881:
879:
870:
869:
865:
857:
853:
845:
841:
833:
829:
820:
818:
810:
809:
805:
797:
793:
788:Wayback Machine
778:
774:
770:
752:List of tankers
737:
730:
723:
716:
713:
704:
692:and may become
639:
561:, particularly
545:
420:
377:
364:propylene oxide
317:
308:
251:
230:
224:
204:
198:
174:
165:
135:
118:
102:calorific value
89:
84:
32:Reid McAllister
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2107:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:Merchant ships
2081:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2025:
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360:ethylene oxide
356:vinyl chloride
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1043:on 2012-04-18
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739:Energy portal
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685:Caustic burns
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631:consciousness
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126:Gaschem Jümme
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110:gas terminals
105:
103:
93:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
33:
30:The tugboats
28:
19:
1962:Crane vessel
1811:
1754:Hopper barge
1719:Bulk carrier
1573:Gas lighting
1558:Gas cylinder
1496:
1344:Producer gas
1329:Landfill gas
1324:Gasification
1205:Gas carriers
1204:
1197:Gas carriers
1196:
1130:
1097:
1093:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1045:. Retrieved
1041:the original
1030:
1011:
1000:. Retrieved
996:
987:
975:
955:
949:
937:
925:. Retrieved
916:
904:. Retrieved
892:
880:. Retrieved
876:the original
866:
854:
842:
830:
819:. Retrieved
815:
806:
794:
775:
702:
698:
681:
659:
655:
648:
620:
602:
582:
578:Flammability
563:liver cancer
553:
538:
524:
519:
501:
484:
461:
452:
451:
448:
445:
421:
411:
409:
400:
398:
387:
385:
378:
310:
307:
273:Hyundai Mipo
252:
239:
216:
211:
210:LNG-carrier
190:
186:
181:
166:
157:Porpoise Bay
152:
130:
125:
106:
98:
59:
55:
51:
47:
45:
39:
35:
31:
2079:LNG tankers
1957:Cable layer
1950:Other types
1931:Salvage tug
1885:Train ferry
1875:Ocean liner
1860:Cruiseferry
1855:Cruise ship
1850:Cargo liner
1845:Cable ferry
1822:LNG carrier
1812:Gas carrier
1784:Train ferry
1774:Reefer ship
1595:Pilot light
1590:Gas turbine
1497:Gas carrier
1374:Natural gas
1339:Pintsch gas
1223:LEG carrier
1218:LNG carrier
1213:LPG carrier
927:16 November
757:LNG carrier
674:suffocation
642:Hazards of
432:Associated
242:natural gas
228:CNG carrier
202:LNG carrier
56:LPG carrier
48:gas carrier
2089:Ship types
2073:Categories
1987:Icebreaker
1870:Narrowboat
1827:Oil tanker
1729:Chain boat
1657:Cargo ship
1578:Gas mantle
1568:Gas heater
1563:Gas engine
1553:Gas burner
1502:Gas holder
1047:2012-04-18
1002:2024-03-04
821:2024-03-04
768:References
694:gangrenous
559:carcinogen
60:LPG tanker
52:gas tanker
18:tank truck
2012:Riverboat
1972:Drillship
1837:Passenger
1724:Car float
1706:Dry cargo
1645:Overviews
1585:Gas stove
1507:Gas meter
1359:Water gas
1122:1540-7489
941:IGC Code
882:17 August
678:blindness
605:frostbite
598:Frostbite
586:jet fires
346:Propylene
321:Butadiene
155:transits
40:BW Volans
2022:Snagboat
1916:Fireboat
1527:Odorizer
1512:Gasworks
1463:Hydrogen
1364:Wood gas
1334:Mond gas
1319:Blau gas
1292:Coal gas
1265:Fuel gas
1020:Archived
906:17 March
784:Archived
711:See also
616:Asphyxia
567:Chlorine
549:Toxicity
535:Integral
520:Membrane
513:ethylene
505:Ethylene
389:IGC Code
368:chlorine
326:Ethylene
283:Jiangnan
249:Builders
2031:Related
1967:Dredger
1941:Tugboat
1894:Support
1794:Tankers
1739:Collier
1636:Modern
1447:Propane
1437:Autogas
1417:Bio-SNG
1283:History
1102:Bibcode
644:ammonia
625:to the
571:ammonia
401:GC Code
352:ammonia
147:22,000
1936:Tender
1926:Pusher
1442:Butane
1354:Syngas
1309:Biogas
1120:
963:
816:BW LPG
623:oxygen
470:Maersk
1865:Ferry
1714:Barge
1662:Cargo
1456:Other
1272:Types
1090:(PDF)
901:(PDF)
627:brain
488:steel
212:Galea
82:Types
58:, or
1652:Ship
1541:Uses
1397:HCNG
1118:ISSN
961:ISBN
929:2019
908:2017
884:2017
670:lung
668:and
666:nose
651:skin
609:skin
569:and
366:and
76:bulk
34:and
1429:LPG
1412:SNG
1407:NGC
1402:LNG
1392:CNG
1387:CBM
1382:APG
1110:doi
690:die
662:eye
509:LNG
492:LNG
475:LNG
341:CNG
336:LNG
331:LPG
149:cbm
72:CNG
68:LNG
64:LPG
2075::
1116:.
1108:.
1098:38
1096:.
1092:.
995:.
814:.
696:.
664:,
653:.
362:,
358:,
354:,
112:.
78:.
70:,
66:,
54:,
50:,
46:A
1629:e
1622:t
1615:v
1285:)
1281:(
1257:e
1250:t
1243:v
1189:e
1182:t
1175:v
1124:.
1112::
1104::
1050:.
1005:.
969:.
931:.
910:.
886:.
824:.
705:×
436:,
370:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
